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Poole DC, Ferguson SK, Musch TI, Porcelli S. Role of nitric oxide in convective and diffusive skeletal microvascular oxygen kinetics. Nitric Oxide 2022; 121:34-44. [PMID: 35123062 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Progress in understanding physiological mechanisms often consists of discrete discoveries made across different models and species. Accordingly, understanding the mechanistic bases for how altering nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability impacts exercise tolerance (or not) depends on integrating information from cellular energetics and contractile regulation through microvascular/vascular control of O2 transport and pulmonary gas exchange. This review adopts state-of-the-art concepts including the intramyocyte power grid, the Wagner conflation of perfusive and diffusive O2 conductances, and the Critical Power/Critical Speed model of exercise tolerance to address how altered NO bioavailability may, or may not, affect physical performance. This question is germane from the elite athlete to the recreational exerciser and particularly the burgeoning heart failure (and other clinical) populations for whom elevating O2 transport and/or exercise capacity translates directly to improved life quality and reduced morbidity and mortality. The dearth of studies in females is also highlighted, and areas of uncertainty and questions for future research are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Poole
- Departments of Kinesiology and Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Scott K Ferguson
- Department of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, University of Hawaii, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Timothy I Musch
- Departments of Kinesiology and Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Simone Porcelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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2
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Weber RE, Schulze KM, Colburn TD, Horn AG, Hageman KS, Ade CJ, Hall SE, Sandner P, Musch TI, Poole DC. Capillary hemodynamics and contracting skeletal muscle oxygen pressures in male rats with heart failure: Impact of soluble guanylyl cyclase activator. Nitric Oxide 2022; 119:1-8. [PMID: 34871799 PMCID: PMC9469501 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), nitric oxide-soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) pathway dysfunction impairs skeletal muscle arteriolar vasodilation and thus capillary hemodynamics, contributing to impaired oxygen uptake (V̇O2) kinetics. Targeting this pathway with sGC activators offers a new treatment approach to HFrEF. We tested the hypotheses that sGC activator administration would increase the O2 delivery (Q̇O2)-to-V̇O2 ratio in the skeletal muscle interstitial space (PO2is) of HFrEF rats during twitch contractions due, in part, to increases in red blood cell (RBC) flux (fRBC), velocity (VRBC), and capillary hematocrit (Hctcap). HFrEF was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats via myocardial infarction. After 3 weeks, rats were treated with 0.3 mg/kg of the sGC activator BAY 60-2770 (HFrEF + BAY; n = 11) or solvent (HFrEF; n = 9) via gavage b.i.d for 5 days prior to phosphorescence quenching (PO2is, in contracting muscle) and intravital microscopy (resting) measurements in the spinotrapezius muscle. Intravital microscopy revealed higher fRBC (70 ± 9 vs 25 ± 8 RBC/s), VRBC (490 ± 43 vs 226 ± 35 μm/s), Hctcap (16 ± 1 vs 10 ± 1%) and a greater number of capillaries supporting flow (91 ± 3 vs 82 ± 3%) in HFrEF + BAY vs HFrEF (all P < 0.05). Additionally, PO2is was especially higher during 12-34s of contractions in HFrEF + BAY vs HFrEF (P < 0.05). Our findings suggest that sGC activators improved resting Q̇O2 via increased fRBC, VRBC, and Hctcap allowing for better Q̇O2-to-V̇O2 matching during the rest-contraction transient, supporting sGC activators as a potential therapeutic to target skeletal muscle vasomotor dysfunction in HFrEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona E Weber
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
| | - Kiana M Schulze
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Trenton D Colburn
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Andrew G Horn
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - K Sue Hageman
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Carl J Ade
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Stephanie E Hall
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Peter Sandner
- Bayer AG, Cardiology Research, Wuppertal, Germany and Hannover Medical School, Department of Pharmacology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Timothy I Musch
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - David C Poole
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Bei Y, Wang L, Ding R, Che L, Fan Z, Gao W, Liang Q, Lin S, Liu S, Lu X, Shen Y, Wu G, Yang J, Zhang G, Zhao W, Guo L, Xiao J. Animal exercise studies in cardiovascular research: Current knowledge and optimal design-A position paper of the Committee on Cardiac Rehabilitation, Chinese Medical Doctors' Association. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 10:660-674. [PMID: 34454088 PMCID: PMC8724626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence has demonstrated exercise as an effective way to promote cardiovascular health and protect against cardiovascular diseases However, the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects of exercise have yet to be elucidated. Animal exercise studies are widely used to investigate the key mechanisms of exercise-induced cardiovascular protection. However, standardized procedures and well-established evaluation indicators for animal exercise models are needed to guide researchers in carrying out effective, high-quality animal studies using exercise to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases. In our review, we present the commonly used animal exercise models in cardiovascular research and propose a set of standard procedures for exercise training, emphasizing the appropriate measurements and analysis in these chronic exercise models. We also provide recommendations for optimal design of animal exercise studies in cardiovascular research, including the choice of exercise models, control of exercise protocols, exercise at different stages of disease, and other considerations, such as age, sex, and genetic background. We hope that this position paper will promote basic research on exercise-induced cardiovascular protection and pave the way for successful translation of exercise studies from bench to bedside in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Bei
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University, Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China; Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rongjing Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Lin Che
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Zhiqing Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing 163000, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qi Liang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shenghui Lin
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- Division of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yuqin Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Guifu Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China; Guangdong Innovative Engineering and Technology Research Center for Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guolin Zhang
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Department, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lan Guo
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Department, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University, Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China; Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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Effects of Acute Microcurrent Electrical Stimulation on Muscle Function and Subsequent Recovery Strategy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094597. [PMID: 33926114 PMCID: PMC8123612 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation (MENS) is believed to alter blood flow, increasing cutaneous blood perfusion, with vasodilation and hyperemia. According to these physiological mechanisms, we investigated the short-term effects of MENS on constant-load exercise and the subsequent recovery process. Ten healthy subjects performed, on separate days, constant-load cycling, which was preceded and followed by active or inactive stimulation to the right quadricep. Blood lactate, pulmonary oxygen, and muscle deoxyhemoglobin on-transition kinetics were recorded. Hemodynamic parameters, heart rate variability, and baroreflex sensitivity were collected and used as a tool to investigate the recovery process. Microcurrent stimulation caused a faster deoxyhemoglobin (4.43 ± 0.5 vs. 5.80 ± 0.5 s) and a slower VO2 (25.19 ± 2.1 vs. 21.94 ± 1.3 s) on-kinetics during cycling, with higher lactate levels immediately after treatments executed before exercise (1.55 ± 0.1 vs. 1.40 ± 0.1 mmol/L) and after exercise (2.15 ± 0.1 vs. 1.79 ± 0.1 mmol/L). In conclusion, MENS applied before exercise produced an increase in oxygen extraction at muscle microvasculature. In contrast, MENS applied after exercise improved recovery, with the sympathovagal balance shifted toward a state of parasympathetic predominance. MENS also caused higher lactate values, which may be due to the magnitude of the muscular stress by both manual treatment and electrical stimulation than control condition in which the muscle received only a manual treatment.
