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Tyagi SC, Pushpakumar S, Sen U, Mokshagundam SPL, Kalra DK, Saad MA, Singh M. COVID-19 Mimics Pulmonary Dysfunction in Muscular Dystrophy as a Post-Acute Syndrome in Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010287. [PMID: 36613731 PMCID: PMC9820572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although progressive wasting and weakness of respiratory muscles are the prominent hallmarks of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and long-COVID (also referred as the post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 syndrome); however, the underlying mechanism(s) leading to respiratory failure in both conditions remain unclear. We put together the latest relevant literature to further understand the plausible mechanism(s) behind diaphragm malfunctioning in COVID-19 and DMD conditions. Previously, we have shown the role of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) in skeletal muscle fibrosis via a substantial increase in the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) employing a DMD mouse model that was crossed-bred with MMP9-knockout (MMP9-KO or MMP9-/-) strain. Interestingly, recent observations from clinical studies show a robust increase in neopterin (NPT) levels during COVID-19 which is often observed in patients having DMD. What seems to be common in both (DMD and COVID-19) is the involvement of neopterin (NPT). We know that NPT is generated by activated white blood cells (WBCs) especially the M1 macrophages in response to inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), and tetrahydrofolate (FH4) pathways, i.e., folate one-carbon metabolism (FOCM) in conjunction with epigenetics underpinning as an immune surveillance protection. Studies from our laboratory, and others researching DMD and the genetically engineered humanized (hACE2) mice that were administered with the spike protein (SP) of SARS-CoV-2 revealed an increase in the levels of NPT, TNF-α, HDAC, IL-1β, CD147, and MMP9 in the lung tissue of the animals that were subsequently accompanied by fibrosis of the diaphragm depicting a decreased oscillation phenotype. Therefore, it is of interest to understand how regulatory processes such as epigenetics involvement affect DNMT, HDAC, MTHFS, and iNOS that help generate NPT in the long-COVID patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh C. Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Sathnur Pushpakumar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Utpal Sen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Sri Prakash L. Mokshagundam
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes and Robley Rex VA Medical Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Dinesh K. Kalra
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Mohamed A. Saad
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Disorders Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Correspondence: or
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Homme RP, George AK, Singh M, Smolenkova I, Zheng Y, Pushpakumar S, Tyagi SC. Mechanism of Blood-Heart-Barrier Leakage: Implications for COVID-19 Induced Cardiovascular Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413546. [PMID: 34948342 PMCID: PMC8706694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although blood–heart-barrier (BHB) leakage is the hallmark of congestive (cardio-pulmonary) heart failure (CHF), the primary cause of death in elderly, and during viral myocarditis resulting from the novel coronavirus variants such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome novel corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) known as COVID-19, the mechanism is unclear. The goal of this project is to determine the mechanism of the BHB in CHF. Endocardial endothelium (EE) is the BHB against leakage of blood from endocardium to the interstitium; however, this BHB is broken during CHF. Previous studies from our laboratory, and others have shown a robust activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) during CHF. MMP-9 degrades the connexins leading to EE dysfunction. We demonstrated juxtacrine coupling of EE with myocyte and mitochondria (Mito) but how it works still remains at large. To test whether activation of MMP-9 causes EE barrier dysfunction, we hypothesized that if that were the case then treatment with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) could, in fact, inhibit MMP-9, and thus preserve the EE barrier/juxtacrine signaling, and synchronous endothelial-myocyte coupling. To determine this, CHF was created by aorta-vena cava fistula (AVF) employing the mouse as a model system. The sham, and AVF mice were treated with HCQ. Cardiac hypertrophy, tissue remodeling-induced mitochondrial-myocyte, and endothelial-myocyte contractions were measured. Microvascular leakage was measured using FITC-albumin conjugate. The cardiac function was measured by echocardiography (Echo). Results suggest that MMP-9 activation, endocardial endothelial leakage, endothelial-myocyte (E-M) uncoupling, dyssynchronous mitochondrial fusion-fission (Mfn2/Drp1 ratio), and mito-myocyte uncoupling in the AVF heart failure were found to be rampant; however, treatment with HCQ successfully mitigated some of the deleterious cardiac alterations during CHF. The findings have direct relevance to the gamut of cardiac manifestations, and the resultant phenotypes arising from the ongoing complications of COVID-19 in human subjects.
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Fan L, Zhang Y, Shi D, Xi R, Zhang Z, Wang X. Hypoxia enhances the cytotoxic effect of As 4S 4 on rat ventricular H9c2 cells through activation of ubiquitin-proteasome system. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 66:126720. [PMID: 33676114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As4S4 is widely used in Chinese traditional medicine compound. However, based on some recent studies, we found that the cardiotoxicity risk of using As4S4 in ischemic heart disease patients may be increased. To study this potential risk, we compared the effects of As4S4 on rat ventricular H9c2 cell line with or without hypoxic pretreatment, and to elucidate mechanisms of c-Cbl mediated ubiquitination/degradation of integrin β1. METHODS The present study was conducted on rat ventricular H9c2 cell line in the absence or presence of hypoxic pretreatment for 6 h followed by As4S4 treatment for 24 h. Following As4S4 treatment, cell viability assay, flow cytometric quantification of apoptotic cells, caspase-3 activity assay and DAPI staining were conducted. Western blotting was carried out to detect expressions of ubiquitination related proteins. In addition, the ubiquitination/degradation of integrin β1 and the role of c-Cbl in it was evaluated by immunoprecipitation and immunoblot assay. RESULTS The viability of cells with hypoxic pretreatment followed by As4S4 treatment was decreased significantly, apoptosis rate and the activity of caspase-3 were increased than As4S4 treatment alone. The ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway induced by As4S4 was further enhanced by hypoxic pretreatment. The results of IP and immunoblot assay showed hypoxic enhanced down-regulation effect of As4S4 on integrin β1 probably through c-Cbl activation. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that the hypoxia enhanced cytotoxicity of As4S4 on H9c2 cells may through increasing the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of integrin β1 mediated by the E3 ligase c-Cbl. The results provide an important clue that, in patients with ischemic heart disease, use of As4S4 may be associated with increased cardiotoxicity. We believe that the results worth to be further illuminated by in vivo and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, The 967th hospital of People's Liberation Army, No.80, Shengli Road, Xigang, Dalian, Liaoning, 116021, China.
