1
|
Ma ZG, Yuan YP, Fan D, Zhang X, Teng T, Song P, Kong CY, Hu C, Wei WY, Tang QZ. IRX2 regulates angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis by transcriptionally activating EGR1 in male mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4967. [PMID: 37587150 PMCID: PMC10432509 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a common feature of chronic heart failure. Iroquois homeobox (IRX) family of transcription factors plays important roles in heart development; however, the role of IRX2 in cardiac fibrosis has not been clarified. Here we report that IRX2 expression is significantly upregulated in the fibrotic hearts. Increased IRX2 expression is mainly derived from cardiac fibroblast (CF) during the angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced fibrotic response. Using two CF-specific Irx2-knockout mouse models, we show that deletion of Irx2 in CFs protect against pathological fibrotic remodelling and improve cardiac function in male mice. In contrast, Irx2 gain of function in CFs exaggerate fibrotic remodelling. Mechanistically, we find that IRX2 directly binds to the promoter of the early growth response factor 1 (EGR1) and subsequently initiates the transcription of several fibrosis-related genes. Our study provides evidence that IRX2 regulates the EGR1 pathway upon Ang II stimulation and drives cardiac fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Guo Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yu-Pei Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Di Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Teng Teng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Peng Song
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Chun-Yan Kong
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Can Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Wen-Ying Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Billah M, Naz A, Noor R, Bhindi R, Khachigian LM. Early Growth Response-1: Friend or Foe in the Heart? Heart Lung Circ 2023; 32:e23-e35. [PMID: 37024319 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Early growth response-1 (Egr-1) plays a critical regulatory role in a range of experimental models of cardiovascular diseases. Egr-1 is an immediate-early gene and is upregulated by various stimuli including shear stress, oxygen deprivation, oxidative stress and nutrient deprivation. However, recent research suggests a new, underexplored cardioprotective side of Egr-1. The main purpose of this review is to explore and summarise the dual nature of Egr-1 in cardiovascular pathobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muntasir Billah
- Department of Cardiology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Adiba Naz
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rashed Noor
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Independent University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ravinay Bhindi
- Department of Cardiology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Levon M Khachigian
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xie Y, Li Y, Chen J, Ding H, Zhang X. Early growth response-1: Key mediators of cell death and novel targets for cardiovascular disease therapy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1162662. [PMID: 37057102 PMCID: PMC10086247 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1162662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
SignificanceCardiovascular diseases are seen to be a primary cause of death, and their prevalence has significantly increased across the globe in the past few years. Several studies have shown that cell death is closely linked to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, many molecular and cellular mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of the cardiac cell death mechanism. One of the factors that played a vital role in the pathogenesis of cardiac cell death mechanisms included the early growth response-1 (Egr-1) factor.Recent AdvancesStudies have shown that abnormal Egr-1 expression is linked to different animal and human disorders like heart failure and myocardial infarction. The biosynthesis of Egr-1 regulates its activity. Egr-1 can be triggered by many factors such as serum, cytokines, hormones, growth factors, endotoxins, mechanical injury, hypoxia, and shear stress. It also displays a pro-apoptotic effect on cardiac cells, under varying stress conditions. EGR1 mediates a broad range of biological responses to oxidative stress and cell death by combining the acute changes occurring in the cellular environment with sustained changes in gene expression.Future DirectionsThe primary regulatory role played by the Egr-1-targeting DNAzymes, microRNAs, and oligonucleotide decoy strategies in cardiovascular diseases were identified to provide a reference to identify novel therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongnan Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianshu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- Correspondence: Xiaowei Zhang
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Upregulation of Phospholipase C Gene Expression Due to Norepinephrine-Induced Hypertrophic Response. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162488. [PMID: 36010565 PMCID: PMC9406906 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of phospholipase C (PLC) is thought to have a key role in the cardiomyocyte response to several different hypertrophic agents such as norepinephrine, angiotensin II and endothelin-1. PLC activity results in the generation of diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate, which are downstream signal transducers for the expression of fetal genes, increased protein synthesis, and subsequent cardiomyocyte growth. In this article, we describe the signal transduction elements that regulate PLC gene expression. The discussion is focused on the norepinephrine- α1-adrenoceptor signaling pathway and downstream signaling processes that mediate an upregulation of PLC isozyme gene expression. Evidence is also indicated to demonstrate that PLC activities self-regulate the expression of PLC isozymes with the suggestion that PLC activities may be part of a coordinated signaling process for the perpetuation of cardiac hypertrophy. Accordingly, from the information provided, it is plausible that specific PLC isozymes could be targeted for the mitigation of cardiac hypertrophy.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wei M, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Huang Z, Miao H, Zhang T, Lu B, Ji L. HMGB1 induced endothelial to mesenchymal transition in liver fibrosis: The key regulation of early growth response factor 1. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130202. [PMID: 35820641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver fibrosis has been the focus and difficulty of medical research in the world and its concrete pathogenesis remains unclear. This study aims to observe the high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)-induced hepatic endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) during the development of hepatic fibrosis, and further to explore the crucial involvement of Egr1 in this process. METHODS Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), diosbulbin B (DB), N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP) and bile duct ligation (BDL) were used to induce liver fibrosis in mice. Serum HMGB1 content, the occurrence of EndoMT and the production of extracellular matrix (ECM) in vitro and in vivo were detected by Western-blot. RESULTS The elevated serum HMGB1 content, the occurrence of EndoMT, the production of ECM and the activation of Egr1 were observed in mice with liver fibrosis induced by CCl4, DB, APAP or BDL. HMGB1 induced EndoMT and ECM production in human hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HHSECs), and then HHSECs lost the ability to inhibit the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The hepatic deposition of collagen, the increased serum HMGB1 content and hepatic EndoMT were further aggravated in Egr1 knockout mice. Natural compound silymarin attenuated liver fibrosis in mice induced by CCl4 via increasing Egr1 nuclear accumulation, decreasing serum HMGB1 content and inhibiting hepatic EndoMT. CONCLUSION Egr1 regulated the expression of HMGB1 that induced hepatic EndoMT, which plays an important role in the development of liver fibrosis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study provides a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of liver fibrosis in clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjuan Wei
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhenlin Huang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hui Miao
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bin Lu
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lili Ji
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang X, Yang Z, Heng Y, Miao C. MicroRNA‑181 exerts an inhibitory role during renal fibrosis by targeting early growth response factor‑1 and attenuating the expression of profibrotic markers. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:3305-3313. [PMID: 30816527 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive renal fibrosis is a common complication of chronic kidney disease that results in end‑stage renal disorder. It is well established that several microRNAs (miRs) function as critical regulators implicated in fibrotic diseases. However, the role of miR‑181 in the development and progression of renal fibrosis remains unclear, and the precise mechanism has not yet been fully defined. The present study identified the functional implications of miR‑181 expression during renal fibrosis. miR‑181 exhibited significantly reduced expression in the serum of renal fibrosis patients and in the kidneys of mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). In addition, miR‑181 downregulated the expression of human α‑smooth muscle actin (α‑SMA) in response to angiotensin II stimulation. Transfection with miR‑181 mimics significantly suppressed the expression levels of α‑SMA, connective tissue growth factor, collagen type I α1 (COL1A1) and collagen type III α1 (COL3A1) in NRK49F cells. Notably, early growth response factor‑1 (Egr1) was identified as a direct target gene of miR‑181. Furthermore, in vivo experiments revealed that treatment with miR‑181 agonist strongly rescued kidney impairment induced by UUO, as supported by Masson's trichrome staining of kidney tissues and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of COL1A1 and COL3A1 mRNA levels. Therefore, miR‑181 may be regarded as an important mediator in the control of profibrotic markers during renal fibrosis via binding to Egr1, and may be a promising new target in the diagnosis and therapy of renal fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, P.R. China
