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Sá AK, Olímpio F, Vasconcelos J, Rosa P, Faria Neto HC, Rocha C, Camacho MF, Barcick U, Zelanis A, Aimbire F. Involvement of GPR43 Receptor in Effect of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus on Murine Steroid Resistant Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Relevance to Pro-Inflammatory Mediators and Oxidative Stress in Human Macrophages. Nutrients 2024; 16:1509. [PMID: 38794746 PMCID: PMC11124176 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokine storm and oxidative stress are present in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Individuals with COPD present high levels of NF-κB-associated cytokines and pro-oxidant agents as well as low levels of Nrf2-associated antioxidants. This condition creates a steroid-resistant inflammatory microenvironment. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (Lr) is a known anti-cytokine in lung diseases; however, the effect of Lr on lung inflammation and oxidative stress in steroid-resistant COPD mice remains unknown. OBJECTIVE Thus, we investigated the Lr effect on lung inflammation and oxidative stress in mice and macrophages exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and unresponsive to steroids. METHODS Mice and macrophages received dexamethasone or GLPG-094 (a GPR43 inhibitor), and only the macrophages received butyrate (but), all treatments being given before CSE. Lung inflammation was evaluated from the leukocyte population, airway remodeling, cytokines, and NF-κB. Oxidative stress disturbance was measured from ROS, 8-isoprostane, NADPH oxidase, TBARS, SOD, catalase, HO-1, and Nrf2. RESULTS Lr attenuated cellularity, mucus, collagen, cytokines, ROS, 8-isoprostane, NADPH oxidase, and TBARS. Otherwise, SOD, catalase, HO-1, and Nrf2 were upregulated in Lr-treated COPD mice. Anti-cytokine and antioxidant effects of butyrate also occurred in CSE-exposed macrophages. GLPG-094 rendered Lr and butyrate less effective. CONCLUSIONS Lr attenuates lung inflammation and oxidative stress in COPD mice, suggesting the presence of a GPR43 receptor-dependent mechanism also found in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Karolina Sá
- Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro De Toledo 720–2 Andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04039-002, Brazil; (A.K.S.); (F.O.); (J.V.); (P.R.)
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Talim, 330, Vila Nair, São José dos Campos 12231-280, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Olímpio
- Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro De Toledo 720–2 Andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04039-002, Brazil; (A.K.S.); (F.O.); (J.V.); (P.R.)
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Talim, 330, Vila Nair, São José dos Campos 12231-280, Brazil
| | - Jessica Vasconcelos
- Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro De Toledo 720–2 Andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04039-002, Brazil; (A.K.S.); (F.O.); (J.V.); (P.R.)
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Talim, 330, Vila Nair, São José dos Campos 12231-280, Brazil
| | - Paloma Rosa
- Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro De Toledo 720–2 Andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04039-002, Brazil; (A.K.S.); (F.O.); (J.V.); (P.R.)
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Talim, 330, Vila Nair, São José dos Campos 12231-280, Brazil
| | - Hugo Caire Faria Neto
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brazil, Rio de Janeiro 4036, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Rocha
- Medical School, Group of Phytocomplexes and Cell Signaling, Anhembi Morumbi University, São José dos Campos 04039-002, Brazil;
| | - Maurício Frota Camacho
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos 12231-280, Brazil; (M.F.C.); (U.B.); (A.Z.)
| | - Uilla Barcick
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos 12231-280, Brazil; (M.F.C.); (U.B.); (A.Z.)
| | - Andre Zelanis
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos 12231-280, Brazil; (M.F.C.); (U.B.); (A.Z.)
| | - Flavio Aimbire
- Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro De Toledo 720–2 Andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04039-002, Brazil; (A.K.S.); (F.O.); (J.V.); (P.R.)