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The 967th hospital of People's Liberation Army, No.80, Shengli Road, Xigang, Dalian, Liaoning, 116021, China; Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37, Guoxue Alley, Wuhou, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Dan Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, The 967th hospital of People's Liberation Army, No.80, Shengli Road, Xigang, Dalian, Liaoning, 116021, China.
| | - Ronggang Xi
- Department of Pharmacy, The 967th hospital of People's Liberation Army, No.80, Shengli Road, Xigang, Dalian, Liaoning, 116021, China.
| | - Zhiran Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The 967th hospital of People's Liberation Army, No.80, Shengli Road, Xigang, Dalian, Liaoning, 116021, China.
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The 967th hospital of People's Liberation Army, No.80, Shengli Road, Xigang, Dalian, Liaoning, 116021, China.
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Multi-organ damage by covid-19: congestive (cardio-pulmonary) heart failure, and blood-heart barrier leakage. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:1891-1895. [PMID: 33483858 PMCID: PMC7822399 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Corona virus disease-19 (covid-19) is caused by a coronavirus that is also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and is generally characterized by fever, respiratory inflammation, and multi-organ failure in susceptible hosts. One of the first things during inflammation is the response by acute phase proteins coupled with coagulation. The angiotensinogen (a substrate for hypertension) is one such acute phase protein and goes on to explain an association of covid-19 with that of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2, a metallopeptidase). Therefore, it is advisable to administer, and test the efficacy of specific blocker(s) of angiotensinogen such as siRNAs or antibodies to covid-19 subjects. Covid-19 activates neutrophils, macrophages, but decreases T-helper cells activity. The metalloproteinases promote the activation of these inflammatory immune cells, therefore; we surmise that doxycycline (a metalloproteinase inhibitor, and a safer antibiotic) would benefit the covid-19 subjects. Along these lines, an anti-acid has also been suggested for mitigation of the covid-19 complications. Interestingly, there are three primary vegetables (celery, carrot, and long-squash) which are alkaline in their pH-range as compared to many others. Hence, treatment with fresh juice (without any preservative) from these vegies or the antioxidants derived from purple carrot and cabbage together with appropriate anti-coagulants may also help prevent or lessen the detrimental effects of the covid-19 pathological outcomes. These suggested remedies might be included in the list of putative interventions that are currently being investigated towards mitigating the multi-organ damage by Covid-19 during the ongoing pandemic.
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Hayden MR. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Increases The Risk of Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease: Ultrastructural Remodeling of the Neurovascular Unit and Diabetic Gliopathy. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9100262. [PMID: 31569571 PMCID: PMC6826500 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9100262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease–dementia (LOAD) are increasing in global prevalence and current predictions indicate they will only increase over the coming decades. These increases may be a result of the concurrent increases of obesity and aging. T2DM is associated with cognitive impairments and metabolic factors, which increase the cellular vulnerability to develop an increased risk of age-related LOAD. This review addresses possible mechanisms due to obesity, aging, multiple intersections between T2DM and LOAD and mechanisms for the continuum of progression. Multiple ultrastructural images in female diabetic db/db models are utilized to demonstrate marked cellular remodeling changes of mural and glia cells and provide for the discussion of functional changes in T2DM. Throughout this review multiple endeavors to demonstrate how T2DM increases the vulnerability of the brain’s neurovascular unit (NVU), neuroglia and neurons are presented. Five major intersecting links are considered: i. Aging (chronic age-related diseases); ii. metabolic (hyperglycemia advanced glycation end products and its receptor (AGE/RAGE) interactions and hyperinsulinemia-insulin resistance (a linking linchpin); iii. oxidative stress (reactive oxygen–nitrogen species); iv. inflammation (peripheral macrophage and central brain microglia); v. vascular (macrovascular accelerated atherosclerosis—vascular stiffening and microvascular NVU/neuroglial remodeling) with resulting impaired cerebral blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin R Hayden
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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Esmaeeli S, Hoseinirad SM, Rajabian M, Taheri AR, Berenji F, Hashemy SI. Evaluation of the oxidant-antioxidant balance, isoprostane and quantitative CRP in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Microb Pathog 2019; 137:103738. [PMID: 31513893 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a dermal disease caused by several species of the genus Leishmania. It is an endemic disease with 1.2 million new cases occurring annually and mostly in developing countries. Oxidative stress is a condition of an imbalance in oxidant/antioxidant which may play a role in many different pathologic conditions. For the first time in this study, we introduced isoprostane as a reliable index for oxidative stress in patients suffering from leishmaniasis. We also investigated the possible relation between quantitative CRP and this disease. METHOD AND MATERIAL We collected 5 ml blood of 30 patients in addition to the same sample of the control healthy group. After applying appropriate methods, the plasma and serum specimens were extracted in order to conduct oxidant-antioxidant balance and CRP tests in serum as well as measuring isoprostane factor in plasma. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS We used T-student, ANOVA as well as linear regression to analyze the gathered data with a 0.05 confidence interval in SPSS environment. RESULTS The results showed a significant difference between the two groups in terms of the oxidant-antioxidant balance. Also, isoprostane and quantitative CRP levels were substantially higher in patients. There was no significant relationship between the mentioned factors and wound size and number. CONCLUSION Leishmania Amastigotes plays an important role in disturbing the oxidant-antioxidant balance resulting in inflammation and stress in patients. Furthermore, isoprostane was confirmed as a reliable index for evaluating oxidative stress in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Esmaeeli
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine,d Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Hoseinirad
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine,d Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Rajabian
- Department of Biochemistry, Payame-Noor University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Taheri
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fariba Berenji
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Isaac Hashemy
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine,d Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Petersen F, Rodrigo R, Richter M, Kostin S. The effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidant vitamins on atrial oxidative stress, nitrotyrosine residues, and connexins following extracorporeal circulation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 433:27-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Yang N, Yu F, Shao G, Fu Y, Kong W. The E3 ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl mediates integrin β1 ubiquitination during dilated cardiomyopathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:728-735. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Effects of Synthetic Anti-Inflammatory Sterol in CB3V-Induced Myocarditis: A Morphological Study on Heart Muscle Tissue. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/jfmk1010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Teplyakov AT, Berezikova EN, Shilov SN, Grakova EV, Torim YY, Efremov AV, Safronov ID, Pustovetova MG, Karpov RS. [Assessment of the role of matrix metalloproteinase-3 gene polymorphism in the development of chronic heart failure]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2015; 87:8-12. [PMID: 26087627 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh20158748-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study the impact of a polymorphic variant of the matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) gene on the development and course of chronic heart failure (CHF) in patients with coronary heart disease. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 277 patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Class (FC) II-IV CHF were examined. MMP-3 -1171 5A/6A genetic polymorphism was studied by polymerase chain reaction. A control group included 136 patients (mean age 53.6 ± 4.8 years) with no signs of cardiovascular diseases, as evidenced by the examination. RESULTS The frequency of the 5A allele and the 5A/5A genotype of the 1171 5A/6A polymorphic locus in the MMP-3 gene proved to be higher in the patients with CHF than that in the control group. Thus, the variability of the 5A allele (odds ratio (OR), 1.39; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.033 to 1.869; p = 0.03) and the 5A/5A genotype (OR, 2.15; 95% CI: 1.131 to 4.070; p = 0.02) was associated with increased risk for CHF. There were significant differences in the frequency of MMP-3 alleles and genotypes in relation to FC of CHF. The frequency of the 5A/5A genotype was substantially higher in the patients with NYHA FC IV CHF than that in those with NYHA FC II CHF (32.8% versus 15.2%; p = 0.039). The frequency of the 5A allele was significantly higher in the patients with NYHA FC IV CHF than that in those with NYHA FC II CHF (55.5% and 39.3%; respectively; p = 0.019). Thus, the carriage of the 5A allele and the 5A/5A genotype of the 1171 5A/6A polymorphic locus in the MMP-3 gene is a risk factor of severe CHF. CONCLUSION The determination of MMP-3 -1171 5A/6A polymorphism may be recommended for the early prediction of a risk for the development and severe course of CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Teplyakov
- Department of Heart Failure, Research Institute of Cardiology, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E N Berezikova
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - S N Shilov
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E V Grakova
- Department of Heart Failure, Research Institute of Cardiology, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Yu Yu Torim
- Department of Heart Failure, Research Institute of Cardiology, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A V Efremov
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - I D Safronov
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - M G Pustovetova
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - R S Karpov
- Department of Heart Failure, Research Institute of Cardiology, Tomsk, Russia
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Swager SA, Delfín DA, Rastogi N, Wang H, Canan BD, Fedorov VV, Mohler PJ, Kilic A, Higgins RSD, Ziolo MT, Janssen PML, Rafael-Fortney JA. Claudin-5 levels are reduced from multiple cell types in human failing hearts and are associated with mislocalization of ephrin-B1. Cardiovasc Pathol 2014; 24:160-167. [PMID: 25440958 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudin-5 is transcriptionally downregulated resulting in dramatically reduced protein levels in human heart failure. Studies in mice have demonstrated that reduced claudin-5 levels occur prior to cardiac damage and far before reduced whole heart function. Therefore, claudin-5 may be a useful early therapeutic target for human heart failure. However, the cell types in which claudin-5 is localized in human heart and from which claudin-5 is reduced in heart failure is not known. The recent identification of claudin-5's interaction with ephrin-B1 in mouse hearts has also not been investigated in non-failing or failing human hearts. In this study we collected human left ventricular mid-myocardium histological samples from 7 non-failing hearts and 16 end-stage failing hearts. Immunoblots demonstrate severe reductions of claudin-5 protein in 14 of 16 failing hearts compared to non-failing controls. Claudin-5 was observed to localize to cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and a subset of fibroblasts in non-failing human heart sections. In isolated cardiomyocytes, the transmembrane claudin-5 protein localized in longitudinal striations in lateral membranes. In failing heart, both cardiomyocyte and endothelial claudin-5 localization was severely reduced, but claudin-5 remained in fibroblasts. Absence of claudin-5 staining also correlated with the reduction of the endothelial cell marker CD31. Ephrin-B1 localization, but not protein levels, was altered in failing hearts supporting that claudin-5 is required for ephrin-B1 localization. These data support that loss of claudin-5 in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells is prevalent in human heart failure. Investigating claudin-5/ephrin-B1 protein complexes and gene regulation may lead to novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Swager
- Dept. of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Dawn A Delfín
- Dept. of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Neha Rastogi
- Dept. of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.,Dept. of Physiology & Cell Biology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.,Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Honglan Wang
- Dept. of Physiology & Cell Biology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.,Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Benjamin D Canan
- Dept. of Physiology & Cell Biology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.,Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Vadim V Fedorov
- Dept. of Physiology & Cell Biology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.,Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Peter J Mohler
- Dept. of Physiology & Cell Biology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.,Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Ahmet Kilic
- Dept. of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Robert S D Higgins
- Dept. of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mark T Ziolo
- Dept. of Physiology & Cell Biology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.,Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Paul M L Janssen
- Dept. of Physiology & Cell Biology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.,Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jill A Rafael-Fortney
- Dept. of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.,Dept. of Physiology & Cell Biology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.,Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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Lim SC. Interrelation between Expression of ADAM 10 and MMP 9 and Synthesis of Peroxynitrite in Doxorubicin Induced Cardiomyopathy. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2013; 21:371-80. [PMID: 24244825 PMCID: PMC3825201 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2013.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin is still main drug in chemotherapy with limitation of use due to adverse drug reaction. Increased oxidative stress and alteration of nitric oxide control have been involved in cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin (DOX). A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase (ADAMs) are transmembrane ectoproteases to regulate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, but role in cardiac disease is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether DOX activates peroxynitrite and ADAM 10 and thus ADAM and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) induce cardiac remodeling in DOX-induced cardiomyopathy. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to cardiomyopathy by DOX (6 times of 2.5 mg/kg DOX over 2-weeks), and were randomized as four groups. Then followed by 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after cessation of DOX injection. DOX-injected animals significantly decreased left ventricular fractional shortening compared with control by M-mode echocardiography. The expressions of cardiac nitrotyrosine by immunohistochemistry were significant increased, and persisted for 2 weeks following the last injection. The expression of eNOS was increased by 1.9 times (p<0.05), and iNOS was marked increased in DOX-heart compared with control (p<0.001). Compared to control rats, cardiac ADAM10- and MMP 9- protein expressions increased by 20 times, and active/total MMP 9 proteolytic activity showed increase tendency at day 14 after cessation of DOX injection (n=10, each group). DOX-treated H9C2 cell showed increased ADAM10 protein expression with dose-dependency (p<0.01) and morphometric changes showed the increase of ventricular interstitial, nonvascular collagen deposition. These data suggest that activation of cardiac peroxynitrite with increased iNOS expression and ADAM 10-dependent MMP 9 expression may be a molecular mechanism that contributes to left ventricular remodeling in DOXinduced cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Cil Lim
- The Catholic University of Korea College of Pharmacy, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea
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Bowers SLK, Baudino TA. Cardiac Myocyte–Fibroblast Interactions and the Coronary Vasculature. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:783-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Roy A, Lara A, Guimarães D, Pires R, Gomes ER, Carter DE, Gomez MV, Guatimosim S, Prado VF, Prado MAM, Gros R. An analysis of the myocardial transcriptome in a mouse model of cardiac dysfunction with decreased cholinergic neurotransmission. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39997. [PMID: 22768193 PMCID: PMC3386908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autonomic dysfunction is observed in many cardiovascular diseases and contributes to cardiac remodeling and heart disease. We previously reported that a decrease in the expression levels of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) in genetically-modified homozygous mice (VAChT KD(HOM)) leads to decreased cholinergic tone, autonomic imbalance and a phenotype resembling cardiac dysfunction. In order to further understand the molecular changes resulting from chronic long-term decrease in parasympathetic tone, we undertook a transcriptome-based, microarray-driven approach to analyze gene expression changes in ventricular tissue from VAChT KD(HOM) mice. We demonstrate that a decrease in cholinergic tone is associated with alterations in gene expression in mutant hearts, which might contribute to increased ROS levels observed in these cardiomyocytes. In contrast, in another model of cardiac remodeling and autonomic imbalance, induced through chronic isoproterenol treatment to increase sympathetic drive, these genes did not appear to be altered in a pattern similar to that observed in VAChT KD(HOM) hearts. These data suggest the importance of maintaining a fine balance between the two branches of the autonomic nervous system and the significance of absolute levels of cholinergic tone in proper cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashbeel Roy
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aline Lara
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diogo Guimarães
- Graduate Program Santa Casa, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rita Pires
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eneas R. Gomes
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - David E. Carter
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcus V. Gomez
- Graduate Program Santa Casa, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Silvia Guatimosim
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vania F. Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marco A. M. Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Gros
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Clinical Pharmacology), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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16
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McEachin RC, Sannareddy KS, Cavalcoli JD, Karnovsky A, Vink JM, Sartor MA. Convergence of genetic influences in comorbidity. BMC Bioinformatics 2012; 13 Suppl 2:S8. [PMID: 22536871 PMCID: PMC3375629 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-s2-s8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Predisposition to complex diseases is explained in part by genetic variation, and complex diseases are frequently comorbid, consistent with pleiotropic genetic variation influencing comorbidity. Genome Wide Association (GWA) studies typically assess association between SNPs and a single-disease phenotype. Fisher meta-analysis combines evidence of association from single-disease GWA studies, assuming that each study is an independent test of the same hypothesis. The Rank Product (RP) method overcomes limitations posed by Fisher assumptions, though RP was not designed for GWA data. Methods We modified RP to accommodate GWA data, and we call it modRP. Using p-values output from GWA studies, we aggregate evidence for association between SNPs and related phenotypes. To assess significance, RP randomly samples the observed ranks to develop the null distribution of the RP statistic, and then places the observed RPs into the null distribution. ModRP eliminates the effect of linkage disequilibrium and controls for differences in power at tested SNPs, to meet RP assumptions in application to GWA data. Results After validating modRP based on both positive and negative control studies, we searched for pleiotropic influences on comorbid substance use disorders in a novel study, and found two SNPs to be significantly associated with comorbid cocaine, opium, and nicotine dependence. Placing these SNPs into biological context, we developed a protein network modeling the interaction of cocaine, nicotine, and opium with these variants. Conclusions ModRP is a novel approach to identifying pleiotropic genetic influences on comorbid complex diseases. It can be used to assess association for related phenotypes where raw data is unavailable or inappropriate for analysis using other approaches. The method is conceptually simple and produces statistically significant, biologically relevant results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C McEachin
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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17
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Relationships among hyperuricemia, endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. J Cardiol 2012; 59:235-42. [PMID: 22398104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism. Its immediate precursor, xanthine, is converted to uric acid by an enzymatic reaction involving xanthine oxidoreductase. Uric acid has been formerly considered a major antioxidant in human plasma with possible beneficial anti-atherosclerotic effects. In contrast, studies in the past two decades have reported associations between elevated serum uric acid levels and cardiovascular events, suggesting a potential role for uric acid as a risk factor for atherosclerosis and related diseases. In this paper, the molecular pattern of uric acid formation, its possible deleterious effects, as well as the involvement of xanthine oxidoreductase in reactive oxygen species generation are critically discussed. Reactive oxygen species contribute to vascular oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, which are associated with the risk of atherosclerosis. Recent studies have renewed attention to the xanthine oxidoreductase system, since xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors, such as allopurinol and oxypurinol, would be capable of preventing atherosclerosis progression by reducing endothelial dysfunction. Also, beneficial effects could be obtained in patients with congestive heart failure. The simultaneous reduction in uric acid levels might contribute to these effects, or be a mere epiphenomenon of the drug action. The molecular mechanisms involved are discussed.
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18
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Abstract
High levels of homocysteine (Hcy), known as hyperhomocysteinmia (HHcy), are correlated with an increase in extracellular matrix remodelling (ECM) via the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and plasminogen/plasmin system. This results in an increase deposition of collagen that leads to endothelial-myocyte (EM) and myocyte-myocyte (MM) uncoupling; the physiological consequences are a plethora of cardiovascular pathologies. Homocysteine-induced increase in intracellular and mitochondrial Ca(2+) plays an important role in increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) within mitochondria and instigating mitophagy within the cell. This occurs via several Hcy-mitigated processes: agonizing N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-1 (NMDA-R1), decreasing expression of peroxisome proliferator activator receptor (PPAR) [thereby increasing oxidation], impairing Ca(2+) handling via Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX1) and Sarco endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase (SERCA-2a). The end result is an increase in ROS that directly or indirectly lead to MMP activation within mitochondria or the cytoplasm. Hcy induces a mitochondrial permeability transition that allows MMPs to be released from mitochondria thereby metabolizing matrix and impairing cardiac function. Further work remains to be elucidated concerning the specific mitochondrial mitophagic mechanisms under which matrix metabolism and remodelling occurs. Moreover, the therapeutic implications of NMDA and PPAR ligands are some promise to patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Vacek
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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19