| | - Zhenning Yang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Heng
- Department of Nephrology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, P.R. China
| | - Congxiu Miao
- Department of Scientific Research, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu F, Cao J, Luo M, Che L, Li W, Ying S, Chen Z, Shen H. Early growth response gene 1 is essential for urban particulate matter-induced inflammation and mucus hyperproduction in airway epithelium. Toxicol Lett 2018; 294:145-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
8
|
Jiang DS, Yi X, Li R, Su YS, Wang J, Chen ML, Liu LG, Hu M, Cheng C, Zheng P, Zhu XH, Wei X. The Histone Methyltransferase Mixed Lineage Leukemia (MLL) 3 May Play a Potential Role on Clinical Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Mol Med 2017; 23:196-203. [PMID: 28805231 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2017.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone modifications play a critical role in the pathological processes of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). While the role and expression pattern of histone methyltransferases (HMTs), especially mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) families on DCM are unclear. To this end, twelve normal and fifteen DCM heart samples were included in the present study. A murine cardiac remodelling model was induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Real-time PCR was performed to detect the expression levels of MLL families in the mouse and human left ventricles. The mRNA level of MLL3 was significantly increased in the mouse hearts treated by TAC surgery. Compared with normal hearts, higher mRNA and protein level of MLL3 was detected in the DCM hearts, and its expression level was closely associated with left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVEDD) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). However, the expression level of other MLL families (MLL, MLL2, MLL4, MLL5, SETD1A, and SETD1B) had no obvious change between control and DCM hearts or remodeled mouse hearts. Furthermore, the di-methylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me2) but not H3K4me3 was significantly increased in the DCM hearts. The protein levels of Smad3, GATA4, EGR1, which might regulate by MLL3, were remarkably elevated in the DCM hearts. Our hitherto unrecognized findings indicate that MLL3 has a potential role on pathological processes of DCM via regulating H3K4me2 and the expression of Smad3, GATA4, and EGR1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Sheng Jiang
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xin Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Rui Li
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yun-Shu Su
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Min-Lai Chen
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Li-Gang Liu
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Min Hu
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Cai Cheng
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xue-Hai Zhu
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiang Wei
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hastings KT, Elizalde D, Muppana L, Levine S, Kamel CM, Ingram WM, Kirkpatrick JT, Hu C, Rausch MP, Gallitano AL. Nab2 maintains thymus cellularity with aging and stress. Mol Immunol 2017; 85:185-195. [PMID: 28282643 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thymic cellularity is influenced by a variety of biological and environmental factors, such as age and stress; however, little is known about the molecular genetic mechanisms that regulate this process. Immediate early genes of the Early growth response (Egr) family have critical roles in immune function and response to environmental stress. The transcription factors, Egr1, Egr2 and Egr3, play roles in the thymus and in peripheral T-cell activation. Nab2, which binds Egrs 1, 2, and 3 as a co-regulator of transcription, also regulates peripheral T-cell activation. However, a role for Nab2 in the thymus has not been reported. Using Nab2-deficient (KO) mice we found that male Nab2KO mice have reduced thymus size and decreased numbers of thymocytes, compared with age-matched wildtype (WT) mice. Furthermore, the number of thymocytes in Nab2KO males decreases more rapidly with age. This effect is sex-dependent as female Nab2KO mice show neither reduced thymocyte numbers nor accelerated thymocyte loss with age, compared to female WT littermates. Since stress induces expression of Nab2 and the Egrs, we examined whether loss of Nab2 alters stress-induced decrease in thymic cellularity. Restraint stress induced a significant decrease in thymic cellularity in Nab2KO and WT mice, with significant changes in the thymocyte subset populations only in the Nab2KO mice. Stress reduced the percentage of DP cells by half and increased the percentage of CD4SP and CD8SP cells by roughly three-fold in Nab2KO mice. These findings indicate a requirement for Nab2 in maintaining thymocyte number in male mice with age and in response to stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Taraszka Hastings
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
| | - Diana Elizalde
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Leela Muppana
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Sarah Levine
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Christy M Kamel
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Wendy M Ingram
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Jennifer T Kirkpatrick
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Chengcheng Hu
- Department of Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 714 E. Van Buren St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
| | - Matthew P Rausch
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Amelia L Gallitano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sala V, Gallo S, Gatti S, Medico E, Vigna E, Cantarella D, Fontani L, Natale M, Cimino J, Morello M, Comoglio PM, Ponzetto A, Crepaldi T. Cardiac concentric hypertrophy promoted by activated Met receptor is mitigated in vivo by inhibition of Erk1,2 signalling with Pimasertib. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 93:84-97. [PMID: 26924269 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is a major risk factor for heart failure. Hence, its attenuation represents an important clinical goal. Erk1,2 signalling is pivotal in the cardiac response to stress, suggesting that its inhibition may be a good strategy to revert heart hypertrophy. In this work, we unveiled the events associated with cardiac hypertrophy by means of a transgenic model expressing activated Met receptor. c-Met proto-oncogene encodes for the tyrosine kinase receptor of Hepatocyte growth factor and is a strong inducer of Ras-Raf-Mek-Erk1,2 pathway. We showed that three weeks after the induction of activated Met, the heart presents a remarkable concentric hypertrophy, with no signs of congestive failure and preserved contractility. Cardiac enlargement is accompanied by upregulation of growth-regulating transcription factors, natriuretic peptides, cytoskeletal proteins, and Extracellular Matrix remodelling factors (Timp1 and Pai1). At a later stage, cardiac hypertrophic remodelling results into heart failure with preserved systolic function. Prevention trial by suppressing activated Met showed that cardiac hypertrophy is reversible, and progression to heart failure is prevented. Notably, treatment with Pimasertib, Mek1 inhibitor, attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and remodelling. Our results suggest that modulation of Erk1.2 signalling may constitute a new therapeutic approach for treating cardiac hypertrophies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sala
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Simona Gallo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Gatti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Enzo Medico
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Elisa Vigna
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | | | | | | | - James Cimino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Mara Morello
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Maria Comoglio
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Antonio Ponzetto
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Tiziana Crepaldi