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Talim, 330, Vila Nair, São José dos Campos 12231-280, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Evangelical University of Goiás (UniEvangélica), Avenida Universitária Km 3,5, Anápolis 75083-515, Brazil
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Lin L, Lin G, Chen X, Lin H, Lin Q, Zeng Y, Xu Y. Identification of Small Airway Epithelium-Related Hub Genes in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2022; 17:3001-3015. [PMID: 36475041 PMCID: PMC9719689 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s377026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary small airway epithelia are the primary site of cellular and histological alterations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), while the potential therapeutic hub genes of pulmonary epithelia are rarely identified to elucidate profound alterations in the progression of the disease. Methods Microarray dataset of GSE11906 containing small airway epithelia from 34 healthy non-smokers and 33 COPD patients was applied to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was further used to identify the hub genes related to clinical features. Moreover, single-cell RNA sequencing data from GSE173896 and GSE167295 dataset were applied to explore the expression and distribution of the hub genes. The expression levels of hub genes in epithelial cells stimulated by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) were detected by RT-qPCR. Results Ninety-eight DEGs correlated with clinical features of COPD were identified via limma and WGCNA. Eight hub genes (including AKR1C3, ALDH3A1, AKR1C1, CYP1A1, GPX2, CBR3, AKR1B1 and GSR) that might exert an antioxidant role in COPD process were identified. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis indicated that the expressions of AKRAC3, ALDH3A1, GPX2, CBR3 and AKR1B1 were significantly increased in the COPD group when compared with the normal group. Moreover, we found that the expression of ALDH3A1 was the most abundantly expressed in ciliated cells. RT-qPCR results indicated that the majority of candidate novel genes were significantly elevated when the epithelial cells were exposed to CSE. Conclusion Through integrating limma, WGCNA, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, a total of eight candidate hub genes of pulmonary airway epithelia were identified in COPD. Moreover, single-cell transcriptomic analysis indicated that ALDH3A1 was enriched in ciliated cells, which may provide a new insight into the pathogenesis and treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, People’s Republic of China,Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guofu Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, People’s Republic of China,Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, People’s Republic of China,Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, People’s Republic of China,Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinhui Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, People’s Republic of China,Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiming Zeng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, People’s Republic of China,Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, People’s Republic of China,Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, People’s Republic of China,Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, People’s Republic of China,Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Yuan Xu; Yiming Zeng, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University; Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
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Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Redox Recycling of Protein Thiols Promotes Resistance to Oxidative Killing and Bacterial Survival in Biofilms in a Smoke-Related Infection Model. mSphere 2022; 7:e0084721. [PMID: 35044805 PMCID: PMC8769201 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00847-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoke exposure is a risk factor for community-acquired pneumonia, which is typically caused by host-adapted airway opportunists like nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). Genomic analyses of NTHi revealed homologs of enzymes with predicted roles in reduction of protein thiols, which can have key roles in oxidant resistance. Using a clinical NTHi isolate (NTHi 7P49H1), we generated isogenic mutants in which homologs of glutathione reductase (open reading frame NTHI 0251), thioredoxin-dependent thiol peroxidase (NTHI 0361), thiol peroxidase (NTHI 0907), thioredoxin reductase (NTHI 1327), and glutaredoxin/peroxiredoxin (NTHI 0705) were insertionally inactivated. Bacterial protein analyses revealed that protein oxidation after hydrogen peroxide treatment was elevated in all the mutant strains. Similarly, each of these mutants was less resistant to oxidative killing than the parental strain; these phenotypes were reversed by genetic complementation. Analysis of biofilm communities formed by the parental and mutant strains showed reduction in overall biofilm thickness and density and significant sensitization of bacteria within the biofilm structure to oxidative killing. Experimental respiratory infection of smoke-exposed mice with NTHi 7P49H1 showed significantly increased bacterial counts compared to control mice. Immunofluorescent staining of lung tissues showed NTHi communities on lung mucosae, interspersed with neutrophil extracellular traps; these bacteria had transcript profiles consistent with NTHi biofilms. In contrast, infection with the panel of NTHi mutants showed a significant decrease in bacterial load. Comparable results were observed in bactericidal assays with neutrophil extracellular traps in vitro. Thus, we conclude that thiol-mediated redox homeostasis is a determinant of persistence of NTHi within biofilm communities. IMPORTANCE Chronic bacterial respiratory infections are a significant problem for smoke-exposed individuals, especially those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). These infections often persist despite antibiotic use. Thus, the bacteria remain and contribute to the development of inflammation and other respiratory problems. Respiratory bacteria often form biofilms within the lungs; during growth in a biofilm, their antibiotic and oxidative stress resistance is incredibly heightened. It is well documented that redox homeostasis genes are upregulated during this phase of growth. Many common respiratory pathogens, such as NTHi and Streptococcus pneumoniae, are reliant on scavenging from the host the necessary components they need to maintain these redox systems. This work begins to lay the foundation for exploiting this requirement and thiol redox homeostasis pathways of these bacteria as a therapeutic target for managing chronic respiratory bacterial infections, which are resistant to traditional antibiotic treatments alone.
