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Sellke FW, Laham R, Suuronen EJ, Ruel M. Angiogenesis for the Treatment of Inoperable Coronary Disease: The Future. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2016; 10:184-8. [PMID: 16959748 DOI: 10.1177/1089253206288994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Improved treatment options and better management of cardiovascular risk factors have resulted in improved outcomes for patients suffering from severe coronary artery disease. However, coronary artery disease may be of such a diffuse and severe manner that repeated attempts at catheter-based interventions and coronary artery bypass grafting may be unsuccessful at restoring normal myocardial blood flow. It is the goal of therapeutic angiogenesis to restore perfusion to chronically ischemic myocardium using protein growth factors, gene therapy, or, more recently, cell-based therapy, without intervening on the epicardial coronary arteries. However, angiogenesis has not yet provided significant clinical benefit and is still reserved as an experimental treatment for patients who have failed conventional therapies. Once potential endogenous inhibitors of vascular development can be modified, angiogenesis may become more useful for therapeutic purposes. It is hoped that angiogenesis for therapeutic purposes will one day effectively re-create the potent natural processes of vascularization that every human being undergoes during growth and development and become a major modality for the treatment of coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Sellke
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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2
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Uriel S, Brey EM, Greisler HP. Sustained low levels of fibroblast growth factor-1 promote persistent microvascular network formation. Am J Surg 2006; 192:604-9. [PMID: 17071192 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic neovascularization using high growth factor concentrations may lead to transient vessel formation and abnormal microvascular structure. The goal of this study was to quantify temporal and concentration effects of fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) on the persistence and morphology of microvascular networks. METHODS Endothelial cells were incubated in suspension culture forming aggregates that were embedded in fibrin glue (FG) and stimulated with varying concentrations of FGF-1 with of heparin. Capillary networks formed were quantified for 21 days. RESULTS High FGF-1 concentrations resulted in rapid and intense sprout formation, with excessive branching. At later times, these vessels regressed, with cellular debris in former vessel locations. At later times, the 1-ng/mL group surpassed the high concentration groups with continuous sprout growth and complete FG vascularization by 23 days. CONCLUSION Sustained low levels of FGF-1 maintained a persistent microvascular network response, whereas higher levels resulted in abnormal phenotype followed by vessel regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Uriel
- Pritzker Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
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3
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Heinl-Green A, Radke PW, Munkonge FM, Frass O, Zhu J, Vincent K, Geddes DM, Alton EWFW. The efficacy of a 'master switch gene' HIF-1alpha in a porcine model of chronic myocardial ischaemia. Eur Heart J 2005; 26:1327-32. [PMID: 15821009 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Therapeutic angiogenesis is a potential new treatment for patients unsuitable for conventional revascularization strategies. We investigated angiogenesis via a 'master switch gene' hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1alpha). METHODS AND RESULTS Ameroid occluders were placed around the left circumflex coronary artery of 74 pigs. Three weeks later, pigs were randomized to receive (i) adenovirus encoding HIF-1alpha (Ad2/HIF-1alpha VP-16 10(10) particles); (ii) plasmid DNA encoding HIF-1alpha (pHIF-1alpha NFkappaB 500 microg); (iii) pHIF-1alpha NFkappaB 2500 microg; and (iv) adenoviral control (Ad2/CMV-empty vector 10(10) particles). Twenty injections (50 microL each) were administered epicardially via re-thoracotomy. Three weeks after gene delivery significant (ANOVA P=0.02) changes in myocardial perfusion during stress were seen in the area adjacent to injections. Post hoc testing (Bonferroni) demonstrated that the AdHIF-1alpha group was significantly (P=0.02) different from the Ad2/control. There were also significant (ANOVA P=0.02) differences in resting left ventricular (LV) function. Post hoc (Bonferroni) showed that the AdHIF-1alpha group was significantly different from the Ad2/control (P=0.03). No significant changes in any parameter were seen with plasmid HIF-1alpha. There were no differences in collateralization or capillary growth. CONCLUSION Ad2/HIF-1alpha increased myocardial perfusion and improved LV function. Plasmid HIF-1alpha was not associated with improvements in any bioactivity endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Heinl-Green
- Department of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, The National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Manresa Road, London SW3 6LR, UK.