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Udoko AN, Johnson CA, Dykan A, Rachakonda G, Villalta F, Mandape SN, Lima MF, Pratap S, Nde PN. Early Regulation of Profibrotic Genes in Primary Human Cardiac Myocytes by Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0003747. [PMID: 26771187 PMCID: PMC4714843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of Trypanosoma cruzi induced cardiac fibrosis remains to be elucidated. Primary human cardiomyoctes (PHCM) exposed to invasive T. cruzi trypomastigotes were used for transcriptome profiling and downstream bioinformatic analysis to determine fibrotic-associated genes regulated early during infection process (0 to 120 minutes). The identification of early molecular host responses to T. cruzi infection can be exploited to delineate important molecular signatures that can be used for the classification of Chagasic patients at risk of developing heart disease. Our results show distinct gene network architecture with multiple gene networks modulated by the parasite with an incline towards progression to a fibrogenic phenotype. Early during infection, T. cruzi significantly upregulated transcription factors including activator protein 1 (AP1) transcription factor network components (including FOSB, FOS and JUNB), early growth response proteins 1 and 3 (EGR1, EGR3), and cytokines/chemokines (IL5, IL6, IL13, CCL11), which have all been implicated in the onset of fibrosis. The changes in our selected genes of interest did not all start at the same time point. The transcriptome microarray data, validated by quantitative Real-Time PCR, was also confirmed by immunoblotting and customized Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) array showing significant increases in the protein expression levels of fibrogenic EGR1, SNAI1 and IL 6. Furthermore, phosphorylated SMAD2/3 which induces a fibrogenic phenotype is also upregulated accompanied by an increased nuclear translocation of JunB. Pathway analysis of the validated genes and phospho-proteins regulated by the parasite provides the very early fibrotic interactome operating when T. cruzi comes in contact with PHCM. The interactome architecture shows that the parasite induces both TGF-β dependent and independent fibrotic pathways, providing an early molecular foundation for Chagasic cardiomyopathy. Examining the very early molecular events of T. cruzi cellular infection may provide disease biomarkers which will aid clinicians in patient assessment and identification of patient subpopulation at risk of developing Chagasic cardiomyopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aniekanabassi N. Udoko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Candice A. Johnson
- Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrey Dykan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Girish Rachakonda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Fernando Villalta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sammed N. Mandape
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Maria F. Lima
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology Core, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Siddharth Pratap
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology Core, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Pius N. Nde
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ishiguro-Oonuma T, Suemoto M, Okada M, Yoshioka K, Hara Y, Hashizume K, Kizaki K. Aberrant gene expression of heparanase in ventricular hypertrophy induced by monocrotaline in rats. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:499-503. [PMID: 26638897 PMCID: PMC4829525 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene expression levels of heparanase, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and MMP9 were
examined in ventricles after treatment with monocrotaline (MCT) to induce cardiac
hypertrophy in rats. Rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of MCT (60 mg/kg) or
saline. Twenty-five days after the injection, the right ventricle and lung wet weights
were increased in MCT-treated rats compared with the control. Histological analysis
revealed cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in the right ventricle of MCT-treated rats. Northern
blot hybridization showed that heparanase and MMP2 expression increased significantly in
the right and left ventricles of MCT-treated rats, whereas MMP9 was not induced. These
findings indicate that heparanase and MMP2 might play an important role in the development
of MCT-induced cardiac hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshina Ishiguro-Oonuma
- Department of Biological Resources, Integrated Center for Sciences, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
EGR1 Functions as a Potent Repressor of MEF2 Transcriptional Activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127641. [PMID: 26011708 PMCID: PMC4444265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) transcription factor requires interactions with co-factors for precise regulation of its target genes. Our lab previously reported that the mammalian MEF2A isoform regulates the cardiomyocyte costamere, a critical muscle-specific focal adhesion complex involved in contractility, through its transcriptional control of genes encoding proteins localized to this cytoskeletal structure. To further dissect the transcriptional mechanisms of costamere gene regulation and identify potential co-regulators of MEF2A, a bioinformatics analysis of transcription factor binding sites was performed using the proximal promoter regions of selected costamere genes. One of these predicted sites belongs to the early growth response (EGR) transcription factor family. The EGR1 isoform has been shown to be involved in a number of pathways in cardiovascular homeostasis and disease, making it an intriguing candidate MEF2 coregulator to further characterize. Here, we demonstrate that EGR1 interacts with MEF2A and is a potent and specific repressor of MEF2 transcriptional activity. Furthermore, we show that costamere gene expression in cardiomyocytes is dependent on EGR1 transcriptional activity. This study identifies a mechanism by which MEF2 activity can be modulated to ensure that costamere gene expression is maintained at levels commensurate with cardiomyocyte contractile activity.
Collapse
|
14
|
He A, Gu F, Hu Y, Ma Q, Ye LY, Akiyama JA, Visel A, Pennacchio LA, Pu WT. Dynamic GATA4 enhancers shape the chromatin landscape central to heart development and disease. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4907. [PMID: 25249388 PMCID: PMC4236193 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
How stage-specific enhancer dynamics modulate gene expression patterns essential for organ development, homesostasis, and disease is not well understood. Here, we addressed this question by mapping chromatin occupancy of GATA4—a master cardiac transcription factor—in heart development and disease. We find that GATA4 binds and participaes in establishing active chromatin regions by stimulating H3K27ac deposition, which facilitates GATA4-driven gene expression. GATA4 chromatin occupancy changes markedly between fetal and adult heart, with a limitted binding sites overlap. Cardiac stress restored GATA4 occupancy to a subset of fetal sites, but many stress-associated GATA4 binding sites localized to loci not occupied by GATA4 during normal heart development. Collectively, our data show that dynamic, context-specific transcription factors occupancy underlies stage-specific events in development, homeostasis, and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aibin He
- 1] Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yong Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Qing Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Lillian Yi Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jennifer A Akiyama
- Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Axel Visel
- 1] Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [2] United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA [3] School of Natural Sciences, University of California, 5200 North Lake Rd, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | - Len A Pennacchio
- 1] Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [2] United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA
| | - William T Pu
- 1] Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 1350 Massachusetts Avenue, Suite 727W, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Klenke S, Rump K, Buschkamp K, Engler A, Peters J, Siffert W, Frey UH. Characterization of the PLCB1 promoter and regulation by early growth response transcription factor EGR-1. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 742:8-14. [PMID: 25192965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Gαq/-Gα11-PLCβ1 pathway is important for intracellular signalling and associated with pathological conditions, such as cardiac hypertrophy. The GNAQ and GNA11 promoters (encoding for Gαq and Gα11) have already been characterized and are both regulated by the transcription factor early growth response 1 (Egr-1). In contrast, the PLCB1 promoter (encoding for the direct downstream effector PLCβ1) has neither been cloned nor characterized. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to 1) characterize the PLCB1 promoter, and 2) assess its potential regulation by Egr-1. By means of 5'- Rapid Amplification of 5'-cDNA ends analysis in human heart tissue we found an initiation of transcription from multiple starting points, the main transcription starting point being located at nt-235 relative to the translation start point. The PLCB1 promoter was cloned and deletion constructs were generated. Luciferase assays were performed in three different cell lines and regulatory regions were identified between nt-595/nt-313 (Hek293: P=0.013; HASMC: P=0.019; H9c2: P=0.005). In electrophoretic mobility shift assays one specific Egr-1 binding site was identified at nt-451/-419 and PLCB1 promoter activity was increased more than 5-fold (Hek293: P=0.0008) and 1,6- fold (H9c2: P=0.0499) following overexpression of Egr-1. Thus, the PLCB1 promoter was characterized for the first time and a specific interaction with the transcription factor Egr-1 was shown. Our data provide a potential molecular mechanism relating to pathophysiological conditions such as cardiac hypertrophy where activation by Egr-1 of Gαq/Gα11-PLCβ1 plays an important role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Klenke
- Institut für Pharmakogenetik, Universität Duisburg-Essen and Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany; Klinik für Anästhesiologie & Intensivmedizin, Universität Duisburg-Essen and Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany.
