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Nemeckova I, Eissazadeh S, Rathouska JU, Silhavy J, Malinska H, Pravenec M, Nachtigal P. Transgenic human C-reactive protein affects oxidative stress but not inflammation biomarkers in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2024; 24:211. [PMID: 38627621 PMCID: PMC11020172 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-024-03870-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute inflammatory protein detected in obese patients with metabolic syndrome. Moreover, increased CRP levels have been linked with atherosclerotic disease, congestive heart failure, and ischemic heart disease, suggesting that it is not only a biomarker but also plays an active role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. Since endothelial dysfunction plays an essential role in various cardiovascular pathologies and is characterized by increased expression of cell adhesion molecules and inflammatory markers, we aimed to detect specific markers of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) expressing human CRP. This model is genetically predisposed to the development of the metabolic syndrome. METHODS Transgenic SHR male rats (SHR-CRP) and non-transgenic SHR (SHR) at the age of 8 months were used. Metabolic profile (including serum and tissue triglyceride (TAG), serum insulin concentrations, insulin-stimulated incorporation of glucose, and serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) levels) was measured. In addition, human serum CRP, MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), and adiponectin were evaluated by means of ELISA, histological analysis was used to study morphological changes in the aorta, and western blot analysis of aortic tissue was performed to detect expression of endothelial, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers. RESULTS The presence of human CRP was associated with significantly decreased insulin-stimulated glycogenesis in skeletal muscle, increased muscle and hepatic accumulation of TAG and decreased plasmatic cGMP concentrations, reduced adiponectin levels, and increased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) levels in the blood, suggesting pro-inflammatory and presence of multiple features of metabolic syndrome in SHR-CRP animals. Histological analysis of aortic sections did not reveal any visible morphological changes in animals from both SHR and SHR-CRP rats. Western blot analysis of the expression of proteins related to the proper function of endothelium demonstrated significant differences in the expression of p-eNOS/eNOS in the aorta, although endoglin (ENG) protein expression remained unaffected. In addition, the presence of human CRP in SHR in this study did not affect the expression of inflammatory markers, namely p-NFkB, P-selectin, and COX2 in the aorta. On the other hand, biomarkers related to oxidative stress, such as HO-1 and SOD3, were significantly changed, indicating the induction of oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that CRP alone cannot fully induce the expression of endothelial dysfunction biomarkers, suggesting other risk factors of cardiovascular disorders are necessary to be involved to induce endothelial dysfunction with CRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Nemeckova
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Samira Eissazadeh
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Urbankova Rathouska
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Silhavy
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Malinska
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Pravenec
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Nachtigal
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic.
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Jezkova K, Rathouska J, Nemeckova I, Fikrova P, Dolezelova E, Varejckova M, Vitverova B, Tysonova K, Serwadczak A, Buczek E, Bernabeu C, Lopez-Novoa JM, Chlopicki S, Nachtigal P. High Levels of Soluble Endoglin Induce a Proinflammatory and Oxidative-Stress Phenotype Associated with Preserved NO-Dependent Vasodilatation in Aortas from Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. J Vasc Res 2016; 53:149-162. [DOI: 10.1159/000448996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Kwon MJ, Lee KY, Lee HW, Kim JH, Kim TY. SOD3 Variant, R213G, Altered SOD3 Function, Leading to ROS-Mediated Inflammation and Damage in Multiple Organs of Premature Aging Mice. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:985-99. [PMID: 25927599 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Among the isoforms of superoxide dismutase, SOD3 is uniquely associated with the extracellular matrix (ECM) by virtue of its heparin-binding domain (HBD). Substitution of arginine by glycine at amino acid 213 (R213G) of its HBD was first identified in patients with heart failure, followed by many studies that focused on the role of this variant (SOD3(R213G)) in ischemic heart disease and cardiovascular disease. However, the biological significance of this mutation in a physiological context is largely unknown. RESULTS As a first step, we generated SOD3(R213G) transgenic mice, in which the variant gene was driven by the β-actin promoter allowing expression in all tissues. Unexpectedly, we found that SOD3(R213G) transgenic mice exhibited premature aging, including hair graying, abnormal gait, and a shortened life span. Specifically, the aged mice showed systemic inflammation and organ degeneration. In addition, aged SOD3(R213G) mice are susceptible to neutrophil-mediated inflammation. Among other functions, the neutrophils of SOD3(R213G) mice produce high amounts of reactive oxygen species, which would normally be controlled by SOD3 in ECM. INNOVATION These findings showed for the first time that arginine 213 in the HBD of SOD3 is critical for maintaining proper organ function through moderating the normal innate immune response, which would otherwise lead to chronic inflammation and degenerative diseases in aged mice. CONCLUSION Therefore, patients with this variant may be treated with SOD3 as a therapeutic strategy to prevent or cure these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Ja Kwon