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Poole DC, Behnke BJ, Musch TI. The role of vascular function on exercise capacity in health and disease. J Physiol 2021; 599:889-910. [PMID: 31977068 PMCID: PMC7874303 DOI: 10.1113/jp278931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three sentinel parameters of aerobic performance are the maximal oxygen uptake ( V ̇ O 2 max ), critical power (CP) and speed of the V ̇ O 2 kinetics following exercise onset. Of these, the latter is, perhaps, the cardinal test of integrated function along the O2 transport pathway from lungs to skeletal muscle mitochondria. Fast V ̇ O 2 kinetics demands that the cardiovascular system distributes exercise-induced blood flow elevations among and within those vascular beds subserving the contracting muscle(s). Ideally, this process must occur at least as rapidly as mitochondrial metabolism elevates V ̇ O 2 . Chronic disease and ageing create an O2 delivery (i.e. blood flow × arterial [O2 ], Q ̇ O 2 ) dependency that slows V ̇ O 2 kinetics, decreasing CP and V ̇ O 2 max , increasing the O2 deficit and sowing the seeds of exercise intolerance. Exercise training, in contrast, does the opposite. Within the context of these three parameters (see Graphical Abstract), this brief review examines the training-induced plasticity of key elements in the O2 transport pathway. It asks how structural and functional vascular adaptations accelerate and redistribute muscle Q ̇ O 2 and thus defend microvascular O2 partial pressures and capillary blood-myocyte O2 diffusion across a ∼100-fold range of muscle V ̇ O 2 values. Recent discoveries, especially in the muscle microcirculation and Q ̇ O 2 -to- V ̇ O 2 heterogeneity, are integrated with the O2 transport pathway to appreciate how local and systemic vascular control helps defend V ̇ O 2 kinetics and determine CP and V ̇ O 2 max in health and how vascular dysfunction in disease predicates exercise intolerance. Finally, the latest evidence that nitrate supplementation improves vascular and therefore aerobic function in health and disease is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Poole
- Departments of Kinesiology and Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Brad J Behnke
- Departments of Kinesiology and Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Timothy I Musch
- Departments of Kinesiology and Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
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6
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Colburn TD, Hirai DM, Craig JC, Ferguson SK, Weber RE, Schulze KM, Behnke BJ, Musch TI, Poole DC. Transcapillary PO 2 gradients in contracting muscles across the fibre type and oxidative continuum. J Physiol 2020; 598:3187-3202. [PMID: 32445225 DOI: 10.1113/jp279608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Within skeletal muscle the greatest resistance to oxygen transport is thought to reside across the short distance at the red blood cell-myocyte interface. These structures generate a significant transmural oxygen pressure (PO2 ) gradient in mixed fibre-type muscle. Increasing O2 flux across the capillary wall during exercise depends on: (i) the transmural O2 pressure gradient, which is maintained in mixed-fibre muscle, and/or (ii) elevating diffusing properties between microvascular and interstitial compartments resulting, in part, from microvascular haemodynamics and red blood cell distribution. We evaluated the PO2 within the microvascular and interstitial spaces of muscles spanning the slow- to fast-twitch fibre and high- to low-oxidative capacity spectrums, at rest and during contractions, to assess the magnitude of transcapillary PO2 gradients in rats. Our findings demonstrate that, across the metabolic rest-contraction transition, the transcapillary pressure gradient for O2 flux is: (i) maintained in all muscle types, and (ii) the lowest in contracting highly oxidative fast-twitch muscle. ABSTRACT In mixed fibre-type skeletal muscle transcapillary PO2 gradients (PO2 mv-PO2 is; microvascular and interstitial, respectively) drive O2 flux across the blood-myocyte interface where the greatest resistance to that O2 flux resides. We assessed a broad spectrum of fibre-type and oxidative-capacity rat muscles across the rest-to-contraction (1 Hz, 120 s) transient to test the novel hypotheses that: (i) slow-twitch PO2 is would be greater than fast-twitch, (ii) muscles with greater oxidative capacity have greater PO2 is than glycolytic counterparts, and (iii) whether PO2 mv-PO2 is at rest is maintained during contractions across all muscle types. PO2 mv and PO2 is were determined via phosphorescence quenching in soleus (SOL; 91% type I+IIa fibres and CSa: ∼21 μmol min-1 g-1 ), peroneal (PER; 33% and ∼20 μmol min-1 g-1 ), mixed (MG; 9% and ∼26 μmol min-1 g-1 ) and white gastrocnemius (WG; 0% and ∼8 μmol min-1 g-1 ) across the rest-contraction