| | - Katharina Rump
- Institut für Pharmakogenetik, Universität Duisburg-Essen and Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany; Klinik für Anästhesiologie & Intensivmedizin, Universität Duisburg-Essen and Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Kai Buschkamp
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie & Intensivmedizin, Universität Duisburg-Essen and Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Andrea Engler
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie & Intensivmedizin, Universität Duisburg-Essen and Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Peters
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie & Intensivmedizin, Universität Duisburg-Essen and Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Winfried Siffert
- Institut für Pharmakogenetik, Universität Duisburg-Essen and Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich H Frey
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie & Intensivmedizin, Universität Duisburg-Essen and Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zins K, Pomyje J, Hofer E, Abraham D, Lucas T, Aharinejad S. Egr-1 upregulates Siva-1 expression and induces cardiac fibroblast apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:1538-53. [PMID: 24451137 PMCID: PMC3907885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15011538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The early growth response transcription factor Egr-1 controls cell specific responses to proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Expression of Egr-1 and downstream transcription is closely controlled and cell specific upregulation induced by processes such as hypoxia and ischemia has been previously linked to multiple aspects of cardiovascular injury. In this study, we showed constitutive expression of Egr-1 in cultured human ventricular cardiac fibroblasts, used adenoviral mediated gene transfer to study the effects of continuous Egr-1 overexpression and studied downstream transcription by Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and siRNA transfection. Apoptosis was assessed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry in the presence of caspase inhibitors. Overexpression of Egr-1 directly induced apoptosis associated with caspase activation in human cardiac fibroblast cultures in vitro assessed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Apoptotic induction was associated with a caspase activation associated loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and transient downstream transcriptional up-regulation of the pro-apoptotic gene product Siva-1. Suppression of Siva-1 induction by siRNA partially reversed Egr-1 mediated loss of cell viability. These findings suggest a previously unknown role for Egr-1 and transcriptional regulation of Siva-1 in the control of cardiac accessory cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Zins
- Laboratory for Molecular Cellular Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
| | - Jiri Pomyje
- Molecular Vascular Biology, Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Vienna Competence Center, Vienna Medical University, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
| | - Erhard Hofer
- Molecular Vascular Biology, Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Vienna Competence Center, Vienna Medical University, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
| | - Dietmar Abraham
- Laboratory for Molecular Cellular Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
| | - Trevor Lucas
- Laboratory for Molecular Cellular Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
| | - Seyedhossein Aharinejad
- Laboratory for Molecular Cellular Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dirkx E, Gladka MM, Philippen LE, Armand AS, Kinet V, Leptidis S, el Azzouzi H, Salic K, Bourajjaj M, da Silva GJJ, Olieslagers S, van der Nagel R, de Weger R, Bitsch N, Kisters N, Seyen S, Morikawa Y, Chanoine C, Heymans S, Volders PGA, Thum T, Dimmeler S, Cserjesi P, Eschenhagen T, da Costa Martins PA, De Windt LJ. Nfat and miR-25 cooperate to reactivate the transcription factor Hand2 in heart failure. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15:1282-93. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb2866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
18
|
Pacini L, Suffredini S, Ponti D, Coppini R, Frati G, Ragona G, Cerbai E, Calogero A. Altered calcium regulation in isolated cardiomyocytes from Egr-1 knock-out mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:1135-42. [PMID: 24289086 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2012-0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Early growth response-1 one gene (Egr-1), one of the immediate early response genes, plays an important role in the adaptive response of the myocardium to hypertrophic stimuli. We aimed to investigate the effects of Egr-1 deletion on cardiac function. Egr-1 knock-out (Egr-1(-/-)) homozygous mice were employed to evaluate the electrophysiological and molecular properties of left ventricular cardiomyocytes (VCM) by using patch-clamp technique, intracellular calcium measurements, real-time PCR, and Western blot. Action potential was prolonged and diastolic potential was positive-shifted in VCMs isolated from Egr-1(-/-) mice, in comparison with those from their wild-type (WT) littermates. The calcium content of the sarcoplasmic reticulum was reduced and the decay time for steady-state calcium transient slowed down. Serca2, Ryr, L-type Ca(2+)-channel, and PLB mRNA expression were reduced in Egr-1(-/-) mice compared with the controls. Moreover, Serca2 protein was reduced, while the amount of Ncx1 protein was increased in Egr-1(-/-) hearts compared with those of the WT littermates. Furthermore, genes involved in heart development (GATA-4, TGF-β) and in Egr-1 regulation (Nab1, Nab2) were down regulated in Egr-1(-/-) mice. These results suggest that Egr-1 plays a pivotal role in regulating excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac myocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pacini
- a Department of Medico-surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Guerquin MJ, Charvet B, Nourissat G, Havis E, Ronsin O, Bonnin MA, Ruggiu M, Olivera-Martinez I, Robert N, Lu Y, Kadler KE, Baumberger T, Doursounian L, Berenbaum F, Duprez D. Transcription factor EGR1 directs tendon differentiation and promotes tendon repair. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3564-76. [PMID: 23863709 DOI: 10.1172/jci67521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon formation and repair rely on specific combinations of transcription factors, growth factors, and mechanical parameters that regulate the production and spatial organization of type I collagen. Here, we investigated the function of the zinc finger transcription factor EGR1 in tendon formation, healing, and repair using rodent animal models and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Adult tendons of Egr1-/- mice displayed a deficiency in the expression of tendon genes, including Scx, Col1a1, and Col1a2, and were mechanically weaker compared with their WT littermates. EGR1 was recruited to the Col1a1 and Col2a1 promoters in postnatal mouse tendons in vivo. Egr1 was required for the normal gene response following tendon injury in a mouse model of Achilles tendon healing. Forced Egr1 expression programmed MSCs toward the tendon lineage and promoted the formation of in vitro-engineered tendons from MSCs. The application of EGR1-producing MSCs increased the formation of tendon-like tissues in a rat model of Achilles tendon injury. We provide evidence that the ability of EGR1 to promote tendon differentiation is partially mediated by TGF-β2. This study demonstrates EGR1 involvement in adult tendon formation, healing, and repair and identifies Egr1 as a putative target in tendon repair strategies.