- 1 Department of Dermatology, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science , College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo-Young Lee
- 2 Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Woong Lee
- 3 Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology , Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Kim
- 1 Department of Dermatology, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science , College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Yoon Kim
- 1 Department of Dermatology, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science , College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Endothelial dysfunction in conduit arteries and in microcirculation. Novel therapeutic approaches. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:253-67. [PMID: 24928320 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelium not only is a single monolayer of cells between the vessel lumen and the intimal wall, but also plays an important role by controlling vascular function and structure mainly via the production of nitric oxide (NO). The so called "cardiovascular risk factors" are associated with endothelial dysfunction, that reduces NO bioavailability, increases oxidative stress, and promotes inflammation contributing therefore to the development of atherosclerosis. The significant role of endothelial dysfunction in the development of atherosclerosis emphasizes the need for efficient therapeutic interventions. During the last years statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor antagonists, antioxidants, beta-blockers and insulin sensitizers have been evaluated for their ability to restore endothelial function (Briasoulis et al., 2012). As there is not a straightforward relationship between therapeutic interventions and improvement of endothelial function but rather a complicated interrelationship between multiple cellular and sub-cellular targets, research has been focused on the understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Moreover, the development of novel diagnostic invasive and non-invasive methods has allowed the early detection of endothelial dysfunction expanding the role of therapeutic interventions and our knowledge. In the current review we present the available data concerning the contribution of endothelial dysfunction to atherogenesis and review the methods that assess endothelial function with a view to understand the multiple targets of therapeutic interventions. Finally we focus on the classic and novel therapeutic approaches aiming to improve endothelial dysfunction and the underlying mechanisms.
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Extracellular but not cytosolic superoxide dismutase protects against oxidant-mediated endothelial dysfunction. Redox Biol 2013; 1:292-6. [PMID: 24024163 PMCID: PMC3757697 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Superoxide (O2•−) contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease. Generation of O2•− occurs in both the intracellular and extracellular compartments. We hypothesized that the gene transfer of cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD1) or extracellular SOD (SOD3) to blood vessels would differentially protect against O2•−-mediated endothelial-dependent dysfunction. Aortic ring segments from New Zealand rabbits were incubated with adenovirus (Ad) containing the gene for Escherichia coli β-galactosidase, SOD1, or SOD3. Activity assays confirmed functional overexpression of both SOD3 and SOD1 isoforms in aorta 24 h following gene transfer. Histochemical staining for β-galactosidase showed gene transfer occurred in the endothelium and adventitia. Next, vessels were prepared for measurement of isometric tension in Kreb's buffer containing xanthine. After precontraction with phenylephrine, xanthine oxidase impaired relaxation to the endothelium-dependent dilator acetylcholine (ACh, max relaxation 33±4% with XO vs. 64±3% without XO, p<0.05), whereas relaxation to the endothelium-independent dilator sodium nitroprusside was unaffected. In the presence of XO, maximal relaxation to ACh was improved in vessels incubated with AdSOD3 (55±2%, p<0.05 vs. control) but not AdSOD1 (34±4%). We conclude that adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of SOD3, but not SOD1, protects the aorta from xanthine/XO-mediated endothelial dysfunction. These data provide important insight into the location and enzymatic source of O2•− production in vascular disease. Xanthine oxidase (XO)-derived O2•− inhibits endothelium-dependent relaxation. Extracellular SOD alleviates XO-mediated vasomotor dysfunction. Increased expression of cytosolic SOD fails to protect from XO-mediated dysfunction. To maintain •NO bioavailability, SOD must localize to the site of O2•− production.