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Schotten U, Verheule S, Kirchhof P, Goette A. Pathophysiological mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: a translational appraisal. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:265-325. [PMID: 21248168 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 852] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an arrhythmia that can occur as the result of numerous different pathophysiological processes in the atria. Some aspects of the morphological and electrophysiological alterations promoting AF have been studied extensively in animal models. Atrial tachycardia or AF itself shortens atrial refractoriness and causes loss of atrial contractility. Aging, neurohumoral activation, and chronic atrial stretch due to structural heart disease activate a variety of signaling pathways leading to histological changes in the atria including myocyte hypertrophy, fibroblast proliferation, and complex alterations of the extracellular matrix including tissue fibrosis. These changes in electrical, contractile, and structural properties of the atria have been called "atrial remodeling." The resulting electrophysiological substrate is characterized by shortening of atrial refractoriness and reentrant wavelength or by local conduction heterogeneities caused by disruption of electrical interconnections between muscle bundles. Under these conditions, ectopic activity originating from the pulmonary veins or other sites is more likely to occur and to trigger longer episodes of AF. Many of these alterations also occur in patients with or at risk for AF, although the direct demonstration of these mechanisms is sometimes challenging. The diversity of etiological factors and electrophysiological mechanisms promoting AF in humans hampers the development of more effective therapy of AF. This review aims to give a translational overview on the biological basis of atrial remodeling and the proarrhythmic mechanisms involved in the fibrillation process. We pay attention to translation of pathophysiological insights gained from in vitro experiments and animal models to patients. Also, suggestions for future research objectives and therapeutical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Schotten
- Department of Physiology, University Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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20
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TYAGI NEETU, GILLESPIE WILLIAM, VACEK JONATHANC, SEN UTPAL, TYAGI SURESHC, LOMINADZE DAVID. Activation of GABA-A receptor ameliorates homocysteine-induced MMP-9 activation by ERK pathway. J Cell Physiol 2009; 220:257-66. [PMID: 19308943 PMCID: PMC2811271 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a risk factor for neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Homocysteine (Hcy) induces redox stress, in part, by activating matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), which degrades the matrix and leads to blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Hcy competitively binds to gamma-aminbutyric acid (GABA) receptors, which are excitatory neurotransmitter receptors. However, the role of GABA-A receptor in Hcy-induced cerebrovascular remodeling is not clear. We hypothesized that Hcy causes cerebrovascular remodeling by increasing redox stress and MMP-9 activity via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway and by inhibition of GABA-A receptors, thus behaving as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Hcy-induced reactive oxygen species production was detected using the fluorescent probe, 2'-7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. Hcy increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase-4 concomitantly suppressing thioredoxin. Hcy caused activation of MMP-9, measured by gelatin zymography. The GABA-A receptor agonist, muscimol ameliorated the Hcy-mediated MMP-9 activation. In parallel, Hcy caused phosphorylation of ERK and selectively decreased levels of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-4 (TIMP-4). Treatment of the endothelial cell with muscimol restored the levels of TIMP-4 to the levels in control group. Hcy induced expression of iNOS and decreased eNOS expression, which lead to a decreased NO bioavailability. Furthermore muscimol attenuated Hcy-induced MMP-9 via ERK signaling pathway. These results suggest that Hcy competes with GABA-A receptors, inducing the oxidative stress transduction pathway and leading to ERK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- NEETU TYAGI
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - WILLIAM GILLESPIE
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - JONATHAN C. VACEK
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - UTPAL SEN
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - SURESH C. TYAGI
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - DAVID LOMINADZE
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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21
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Rodriguez WE, Tyagi N, Deng AY, Adeagbo A, Joshua IG, Tyagi SC. Congenic expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase in Dahl-salt sensitive hypertensive rats is associated with reduced LV hypertrophy. Arch Physiol Biochem 2008; 114:340-8. [PMID: 19003589 PMCID: PMC2921879 DOI: 10.1080/13813450802535978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although congenic translocation of a segment from chromosome 10 from Lewis rat, containing an extracellular proteinase inhibitor gene, decreased blood pressure in Dahl-salt sensitive (DSS) rats, the relationship between the levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP), and cardiac function was unclear. In this study we investigated the cardiac effects of congenic translocation of a segment from chromosome 10 from Lewis rat, containing an extracellular proteinase inhibitor gene, in Dahl-salt sensitive rats. To test the hypothesis that left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy in DSS rats was due to high MMP and low TIMP levels and the decrease in blood pressure in congenic rats was associated with increase in proteinase inhibitor expression, cardiac function and levels of MMP and TIMP were determined in 16 weeks male DSS (D), Lewis (L) and congenic (CL-10) rats. Cardiac function was assessed by electrocardiography, echocardiography and a Millar catheter in LV cavity. LV MMP and TIMP levels were measured by Q-RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. In L, D and CL-10 rats, heart weight/body weight (g/g) were 3.73 +/- 0.06, 4.45 +/- 0.04 and 3.35 +/- 0.05 x 10(-3), respectively, suggesting significant (p < 0.05) LV hypertrophy (LVH) in D group. The ST duration was longer in D group compared with L group, suggesting coronary vasospasm, but normalized in CL-10 rats. The fractional shortening and ejection fraction were decreased in D group as compared with L group, but normalized in CL-10 groups. LV diameter was increased in D group as compared to L group, but normalized in CL-10 groups. The levels of MMP-9 were higher and TIMP were lower in D as compared to L groups, but normalized in CL-10 rats. Compared with control non-congenic Dahl rats, congenic rats exhibited lower blood pressure, amelioration of LV remodelling and dysfunction, as well as coronary abnormalities. In addition, congenic animals exhibited reduced myocardial expression of MMP-9, but increased expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-4 compared to non congenic animals. We concluded that the congenic transfer of TIMP ameliorated LV hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter E Rodriguez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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22
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Rabkin SW, Klassen SS. Metalloporphyrins as a therapeutic drug class against peroxynitrite in cardiovascular diseases involving ischemic reperfusion injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 586:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Moshal KS, Camel CK, Kartha GK, Steed MM, Tyagi N, Sen U, Kang YJ, Lominadze D, Maldonado C, Tyagi SC. Cardiac dys-synchronization and arrhythmia in hyperhomocysteinemia. Curr Neurovasc Res 2008; 4:289-94. [PMID: 18045155 DOI: 10.2174/156720207782446324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although cardiac synchronization is important in maintaining myocardial performance, the mechanism of dys-synchronization in ailing to failing myocardium is unclear. It is known that the cardiac myocyte contracts and relaxes individually; however, it synchronizes only when connected to one another by low resistance communications called gap junction protein (connexins) and extra cellular matrix (ECM). Therefore, the remodeling of connexins and ECM in heart failure plays an important role in cardiac conduction, synchronization and arrhythmias. This review for the first time addresses the role of systemic accumulation of homocysteine (Hcy) in vasospasm, pressure and volume overload heart failure, hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias. The attenuation of calcium-dependent mitochondrial (mt), endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (mtNOS, eNOS and nNOS) by Hcy plays a significant role in cardiac arrhythmias. The signal transduction mechanisms in Hcy-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation in cardiac connexin remodeling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karni S Moshal
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Kentucky 40202, USA.