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4
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Abstract
Growth of collateral blood vessels (arteriogenesis) is potentially able to preserve structure and function of limbs and organs after occlusion of a major artery. The success of the remodeling process depends on the following conditions: (1) existence of an arteriolar network that connects the preocclusive with the postocclusive microcirculation; (2) activation of the arteriolar endothelium by elevated fluid shear stress; (3) invasion (but not incorporation) of bone marrow-derived cells; and (4) proliferation of endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Most organs of most mammals including man can rely on the existence of interconnecting arterioles in most organs and tissues with heart being the exception in rodents and pigs. Arterial occlusion lowers the pressure in the distal vasculature thereby creating a pressure gradient favoring increased flow through preexisting collaterals. This increases fluid shear stress leading to endothelial activation with cellular edema, upregulation of adhesion molecules, mitogenic-, thrombogenic-, and fibrinolytic factors, leading to monocyte invasion with matrix digestion. Smooth muscle cells migrate and proliferate and the vessel enlarges under the influence of increasing circumferential wall stress. Growth factors involved belong to the FGF family and signaling proceeds via the Ras/Raf- and the Rho cascades. Increases in vascular radius and wall thickness restore fluid shear stress and circumferential wall stress to normal levels and growth stops. Although increases in collateral vessel size are very substantial their maximal conductance amounts to only 40% of normal. Forced increases in FSS can reach almost 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Heil
- Max-Planck-Institute for Physiological and Clinical Research, Dept. of Experimental Cardiology, Benekestrasse 2, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
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5
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Grzenkowicz-Wydra J, Cisowski J, Nakonieczna J, Zarebski A, Udilova N, Nohl H, Józkowicz A, Podhajska A, Dulak J. Gene transfer of CuZn superoxide dismutase enhances the synthesis of vascular endothelial growth factor. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 264:169-81. [PMID: 15544046 DOI: 10.1023/b:mcbi.0000044386.45054.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are emerging as important regulators of angiogenesis. NO enhances VEGF synthesis in several cell types and is required for execution of VEGF angiogenic effect in endothelial cells. Similarly, hydrogen peroxide induces VEGF synthesis and recent studies indicate the involvement of ROS in signaling downstream of VEGF stimulation. VEGF synthesis can not only be enhanced by gene transfer of VEGF but also by overexpression of NO synthase genes. Here, we examined the possibility of augmentation of VEGF production by gene transfer of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD, SOD1). Overexpression of human SOD1 in mouse NIH 3T3 fibroblasts increased SOD activity, enhanced intracellular generation of H2O2 and significantly stimulated VEGF production as determined by increase in VEGF promoter activity, VEGF mRNA expression and VEGF protein synthesis. The stimulatory effect on VEGF synthesis induced by SOD1 gene transfer was reverted by overexpression of human catalase. The effect of H2O2 produced by engineered cells is mediated by activation of hypoxia-inducible factor response element (HRE) as well as Sp1 recognition site of VEGF promoter. This data suggest the feasibility of stimulation of angiogenesis by overexpression of SOD1.
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6
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Ruel M, Song J, Sellke FW. Protein-, gene-, and cell-based therapeutic angiogenesis for the treatment of myocardial ischemia. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 264:119-31. [PMID: 15544041 DOI: 10.1023/b:mcbi.0000044381.01098.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic angiogenesis aims at restoring perfusion to chronically ischemic myocardial territories by using growth factors or cells, without intervening on the epicardial coronary arteries. Despite angiogenesis having received considerable scientific attention over the last decade, it has not yet been shown to provide clinical benefit and is still reserved for patients who have failed conventional therapies. Nevertheless, angiogenesis is a very potent physiologic process involved in the growth and development of every animal and human, and it is likely that its use for therapeutic purposes, once its underlying mechanistic basis is better understood, will one day become an important modality for patients with CAD and other types of organ ischemia. This review summarizes current knowledge in therapeutic angiogenesis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ruel
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Grzenkowicz-Wydra J, Cisowski J, Nakonieczna J, Zarebski A, Udilova N, Nohl H, Józkowicz A, Podhajska A, Dulak J. Gene transfer of CuZn superoxide dismutase enhances the synthesis of vascular endothelial growth factor. Mol Cell Biochem 2005. [PMID: 15544046 DOI: 10.1023/b: mcbi.0000044386.45054.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are emerging as important regulators of angiogenesis. NO enhances VEGF synthesis in several cell types and is required for execution of VEGF angiogenic effect in endothelial cells. Similarly, hydrogen peroxide induces VEGF synthesis and recent studies indicate the involvement of ROS in signaling downstream of VEGF stimulation. VEGF synthesis can not only be enhanced by gene transfer of VEGF but also by overexpression of NO synthase genes. Here, we examined the possibility of augmentation of VEGF production by gene transfer of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD, SOD1). Overexpression of human SOD1 in mouse NIH 3T3 fibroblasts increased SOD activity, enhanced intracellular generation of H2O2 and significantly stimulated VEGF production as determined by increase in VEGF promoter activity, VEGF mRNA expression and VEGF protein synthesis. The stimulatory effect on VEGF synthesis induced by SOD1 gene transfer was reverted by overexpression of human catalase. The effect of H2O2 produced by engineered cells is mediated by activation of hypoxia-inducible factor response element (HRE) as well as Sp1 recognition site of VEGF promoter. This data suggest the feasibility of stimulation of angiogenesis by overexpression of SOD1.