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Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the major culprit of chronic lung diseases and the most dominant risk factor for the development of both lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In addition, chronic inflammation has been shown to increase the risk of lung cancer and COPD in clinical and epidemiological studies. For pulmonary disease-related research, mice are the most commonly used model system. Multiple lung cancer mouse models driven by targeted genetic alterations are used to evaluate the critical roles of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. These models are useful in addressing lung tumorigenesis associated with specific genetic changes, but they are not able to provide a global insight into cigarette smoke-induced carcinogenesis. To fill this knowledge gap, we developed a lung cancer model by treating mice with cigarette smoke carcinogen nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) with/without repeated lipopolysaccharides (LPS) exposure in order to determine the role of chronic inflammation in lung tumorigenesis. Notably, combined LPS/NNK treatment increased tumor number, tumor incidence, and tumor area compared to NNK treatment alone. Therefore, this model offers a feasible approach to investigate lung cancer development on a more global level, determine the role of inflammation in carcinogenesis, and provide a tool for evaluating chemoprevention and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa E Di
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Beth Kahkonen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Chia-Hsin Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yuanpu Peter Di
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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Dickens JA, Malzer E, Chambers JE, Marciniak SJ. Pulmonary endoplasmic reticulum stress-scars, smoke, and suffocation. FEBS J 2019; 286:322-341. [PMID: 29323786 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER stress) can be a cause or consequence of pulmonary disease. Mutation of proteins restricted to the alveolar type II pneumocyte can lead to inherited forms of pulmonary fibrosis, but even sporadic cases of pulmonary fibrosis appear to be strongly associated with activation of the unfolded protein response and/or the integrated stress response. Inhalation of smoke can impair protein folding and may be an important cause of pulmonary ER stress. Similarly, tissue hypoxia can lead to impaired protein homeostasis (proteostasis). But the mechanisms linking smoke and hypoxia to ER stress are only partially understood. In this review, we will examine the role of ER stress in the pathogenesis of lung disease by focusing on fibrosis, smoke, and hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Dickens
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Elke Malzer
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Joseph E Chambers
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Stefan J Marciniak
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J Quinton
- 1 Pulmonary Center Boston University School of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts
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7
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Franko J, McCall JL, Barnett JB. Evaluating Macrophages in Immunotoxicity Testing. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1803:255-296. [PMID: 29882145 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8549-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are a heterogeneous group of cells that have a multitude of functions depending on their differentiation state. While classically known for their phagocytic and antigen presentation abilities, it is now evident that these cells fulfill homeostatic functions beyond the elimination of invading pathogens. In addition, macrophages have also been implicated in the downregulation of inflammatory responses following pathogen removal, tissue remodeling, repair, and angiogenesis. Alterations in macrophage differentiation and/or activity due to xenobiotic exposure can have grave consequences on organismal homeostasis, potentially contributing to disease due to immunosuppression or chronic inflammatory responses, depending upon the pathways affected. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the macrophages subtypes, their origin and a general discussion of several different assays used to assess their functional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Franko
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jamie L McCall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - John B Barnett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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Khan NA, Sundar IK, Rahman I. Strain- and sex-dependent pulmonary toxicity of waterpipe smoke in mouse. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13579. [PMID: 29417753 PMCID: PMC5803106 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Waterpipe smoking is emerging as a form of tobacco smoking, but its lung health/risks is not known. It has been shown that different mouse strains show differences in susceptibility to tobacco smoke. However, the effect of waterpipe smoke (WPS) exposure and strain differences in susceptibility to oxidative and inflammatory responses is not known. Here, we showed acute WPS exposure induced oxidative stress and inflammatory response in C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ mouse strains. WPS exposure induced inflammatory cell influx (neutrophils and T-lymphocytes) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL fluid), which varied among mouse strains. Proinflammatory cytokines release differed among both the strains, but was significantly increased in C57BL/6J mice. Myeloperoxidase levels in BAL fluid were increased significantly in both the strains. Total reduced glutathione (GSH) level was decreased, whereas the level of oxidized or glutathione disulfide (GSSG) increased in lungs of both the strains. Similarly, the level of lipid peroxidation markers, 15-isoprostane (plasma), malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (lung homogenates) were increased by WPS. Our data suggest that, oxidative stress and inflammatory responses are influenced by strain characteristics during acute WPS exposure. Overall, C57BL/6J mice showed more susceptibility to oxidative stress and inflammatory responses compared to BALB/cJ mice. Acute WPS mediated pulmonary toxicity is differentially regulated in different mouse strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naushad Ahmad Khan