Collapse
|
20
|
Klenke S, Siffert W, Frey UH. Cloning and Characterization of theGNA11Promoter and its Regulation by Early Growth Response 1. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 113:316-24. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Klenke
- Institut für Pharmakogenetik; Universität Duisburg-Essen and Universitätsklinikum Essen; Essen; Germany
| | - Winfried Siffert
- Institut für Pharmakogenetik; Universität Duisburg-Essen and Universitätsklinikum Essen; Essen; Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chu L, Wang T, Hu Y, Gu Y, Su Z, Jiang H. Activation of Egr-1 in human lung epithelial cells exposed to silica through MAPKs signaling pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68943. [PMID: 23874821 PMCID: PMC3715534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The alveolar type II epithelial cell, regarded historically as a key target cell in initial injury by silica, now appears to be important in both defense from lung damage as well as elaboration of chemokines and cytokines. The molecular basis for silica-induced epithelial cell injury is poorly understood. In this study we explored the activation of nuclear factor Egr-1 and related signal pathway. Human II alveolar epithelial line A549 cells were exposed to silica for indicated time to assay the expression and activation of Egr-1 and upstream MAPKs. Immunofluorescence, western-blot techniques, RT-PCR, Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), transient transfection assay, kinase inhibitor experiments were performed. It was found that the expression of Egr-1 at mRNA and protein level was significantly increased in A549 cells after administration with silica and the activity of Egr-1 peaked by silica treatment for 60 minutes. Furthermore, phosphorylated-ERK1/2, P38 MAPKs (the upstream kinase of Egr-1) ballooned during 15-30minutes, 30-60minutes respectively after silica exposure in A549 cells. By administration of ERK1/2, P38 inhibitor, the expression and transcription of Egr-1 were both markedly decreased. But PKC inhibitor did not prevent the increase of Egr-1. These results indicated Egr-1 played a critical role in silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis in an ERK1/2, P38 MAPKs-dependent manner, which suggests Egr-1 is an essential regulator in silicosis, and underlines a new molecular mechanism for fibrosis induced by silica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chu
- Department of Pathology, Third Xiangya hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Tiansheng Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Third Xiangya hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yongbin Hu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yonghong Gu
- Department of Pathology, Third Xiangya hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Zanshan Su
- Department of Pathology, Third Xiangya hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Haiying Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bhattacharyya S, Fang F, Tourtellotte W, Varga J. Egr-1: new conductor for the tissue repair orchestra directs harmony (regeneration) or cacophony (fibrosis). J Pathol 2012; 229:286-97. [PMID: 23132749 DOI: 10.1002/path.4131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts and myofibroblasts are the key effector cells executing physiological tissue repair leading to regeneration on the one hand, and pathological fibrogenesis leading to chronic fibrosing conditions on the other. Recent studies identify the multifunctional transcription factor early growth response-1(Egr-1) as an important mediator of fibroblast activation triggered by diverse stimuli. Egr-1 has potent stimulatory effects on fibrotic gene expression, and aberrant Egr-1 expression or function is associated with animal models of fibrosis and human fibrotic disorders, including emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension and systemic sclerosis. Pharmacological suppression or genetic targeting of Egr-1 blocks fibrotic responses in vitro and ameliorates experimental fibrosis in the skin and lung. In contrast, Egr-1 appears to act as a negative regulator of hepatic fibrosis in mouse models, suggesting a context-dependent role in fibrosis. The Egr-1-binding protein Nab2 is an endogenous inhibitor of Egr-1-mediated signalling and abrogates the stimulation of fibrotic responses induced by transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ). Moreover, mice deficient in Nab2 show excessive collagen accumulation in the skin. These observations highlight a previously unsuspected fundamental physiological function for the Egr-1-Nab2 signalling axis in regulating fibrogenesis, and suggest that Egr-1 may be a potential novel therapeutic target in human diseases complicated by fibrosis. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the regulation and complex functional role of Egr-1 and its related proteins and inhibitors in pathological fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Bhattacharyya
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yu W, Lin Z, Hegarty JP, Chen X, Kelly AA, Wang Y, Poritz LS, Koltun WA. Genes differentially regulated by NKX2-3 in B cells between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients and possible involvement of EGR1. Inflammation 2012; 35:889-99. [PMID: 21968973 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-011-9390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are two related yet different forms of chronic intestinal inflammation. We investigated the genes regulated by NKX2-3 in B cells from a UC patient by cDNA microarray and compared the results to those genes regulated by NKX2-3 in B cells from a CD patient. Genes regulated by NKX2-3 in B cells from UC were mainly involved in cell growth, inflammation, and immune response. Among the genes regulated by NKX2-3 in both UC and CD, expression of 145 genes was similarly altered and 34 genes was differentially affected by NKX2-3 knockdown. EGR1 was up-regulated in NKX2-3 knockdown B cells from UC while down-regulated in NKX2-3 knockdown B cells from CD. mRNA expressions of NKX2-3 and EGR1 were increased in diseased intestinal tissues from 19 CD patients. NKX2-3 may play different roles in UC and CD pathogenesis by differential regulation of EGR1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Feedback regulation by Atf3 in the endothelin-1-responsive transcriptome of cardiomyocytes: Egr1 is a principal Atf3 target. Biochem J 2012; 444:343-55. [PMID: 22390138 PMCID: PMC3365354 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 promotes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by inducing changes in gene expression. Immediate early genes including Atf3 (activating transcription factor 3), Egr1 (early growth response 1) and Ptgs2 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2) are rapi-dly and transiently up-regulated by endothelin-1 in cardiomyocytes. Atf3 regulates the expression of downstream genes and is implicated in negative feedback regulation of other immediate early genes. To identify Atf3-regulated genes, we knocked down Atf3 expression in cardiomyocytes exposed to endothelin-1 and used microarrays to interrogate the transcriptomic effects. The expression of 23 mRNAs (including Egr1 and Ptgs2) was enhanced and the expression of 25 mRNAs was inhibited by Atf3 knockdown. Using quantitative PCR, we determined that knockdown of Atf3 had little effect on up-regulation of Egr1 mRNA over 30 min, but abolished the subsequent decline, causing sustained Egr1 mRNA expression and enhanced protein expression. This resulted from direct binding of Atf3 to the Egr1 promoter. Mathematical modelling established that Atf3 can suffice to suppress Egr1 expression. Given the widespread co-regulation of Atf3 with Egr1, we suggest that the Atf3–Egr1 negative feedback loop is of general significance. Loss of Atf3 caused abnormal cardiomyocyte growth, presumably resulting from the dysregulation of target genes. The results of the present study therefore identify Atf3 as a nexus in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy required to facilitate the full and proper growth response.
Collapse
|
25
|
Schlossarek S, Schuermann F, Geertz B, Mearini G, Eschenhagen T, Carrier L. Adrenergic stress reveals septal hypertrophy and proteasome impairment in heterozygous Mybpc3-targeted knock-in mice. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2011; 33:5-15. [PMID: 22076249 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-011-9273-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by asymmetric septal hypertrophy and is often caused by mutations in MYBPC3 gene encoding cardiac myosin-binding protein C. In contrast to humans, who are already affected at the heterozygous state, mouse models develop the phenotype mainly at the homozygous state. Evidence from cell culture work suggested that altered proteasome function contributes to the pathogenesis of HCM. Here we tested in two heterozygous Mybpc3-targeted mouse models whether adrenergic stress unmasks a specific cardiac phenotype and proteasome dysfunction. The first model carries a human Mybpc3 mutation (Het-KI), the second is a heterozygous Mybpc3 knock-out (Het-KO). Both models were compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Mice were treated with a combination of isoprenaline and phenylephrine (ISO/PE) or NaCl for 1 week. Whereas ISO/PE induced left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) with increased posterior wall thickness to a similar extent in all groups, it increased septum thickness only in Het-KI and Het-KO. ISO/PE did not affect the proteasomal chymotrypsin-like activity or β5-subunit protein level in Het-KO or wild-type mice (WT). In contrast, both parameters were markedly lower in Het-KI and negatively correlated with the degree of LVH in Het-KI only. In conclusion, adrenergic stress revealed septal hypertrophy in both heterozygous mouse models of HCM, but proteasome dysfunction only in Het-KI mice, which carry a mutant allele and closely mimic human HCM. This supports the hypothesis that proteasome impairment contributes to the pathophysiology of HCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Schlossarek
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Background The heart responds to myriad stresses by well-described transcriptional responses that involve long-term changes in gene expression as well as more immediate, transient adaptations. MicroRNAs quantitatively regulate mRNAs and thus may affect the cardiac transcriptional output and cardiac function. Here we investigate miR-499, a microRNA embedded within a ventricular-specific myosin heavy chain gene, which is expressed in heart and skeletal muscle. Methodology/Principal Findings We assessed miR-499 expression in human tissue to confirm its potential relevance to human cardiac gene regulation. Using a transgenic mouse model, we found that elevated miR-499 levels caused cellular hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction in a dose-dependent manner. Global gene expression profiling revealed altered levels of the immediate early stress response genes (Egr1, Egr2 and Fos), ß-myosin heavy chain (Myh7), and skeletal muscle actin (Acta1). We verified the effect of miR-499 on the immediate early response genes by miR-499 gain- and loss-of-function in vitro. Consistent with a role for miR-499 in blunting the response to cardiac stress, asymptomatic miR-499-expressing mice had an impaired response to pressure overload and accentuated cardiac dysfunction. Conclusions Elevated miR-499 levels affect cardiac gene expression and predispose to cardiac stress-induced dysfunction. miR-499 may titrate the cardiac response to stress in part by regulating the immediate early gene response.