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24
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Cignarelli M, Lamacchia O. Obesity and kidney disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2007; 17:757-762. [PMID: 17606365 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Revised: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity worldwide has increased dramatically. Besides, an approximately two-fold higher rate of increase in mean BMI among the incident ESRD has been reported in the US population from 1995-2002. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) prevalence increases from 2.9% among adults with an ideal BMI to 4.5% among obese adults. The development of CKD is usually the culminating result of the interaction of multiple risk factors. Obesity represents one example of a multitoxicity state and given the background of genetic susceptibility and/or reduced nephron number, overweight may initiate renal remodeling and/or accelerate kidney failure. Obesity may be the number one preventable risk factor for CKD. Weight loss has indeed been shown to improve glomerular hemodynamics and reduce urine albumin excretion. Thus, obese patients with CKD should be counseled on the benefits of weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Cignarelli
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, Via Luigi Pinto 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy.
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25
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Szabó C, Ischiropoulos H, Radi R. Peroxynitrite: biochemistry, pathophysiology and development of therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007; 6:662-80. [PMID: 17667957 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1631] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite--the product of the diffusion-controlled reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide radical--is a short-lived oxidant species that is a potent inducer of cell death. Conditions in which the reaction products of peroxynitrite have been detected and in which pharmacological inhibition of its formation or its decomposition have been shown to be of benefit include vascular diseases, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, circulatory shock, inflammation, pain and neurodegeneration. In this Review, we first discuss the biochemistry and pathophysiology of peroxynitrite and then focus on pharmacological strategies to attenuate the toxic effects of peroxynitrite. These include its catalytic reduction to nitrite and its isomerization to nitrate by metalloporphyrins, which have led to potential candidates for drug development for cardiovascular, inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Szabó
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, University Heights, Newark, New Jersey 07103-2714, USA.
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26
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Ryberg H, Caidahl K. Chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods for quantitative determination of 3-nitrotyrosine in biological samples and their application to human samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 851:160-71. [PMID: 17344105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The permanent modification of soluble and protein-associated tyrosine by nitration results in the formation of 3-nitrotyrosine, which can be used as a marker of "nitro-oxidative" damage to proteins. Based on the analysis of patient materials, over 40 different diseases and/or conditions have been linked to increased nitration of tyrosine. They include many cardiovascular diseases, conditions associated with immunological reactions and neurological diseases. In this article we review the existing chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods for quantitative measurements of 3-nitrotyrosine in different human biological samples including plasma, either from the free amino acid pool or from hydrolyzed proteins from different matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Ryberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden
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27
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Henderson BC, Tyagi N, Ovechkin A, Kartha GK, Moshal KS, Tyagi SC. Oxidative remodeling in pressure overload induced chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2007; 9:450-7. [PMID: 17306621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive strides in understanding pressure overload induced heart failure, there is very little known about oxidative stress induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation, collagen degradation and remodeling in pressure overload heart failure. We hypothesize that pressure overload leads to redox imbalance causing increased expression/activity of MMP-2/9 producing collagen degradation and heart failure. To test this hypothesis, we created pressure overload heart failure by abdominal aortic stenosis (AS) in wild-type C57BL/6J and collagen mutant (Col1a1 with 129 s background) mice. At 4 weeks, post surgery, functional parameters were measured. Left ventricle (LV) tissue sections were analyzed by histology, Western Blot and PCR. The results suggest an increase in iNOS with a decrease in eNOS, an increase in nitrated protein modification and depletion of antioxidants thioredoxin and SOD in pressure overload. MMP-2/9 expression/activity and collagen degradation were increased in the AS animals. To determine whether a mutation in the collagen gene at the site of MMP cleavage mitigates cardiac hypertrophy, we used Col1a1 mice. In these mice, the AS induced LV hypertrophy (LVH) was ameliorated. In conclusion, our results suggest that AS leads to increased oxidative stress, expression/activity of MMP-2/9 and a decrease in antioxidant expression producing collagen degradation and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke C Henderson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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28
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Molnár A, Tóth A, Bagi Z, Papp Z, Édes I, Vaszily M, Galajda Z, Papp JG, Varró A, Szüts V, Lacza Z, Gerö D, Szabó C. Activation of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase pathway in human heart failure. Mol Med 2007; 12:143-52. [PMID: 17088946 PMCID: PMC1626594 DOI: 10.2119/2006-00043.molnar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic myocardial dysfunction and heart failure. The goal of the present study was to investigate PARP activation in human heart failure, and to correlate PARP activation with various indices of apoptosis and oxidative and nitrosative stress in healthy (donor) and failing (NYHA class III-IV) human heart tissue samples. Higher levels of oxidized protein end-products were found in failing hearts compared with donor heart samples. On the other hand, no differences in tyrosine nitration (a marker of peroxynitrite generation) were detected. Activation of PARP was demonstrated in the failing hearts by an increased abundance of poly-ADP ribosylated proteins. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that PARP activation was localized to the nucleus of the cardiomyocytes from the failing hearts. The expression of full-length PARP-1 was not significantly different in donor and failing hearts. The expression of caspase-9, in contrast, was significantly higher in the failing than in the donor hearts. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect the activation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathways. We found no significant translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) into the nucleus. Overall, the current data provide evidence of oxidative stress and PARP activation in human heart failure. Interventional studies with antioxidants or PARP inhibitors are required to define the specific roles of these factors in the pathogenesis of human heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Miklós Vaszily
- Center of Cardiac Surgery, Institute of Cardiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Galajda
- Center of Cardiac Surgery, Institute of Cardiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Julius Gy. Papp
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Varró
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Viktória Szüts
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsombor Lacza
- Department of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Domokos Gerö
- CellScreen Applied Research Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Szabó