transient. PO2 mv was higher than PO2 is in each muscle (∼6-13 mmHg; P < 0.05). SOL PO2 isarea was greater than in the fast-twitch muscles during contractions (P < 0.05). Oxidative muscles had greater PO2 isnadir (9.4 ± 0.8, 7.4 ± 0.9 and 6.4 ± 0.4; SOL, PER and MG, respectively) than WG (3.0 ± 0.3 mmHg, P < 0.05). The magnitude of PO2 mv-PO2 is at rest decreased during contractions in MG only (∼11 to 7 mmHg; time × (PO2 mv-PO2 is) interaction, P < 0.05). These data support the hypothesis that, since transcapillary PO2 gradients during contractions are maintained in all muscle types, increased O2 flux must occur via enhanced intracapillary diffusing conductance, which is most extreme in highly oxidative fast-twitch muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel M Hirai
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Jesse C Craig
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Scott K Ferguson
- Department of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences, University of Hawaii, Hilo, HI
| | - Ramona E Weber
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University Manhattan, KS
| | - Kiana M Schulze
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University Manhattan, KS
| | - Brad J Behnke
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University Manhattan, KS
| | - Timothy I Musch
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University Manhattan, KS.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University Manhattan, KS
| | - David C Poole
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University Manhattan, KS.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University Manhattan, KS
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Chen Y, Zeng W, Chen W, Zhang Y, Zhu T, Sun J, Liang Z, Wang L, Yang Z, Wu B, Song B, Wang F, Liang Y, Gong L, Zheng J, Gao F. Evaluating the correlation of the impairment between skeletal muscle and heart using MRI in a spontaneous type 2 diabetes mellitus rhesus monkey model. Acta Diabetol 2020; 57:673-679. [PMID: 31938886 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-019-01460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the correlation of impairment in skeletal muscle and heart in spontaneous type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rhesus monkeys using magnetic resonance image (MRI). METHODS Fifteen T2DM monkeys and fourteen healthy control (HC) monkeys were included. The microcirculation of skeletal muscle [skeletal muscle blood flow (SMBF), skeletal muscle oxygen extraction fraction (SMOEF)] and the function and strain of heart were evaluated by MRI. Three regions of interests were chosen on the soleus muscle (SOL), gastrocnemius muscle (GAS) and tibialis anterior muscle (TA) for image analysis. RESULTS Eight T2DM monkeys and eight HC monkeys were obtained the full data. The SMBF reserves and SMOEF reserves were found significantly decreased in T2DM during inflation in SOL, GAS and TA muscles (all p < 0.05), and the SMBF reserves decreased during hyperemia in GAS and TA muscles (all p < 0.05). In these monkeys, the global peak longitudinal strain (longitudinal PS), peak systolic longitudinal strain rate (longitudinal PSSR) and peak diastolic longitudinal strain rate (longitudinal PDSR) were seen significantly different in T2DM compared to HC monkeys (all p < 0.05). The longitudinal PSSR was found negatively correlated with SMBF reserves in SOL, GAS and TA during inflation in all monkeys. CONCLUSIONS The impaired microcirculation of skeletal muscle and the myocardial deformation were found in T2DM monkeys with normal ejection fraction. And a negative correlation was existed in the longitudinal PSSR and the SMBF reserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushu Chen
- Department of Radiology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Sichuan Primed Shines Biotech Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Radiology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiayu Sun
- Department of Radiology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhigang Liang
- Sichuan Primed Shines Biotech Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Radiology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zunyuan Yang
- Sichuan Primed Shines Biotech Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Radiology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Radiology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Fangtong Wang
- Sichuan Primed Shines Biotech Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Yinan Liang
- Sichuan Primed Shines Biotech Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Li Gong
- Sichuan Primed Shines Biotech Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fabao Gao
- Department of Radiology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
- Sichuan Primed Shines Biotech Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China.