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8
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Heil M, Wagner S, Schaper W. Arterial regeneration by collateral artery growth (arteriogenesis). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2004.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Kiefer FN, Munk VC, Humar R, Dieterle T, Landmann L, Battegay EJ. A versatile in vitro assay for investigating angiogenesis of the heart. Exp Cell Res 2004; 300:272-82. [PMID: 15474993 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2004] [Revised: 06/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neovascularization in the heart is usually investigated with models of angiogenesis in vivo. Here we present a simple model that allows investigating heart angiogenesis in mice and rats in vitro. Small pieces of left ventricular myocardium were cultured in three-dimensional fibrin gels for 10 days. A single mouse heart allowed assessing 24 conditions, each tested in octuplicates. Rat recombinant VEGF164, human recombinant bFGF, and human recombinant PDGF-BB were used under normoxia (21% O2) and hypoxia (3% O2), and outgrowth of endothelial sprouts from heart pieces was quantified. In 4-week-old OF1 mice, endothelial sprouts formed spontaneously. In contrast, in 12-week-old adult mice, virtually no sprouts formed under normoxia. Under hypoxia, sprout formation increased substantially. Different growth factors induced formation of distinct patterns of sprouts and unorganized single cells. Sprouts were composed of endothelial cells with smooth muscle cells or pericytes interacting with them, as assessed by immunohistochemistry. Taken together, our model is suited for investigation of angiogenesis of the heart in vitro. It may allow performing extensive series of experiments in vitro including rapid screening of pharmacological compounds and assessment of mechanisms of heart angiogenesis in transgenic animals in an easy straightforward manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice N Kiefer
- Department of Research, University Hospital, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Filion RJ, Popel AS. Intracoronary administration of FGF-2: a computational model of myocardial deposition and retention. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 288:H263-79. [PMID: 15331374 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00205.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study uses a computational model to characterize the myocardial deposition and retention of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) at the cellular level after intracoronary (IC) administration of exogenous FGF-2. The model is applied to the in situ conditions present within the myocardium of a dog for which the plasma pharmacokinetics resulting from IC injection of FGF-2 were recorded. Our estimates show that the processes involved in FGF-2 signaling are not diffusion limited; rather, the response time is determined by the reaction time of FGF-2 binding to cell surface receptors. Additionally, the processes of receptor secretion and internalization are found to play crucial roles in the FGF-2 dynamics; future experiments are required to quantify these processes. The model predictions obtained in this study suggest that IC administration of FGF-2 via either a single bolus or repetitive injections causes a transient increase (time scale of hours) in myocardial FGF-2 concentration if the endogenous level of free interstitial FGF-2 is low enough to allow permeation of FGF-2 molecules from the microvascular to the interstitial spaces. The model shows that the majority (64%) of the extracellular FGF-2 ligands are located within the interstitium, and similar fractions are found in the basement membrane and extracellular matrix. Among the FGF-2 molecules found within the interstitium, 2% are free and 98% are bound to interstitial heparan sulfate proteoglycans. These results support the theory of extracellular control of the bioavailability of FGF-2 via dynamic storage of FGF-2 within the basement membrane and extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee J Filion
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave., Traylor 611, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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11
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Kelly BD, Hackett SF, Hirota K, Oshima Y, Cai Z, Berg-Dixon S, Rowan A, Yan Z, Campochiaro PA, Semenza GL. Cell type-specific regulation of angiogenic growth factor gene expression and induction of angiogenesis in nonischemic tissue by a constitutively active form of hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Circ Res 2003; 93:1074-81. [PMID: 14576200 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000102937.50486.1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Understanding molecular mechanisms regulating angiogenesis may lead to novel therapies for ischemic disorders. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) activates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression in hypoxic/ischemic tissue. In this study we demonstrate that exposure of primary cultures of cardiac and vascular cells to hypoxia or AdCA5, an adenovirus encoding a constitutively active form of HIF-1alpha, modulates the expression of genes encoding the angiogenic factors angiopoietin-1 (ANGPT1), ANGPT2, placental growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor-B. Loss-of-function effects were also observed in HIF-1alpha-null embryonic stem cells. Depending on the cell type, expression of ANGPT1 and ANGPT2 was either activated or repressed in response to hypoxia or AdCA5. In all cases, there was complete concordance between the effects of hypoxia and AdCA5. Injection of AdCA5 into mouse eyes induced neovascularization in multiple capillary beds, including those not responsive to VEGF alone. Analysis of gene expression revealed increased expression of ANGPT1, ANGPT2, platelet-derived growth factor-B, placental growth factor, and VEGF mRNA in AdCA5-injected eyes. These results indicate that HIF-1 functions as a master regulator of angiogenesis by controlling the expression of multiple angiogenic growth factors and that adenovirus-mediated expression of a constitutively active form of HIF-1alpha is sufficient to induce angiogenesis in nonischemic tissue of an adult animal.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Angiogenic Proteins/genetics
- Angiogenic Proteins/metabolism
- Angiopoietin-1/genetics
- Angiopoietin-1/metabolism
- Angiopoietin-2/genetics
- Angiopoietin-2/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Hypoxia/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Eye/blood supply
- Eye/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Genes, Dominant
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Myocytes, Cardiac/cytology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology
- Placenta Growth Factor
- Pregnancy Proteins/genetics
- Pregnancy Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/pharmacology
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Kelly
- Program in Vascular Cell Engineering, Institute for Cell Engineering, Baltimore, Md, USA
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12
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Lenihan DJ, Osman A, Sriram V, Aitsebaomo J, Patterson C. Evidence for association of coronary sinus levels of hepatocyte growth factor and collateralization in human coronary disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 284:H1507-12. [PMID: 12521946 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00429.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic use of angiogenic factors to protect ischemic myocardium is limited by our incomplete understanding of their endogenous production. We determined the association between angiogenic factors and collateral formation in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). A total of 71 patients underwent catheterization with sampling of the pulmonary artery, aorta, and coronary sinus (CS) to determine the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). VEGF and HGF levels were not different in the three vascular sites, suggesting that the heart is not a major source of these cytokines in the circulation. CS VEGF and HGF levels were similar in patients with and without CAD. Elevated CS HGF levels were associated with collateral formation, whereas VEGF levels were not. Additionally, CS HGF was significantly elevated in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. These data map for the first time the concentration of endogenous angiogenic factors in the coronary circulation and support further studies to determine whether HGF may be an endogenous cardioprotective angiogenic factor.
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13
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Hughes GC, Post MJ, Simons M, Annex BH. Translational physiology: porcine models of human coronary artery disease: implications for preclinical trials of therapeutic angiogenesis. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 94:1689-701. [PMID: 12679343 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00465.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
"Therapeutic angiogenesis" describes an emerging field of cardiovascular medicine whereby new blood vessels are induced to grow to supply oxygen and nutrients to ischemic cardiac or skeletal muscle. Various methods of producing therapeutic angiogenesis have been employed, including mechanical means, gene therapy, and the use of growth factors, among others. The use of appropriate large-animal models is essential if these therapies are to be critically evaluated in a preclinical setting before their use in humans, yet little has been written comparing the various available models. Over the past decade, swine have been increasingly used in studies of chronic ischemia because of their numerous similarities to humans, including minimal preexisting coronary collaterals as well as similar coronary anatomy and physiology. Consequently, this review describes the most commonly used swine models of chronic myocardial ischemia with special attention to regional myocardial blood flow and function and critically evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of each model in terms of utility for preclinical trials of angiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chad Hughes
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center; Section of Cardiology, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA.