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Allen-Gipson DS, Zimmerman MC, Zhang H, Castellanos G, O'Malley JK, Alvarez-Ramirez H, Kharbanda K, Sisson JH, Wyatt TA. Smoke extract impairs adenosine wound healing: implications of smoke-generated reactive oxygen species. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 48:665-73. [PMID: 23371060 PMCID: PMC3707376 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0273oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine concentrations are elevated in the lungs of patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, where it balances between tissue repair and excessive airway remodeling. We previously demonstrated that the activation of the adenosine A2A receptor promotes epithelial wound closure. However, the mechanism by which adenosine-mediated wound healing occurs after cigarette smoke exposure has not been investigated. The present study investigates whether cigarette smoke exposure alters adenosine-mediated reparative properties via its ability to induce a shift in the oxidant/antioxidant balance. Using an in vitro wounding model, bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to 5% cigarette smoke extract, were wounded, and were then stimulated with either 10 μM adenosine or the specific A2A receptor agonist, 5'-(N-cyclopropyl)-carboxamido-adenosine (CPCA; 10 μM), and assessed for wound closure. In a subset of experiments, bronchial epithelial cells were infected with adenovirus vectors encoding human superoxide dismutase and/or catalase or control vector. In the presence of 5% smoke extract, significant delay was evident in both adenosine-mediated and CPCA-mediated wound closure. However, cells pretreated with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a nonspecific antioxidant, reversed smoke extract-mediated inhibition. We found that cells overexpressing mitochondrial catalase repealed the smoke extract inhibition of CPCA-stimulated wound closure, whereas superoxide dismutase overexpression exerted no effect. Kinase experiments revealed that smoke extract significantly reduced the A2A-mediated activation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase. However, pretreatment with NAC reversed this effect. In conclusion, our data suggest that cigarette smoke exposure impairs A2A-stimulated wound repair via a reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanism, thereby providing a better understanding of adenosine signaling that may direct the development of pharmacological tools for the treatment of chronic inflammatory lung disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane S Allen-Gipson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Kukongviriyapan U, Sompamit K, Pannangpetch P, Kukongviriyapan V, Donpunha W. Preventive and therapeutic effects of quercetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction in mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 90:1345-53. [DOI: 10.1139/y2012-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin, a dietary antioxidant flavonoid, possesses strong anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activities. The effects were investigated in an animal model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxaemia and vascular dysfunction in vivo. Male ICR mice were injected with LPS (10 mg/kg; i.p.). Quercetin (50 or 100 mg/kg) was intragastrically administered either before or after LPS administration. Fifteen hours after LPS injection, mice were found in endotoxaemic condition, as manifested by hypotension, tachycardia, and blunted vascular responses to vasodilators and vasoconstrictor. The symptoms were accompanied by increased aortic iNOS protein expression, decreased aortic eNOS protein expression, marked suppression of cellular glutathione (GSH) redox status, enhanced aortic superoxide production, increased plasma malodialdehyde and protein carbonyl, and elevated urinary nitrate/nitrite. Treatment with quercetin either before or after LPS preserved the vascular function, as blood pressure, heart rate, vascular responsiveness were restored to near normal values, particularly when quercetin was given as a preventive regimen. The vascular protective effects were associated with upregulation of eNOS expression, reduction of oxidative stress, and maintained blood GSH redox ratio. Overall findings suggest the beneficial effect of quercetin on the prevention and restoration of a failing eNOS system and alleviation of oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction against endotoxin-induced shock in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upa Kukongviriyapan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kwanjit Sompamit
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand