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Poole DC, Copp SW, Colburn TD, Craig JC, Allen DL, Sturek M, O'Leary DS, Zucker IH, Musch TI. Guidelines for animal exercise and training protocols for cardiovascular studies. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H1100-H1138. [PMID: 32196357 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00697.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Whole body exercise tolerance is the consummate example of integrative physiological function among the metabolic, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems. Depending on the animal selected, the energetic demands and flux through the oxygen transport system can increase two orders of magnitude from rest to maximal exercise. Thus, animal models in health and disease present the scientist with flexible, powerful, and, in some instances, purpose-built tools to explore the mechanistic bases for physiological function and help unveil the causes for pathological or age-related exercise intolerance. Elegant experimental designs and analyses of kinetic parameters and steady-state responses permit acute and chronic exercise paradigms to identify therapeutic targets for drug development in disease and also present the opportunity to test the efficacy of pharmacological and behavioral countermeasures during aging, for example. However, for this promise to be fully realized, the correct or optimal animal model must be selected in conjunction with reproducible tests of physiological function (e.g., exercise capacity and maximal oxygen uptake) that can be compared equitably across laboratories, clinics, and other proving grounds. Rigorously controlled animal exercise and training studies constitute the foundation of translational research. This review presents the most commonly selected animal models with guidelines for their use and obtaining reproducible results and, crucially, translates state-of-the-art techniques and procedures developed on humans to those animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Poole
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Steven W Copp
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Trenton D Colburn
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jesse C Craig
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - David L Allen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Michael Sturek
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Donal S O'Leary
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Irving H Zucker
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Timothy I Musch
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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Netrin-1 plays a role in the effect of moderate exercise on myocardial fibrosis in rats. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0199802. [PMID: 30789913 PMCID: PMC6383912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on the expression of neitrin-1,DCC receptor and myocardial fibrosis in rats with acute myocardial infarction. METHODS Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into three groups: the sham group (n = 8), the acute myocardial infarction (AMI) model group (n = 8), and the aerobic exercise treatment after acute myocardial infarction group (ET) (n = 8). After 10 weeks, the serum levels of netrin-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha α (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were measured. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 (MMP2, 9), and their inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2), myocardial netrin-1, and the deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) receptor were evaluated. Histopathological results were also evaluated. The collagen volume fraction of the myocardial tissues was also calculated. RESULTS Compared with the sham group, in the AMI and ET groups, left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) were increased, while left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), and left ventricular pressure maximal rate of rise and fall (± dp/dtmax) were significantly decreased (P<0.05,). Compared with the AMI group, in the ET group, LVSP, and ±dp/dtmax were significantly increased while LVEDP was decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the sham group, the AMI group and ET groups showed increased levels of serum TNF-α, IL-6 and significantly reduced levels of netrin-1. Levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly reduced in the ET group compared with the AMI group, whereas the level of netrin-1 was increased. The expression of myocardial MMP2 and MMP9 was significantly increased in the AMI group compared with the sham group, whereas that of myocardial netrin-1, TIMP2 and the DCC receptor, was significantly reduced. Compared with the AMI group, the ET group showed reduced expression of myocardial MMP2 and MMP9 proteins, whereas expression of myocardial netrin-1, TIMP2 and the DCC receptor, was significantly increased. The collagen volume fraction of the myocardial tissues was significantly increased in the AMI group and the ET group compared with the sham group, with a greater increase in the AMI group. CONCLUSIONS Aerobic exercise increased levels of serum netrin-1, myocardial netrin-1, and the DCC receptor and reduced the expression of myocardial MMP2 and MMP9 proteins, to improve the degree of fibrosis following myocardial infarction in rats.
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Neuronal nitric oxide synthase regulation of skeletal muscle functional hyperemia: exercise training and moderate compensated heart failure. Nitric Oxide 2017; 74:1-9. [PMID: 29288804 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) modulates oxygen delivery-utilization matching in resting and contracting skeletal muscle. Recent reports indicate that neuronal NO synthase (nNOS)-mediated vasoregulation during contractions is enhanced with exercise training and impaired with chronic heart failure (HF). Consequently, we tested the hypothesis that selective nNOS inhibition (S-methyl-l-thiocitrulline; SMTC, 2.1 μmol/kg) would produce attenuated reductions in muscle blood flow during moderate/heavy submaximal exercise in sedentary HF rats compared to their healthy counterparts. In addition, SMTC was expected to evoke greater reductions in exercising muscle blood flow in trained compared to sedentary healthy and HF rats. Blood flow during submaximal treadmill running (20 min/m, 5% grade) was determined via radiolabeled microspheres pre- and post-SMTC administration in healthy sedentary (Healthy + Sed, n = 8), healthy exercise trained (Healthy + ExT, n = 8), HF sedentary (HF + Sed, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) = 12 ± 1 mmHg, n = 8), and HF exercise trained (HF + ExT, LVEDP = 16 ± 2 mmHg, n = 7) rats. nNOS contribution to exercising total hindlimb blood flow (ml/min/100 g) was not increased by training in either healthy or HF groups (Healthy + Sed: 105 ± 11 vs. 108 ± 16; Healthy + ExT: 96 ± 9 vs. 91 ± 7; HF + Sed: 124 ± 6 vs. 110 ± 12; HF + ExT: 107 ± 13 vs. 101 ± 8; control vs. SMTC, respectively; p > .05 for all). Similarly, SMTC did not reduce exercising blood flow in the majority of individual hindlimb muscles in any group (p > .05 for all, except for the semitendinosus and adductor longus in HF + Sed and the adductor longus in HF + ExT; p < .05). Contrary to our hypothesis, we find no support for either upregulation of nNOS function contributing to exercise hyperemia after training or its dysregulation with chronic HF.
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NO Signaling in the Cardiovascular System and Exercise. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1000:211-245. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4304-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Poole DC, Richardson RS, Haykowsky MJ, Hirai DM, Musch TI. Exercise limitations in heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 124:208-224. [PMID: 29051336 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00747.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The hallmark symptom of chronic heart failure (HF) is severe exercise intolerance. Impaired perfusive and diffusive O2 transport are two of the major determinants of reduced physical capacity and lowered maximal O2 uptake in patients with HF. It has now become evident that this syndrome manifests at least two different phenotypic variations: heart failure with preserved or reduced ejection fraction (HFpEF and HFrEF, respectively). Unlike HFrEF, however, there is currently limited understanding of HFpEF pathophysiology, leading to a lack of effective pharmacological treatments for this subpopulation. This brief review focuses on the disturbances within the O2 transport pathway resulting in limited exercise capacity in both HFpEF and HFrEF. Evidence from human and animal research reveals HF-induced impairments in both perfusive and diffusive O2 conductances identifying potential targets for clinical intervention. Specifically, utilization of different experimental approaches in humans (e.g., small vs. large muscle mass exercise) and animals (e.g., intravital microscopy and phosphorescence quenching) has provided important clues to elucidating these pathophysiological mechanisms. Adaptations within the skeletal muscle O2 delivery-utilization system following established and emerging therapies (e.g., exercise training and inorganic nitrate supplementation, respectively) are discussed. Resolution of the underlying mechanisms of skeletal muscle dysfunction and exercise intolerance is essential for the development and refinement of the most effective treatments for patients with HF.