Collapse
|
27
|
Bhattacharyya S, Wu M, Fang F, Tourtellotte W, Feghali-Bostwick C, Varga J. Early growth response transcription factors: key mediators of fibrosis and novel targets for anti-fibrotic therapy. Matrix Biol 2011; 30:235-42. [PMID: 21511034 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a deregulated and ultimately defective form of tissue repair that underlies a large number of chronic human diseases, as well as obesity and aging. The pathogenesis of fibrosis involves multiple cell types and extracellular signals, of which transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) is pre-eminent. The prevalence of fibrosis is rising worldwide, and to date no agents has shown clinical efficacy in the attenuating or reversing the process. Recent studies implicate the immediate-early response transcription factor Egr-1 in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Egr-1 couples acute changes in the cellular environment to sustained alterations in gene expression, and mediates a broad spectrum of biological responses to injury and stress. In contrast to other ligand-activated transcription factors such as NF-κB, c-jun and Smad2/3 that undergo post-translational modification such as phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, Egr-1 activity is regulated via its biosynthesis. Aberrant Egr-1 expression or activity is implicated in cancer, inflammation, atherosclerosis, and ischemic injury and recent studies now indicate an important role for Egr-1 in TGF-ß-dependent profibrotic responses. Fibrosis in various animal models and human diseases such as scleroderma (SSc) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is accompanied by aberrant Egr-1 expression. Moreover Egr-1 appears to be required for physiologic and pathological connective tissue remodeling, and Egr-1-null mice are protected from fibrosis. As a novel profibrotic mediator, Egr-1 thus appears to be a promising potential target for the development of anti-fibrotic therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Bhattacharyya
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ritchie MF, Zhou Y, Soboloff J. Transcriptional mechanisms regulating Ca(2+) homeostasis. Cell Calcium 2010; 49:314-21. [PMID: 21074851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ca(2+) is a dynamic cellular secondary messenger which mediates a vast array of cellular responses. Control over these processes is achieved via an extensive combination of pumps and channels which regulate the concentration of Ca(2+) within not only the cytosol but also all intracellular compartments. Precisely how these pumps and channels are regulated is only partially understood, however, recent investigations have identified members of the Early Growth Response (EGR) family of zinc finger transcription factors as critical players in this process. The roles of several other transcription factors in control of Ca(2+) homeostasis have also been demonstrated, including Wilms Tumor Suppressor 1 (WT1), Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells (NFAT) and c-myc. In this review, we will discuss not only how these transcription factors regulate the expression of the major proteins involved in control of Ca(2+) homeostasis, but also how this transcriptional remodeling of Ca(2+) homeostasis affects Ca(2+) dynamics and cellular responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Ritchie
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Muller A, Simonides WS. Regulation of myocardial SERCA2a expression in ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure. Future Cardiol 2009; 1:543-53. [PMID: 19804155 DOI: 10.2217/14796678.1.4.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diminished contractility of the hypertrophic cardiomyocyte is a principal determinant of ventricular dysfunction in chronic heart failure. Reduction of activity of the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion (Ca2+)-ATPase (SERCA2a), underlies many of the effects of overload-induced hypertrophy on cardiomyocyte performance, and it may be critical in the progression of compensatory hypertrophy to heart failure. This review shall focus on the transcriptional regulation of SERCA2a expression as the primary cause of decreased SERCA2a activity in heart failure. Furthermore, the relevance for SERCA2a expression of signal transduction routes involved in pathologic hypertrophy and the possible therapeutic implications, shall be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Muller
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Laboratory for Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
He Q, Harding P, LaPointe MC. PKA, Rap1, ERK1/2, and p90RSK mediate PGE2 and EP4 signaling in neonatal ventricular myocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 298:H136-43. [PMID: 19880670 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00251.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that 1) inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 and PGE(2) production reduces hypertrophy after myocardial infarction in mice and 2) PGE(2) acting through its EP4 receptor causes hypertrophy of neonatal ventricular myocytes (NVMs) via ERK1/2. It is known that EP4 couples to adenylate cyclase, cAMP, and PKA. The present study was designed to determine interactions between the cAMP-PKA pathway and ERK1/2 and to further characterize events downstream of ERK1/2. We hypothesized that PKA and the small GTPase Rap are upstream of ERK1/2 and that 90-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (p90RSK) is activated downstream. Treatment of NVMs with PGE(2) activated Rap, and this activation was inhibited in part by an EP4 antagonist and PKA inhibition. Transfection of a dominant negative mutant of Rap reduced PGE(2) activation of ERK1/2. PGE(2) activation of p90RSK was also dependent on EP4, PKA, and Rap. We also tested the involvement of Rap, ERK1/2, and p90RSK in PGE(2) regulation of gene expression. PGE(2) stimulation of brain natriuretic peptide promoter activity was blocked by either ERK1/2 inhibition or a dominant negative mutation of p90RSK. PGE(2) stimulation of c-Fos was dependent on EP4, PKA, ERK1/2, and p90RSK, whereas only the latter two kinases were involved in PGE(2) regulation of early growth response-1. Finally, we tested the involvement of EP4-dependent signaling in the NVM growth response and found that the overexpression of EP4 increased NVM cell size. We conclude that EP4-dependent signaling in NVMs in part involves PKA, Rap, ERK1/2, and p90RSK and results in the increased expression of brain natriuretic peptide and c-Fos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan He
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202-2689, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pautz A, Rauschkolb P, Schmidt N, Art J, Oelze M, Wenzel P, Förstermann U, Daiber A, Kleinert H. Effects of nitroglycerin or pentaerithrityl tetranitrate treatment on the gene expression in rat hearts: evidence for cardiotoxic and cardioprotective effects. Physiol Genomics 2009; 38:176-85. [PMID: 19417013 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00035.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitroglycerin (NTG) and pentaerithrityl tetranitrate (PETN) are organic nitrates used in the treatment of angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and congestive heart failure. Recent data show marked differences in the effects of NTG and PETN on the generation of reactive oxygen species. These differences are attributed to different effects of NTG and PETN on the expression of antioxidative proteins like the heme oxygenase-I. To analyze the expressional effects of NTG and PETN in a more comprehensive manner we performed whole genome expression profiling experiments using cardiac total RNA from NTG- or PETN-treated rats and DNA microarrays containing oligonucleotides representing 27,044 rat gene transcripts. The data obtained show that NTG and PETN together significantly modify the expression of >1,600 genes (NTG 532, PETN 1212). However, the expression of only a small group of these genes (68) was modified by both treatments, indicating marked differences in the expressional effects of NTG and PETN. NTG treatment resulted in the enhanced expression of genes that are believed to be markers for cardiotoxic processes. In addition, NTG treatment reduced the expression of genes described to code for cardioprotective proteins. In sharp contrast, PETN treatment enhanced the expression of cardioprotective genes and reduced the expression of genes believed to perform cardiotoxic effects. In conclusion, our data suggest that NTG treatment results in the induction of cardiotoxic gene expression networks leading to an activation of mechanisms that result in pathological changes in cardiomyocytes. In contrast, PETN treatment seems to activate gene expression networks that result in cardioprotective effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pautz