| | | | - Veerapol Kukongviriyapan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Wanida Donpunha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Kröller-Schön S, Knorr M, Hausding M, Oelze M, Schuff A, Schell R, Sudowe S, Scholz A, Daub S, Karbach S, Kossmann S, Gori T, Wenzel P, Schulz E, Grabbe S, Klein T, Münzel T, Daiber A. Glucose-independent improvement of vascular dysfunction in experimental sepsis by dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibition. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 96:140-9. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Singh PP, Chandra A, Mahdi F, Roy A, Sharma P. Reconvene and reconnect the antioxidant hypothesis in human health and disease. Indian J Clin Biochem 2010; 25:225-43. [PMID: 21731194 PMCID: PMC3001844 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-010-0078-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidants are essential molecules in human system but are not miracle molecules. They are neither performance enhancers nor can prevent or cure diseases when taken in excess. Their supplemental value is debateable. In fact, many high quality clinical trials on antioxidant supplement have shown no effect or adverse outcomes ranging from morbidity to all cause mortality. Several Chochrane Meta-analysis and Markov Model techniques, which are presently best available statistical models to derive conclusive answers for comparing large number of trials, support these claims. Nevertheless none of these statistical techniques are flawless. Hence, more efforts are needed to develop perfect statistical model to analyze the pooled data and further double blind, placebo controlled interventional clinical trials, which are gold standard, should be implicitly conducted to get explicit answers. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase and catalase are termed as primary antioxidants as these scavenge superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide. All these three enzymes are inducible enzymes, thereby inherently meaning that body increases or decreases their activity as per requirement. Hence there is no need to attempt to manipulate their activity nor have such efforts been clinically useful. SOD administration has been tried in some conditions especially in cancer and myocardial infarction but has largely failed, probably because SOD is a large molecule and can not cross cell membrane. The dietary antioxidants, including nutrient antioxidants are chain breaking antioxidants and in tandem with enzyme antioxidants temper the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) within physiological limits. Since body is able to regulate its own requirements of enzyme antioxidants, the diet must provide adequate quantity of non-enzymic antioxidants to meet the normal requirements and provide protection in exigent condition. So far, there is no evidence that human tissues ever experience the torrent of reactive species and that in chronic conditions with mildly enhanced generation of reactive species, the body can meet them squarely if antioxidants defense system in tissues is biochemically optimized. We are not yet certain about optimal levels of antioxidants in tissues. Two ways have been used to assess them: first by dietary intake and second by measuring plasma levels. Lately determination of plasma/serum level of antioxidants is considered better index for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The recommended levels for vitamin A, E and C and beta carotene are 2.2-2.8 μmol/l; 27.5-30 μmol/l; 40-50 μmol/l and 0.4-0.5 μmol/l, respectively. The requirement and recommended blood levels of other dietary antioxidants are not established. The resolved issues are (1) essential to scavenge excess of radical species (2) participants in redox homeostasis (3) selective antioxidants activity against radical species (4) there is no universal antioxidant and 5) therapeutic value in case of deficiency. The overarching issues are (1) therapeutic value as adjuvant therapy in management of diseases (2) supplemental value in developing population (3) selective interactivity of antioxidant in different tissues and on different substrates (4) quantitative contribution in redox balance (5) mechanisms of adverse action on excess supplementation (6) advantages and disadvantages of prooxidant behavior of antioxidants (7) behavior in cohorts with polymorphic differences (8) interaction and intervention in radiotherapy, diabetes and diabetic complications and cardiovascular diseases (9) preventive behavior in neurological disorders (10) benefits of non-nutrient dietary antioxidants (11) markers to assess optimized antioxidants status (12) assessment of benefits of supplementation in alcoholics and heavy smokers. The unresolved and intriguing issues are (1) many compounds such as vitamin A and many others possessing both antioxidant and non-antioxidant properties contribute to both the activities in vivo or exclusively only to non-antioxidant activity and (2) since human tissues do not experience the surge of FR, whether there is any need to develop stronger synthetic antioxidants. Theoretically such antioxidants may do more harm than good.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. P. Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow, UP India
| | - Anu Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow, UP India
| | - Farzana Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow, UP India
| | - Ajanta Roy
- Department of Biochemistry, Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow, UP India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow, UP India
- Department of Biochemistry, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, India