- Department of Environmental MedicineUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNew York
| | | | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental MedicineUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNew York
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Dalle-Donne I, Colombo G, Gornati R, Garavaglia ML, Portinaro N, Giustarini D, Bernardini G, Rossi R, Milzani A. Protein Carbonylation in Human Smokers and Mammalian Models of Exposure to Cigarette Smoke: Focus on Redox Proteomic Studies. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:406-426. [PMID: 27393565 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative stress is one mechanism whereby tobacco smoking affects human health, as reflected by increased levels of several biomarkers of oxidative stress/damage isolated from tissues and biological fluids of active and passive smokers. Many investigations of cigarette smoke (CS)-induced oxidative stress/damage have been carried out in mammalian animal and cellular models of exposure to CS. Animal models allow the investigation of many parameters that are similar to those measured in human smokers. In vitro cell models may provide new information on molecular and functional differences between cells of smokers and nonsmokers. Recent Advances: Over the past decade or so, a growing number of researches highlighted that CS induces protein carbonylation in different tissues and body fluids of smokers as well as in in vivo and in vitro models of exposure to CS. CRITICAL ISSUES We review recent findings on protein carbonylation in smokers and models thereof, focusing on redox proteomic studies. We also discuss the relevance and limitations of these models of exposure to CS and critically assess the congruence between the smoker's condition and laboratory models. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The identification of protein targets is crucial for understanding the mechanism(s) by which carbonylated proteins accumulate and potentially affect cellular functions. Recent progress in redox proteomics allows the enrichment, identification, and characterization of specific oxidative protein modifications, including carbonylation. Therefore, redox proteomics can be a powerful tool to gain new insights into the onset and/or progression of CS-related diseases and to develop strategies to prevent and/or treat them. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 406-426.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graziano Colombo
- 1 Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
| | - Rosalba Gornati
- 2 Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria , Varese, Italy
| | - Maria L Garavaglia
- 1 Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Portinaro
- 3 Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano and Pediatric Orthopaedic Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center , Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Bernardini
- 2 Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria , Varese, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- 4 Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena , Siena, Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- 1 Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
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Khedoe PPSJ, Rensen PCN, Berbée JFP, Hiemstra PS. Murine models of cardiovascular comorbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L1011-27. [PMID: 26993520 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00013.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Currently, COPD patients with atherosclerosis (i.e., the most important underlying cause of CVD) receive COPD therapy complemented with standard CVD therapy. This may, however, not be the most optimal treatment. To investigate the link between COPD and atherosclerosis and to develop specific therapeutic strategies for COPD patients with atherosclerosis, a substantial number of preclinical studies using murine models have been performed. In this review, we summarize the currently used murine models of COPD and atherosclerosis, both individually and combined, and discuss the relevance of these models for studying the pathogenesis and development of new treatments for COPD patients with atherosclerosis. Murine and clinical studies have provided complementary information showing a prominent role for systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in the link between COPD and atherosclerosis. These and other studies showed that murine models for COPD and atherosclerosis are useful tools and can provide important insights relevant to understanding the link between COPD and CVD. More importantly, murine studies provide good platforms for studying the potential of promising (new) therapeutic strategies for COPD patients with CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Padmini S J Khedoe
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