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14
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Ruel MA, Sellke FW, Bianchi C, Khan TA, Faro R, Zhang JP, Cohn WE. Endogenous myocardial angiogenesis and revascularization using a gastric submucosal patch. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 75:1443-9. [PMID: 12735560 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(02)04708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gastrointestinal submucosa physiologically produces angiogenic proteins. We examined whether these properties could lead to endogenous myocardial angiogenesis in a swine model of chronic ischemia. METHODS Fifteen Yorkshire swine underwent ameroid constrictor placement around the circumflex artery and either lateral epicardial abrasion, creation of a gastroepiploic artery (GEA) based gastric patch, mucosal avulsion, transdiaphragmatic transfer, and apposition of the patch against the circumflex myocardial territory (number = 8; test animals), or lateral epicardial abrasion alone (number = 7; controls). Seven weeks later, lateral myocardial perfusion, endothelial cell density, and expression of VEGFR-1 and VE-cadherin were determined using isotope-labeled microsphere assays, immunohistochemistry, and immunoblotting, respectively. RESULTS Microsphere assays showed equivalent lateral/anterior myocardial perfusion indices at rest (1.10 +/- 0.49 vs 0.95 +/- 0.23, test vs control animals; p = 0.54), but higher perfusion in test animals versus controls during pacing (1.05 +/- 0.29 vs 0.69 +/- 0.09, test vs controls; p = 0.02). Increased myocardial endothelial cell density (42.6 +/- 8.5 vs 26.1 +/- 11.6 cells per 3850 microm2, test vs controls; p = 0.02) and expression of VE-cadherin (3.10 +/- 0.60-fold change, test vs controls; p = 0.001) were also observed in the lateral territory of test animals versus controls. Reconstitution of the proximally occluded circumflex artery from patch collaterals was demonstrated on gastroepiploic arteriography in a subset of test animals. CONCLUSIONS This model results in an angiogenic process of significantly greater magnitude than that resulting from chronic myocardial ischemia alone, without the need for exogenous angiogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Ruel
- Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Abstract
Therapeutic angiogenesis, in the form of growth factor protein administration or gene therapy, has emerged as a new method of treatment for patients with severe, inoperable coronary artery disease. Improved myocardial perfusion and function after administration of angiogenic growth factors has been demonstrated in animal models of chronic myocardial ischemia. Recently, preliminary clinical trials using growth factor proteins or genes encoding these angiogenic factors have demonstrated clinical and other objective evidence of relevant angiogenesis. A recent study reported beneficial long-term effects of therapeutic angiogenesis using fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 protein in terms of freedom from angina and perfusion on single-photon emission computed tomographic imaging. Thus, therapeutic angiogenesis has the potential to extend treatment options to patients who are not optimal candidates for conventional methods of myocardial revascularization. However, endogenous antiangiogenic influences, intrinsic lack of response of patients with severe endothelial dysfunction, and other limitations will need to be overcome before angiogenesis becomes a standard therapy for the treatment of patients with severe coronary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Sellke
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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16
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Pislaru S, Janssens SP, Gersh BJ, Simari RD. Defining gene transfer before expecting gene therapy: putting the horse before the cart. Circulation 2002; 106:631-6. [PMID: 12147548 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000019621.18368.b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sorin Pislaru
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minn 55905, USA
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17
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Dulak J, Jozkowicz A. Angiogenic Gene Therapy With Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor - Hope or Hype? Eur Surg 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1563-2563.2002.02028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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van Royen N, Hoefer I, Buschmann I, Heil M, Kostin S, Deindl E, Vogel S, Korff T, Augustin H, Bode C, Piek JJ, Schaper W. Exogenous application of transforming growth factor beta 1 stimulates arteriogenesis in the peripheral circulation. FASEB J 2002; 16:432-4. [PMID: 11821255 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0563fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Increased expression of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) during collateral artery growth, as well as its numerous effects on monocytes/macrophages and the smooth muscle cell cycle and differentiation, suggest a modulating role for this growth factor during arteriogenesis. We studied the effects of exogenously applied TGF-beta1 on arteriogenesis as well as its interactions with monocytes, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. In a New Zealand White (NZW) rabbit model of femoral artery ligation, increased expression of active TGF-beta1 was found around proliferating arteries in NZW rabbits. The exogenous application of TGF-beta1 led to an increase in both the number of visible collateral arteries as well as the conductance of the collateral circulation (4.0 +/- 0.5 ml/min/100 mmHg vs. 28.9 +/- 3.7 ml/min/100 mmHg, P<0.05). Fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis showed an increase in the expression of the MAC-1 receptor in both rabbit and human monocytes after treatment with TGF-beta1 (control: 91.2 +/- 4.2/482 +/- 21.7; TGF-beta1 200 ng/ml 193.9 +/- 6.7/ 675.5 +/- 25.7, P<0.05 for all differences). TGF-beta1 treated monocytes showed an increased endothelial adhesion and transmigration in transendothelial migration assays (5.75 +/- 0.63 x 10(5) vs. 10.11 +/- 0.04 x 10(5), P<0.05). TGF-beta1 had no direct pro-angiogenic effect on human umbilical vein endothelial cells in a spheroid model of angiogenesis and inhibited the angiogenic effects of vascular endothelial growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels van Royen
- Max Planck Institute for Physiological and Clinical Research, Department of Experimental Cardiology, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
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