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Miller JD, Peotta VA, Chu Y, Weiss RM, Zimmerman K, Brooks RM, Heistad DD. MnSOD protects against COX1-mediated endothelial dysfunction in chronic heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 298:H1600-7. [PMID: 20304815 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01108.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial function is impaired by oxidative stress in chronic heart failure (HF). Mechanisms that protect against increases in oxidative stress in HF are not clear. The goal of this study was to determine whether manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) plays a key role in protecting against endothelial dysfunction in HF. Endothelial function and gene expression were examined in aorta from wild-type mice (MnSOD(+/+)) and mice deficient in MnSOD (MnSOD(+/-)) 12 wk after ligation of the left coronary artery (LCA). LCA ligation produced similar size myocardial infarctions in MnSOD(+/+) and MnSOD(+/-) mice and reduced ejection fraction to approximately 20% in both groups. Maximal relaxation in response to acetylcholine was 78 +/- 3% (mean +/- SE) and 66 +/- 8% in sham-operated MnSOD(+/+) and MnSOD(+/-) mice, respectively. Expression of antioxidant enzymes increased in MnSOD(+/+) mice with HF, and maximal relaxation to acetylcholine was slightly impaired (68 +/- 4%). Greater endothelial dysfunction was observed in MnSOD(+/-) mice with HF (46 +/- 5%, P < 0.05), which was significantly improved by polyethylene glycol-catalase but not Tempol. Incubation with the nonspecific cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor indomethacin or the COX1 inhibitor valeryl salicylate, but not the COX-2 inhibitor NS-398, significantly improved relaxation to acetylcholine in HF mice (maximum relaxation = 74 +/- 5, 91 +/- 1, and 58 +/- 5%). These data suggest that MnSOD plays a key role in protecting against endothelial dysfunction in HF. A novel mechanism was identified whereby chronic increases in oxidative stress, produced by mitochondrial SOD deficiency, impair vascular function via a hydrogen peroxide-dependent, COX1-dependent, endothelium-derived contracting factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Miller
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery and Department of Physiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Daiber A, Gori T. Vascular tolerance to nitroglycerin in ascorbate deficiency: results are in favour of an important role of oxidative stress in nitrate tolerance. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 79:722-3; author reply 724. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Levonen AL, Vähäkangas E, Koponen JK, Ylä-Herttuala S. Antioxidant gene therapy for cardiovascular disease: current status and future perspectives. Circulation 2008; 117:2142-50. [PMID: 18427144 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.718585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Excessive production of reactive oxygen species has been implicated to play an important role in a number of cardiovascular pathologies, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and restenosis after angioplasty or venous bypass grafting. The formation of reactive oxygen species is balanced out by antioxidant defenses, and augmenting this defense by antioxidant therapies could therefore provide a potential means to treat conditions in which the formation of reactive oxygen species exceeds the capability of natural protective mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the studies in which antioxidant gene therapy has been used successfully to treat cardiovascular diseases. We also discuss the current limitations of antioxidant gene therapy and envision future therapeutic targets and methodological approaches for an improved outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Liisa Levonen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, Finland.
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Qin Z, Reszka KJ, Fukai T, Weintraub NL. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (ecSOD) in vascular biology: an update on exogenous gene transfer and endogenous regulators of ecSOD. Transl Res 2008; 151:68-78. [PMID: 18201674 PMCID: PMC4230486 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular superoxide dismutase (ecSOD) is the major extracellular scavenger of superoxide (O(2)(.-)) and a main regulator of nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity in the blood vessel wall, heart, lungs, kidney, and placenta. Involvement of O(2)(.-) has been implicated in many pathological processes, and removal of extracellular O(2)(.-) by ecSOD gene transfer has emerged as a promising experimental technique to treat vascular disorders associated with increased oxidant stress. In addition, recent studies have clarified mechanisms that regulate ecSOD expression, tissue binding, and activity, and they have provided new insight into how ecSOD interacts with other factors that regulate vascular function. Finally, studies of a common gene variant in humans associated with disruption of ecSOD tissue binding suggest that displacement of the enzyme from the blood vessel wall may contribute to vascular diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent research findings related to ecSOD function and gene transfer and to stimulate other investigations into the role of this unique antioxidant enzyme in vascular pathophysiology and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Qin
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.