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Barroco AC, Sperandio PA, Reis M, Almeida DR, Neder JA. A practical approach to assess leg muscle oxygenation during ramp-incremental cycle ergometry in heart failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 50:e6327. [PMID: 28977120 PMCID: PMC5625546 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20176327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure is characterized by the inability of the cardiovascular system to maintain oxygen (O2) delivery (i.e., muscle blood flow in non-hypoxemic patients) to meet O2 demands. The resulting increase in fractional O2 extraction can be non-invasively tracked by deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration (deoxi-Hb) as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). We aimed to establish a simplified approach to extract deoxi-Hb-based indices of impaired muscle O2 delivery during rapidly-incrementing exercise in heart failure. We continuously probed the right vastus lateralis muscle with continuous-wave NIRS during a ramp-incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test in 10 patients (left ventricular ejection fraction <35%) and 10 age-matched healthy males. Deoxi-Hb is reported as % of total response (onset to peak exercise) in relation to work rate. Patients showed lower maximum exercise capacity and O2 uptake-work rate than controls (P<0.05). The deoxi-Hb response profile as a function of work rate was S-shaped in all subjects, i.e., it presented three distinct phases. Increased muscle deoxygenation in patients compared to controls was demonstrated by: i) a steeper mid-exercise deoxi-Hb-work rate slope (2.2±1.3 vs 1.0±0.3% peak/W, respectively; P<0.05), and ii) late-exercise increase in deoxi-Hb, which contrasted with stable or decreasing deoxi-Hb in all controls. Steeper deoxi-Hb-work rate slope was associated with lower peak work rate in patients (r=–0.73; P=0.01). This simplified approach to deoxi-Hb interpretation might prove useful in clinical settings to quantify impairments in O2 delivery by NIRS during ramp-incremental exercise in individual heart failure patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Barroco
- Disciplina de Cardiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Setor de Fisiologia Clínica do Exercício, Disciplina de Pneumologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - P A Sperandio
- Disciplina de Cardiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Departamento de Cardiologia, Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Setor de Fisiologia Clínica do Exercício, Disciplina de Pneumologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M Reis
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - D R Almeida
- Disciplina de Cardiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - J A Neder
- Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Jaenisch RB, Bertagnolli M, Borghi-Silva A, Arena R, Lago PD. Respiratory Muscle Training Improves Diaphragm Citrate Synthase Activity and Hemodynamic Function in Rats with Heart Failure. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 32:104-110. [PMID: 28492791 PMCID: PMC5409259 DOI: 10.21470/1678-9741-2017-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Enhanced respiratory muscle strength in patients with heart failure
positively alters the clinical trajectory of heart failure. In an
experimental model, respiratory muscle training in rats with heart failure
has been shown to improve cardiopulmonary function through mechanisms yet to
be entirely elucidated. Objective The present report aimed to evaluate the respiratory muscle training effects
in diaphragm citrate synthase activity and hemodynamic function in rats with
heart failure. Methods Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups: sedentary sham
(Sed-Sham, n=8), trained sham (RMT-Sham, n=8), sedentary heart failure
(Sed-HF, n=7) and trained heart failure (RMT-HF, n=7). The animals were
submitted to a RMT protocol performed 30 minutes a day, 5 days/week, for 6
weeks. Results In rats with heart failure, respiratory muscle training decreased pulmonary
congestion and right ventricular hypertrophy. Deleterious alterations in
left ventricular pressures, as well as left ventricular contractility and
relaxation, were assuaged by respiratory muscle training in heart failure
rats. Citrate synthase activity, which was significantly reduced in heart
failure rats, was preserved by respiratory muscle training. Additionally, a
negative correlation was found between citrate synthase and left ventricular
end diastolic pressure and positive correlation was found between citrate
synthase and left ventricular systolic pressure. Conclusion Respiratory muscle training produces beneficial adaptations in the
diaphragmatic musculature, which is linked to improvements in left
ventricular hemodynamics and blood pressure in heart failure rats. The
RMT-induced improvements in cardiac architecture and the oxidative capacity
of the diaphragm may improve the clinical trajectory of patients with heart
failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Boemo Jaenisch
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy Laboratory, Physiotherapy Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCAR), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariane Bertagnolli
- Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Borghi-Silva
- Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy Laboratory, Physiotherapy Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCAR), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ross Arena
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pedro Dal Lago