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Tsuji H, Fujimoto H, Lee KM, Renne R, Iwanaga A, Okubo C, Onami S, Nomura AK, Nishino T, Yoshimura H. Characterization of biochemical, functional and structural changes in mice respiratory organs chronically exposed to cigarette smoke. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:342-53. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1051248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Surolia R, Karki S, Kim H, Yu Z, Kulkarni T, Mirov SB, Carter AB, Rowe SM, Matalon S, Thannickal VJ, Agarwal A, Antony VB. Heme oxygenase-1-mediated autophagy protects against pulmonary endothelial cell death and development of emphysema in cadmium-treated mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L280-92. [PMID: 26071551 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00097.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary exposure to cadmium, a major component of cigarette smoke, has a dramatic impact on lung function and the development of emphysema. Cigarette smoke exposure induces heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a cytoprotective enzyme. In this study, we employed a truncated mouse model of emphysema by intratracheal instillation of cadmium (CdCl2) solution (0.025% per 1 mg/kg body wt) in HO-1(+/+), HO-1(-/-), and overexpressing humanized HO-1 bacterial artificial chromosome (hHO-1BAC) mice. We evaluated the role of HO-1 in cadmium-induced emphysema in mice by analyzing histopathology, micro-computed tomography scans, and lung function tests. CdCl2-exposed HO-1(-/-) mice exhibited more severe emphysema compared with HO-1(+/+) or hHO-1BAC mice. Loss of pulmonary endothelial cells (PECs) from the alveolar capillary membrane is recognized to be a target in emphysema. PECs from HO-1(+/+), HO-1(-/-), and hHO-1BAC were employed to define the underlying molecular mechanism for the protection from emphysema by HO-1. Electron microscopy, expression of autophagic markers (microtubule-associated protein 1B-light chain 3 II, autophagy protein 5, and Beclin1) and apoptotic marker (cleaved caspase 3) suggested induction of autophagy and apoptosis in PECs after CdCl2 treatment. CdCl2-treated HO-1(-/-) PECs exhibited downregulation of autophagic markers and significantly increased cleaved caspase 3 expression and activity (∼4-fold higher). Moreover, hHO-1BAC PECs demonstrated upregulated autophagy and absence of cleaved caspase 3 expression or activity. Pretreatment of HO-1(+/+) PECs with rapamycin induced autophagy and resulted in reduced cell death upon cadmium treatment. Induction of autophagy following CdCl2 treatment was found to be protective from apoptotic cell death. HO-1 induced protective autophagy in PECs and mitigated cadmium-induced emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranu Surolia
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Suman Karki
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Hyunki Kim
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Zhihong Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Tejaswini Kulkarni
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sergey B Mirov
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - A Brent Carter
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Steven M Rowe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Cell Development and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Division of Nephrology Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Veena B Antony
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama;
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A 7-month cigarette smoke inhalation study in C57BL/6 mice demonstrates reduced lung inflammation and emphysema following smoking cessation or aerosol exposure from a prototypic modified risk tobacco product. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 80:328-345. [PMID: 25843363 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Modified risk tobacco products (MRTP) are designed to reduce smoking-related health risks. A murine model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was applied to investigate classical toxicology end points plus systems toxicology (transcriptomics and proteomics). C57BL/6 mice were exposed to conventional cigarette smoke (3R4F), fresh air (sham), or a prototypic MRTP (pMRTP) aerosol for up to 7 months, including a cessation group and a switching-to-pMRTP group (2 months of 3R4F exposure followed by fresh air or pMRTP for up to 5 months respectively). 3R4F smoke induced the typical adaptive changes in the airways, as well as inflammation in the lung, associated with emphysematous changes (impaired pulmonary function and alveolar damage). At nicotine-matched exposure concentrations of pMRTP aerosol, no signs of lung inflammation and emphysema were observed. Both the cessation and switching groups showed a similar reversal of inflammatory responses and no progression of initial emphysematous changes. A significant impact on biological processes, including COPD-related inflammation, apoptosis, and proliferation, was identified in 3R4F-exposed, but not in pMRTP-exposed lungs. Smoking cessation or switching reduced these perturbations to near sham-exposed levels. In conclusion, the mouse model indicated retarded disease progression upon cessation or switching to pMRTP which alone had no adverse effects.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emphysema is characterized by an abnormal and permanent enlargement of airspaces accompanied by destruction of their walls. Up to now, there is no cure for emphysema, and animal models may be important for new drug discovery. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors review animal models of emphysema since the protease-antiprotease hypothesis as well as the results obtained with compounds tested in these models. Of particular importance are animal models of cigarette smoke exposure since it is the most important risk factor of emphysema. The authors also analyze two approaches to drug testing, that is, the approach aimed at preventing emphysema and the one aimed at reversing it. EXPERT OPINION It has been suggested that early and late interventions do not have the same protective effect and that late interventions are much more likely to reveal treatments beneficial in humans. However, this is not always the case, and a compound that prevents emphysema when administered as an early intervention can also have the same protective effect when given as a late intervention. Furthermore, the fact that a compound detected by means of early intervention is now in clinical practice shows that early intervention studies can be predictive for efficacy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Gardi
- University of Siena, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine , Via Aldo Moro 2 - Siena , Italy +39 0 577 234002 ;
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15