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Lund DD, Brooks RM, Faraci FM, Heistad DD. Role of angiotensin II in endothelial dysfunction induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H3726-31. [PMID: 17965276 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01116.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxin [or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] increases levels of superoxide in blood vessels and impairs vasomotor function. Angiotensin II plays an important role in the generation of superoxide in several disease states, including hypertension and heart failure. The goal of this study was to determine whether the activation of the renin-angiotensin system contributes to oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction after endotoxin. We examined the effects of enalapril (an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor) or L-158809 (an angiotensin receptor blocker) on increases of superoxide and vasomotor dysfunction in mice treated with LPS. C57BL/6 mice were treated with either enalapril (60 mg.kg(-1).day(-1)) or L-158809 (30 mg.kg(-1).day(-1)) for 4 days. After the third day, LPS (10-20 mg/kg) or vehicle was injected intraperitoneally, and one day later, vasomotor function of the aorta was examined in vitro. After precontraction with PGF(2alpha), the maximal responses to sodium nitroprusside were similar in the aorta from normal and LPS-treated mice. In contrast, the relaxation to acetylcholine was impaired after LPS (54 +/- 5% at 10(-5), mean +/- SE) compared with vessels treated with vehicle (88 +/- 1%; P < 0.05). Enalapril improved (P < 0.05) relaxation in response to acetylcholine to 81 +/- 6% after LPS. L-158809 also improved relaxation in response to acetylcholine to 77 +/- 4% after LPS. Superoxide (measured with lucigenin and hydroethidine) was increased (P < 0.05) in aorta after LPS, and levels were reduced (P < 0.05) following enalapril and L-158809. Thus, after LPS, enalapril and L-158809 reduce superoxide levels and improve relaxation to acetylcholine in the aorta. The findings suggest that activation of the renin-angiotensin system contributes importantly to oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction after endotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald D Lund
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Lund DD, Chu Y, Brooks RM, Faraci FM, Heistad DD. Effects of a common human gene variant of extracellular superoxide dismutase on endothelial function after endotoxin in mice. J Physiol 2007; 584:583-90. [PMID: 17717013 PMCID: PMC2277153 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.140830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A common gene variant in the heparin-binding domain (HBD) of extracellular superoxide dismutase (ECSOD) may predispose human carriers to ischaemic heart disease. We have demonstrated that the HBD of ECSOD is important for ECSOD to restore vascular dysfunction produced by endotoxin. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the gene variant in the HBD of ECSOD (ECSOD(R213G)) protects against endothelial dysfunction in a model of inflammation. We constructed a recombinant adenovirus that expresses ECSOD(R213G). Adenoviral vectors expressing ECSOD, ECSOD(R213G) or beta-galactosidase (LacZ, a control) were injected i.v. in mice. After 3 days, at which time the plasma SOD activity is maximal, vehicle or endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide or LPS, 40 mg kg(-1)) was injected i.p. Vasomotor function of aorta in vitro was examined 1 day later. Maximal relaxation to sodium nitroprusside was similar in aorta from normal and LPS-treated mice. Maximal relaxation to acetylcholine (10(-5)) was impaired after LPS and LacZ (63 +/- 3%, mean +/- s.e.m.) compared to normal vessels (83 +/- 3%) (P < 0.05). Gene transfer of ECSOD improved (P < 0.05) relaxation in response to acetylcholine (76 +/- 5%) after LPS, whereas gene transfer of ECSOD(R213G) had no effect (65 +/- 4%). Superoxide was increased in aorta (measured using lucigenin and hydroethidine) after LPS, and levels of superoxide were significantly reduced following ECSOD but not ECSOD(R213G). Thus, ECSOD reduces superoxide and improves relaxation to acetylcholine in the aorta after LPS, while the ECSOD variant R213G had minimal effect. These findings suggest that, in contrast to ECSOD, the common human gene variant of ECSOD fails to protect against endothelial dysfunction produced by an inflammatory stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald D Lund
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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16
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Jung O, Marklund SL, Xia N, Busse R, Brandes RP. Inactivation of Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase Contributes to the Development of High-Volume Hypertension. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:470-7. [PMID: 17170376 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000254823.15843.1f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives—
Extracellular superoxide dismutase (ecSOD) lowers superoxide anions and maintains vascular nitric oxide level. We studied the function of ecSOD in high-volume hypertension induced by the 1-kidney-1-clip model in wild-type, ecSOD
−/−
mice, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)
−/−
mice.