- CellScreen Applied Research Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Csaba Szabo M.D., Ph.D., Department of Surgery University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, University Heights Newark, NJ 07103-2714, Tel: 973 972 5045, Fax: 973 972 6803,
or Attila Tóth Ph.D., Division of Clinical Physiology, Institute of Cardiology, University of Debrecen, 22 Moricz Zs krt., Debrecen, Hungary, H4032, Tel/Fax: +36 52 414 928, E-mail:
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29
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Pfister R, Acksteiner C, Baumgarth J, Burst V, Geissler HJ, Margulies KB, Houser S, Bloch W, Flesch M. Loss of beta1D-integrin function in human ischemic cardiomyopathy. Basic Res Cardiol 2006; 102:257-64. [PMID: 17186162 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-006-0640-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Integrins play a pivotal role in cardiomyocyte survival and function, with integrin loss leading to myocyte apoptosis and heart failure. The aim of this study was to characterize whether regulation of integrins may contribute to cardiac remodeling in human ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM). Myocardial tissues of the left ventricle were obtained from patients with ICM (n = 8) undergoing cardiac transplantation and from unused donor hearts (NF, n = 8). In addition, tissue samples from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM, n = 5) were analyzed. Expression of integrins beta(1)D and beta(3), the effector proteins focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and melusin, and FAK phosphorylation were examined by Western blotting, real-time-PCR and immunofluorescence analysis, respectively. Beta(1)D-integrin protein was decreased in ICM vs. NF by 36%. Beta(1)D-integrin mRNA levels and beta(1)D-integrin shedding were unchanged. Corresponding to beta(1)D-integrin regulation, FAK and phosphorylated FAK were decreased in ICM vs. NF by 54% and 49%, respectively. beta(3)-integrin and melusin were not altered in ICM. As a mediator of integrin effects, AKT kinase activity was examined. In parallel to beta(1)D-integrin and FAK, AKT activity was decreased in ICM by 44%. In contrast, none of the proteins were significantly altered in DCM compared to NF. Integrins and integrin signaling are regulated differentially in ICM and DCM with a decrease of beta(1)D-integrin and FAK in ICM. The loss of the beta(1)Dintegrin-FAK-complex in ICM was paralleled by a reduced AKT activity supporting in vitro data which demonstrate the pivotal role of intact integrin function in anti-apoptotic signaling and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Pfister
- Dept. III of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Josef-Stelzmann-Str. 9, 50924, Cologne, Germany
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Rosenberger D, Moshal KS, Kartha GK, Tyagi N, Sen U, Lominadze D, Maldonado C, Roberts AM, Tyagi SC. Arrhythmia and neuronal/endothelial myocyte uncoupling in hyperhomocysteinemia. Arch Physiol Biochem 2006; 112:219-27. [PMID: 17178594 PMCID: PMC3182485 DOI: 10.1080/13813450601093443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of homocysteine (Hcy) known as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) are associated with arrhythmogenesis and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Hcy decreases constitutive neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide (NO), and cardiac diastolic relaxation. Hcy increases the iNOS/NO, peroxynitrite, mitochondrial NADPH oxidase, and suppresses superoxide dismutase (SOD) and redoxins. Hcy activates matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), disrupts connexin-43 and increases collagen/elastin ratio. The disruption of connexin-43 and accumulation of collagen (fibrosis) disrupt the normal pattern of cardiac conduction and attenuate NO transport from endothelium to myocyte (E-M) causing E-M uncoupling, leading to a pro-arrhythmic environment. The goal of this review is to elaborate the mechanism of Hcy-mediated iNOS/NO in E-M uncoupling and SCD. It is known that Hcy creates arrhythmogenic substrates (i.e. increase in collagen/elastin ratio and disruption in connexin-43) and exacerbates heart failure during chronic volume overload. Also, Hcy behaves as an agonist to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA, an excitatory neurotransmitter) receptor-1, and blockade of NMDA-R1 reduces the increase in heart rate-evoked by NMDA-analog and reduces SCD. This review suggest that Hcy increases iNOS/NO, superoxide, metalloproteinase activity, and disrupts connexin-43, exacerbates endothelial-myocyte uncoupling and cardiac failure secondary to inducing NMDA-R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Rosenberger
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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Rodriguez WE, Joshua IG, Falcone JC, Tyagi SC. Pioglitazone prevents cardiac remodeling in high-fat, high-calorie-induced Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 291:H81-7. [PMID: 16489101 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01331.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) ameliorate cardiovascular complications associated with diabetes mellitus. We tested the hypothesis that recovery from ailing to failing myocardium in diabetes by PPARγ agonist is in part due to decreased matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activation and left ventricular (LV) tissue levels of homocysteine (Hcy). C57BL/6J mice were made diabetic (D) by feeding them a high-fat calorie diet. PPARγ was activated by adding pioglitazone (Pi) to the diet. After 6 wk, mice were grouped into: normal calorie diet (N), D, N + Pi and D + Pi ( n = 6 in each group). LV variables were measured by echocardiography, endothelial-myocyte (E-M) coupling was measured in cardiac rings, and MMP-9 activation was measured by zymography. Blood glucose levels were twofold higher in D mice compared with N mice. Pi decreased the levels of glucose in D mice to the levels in N mice. LV Hcy levels were 3.5 ± 0.5 μM in N groups compared with 12.4 ± 0.6 μM in D groups. Treatment with Pi normalized the LV levels of Hcy but had no effect on plasma levels of Hcy. In the D group, LV contraction was reduced compared with that of the N group and was ameliorated by treatment with Pi. LV wall thickness was reduced to 0.25 ± 0.02 mm in the D group compared with 0.42 ± 0.01 mm in the N group. LV diastolic diameter was 3.05 ± 0.01 mm in the D group compared with 2.20 ± 0.02 mm in the N group. LV systolic diameter was 1.19 ± 0.02 mm in the D group and 0.59 ± 0.01 mm in the N group. Pi normalized the LV variables in D mice. The responses to ACh and nitroprusside were attenuated in diabetic hearts, suggesting that there was E-M uncoupling in the D group compared with the N group, which was ameliorated by Pi. Plasma and LV levels of MMP-2 and -9 activities were higher in the D group than in the N group but normalized after Pi treatment. These results suggest that E-M uncoupling in the myocardium, in part, is due to increased MMP activities secondary to suppressing PPARγ activity in high-fat, calorie-induced Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter E Rodriguez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Ovechkin AV, Tyagi N, Rodriguez WE, Hayden MR, Moshal KS, Tyagi SC. Role of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in endothelial apoptosis in chronic heart failure in mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 99:2398-405. [PMID: 16081621 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00442.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of oxidized extracellular matrix between endothelium and muscle is an important risk factor in the endothelium-myocytes uncoupling in congestive heart failure. Although ventricular remodeling is accompanied by increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity, it is unclear whether MMP-9 plays a role in endothelial apoptosis in chronic volume overload congestive heart failure. We tested the hypothesis that, in chronic volume overload, myocardial dysfunction involves endocardial endothelial (EE) apoptosis in response to MMP-9 activation, extracellular matrix accumulation, and endothelium-myocytes uncoupling. Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) was created in control (FVB/NJ) and MMP-9 knockout (MMP-9KO; FVB.Cg-MMP9(tm1Tvu)/J) mice. Sham surgery was used as control. Mice were grouped as follows: wild type, n = 3 (sham control); MMP-9KO, n = 3 (sham); AVF, n = 3; and MMP-9KO + AVF (n = 3). Heart function was analyzed by M-mode and Doppler echocardiography, and with a pressure-tipped Millar catheter placed in the left ventricle of anesthetized mice 8 wk after AVF. Apoptosis was detected by measuring caspase-3, transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), and CD-31 by immunolabeling. Protease-activated receptors-1, connexin-43, and a disintegrin and MMP-12 (ADAM-12) expression were measured by Western blot analyses. MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. Compared with control, AVF caused an increase in left ventricle end diastolic pressure and decrease in -dP/dt. In contrast, in the MMP-9KO + AVF group, these variables were changed toward control levels. Increased EE apoptosis (caspase-3 activation and TUNEL/CD-31 colabeling) in AVF mice was prevented in the MMP-9KO + AVF group. Protease-activated receptor-1, connexin-43, and ADAM-12 were induced in AVF. MMP-9 gene ablation ameliorated the induction. The results suggest that impaired cardiac function in volume overload is associated with EE apoptosis, cardiac remodeling, and endothelium-myocytes uncoupling in response to MMP-9 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Ovechkin