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nutt JE, Foster PA, Mellon JK, Lunec J. hEGR1 is induced by EGF, inhibited by gefitinib in bladder cell lines and related to EGF receptor levels in bladder tumours. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:762-8. [PMID: 17311025 PMCID: PMC2360087 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of EGF and gefitinib on two EGFR-positive human bladder cancer cell lines has been investigated using array-based gene expression profiling. The most prominent transcript, increased up to 6.7-fold by EGF compared with controls in RT112 cells, was human early growth response protein 1 (hEGR1). This induction was prevented by gefitinib. The hEGR1 mRNA in EGF-treated samples was reduced in the presence of gefitinib, as was hEGR1 protein in cell lysates. In the RT4 cells, hEGR1 expression was halved in the presence of EGF and gefitinib in combination. In bladder tumour samples, there was a significant correlation between hEGR1 mRNA detected by RT-PCR and EGFR detected by ligand binding, (P=0.042). The induction by EGF of the hEGR1 gene, mRNA and protein in RT112 cells, and its inhibition by gefitinib, together with the detection of hEGR1 mRNA in bladder tumours, suggests that hEGR1 may be important in the EGFR growth-signalling pathway in bladder cancer and should be further investigated for its prognostic significance and as a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Nutt
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - P A Foster
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - J K Mellon
- Department of Cancer Studies & Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
| | - J Lunec
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Oka T, Xu J, Molkentin JD. Re-employment of developmental transcription factors in adult heart disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2006; 18:117-31. [PMID: 17161634 PMCID: PMC1855184 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2006.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A finite number of transcription factors constitute a combinatorial code that orchestrates cardiac development and the specification and differentiation of myocytes. Many, if not all of these same transcription factors are re-employed in the adult heart in response to disease stimuli that promote hypertrophic enlargement and/or dilated cardiomyopathy, as part of the so-called "fetal gene program". This review will discuss the transcription factors that regulate the hypertrophic growth response of the adult heart, with a special emphasis on those regulators that participate in cardiac development.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
The immediate-early gene product and zinc finger transcription factor early growth response (Egr)-1 plays a key master regulatory role in multiple cardiovascular pathological processes. This article reviews the amazing recent evidence implicating Egr-1 in atherosclerosis, intimal thickening after acute vascular injury, ischemic pathology, angiogenesis, allograft rejection, and cardiac hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Levon M Khachigian
- Centre for Vascular Research, Department of Pathology, The University of New South Wales, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Buitrago M, Lorenz K, Maass AH, Oberdorf-Maass S, Keller U, Schmitteckert EM, Ivashchenko Y, Lohse MJ, Engelhardt S. The transcriptional repressor Nab1 is a specific regulator of pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Nat Med 2005; 11:837-44. [PMID: 16025126 DOI: 10.1038/nm1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 06/14/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophy represents the major physiological response of the heart to adapt to chronically enhanced workload, but is also crucial in the development of heart failure. Although we know of numerous inducers of cardiac hypertrophy, little is known about mechanisms that limit cardiac hypertrophy. Here, we describe the transcriptional repressor NAB1 as an endogenous regulator of cardiac growth. We identified NAB1 as being upregulated in both mouse and human heart failure. Nab1 is highly expressed in mammalian cardiac myocytes and it inhibited cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through repression of its targets, transcription factor Egr. Transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of Nab1 showed that Nab1 is a potent inhibitor of cardiac growth in response to pathological stimuli in vivo. Nab1 overexpression suppressed adrenergically induced and pressure overload-induced hypertrophy, whereas physiological growth during development and in response to exercise was not affected. These findings implicate the Nab1-Egr1 axis as a crucial regulator of pathological cardiac growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Buitrago
- Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG-Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Royer A, van Veen TAB, Le Bouter S, Marionneau C, Griol-Charhbili V, Léoni AL, Steenman M, van Rijen HVM, Demolombe S, Goddard CA, Richer C, Escoubet B, Jarry-Guichard T, Colledge WH, Gros D, de Bakker JMT, Grace AA, Escande D, Charpentier F. Mouse model of SCN5A-linked hereditary Lenègre's disease: age-related conduction slowing and myocardial fibrosis. Circulation 2005; 111:1738-46. [PMID: 15809371 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000160853.19867.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously linked hereditary progressive cardiac conduction defect (hereditary Lenègre's disease) to a loss-of-function mutation in the gene encoding the main cardiac Na+ channel, SCN5A. In the present study, we investigated heterozygous Scn5a-knockout mice (Scn5a+/- mice) as a model for hereditary Lenègre's disease. METHODS AND RESULTS In Scn5a+/- mice, surface ECG recordings showed age-related lengthening of the P-wave and PR- and QRS-interval duration, coinciding with previous observations in patients with Lenègre's disease. Old but not young Scn5a+/- mice showed extensive fibrosis of their ventricular myocardium, a feature not seen in wild-type animals. In old Scn5a+/- mice, fibrosis was accompanied by heterogeneous expression of connexin 43 and upregulation of hypertrophic markers, including beta-MHC and skeletal alpha-actin. Global connexin 43 expression as assessed with Western blots was similar to wild-type mice. Decreased connexin 40 expression was seen in the atria. Using pangenomic microarrays and real-time PCR, we identified in Scn5a+/- mice an age-related upregulation of genes encoding Atf3 and Egr1 transcription factors. Echocardiography and hemodynamic investigations demonstrated conserved cardiac function with aging and lack of ventricular hypertrophy. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that Scn5a+/- mice convincingly recapitulate the Lenègre's disease phenotype, including progressive impairment with aging of atrial and ventricular conduction associated with myocardial rearrangements and fibrosis. Our work provides the first demonstration that a monogenic ion channel defect can progressively lead to myocardial structural anomalies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Royer
- INSERM U533, Institut du Thorax, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kizaki K, Momozaki M, Akatsuka K, Fujimori Y, Uchide T, Temma K, Hara Y. Impaired Gene Expression of .BETA.1-Adrenergic Receptor, but Not Stimulatory G-Protein Gs.ALPHA., in Rat Ventricular Myocardium Treated with Isoproterenol. Biol Pharm Bull 2004; 27:1130-2. [PMID: 15256754 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.27.1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the gene expression of beta(1)-adrenergic receptor (beta(1)AR) and stimulatory G-protein Gsalpha, important signal transduction elements for regulating heart rate and contractility, in ventricle after chronic treatment with isoproterenol (ISO) in rat. Rats were treated with ISO (4 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) twice a day for 4 d. Ventricle weight of the heart and ventricle weight/body weight ratio were increased by 23% and 25% compared with control, respectively. Positive inotropic responses to ISO in left atrial muscle preparations isolated from ISO-treated rats were markedly decreased. Northern blot hybridization showed that the mRNA transcript of beta(1)AR was significantly decreased in ventricle of ISO-treated rats, whereas Gsalpha mRNA level was unchanged. Present results demonstrate that the gene expression of myocardial beta(1)AR, but not Gsalpha, was decreased in rat myocardium of ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophy, and suggesting that decrease in the gene expression of beta(1)AR may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the diminished cardiac function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Kizaki