Methods and Results—
The 1-kidney–1-clip model resulted in impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation and hypertension and vascular oxidative stress in wild-type and ecSOD
−/−
mice. Recombinant ecSOD lowered the blood pressure and improved aortic nitric oxide bioavailability in wild-type and ecSOD
−/−
but not eNOS
−/−
mice. ecSOD had no effect on blood pressure in eNOS
−/−
or wild-type mice treated with a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. The 1-kidney–1-clip model markedly induced ecSOD protein expression, whereas activity was increased by only 25%, suggesting a partial inactivation of ecSOD in high-volume hypertension. Incubation of aortic segments with peroxynitrite or hydrogen peroxide attenuated ecSOD activity, but peroxynitrite did not induce tyrosine nitration of ecSOD, suggesting oxidative inactivation of the enzyme. Administration of polyethyleneglycol-catalase for 3 days selectively lowered the blood pressure in ecSOD
+/+
but not ecSOD
−/−
mice and improved nitric oxide bioavailability. In contrast, acute application of catalase had no effect.
Conclusions—
Nitric oxide mediates the vascular effects of ecSOD. Vascular dysfunction in 1-kidney–1-clip model hypertension is partially a consequence of inactivation of ecSOD by reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Jung
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Klinikum der J.W. Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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17
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Romero N, Denicola A, Radi R. Red blood cells in the metabolism of nitric oxide-derived peroxynitrite. IUBMB Life 2006; 58:572-80. [PMID: 17050374 DOI: 10.1080/15216540600936549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this review we have analyzed the reactions of nitric oxide (.NO) with superoxide radical (O(2).-) at the vascular compartment which results in limitation of the bioavailability of .NO and the formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO-), a strong oxidant species. The intravascular formation of peroxynitrite can result in oxidative modifications of plasma and vessel wall proteins including the formation of protein-3-nitrotyrosine. The role of red blood cells (RBC) and oxyhemoglobin in the metabolism of intravascular peroxynitrite will be discussed. While RBC constitute an important 'sink' of both .NO and peroxynitrite, redox reactions of these species with oxyhemoglobin may in part contribute to erythrocyte aging. The intravascular formation, reactions and detoxification of peroxynitrite are revealed as important factors controlling vascular dysfunction and degeneration in a variety of pathophysiologically-relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Romero
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, , Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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18
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Chu Y, Piper R, Richardson S, Watanabe Y, Patel P, Heistad DD. Endocytosis of extracellular superoxide dismutase into endothelial cells: role of the heparin-binding domain. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:1985-90. [PMID: 16809550 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000234921.88489.5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) is a secreted antioxidant enzyme that binds to the outer plasma membrane and extracellular matrix through its heparin-binding domain (HBD). Carriers of a common genetic variant of EC-SOD (EC-SOD(R213G), within the HBD) have higher plasma concentration of EC-SOD and increased risk for vascular disease. In the present study, we used confocal fluorescence microscopy to examine mechanisms of endocytosis of EC-SOD to determine whether EC-SOD translocates to the nucleus of endothelial cells, and to test the hypothesis that EC-SOD, but not EC-SOD(R213G), is endocytosed into endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Mouse endothelial cells (MS-1) were incubated with EC-SOD, EC-SOD(R213G), or HBD-deleted EC-SOD (EC-SODdeltaHBD). Binding to MS-1 was observed only with EC-SOD, but not EC-SOD(R213G) or EC-SODdeltaHBD. Endocytosis of EC-SODs was monitored after coincubation of MS-1 cells with EC-SODs and BSA-Texas Red (BSA-TR), which marks endosomes and lysosomes. Only EC-SOD was endocytosed, colocalizing with BSA-TR. EC-SOD also colocalized with early endosome antigen 1 (EEA-1), a specific marker for endocytosis. Endocytosis of EC-SOD was inhibited by chlorpromazine, but not by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin or nystatin, which suggests that endocytosis of EC-SOD is mediated by clathrin but not by caveolae. Minimal or no localization of EC-SOD in the nucleus of MS-1 cells was detected. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that EC-SOD, but not EC-SOD(R213G), is endocytosed into endothelial cells through clathrin-mediated pathway, but does not translocate to the nucleus. We speculate that impairment of endocytosis may contribute to high plasma levels of EC-SOD(R213G) in R213G carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chu