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Mangner N, Bowen TS, Werner S, Fischer T, Kullnick Y, Oberbach A, Linke A, Steil L, Schuler G, Adams V. Exercise Training Prevents Diaphragm Contractile Dysfunction in Heart Failure. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:2118-2124. [PMID: 27327028 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patient studies have demonstrated the efficacy of exercise training in attenuating respiratory muscle weakness in chronic heart failure (HF), yet direct assessment of muscle fiber contractile function together with data on the underlying intracellular mechanisms remains elusive. The present study, therefore, used a mouse model of HF to assess whether exercise training could prevent diaphragm contractile fiber dysfunction by potentially mediating the complex interplay between intracellular oxidative stress and proteolysis. METHODS Mice underwent sham operation (n = 10) or a ligation of the left coronary artery and were randomized to sedentary HF (n = 10) or HF with aerobic exercise training (HF + AET; n = 10). Ten weeks later, echocardiography and histological analyses confirmed HF. RESULTS In vitro diaphragm fiber bundles demonstrated contractile dysfunction in sedentary HF compared with sham mice that was prevented by AET, with maximal force 21.0 ± 0.7 versus 26.7 ± 1.4 and 25.4 ± 1.4 N·cm, respectively (P < 0.05). Xanthine oxidase enzyme activity and MuRF1 protein expression, markers of oxidative stress and protein degradation, were ~20% and ~70% higher in sedentary HF compared with sham mice (P < 0.05) but were not different when compared with the HF + AET group. Oxidative modifications to numerous contractile proteins (i.e., actin and creatine kinase) and markers of proteolysis (i.e., proteasome and calpain activity) were elevated in sedentary HF compared with HF + AET mice (P < 0.05); however, these indices were not significantly different between sedentary HF and sham mice. Antioxidative enzyme activities were also not different between groups. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that AET can protect against diaphragm contractile fiber dysfunction induced by HF, but it remains unclear whether alterations in oxidative stress and/or protein degradation are primarily responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Mangner
- 1Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Leipzig University-Heart Center, Leipzig, GERMANY; 2Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, GERMANY; 3Department of Cardiac Surgery, Leipzig University-Heart Center, Leipzig, GERMANY; and 4Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, GERMANY
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Tikhomirova I, Petrochenko E, Muravyov A, Malysheva Y, Petrochenko A, Yakusevich V, Oslyakova A. Microcirculation and blood rheology abnormalities in chronic heart failure. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2017; 65:383-391. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-16206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Tikhomirova
- Department of Medicine and Biology, Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Elena Petrochenko
- Department of Medicine and Biology, Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Alexei Muravyov
- Department of Medicine and Biology, Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Yulia Malysheva
- Department of Medicine and Biology, Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Alexandr Petrochenko
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Vladimir Yakusevich
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Anna Oslyakova
- Department of Medicine and Biology, Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University, Yaroslavl, Russia
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Vascular K ATP channels mitigate severe muscle O 2 delivery-utilization mismatch during contractions in chronic heart failure rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 238:33-40. [PMID: 28119150 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The vascular ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel is a mediator of skeletal muscle microvascular oxygenation (PO2mv) during contractions in health. We tested the hypothesis that KATP channel function is preserved in chronic heart failure (CHF) and therefore its inhibition would reduce PO2mv and exacerbate the time taken to reach the PO2mv steady-state during contractions of the spinotrapezius muscle. Moreover, we hypothesized that subsequent KATP channel activation would oppose the effects of this inhibition. Muscle PO2mv (phosphorescence quenching) was measured during 180s of 1-Hz twitch contractions (∼6V) under control, glibenclamide (GLI, KATP channel antagonist; 5mg/kg) and pinacidil (PIN, KATP channel agonist; 5mg/kg) conditions in 16 male Sprague-Dawley rats with CHF induced via myocardial infarction (coronary artery ligation, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure: 18±1mmHg). GLI reduced baseline PO2mv (control: 28.3±0.9, GLI: 24.8±1.0mmHg, p<0.05), lowered mean PO2mv (average PO2mv during the overall time taken to reach the steady-state; control: 20.6±0.6, GLI: 17.6±0.3mmHg, p<0.05), and slowed the attainment of steady-state PO2mv (overall mean response time; control: 66.1±10.2, GLI: 93.6±7.8s, p<0.05). PIN opposed these effects on the baseline PO2mv, mean PO2mv and time to reach the steady-state PO2mv (p<0.05 for all vs. GLI). Inhibition of KATP channels exacerbates the transient mismatch between muscle O2 delivery and utilization in CHF rats and this effect is opposed by PIN. These data reveal that the KATP channel constitutes one of the select few well-preserved mechanisms of skeletal muscle microvascular oxygenation control in CHF.