- Dept. of Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Moshal KS, Tyagi N, Moss V, Henderson B, Steed M, Ovechkin A, Aru GM, Tyagi SC. Early induction of matrix metalloproteinase-9 transduces signaling in human heart end stage failure. J Cell Mol Med 2005; 9:704-13. [PMID: 16202218 PMCID: PMC6741634 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2005.tb00501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover is regulated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and plays an important role in cardiac remodeling. Previous studies from our lab demonstrated an increase in gelatinolytic-MMP-2 and -9 activities in endocardial tissue from ischemic cardiomyopathic (ICM) and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathic (DCM) hearts. The signaling mechanism responsible for the left ventricular (LV) remodeling, however, is unclear. Administration of cardiac specific inhibitor of metalloproteinase (CIMP) prevented the activation of MMP-2 and -9 in ailing to failing myocardium. Activation of MMP-2 and -9 leads to induction of proteinase activated receptor-1 (PAR-1). We hypothesize that the early induction of MMP-9 is a key regulator for modulating intracellular signaling through activation of PAR and various downstream events which are implicated in development of cardiac fibrosis in an extracellular receptor mediated kinase-1 (ERK-1) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) dependent manner. To test this hypothesis, explanted human heart tissues from ICM and DCM patients were obtained at the time of orthotopic cardiac transplants. Quantitative analysis of MMP-2 and -9 gelatinolytic activities was made by real-time quantitative zymography. Gel phosphorylation staining for PAR-1 showed a significant increase in ICM hearts. Western blot and RT-PCR analysis and in-situ labeling, showed significant increased expression of PAR-1, ERK-1and FAK in ICM and DCM. These observations suggest that the enhanced expression and potentially increased activity of LV myocardial MMP-9 triggers the signal cascade instigating cardiac remodeling. This early mechanism for the initiation of LV remodeling appears to have a role in end-stage human heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karni S Moshal
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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Moshal KS, Tyagi N, Henderson B, Ovechkin AV, Tyagi SC. Protease-activated receptor and endothelial-myocyte uncoupling in chronic heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 288:H2770-7. [PMID: 15681708 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01146.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We examined the hypothesis that oxidants generated nitroso derivatives, activated latent matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), and induced proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1), leading to disconnection between the endothelium and myocytes. Administration of cardiospecific tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-4 (TIMP-4/CIMP) ameliorated the oxidative-proteolytic stress and endothelial-myocyte uncoupling in chronic heart failure (CHF) in mice. Aortic-vena cava fistula (AVF) was created in 30 male mice (C57BL/6J) and studied at 0-, 2-, and 8-wk AVF. To reverse cardiac remodeling, as measured by MMP activation, purified CIMP was administered by an osmotic minipump subcutaneously after 8-wk AVF, and groups of mice ( n = 6 mice/group) were examined after 12 and 16 wk. Levels of PAR-1 in the left ventricle (LV) were increased at 2 and 8 wk (compared with 0 wk of no CIMP treatment) but were normal at 12 and 16 wk after CIMP treatment, as measured by Western blot analysis. Similar results were obtained for LV levels of nitrotyrosine, MMP-2 and -9 activities, and TIMP-1 and -3. However, the levels of TIMP-4, endothelial cell density, and responses of cardiac rings to acetylcholine and bradykinin were attenuated at 2 and 8 wk and normalized after CIMP administration in AVF mice. CIMP induced nitric oxide in microvascular endocardial endothelial cells. The results suggest that nitro generation activated MMP and PAR-1, leading to endothelial-myocyte uncoupling. CIMP treatment normalized PAR-1 expression and ameliorated endothelial-myocyte uncoupling by decreasing oxidant-mediated proteolytic stress in CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karni S Moshal
- Univ. of Louisville School of Medicine, A-1115, Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, 500 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common clinical arrhythmia and one of the most important factors for ischemic stroke. In general, AF is treated with "channel-blocking drugs" to restore sinus rhythm and warfarin is recommended in the majority of patients to prevent atrial thrombus formation and thromboembolic events. In the recent years, a tremendous amount has been learned about the pathophysiology and molecular biology of AF. Thus, pharmacologic interference with specific signal transduction pathways with "non-channel-blocking drugs" appears promising as a novel antiarrhythmic approach to maintain sinus rhythm and to prevent atrial clot formation. Therefore, this review will highlight some novel "nonchannel drug targets" for AF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Goette
- Division of Cardiology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipzigerstrasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Shastry S, Hayden MR, Lucchesi PA, Tyagi SC. Matrix metalloproteinase in left ventricular remodeling and heart failure. Curr Cardiol Rep 2003; 5:200-4. [PMID: 12691636 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-003-0049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of oxidized matrix between the endothelium and cardiac muscle, and endocardial endothelial dysfunction, are the hallmarks of congestive heart failure. The induction of oxidative stress, decrease in endothelial cell density, activation of matrix and disintegrin metalloproteinase, collagenolysis, and repression of cardiac inhibitor of metalloproteinase (CIMP) are associated with deposition of oxidized matrix. Studies that employ CIMP as genetic or proteomic therapeutic agent may improve the heart's response to nitric oxide donors. Identification of major players involved in the control of oxidative and proteolytic stresses that ameliorate matrix deposition by integrin shading will help to develop strategies to prevent congestive heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Shastry
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Abstract
Ventricular remodeling is a compensatory response that comprises the processes of apoptosis, muscle cell hypertrophy, and rearrangement of the extracellular matrix fibers connecting the muscles. These processes are associated with transformation of endothelium and/or fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. Neutral matrix metalloproteinases, membrane type matrix metalloproteinases, and disintegrin metalloproteinase play a significant role in these processes. The cell-extracellular matrix connections are important in maintaining and synchronizing muscle function. However, a complete extracellular matrix-cell disconnect leads to a decrease in muscle cell strength, apoptosis, and hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Shizukuda Y, Buttrick PM. Oxygen free radicals and heart failure: new insight into an old question. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 283:L237-8. [PMID: 12114183 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00111.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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