- Cardiovascular Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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19
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Brown KA, Chu Y, Lund DD, Heistad DD, Faraci FM. Gene transfer of extracellular superoxide dismutase protects against vascular dysfunction with aging. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 290:H2600-5. [PMID: 16443677 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00676.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aging is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but mechanisms leading to vascular dysfunction have not been fully elucidated. Recent studies suggest that oxidative stress may increase in blood vessels during aging. Levels of superoxide are influenced by the activity of SODs. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of extracellular superoxide dismutase (ECSOD) on superoxide levels and vascular function in an animal model of aging. Aortas from young (4-8 mo old) and old (29-31 mo old) Fischer 344 rats were examined in vitro. Relaxation of aorta to ACh was impaired in old rats compared with young rats; e.g., 3 muM ACh produced 57 +/- 4% (mean +/- SE) and 84 +/- 2% relaxation in old and young rats, respectively (P < 0.0001). Three days after gene transfer of adenovirus expressing human ECSOD (AdECSOD), the response to ACh was not affected in young rats but was improved in old rats. There was no difference in relaxation to the endothelium-independent dilator sodium nitroprusside between young, aged, and AdECSOD-treated old rats. Superoxide levels (lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence) were significantly increased in aged rats compared with young rats. After gene transfer of ECSOD to aged rats, superoxide levels in aorta were similar in old and young rats. Gene transfer of an ECSOD with the heparin-binding domain deleted had no effect on vascular function or superoxide levels in old rats. These results suggest that 1) vascular dysfunction associated with aging is mediated in part by increased levels of superoxide, 2) gene transfer of ECSOD reduces vascular superoxide and dysfunction in old rats, and 3) beneficial effects of ECSOD in old rats require the heparin-binding domain of ECSOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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20
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Chu Y, Alwahdani A, Iida S, Lund DD, Faraci FM, Heistad DD. Vascular Effects of the Human Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase R213G Variant. Circulation 2005; 112:1047-53. [PMID: 16087794 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.104.531251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background—
Extracellular superoxide dismutase (ECSOD) is a major extracellular antioxidant enzyme. We have demonstrated that vascular effects of ECSOD require an intact heparin-binding domain. A common genetic variant with a substitution in the heparin-binding domain (ECSOD
R213G
) was reported recently to be associated with ischemic heart disease. The goal of this study was to examine vascular effects of ECSOD
R213G
.
Methods and Results—
A recombinant adenovirus (Ad) that expresses ECSOD
R213G
was constructed. ECSOD
R213G
and ECSOD proteins bound to collagen type I in vitro, but binding to aorta ex vivo was 10-fold greater with ECSOD than ECSOD
R213G
. Three days after intravenous injection of AdECSOD
R213G
or AdECSOD in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), immunostaining demonstrated binding of ECSOD to carotid arteries and kidneys but minimal binding of ECSOD
R213G
. Binding to aorta and carotid artery was 2.5- to 3-fold greater with ECSOD than ECSOD
R213G
by immunoblotting. Arterial pressure was significantly reduced by AdECSOD but not by AdECSOD
R213G
. Responses to acetylcholine and basal levels of nitric oxide in carotid arteries were impaired in SHR compared with normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats and were improved after AdECSOD but not AdECSOD
R213G
. Levels of superoxide and nitrotyrosine in aorta were higher in SHR than Wistar-Kyoto rats and were greatly reduced after AdECSOD but not AdECSOD
R213G
.
Conclusions—
In contrast to ECSOD, ECSOD
R213G
has no significant protective effect on arterial pressure, vascular function, or vascular levels of oxidative stress in SHR. These findings may provide a mechanistic basis for association studies that suggest that human beings carrying ECSOD
R213G
are predisposed to vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chu
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Roy J and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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