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kohm AP, Mozaffarian A, Sanders VM. B cell receptor- and beta 2-adrenergic receptor-induced regulation of B7-2 (CD86) expression in B cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:6314-22. [PMID: 12055247 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The costimulatory molecule B7-2 (CD86) is expressed on the surface of APCs, including B cells. Considering the importance of B7-2 in regulating both T and B cell function, it may be important to understand the regulatory mechanisms governing its expression. We report in this study that stimulation of the B cell receptor (BCR) and/or a neurotransmitter receptor, the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (beta(2)AR), may cooperate to regulate B cell-associated B7-2 expression in vitro and in vivo. beta(2)AR stimulation further enhanced the level of BCR-induced B7-2 expression in B cells potentially via protein tyrosine kinase-, protein kinase A-, protein kinase C-, and mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent mechanisms. Importantly, BCR and/or beta(2)AR stimulation, but not histone hyperacetylation and DNA hypomethylation alone, increased B cell-associated B7-2 expression by increasing B7-2 mRNA stability, NF-kappa B nuclear binding, and NF-kappa B-dependent gene transcription. Thus, this study provides additional insight into the signaling intermediates and molecular mechanisms by which stimulation of the BCR and beta(2)AR may regulate B cell-associated B7-2 expression.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acetylation
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- B7-2 Antigen
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA Methylation
- Female
- Histones/metabolism
- Histones/physiology
- Interphase/genetics
- Interphase/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/metabolism
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/physiology
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- RNA Stability/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/physiology
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Kohm
- Department of Cell Biology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Liang Q, Molkentin JD. Divergent signaling pathways converge on GATA4 to regulate cardiac hypertrophic gene expression. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2002; 34:611-6. [PMID: 12054848 DOI: 10.1006/jmcc.2002.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
40
|
Le Menuet D, Isnard R, Bichara M, Viengchareun S, Muffat-Joly M, Walker F, Zennaro MC, Lombès M. Alteration of cardiac and renal functions in transgenic mice overexpressing human mineralocorticoid receptor. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:38911-20. [PMID: 11495902 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m103984200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor, mediates aldosterone actions in a large variety of tissues. To explore the functional implication of MR in pathophysiology, transgenic mouse models were generated using the proximal human MR (hMR) promoter to drive expression of hMR in aldosterone target tissues. Tissue-specific analysis of transgene expression in two independent transgenic animal (TG) lines by ribonuclease protection assays revealed that hMR is expressed in all mineralocorticoid-sensitive tissues, most notably in the kidney and the heart. TG exhibit both renal and cardiac abnormalities. Enlarged kidneys were histologically associated with renal tubular dilation and cellular vacuolization whose prevalence increased with aging. Renal clearance studies also disclosed a significant decrease in urinary potassium excretion rate in TG. hMR-expressing animals had normal blood pressure but developed mild dilated cardiomyopathy (increased left ventricle diameters and decreased shortening fraction), which was accompanied by a significant increase in heart rate. Differential gene expression analysis revealed a 2- to 5-fold increase in cardiac expression of atrial natriuretic peptide, serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase, and early growth response gene 1 as detected by microarrays; renal serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase was also induced significantly. Altogether, TG exhibited specific alteration of renal and cardiac functions, thus providing useful pathophysiological models to gain new insights into the tissue-specific mineralocorticoid signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Le Menuet
- INSERM U478, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, 75018 Paris, Service de cardiologie, Institut Féderatif de Recherche 14, Centre hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpetrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Depre C, Tomlinson JE, Kudej RK, Gaussin V, Thompson E, Kim SJ, Vatner DE, Topper JN, Vatner SF. Gene program for cardiac cell survival induced by transient ischemia in conscious pigs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:9336-41. [PMID: 11481491 PMCID: PMC55421 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.171297498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapy for ischemic heart disease has been directed traditionally at limiting cell necrosis. We determined by genome profiling whether ischemic myocardium can trigger a genetic program promoting cardiac cell survival, which would be a novel and potentially equally important mechanism of salvage. Although cardiac genomics is usually performed in rodents, we used a swine model of ischemia/reperfusion followed by ventricular dysfunction (stunning), which more closely resembles clinical conditions. Gene expression profiles were compared by subtractive hybridization between ischemic and normal tissue of the same hearts. About one-third (23/74) of the nuclear-encoded genes that were up-regulated in ischemic myocardium participate in survival mechanisms (inhibition of apoptosis, cytoprotection, cell growth, and stimulation of translation). The specificity of this response was confirmed by Northern blot and quantitative PCR. Unexpectedly, this program also included genes not previously described in cardiomyocytes. Up-regulation of survival genes was more profound in subendocardium over subepicardium, reflecting that this response in stunned myocardium was proportional to the severity of the ischemic insult. Thus, in a swine model that recapitulates human heart disease, nonlethal ischemia activates a genomic program of cell survival that relates to the time course of myocardial stunning and differs transmurally in relation to ischemic stress, which induced the stunning. Understanding the genes up-regulated during myocardial stunning, including those not previously described in the heart, and developing strategies that activate this program may open new avenues for therapy in ischemic heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Depre
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Liang Q, De Windt LJ, Witt SA, Kimball TR, Markham BE, Molkentin JD. The transcription factors GATA4 and GATA6 regulate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:30245-53. [PMID: 11356841 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m102174200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The zinc finger-containing transcription factors GATA4 and GATA6 are important regulators of basal and inducible gene expression in cardiac and smooth muscle cell types. Here we demonstrate a direct functional role for GATA4 and GATA6 as regulators of cardiomyocyte hypertrophic growth and gene expression. To model the increase in endogenous GATA4 and GATA6 transcriptional activity that occurs in response to hypertrophic stimulation, each factor was overexpressed in cardiomyocytes using recombinant adenovirus. Overexpression of either GATA4 or GATA6 was sufficient to induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy characterized by enhanced sarcomeric organization, a greater than 2-fold increase in cell surface area, and a significant increase in total protein accumulation. In vivo, transgenic mice with 2.5-fold overexpression of GATA4 within the adult heart demonstrated a slowly progressing increase in heart to body weight ratio, histological features of cardiomyopathy, and activation of hypertrophy-associated genes, suggesting that GATA factors are sufficient regulators of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro and in vivo. To evaluate the requirement of GATA factors as downstream transcriptional mediators of hypertrophy, a dominant negative GATA4-engrailed repressor fusion-encoding adenovirus was generated. Expression of GATA4-engrailed blocked GATA4- and GATA6-directed transcriptional responses and agonist-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, demonstrating that cardiac-expressed GATA factors are necessary mediators of this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|