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Feriani DJ, Souza GI, Carrozzi NM, Mostarda C, Dourado PM, Consolim-Colombo FM, De Angelis K, Moreno H, Irigoyen MC, Rodrigues B. Impact of exercise training associated to pyridostigmine treatment on autonomic function and inflammatory profile after myocardial infarction in rats. Int J Cardiol 2017; 227:757-765. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Ferguson SK, Holdsworth CT, Colburn TD, Wright JL, Craig JC, Fees A, Jones AM, Allen JD, Musch TI, Poole DC. Dietary nitrate supplementation: impact on skeletal muscle vascular control in exercising rats with chronic heart failure. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:661-9. [PMID: 27445296 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00014.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic heart failure (CHF) results in central and peripheral derangements that ultimately reduce skeletal muscle O2 delivery and impair exercise tolerance. Dietary nitrate (NO3 (-)) supplementation improves skeletal muscle vascular function and tolerance to exercise. We tested the hypothesis that NO3 (-) supplementation would elevate exercising skeletal muscle blood flow (BF) and vascular conductance (VC) in CHF rats. Myocardial infarction (MI) was induced (coronary artery ligation) in young adult male rats. After 21 days of recovery, rats randomly received 5 days of NO3 (-)-rich beetroot juice (CHF + BR, n = 10) or a placebo (CHF, n = 10). Mean arterial pressure (carotid artery catheter) and skeletal muscle BF (radiolabeled microspheres) were measured during treadmill exercise (20 m/min, 5% grade). CHF-induced dysfunction, as determined by myocardial infarction size (29 ± 3% and 33 ± 4% in CHF and CHF + BR, respectively) and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (18 ± 2 and 18 ± 2 mmHg in CHF and CHF + BR, respectively), and exercising mean arterial pressure (131 ± 3 and 128 ± 4 mmHg in CHF and CHF + BR, respectively) were not different (P > 0.05) between groups. Total exercising hindlimb skeletal muscle BF (95 ± 5 and 116 ± 9 ml·min(-1)·100 g(-1) in CHF and CHF + BR, respectively) and VC (0.75 ± 0.05 and 0.90 ± 0.05 ml·min(-1)·100 g(-1)·mmHg(-1) in CHF and CHF + BR, respectively) were 22% and 20% greater in BR-supplemented rats, respectively (P < 0.05). During exercise, BF in 9 and VC in 10 hindlimb muscles and muscle portions were significantly greater in the CHF + BR group. These results provide strong evidence that dietary NO3 (-) supplementation improves skeletal muscle vascular function during exercise in rats with CHF and, thus, support the use of BR as a novel therapeutic modality for the treatment of CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Ferguson
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas; Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Clark T Holdsworth
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Trenton D Colburn
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jennifer L Wright
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jesse C Craig
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas; Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Alex Fees
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, St. Luke's Campus, Exeter, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jason D Allen
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy I Musch
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas; Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - David C Poole
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas; Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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Laughlin MH. Physical activity-induced remodeling of vasculature in skeletal muscle: role in treatment of type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 120:1-16. [PMID: 26472876 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00789.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This manuscript summarizes and discusses adaptations of skeletal muscle vasculature induced by physical activity and applies this understanding to benefits of exercise in prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Arteriolar trees of skeletal muscle are heterogeneous. Exercise training increases capillary exchange and blood flow capacities. The distribution of vascular adaptation to different types of exercise training are influenced by muscle fiber type composition and fiber recruitment patterns that produce different modes of exercise. Thus training-induced adaptations in vascular structure and vascular control in skeletal muscle are not homogeneously distributed throughout skeletal muscle or along the arteriolar tree within a muscle. Results summarized indicate that similar principles apply to vascular adaptation in skeletal muscle in T2D. It is concluded that exercise training-induced changes in vascular gene expression differ along the arteriolar tree and by skeletal muscle fiber type composition. Results suggest that it is unlikely that hemodynamic forces are the only exercise-induced signals mediating the regulation of vascular gene expression. In patients with T2D, exercise training is perhaps the most effective treatment of the many related symptoms. Training-induced changes in the vasculature and in insulin signaling in the muscle fibers and vasculature augment glucose and insulin delivery as well as glucose uptake. If these adaptations occur in a sufficient amount of muscle mass, exposure to hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia will decrease along with the risk of microvascular complications throughout the body. It is postulated that exercise sessions in programs of sufficient duration, that engage as much skeletal muscle mass as possible, and that recruit as many muscle fibers within each muscle as possible will produce the greatest benefit. The added benefit of combined resistance and aerobic training programs and of high-intensity exercise programs is not simply "more exercise is better".
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Olver TD, Laughlin MH. Endurance, interval sprint, and resistance exercise training: impact on microvascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H337-50. [PMID: 26408541 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00440.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) alters capillary hemodynamics, causes capillary rarefaction in skeletal muscle, and alters endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype, resulting in impaired vasodilatory responses. These changes contribute to altered blood flow responses to physiological stimuli, such as exercise and insulin secretion. T2D-induced microvascular dysfunction impairs glucose and insulin delivery to skeletal muscle (and other tissues such as skin and nervous), thereby reducing glucose uptake and perpetuating hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. In patients with T2D, exercise training (EX) improves microvascular vasodilator and insulin signaling and attenuates capillary rarefaction in skeletal muscle. EX-induced changes subsequently augment glucose and insulin delivery as well as glucose uptake. If these adaptions occur in a sufficient amount of tissue, and skeletal muscle in particular, chronic exposure to hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia and the risk of microvascular complications in all vascular beds will decrease. We postulate that EX programs that engage as much skeletal muscle mass as possible and recruit as many muscle fibers within each muscle as possible will generate the greatest improvements in microvascular function, providing that the duration of the stimulus is sufficient. Primary improvements in microvascular function occur in tissues (skeletal muscle primarily) engaged during exercise, and secondary improvements in microvascular function throughout the body may result from improved blood glucose control. We propose that the added benefit of combined resistance and aerobic EX programs and of vigorous intensity EX programs is not simply "more is better." Rather, we believe the additional benefit is the result of EX-induced adaptations in and around more muscle fibers, resulting in more muscle mass and the associated microvasculature being changed. Thus, to acquire primary and secondary improvements in microvascular function and improved blood glucose control, EX programs should involve upper and lower body exercise and modulate intensity to augment skeletal muscle fiber recruitment. Under conditions of limited mobility, it may be necessary to train skeletal muscle groups separately to maximize whole body skeletal muscle fiber recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dylan Olver
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
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Hirai DM, Musch TI, Poole DC. Exercise training in chronic heart failure: improving skeletal muscle O2 transport and utilization. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H1419-39. [PMID: 26320036 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00469.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic heart failure (CHF) impairs critical structural and functional components of the O2 transport pathway resulting in exercise intolerance and, consequently, reduced quality of life. In contrast, exercise training is capable of combating many of the CHF-induced impairments and enhancing the matching between skeletal muscle O2 delivery and utilization (Q̇mO2 and V̇mO2 , respectively). The Q̇mO2 /V̇mO2 ratio determines the microvascular O2 partial pressure (PmvO2 ), which represents the ultimate force driving blood-myocyte O2 flux (see Fig. 1). Improvements in perfusive and diffusive O2 conductances are essential to support faster rates of oxidative phosphorylation (reflected as faster V̇mO2 kinetics during transitions in metabolic demand) and reduce the reliance on anaerobic glycolysis and utilization of finite energy sources (thus lowering the magnitude of the O2 deficit) in trained CHF muscle. These adaptations contribute to attenuated muscle metabolic perturbations (e.g., changes in [PCr], [Cr], [ADP], and pH) and improved physical capacity (i.e., elevated critical power and maximal V̇mO2 ). Preservation of such plasticity in response to exercise training is crucial considering the dominant role of skeletal muscle dysfunction in the pathophysiology and increased morbidity/mortality of the CHF patient. This brief review focuses on the mechanistic bases for improved Q̇mO2 /V̇mO2 matching (and enhanced PmvO2 ) with exercise training in CHF with both preserved and reduced ejection fraction (HFpEF and HFrEF, respectively). Specifically, O2 convection within the skeletal muscle microcirculation, O2 diffusion from the red blood cell to the mitochondria, and muscle metabolic control are particularly susceptive to exercise training adaptations in CHF. Alternatives to traditional whole body endurance exercise training programs such as small muscle mass and inspiratory muscle training, pharmacological treatment (e.g., sildenafil and pentoxifylline), and dietary nitrate supplementation are also presented in light of their therapeutic potential. Adaptations within the skeletal muscle O2 transport and utilization system underlie improvements in physical capacity and quality of life in CHF and thus take center stage in the therapeutic management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Hirai
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Timothy I Musch
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology and Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - David C Poole
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology and Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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Upadhyay RK. Emerging risk biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases and disorders. J Lipids 2015; 2015:971453. [PMID: 25949827 PMCID: PMC4407625 DOI: 10.1155/2015/971453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Present review article highlights various cardiovascular risk prediction biomarkers by incorporating both traditional risk factors to be used as diagnostic markers and recent technologically generated diagnostic and therapeutic markers. This paper explains traditional biomarkers such as lipid profile, glucose, and hormone level and physiological biomarkers based on measurement of levels of important biomolecules such as serum ferritin, triglyceride to HDLp (high density lipoproteins) ratio, lipophorin-cholesterol ratio, lipid-lipophorin ratio, LDL cholesterol level, HDLp and apolipoprotein levels, lipophorins and LTPs ratio, sphingolipids, Omega-3 Index, and ST2 level. In addition, immunohistochemical, oxidative stress, inflammatory, anatomical, imaging, genetic, and therapeutic biomarkers have been explained in detail with their investigational specifications. Many of these biomarkers, alone or in combination, can play important role in prediction of risks, its types, and status of morbidity. As emerging risks are found to be affiliated with minor and microlevel factors and its diagnosis at an earlier stage could find CVD, hence, there is an urgent need of new more authentic, appropriate, and reliable diagnostic and therapeutic markers to confirm disease well in time to start the clinical aid to the patients. Present review aims to discuss new emerging biomarkers that could facilitate more authentic and fast diagnosis of CVDs, HF (heart failures), and various lipid abnormalities and disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kant Upadhyay
- Department of Zoology, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273009, India
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Dyakova EY, Kapilevich LV, Shylko VG, Popov SV, Anfinogenova Y. Physical exercise associated with NO production: signaling pathways and significance in health and disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:19. [PMID: 25883934 PMCID: PMC4382985 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we review available data on nitric oxide (NO)-mediated signaling in skeletal muscle during physical exercise. Nitric oxide modulates skeletal myocyte function, hormone regulation, and local microcirculation. Nitric oxide underlies the therapeutic effects of physical activity whereas the pharmacological modulators of NO-mediated signaling are the promising therapeutic agents in different diseases. Nitric oxide production increases in skeletal muscle in response to physical activity. This molecule can alter energy supply in skeletal muscle through hormonal modulation. Mitochondria in skeletal muscle tissue are highly abundant and play a pivotal role in metabolism. Considering NO a plausible regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis that directly affects cellular respiration, we discuss the mechanisms of NO-induced mitochondrial biogenesis in the skeletal muscle cells. We also review available data on myokines, the molecules that are expressed and released by the muscle fibers and exert autocrine, paracrine and/or endocrine effects. The article suggests the presence of putative interplay between NO-mediated signaling and myokines in skeletal muscle. Data demonstrate an important role of NO in various diseases and suggest that physical training may improve health of patients with diabetes, chronic heart failure, and even degenerative muscle diseases. We conclude that NO-associated signaling represents a promising target for the treatment of various diseases and for the achievement of better athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Y Dyakova
- Department of Sporting Health Tourism, Physiology, and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University Tomsk, Russia
| | - Leonid V Kapilevich
- Department of Sporting Health Tourism, Physiology, and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University Tomsk, Russia ; Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk, Russia
| | - Victor G Shylko
- Department of Sporting Health Tourism, Physiology, and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University Tomsk, Russia
| | - Sergey V Popov
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Research Institute for Cardiology," Tomsk, Russia
| | - Yana Anfinogenova
- Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk, Russia ; Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Research Institute for Cardiology," Tomsk, Russia
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