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Pouwels SD, Heijink IH, Brouwer U, Gras R, den Boef LE, Boezen HM, Korstanje R, van Oosterhout AJM, Nawijn MC. Genetic variation associates with susceptibility for cigarette smoke-induced neutrophilia in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 308:L693-709. [PMID: 25637605 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00118.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophilic airway inflammation is one of the major hallmarks of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and is also seen in steroid resistant asthma. Neutrophilic airway inflammation can be induced by different stimuli including cigarette smoke (CS). Short-term exposure to CS induces neutrophilic airway inflammation in both mice and humans. Since not all individuals develop extensive neutrophilic airway inflammation upon smoking, we hypothesized that this CS-induced innate inflammation has a genetic component. This hypothesis was addressed by exposing 30 different inbred mouse strains to CS or control air for 5 consecutive days, followed by analysis of neutrophilic lung inflammation. By genomewide haplotype association mapping, we identified four susceptibility genes with a significant association to lung tissue levels of the neutrophil marker myeloperoxidase under basal conditions and an additional five genes specifically associated with CS-induced tissue MPO levels. Analysis of the expression levels of the susceptibility genes by quantitative RT-PCR revealed that three of the four genes associated with CS-induced tissue MPO levels had CS-induced changes in gene expression levels that correlate with CS-induced airway inflammation. Most notably, CS exposure induces an increased expression of the coiled-coil domain containing gene, Ccdc93, in mouse strains susceptible for CS-induced airway inflammation whereas Ccdc93 expression was decreased upon CS exposure in nonsusceptible mouse strains. In conclusion, this study shows that CS-induced neutrophilic airway inflammation has a genetic component and that several genes contribute to the susceptibility for this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Pouwels
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Experimental Pulmonology and Inflammation Research, Groningen, The Netherlands; GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Irene H Heijink
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Experimental Pulmonology and Inflammation Research, Groningen, The Netherlands; GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uilke Brouwer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Experimental Pulmonology and Inflammation Research, Groningen, The Netherlands; GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renee Gras
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Experimental Pulmonology and Inflammation Research, Groningen, The Netherlands; GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette E den Boef
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Experimental Pulmonology and Inflammation Research, Groningen, The Netherlands; GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H Marike Boezen
- GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands; and
| | | | - Antoon J M van Oosterhout
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Experimental Pulmonology and Inflammation Research, Groningen, The Netherlands; GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn C Nawijn
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Experimental Pulmonology and Inflammation Research, Groningen, The Netherlands; GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands;
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Haenen S, Clynen E, Nemery B, Hoet PH, Vanoirbeek JA. Biomarker discovery in asthma and COPD: Application of proteomics techniques in human and mice. EUPA OPEN PROTEOMICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euprot.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Itoh M, Tsuji T, Nakamura H, Yamaguchi K, Fuchikami JI, Takahashi M, Morozumi Y, Aoshiba K. Systemic effects of acute cigarette smoke exposure in mice. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 26:464-73. [PMID: 24932561 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.917346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cigarette smoke (CS) causes both pulmonary and extrapulmonary disorders. OBJECTIVE To determine the pulmonary and extrapulmonary effects of acute CS exposure in regard to inflammation, oxidative stress and DNA damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were exposed to CS for 10 days and then their lungs, heart, liver, pancreas, kidneys, gastrocnemius muscle and subcutaneous (inguinal and flank) and visceral (retroperitoneum and periuterus) adipose tissues were excised. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples were obtained for differential cell analysis. Inflammatory cell infiltration of the tissues was assessed by immunohistochemistry for Mac-3(+) cells, F4/80(+) cells and CD45(+) cells. Oxidative stress was determined by immunohistochemistry for thymidine glycol (a marker of DNA peroxidation) and 4-hydroxy hexenal (a marker of lipid peroxidation), by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for protein carbonyls (a marker of protein peroxidation) and by measurements of enzyme activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase. DNA double-strand breaks were assessed by immunohistochemistry for γH2AX. RESULTS CS exposure-induced inflammatory cell infiltration, oxidative stress and DNA damage in the lung. Neither inflammatory cell infiltration nor DNA damage was observed in any extrapulmonary organs. However, oxidative stress was increased in the heart and inguinal adipose tissue. DISCUSSIONS Induction of inflammatory cell infiltration and DNA damage by acute CS exposure was confined to the lung. However, an increased oxidative burden occurred in the heart and some adipose tissue, as well as in the lung. CONCLUSIONS Although extrapulmonary effects of CS are relatively modest compared with the pulmonary effects, some extrapulmonary organs are vulnerable to CS-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Itoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center , Ibaraki , Japan
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Pérez-Rial S, del Puerto-Nevado L, Terrón-Expósito R, Girón-Martínez Á, González-Mangado N, Peces-Barba G. Role of recently migrated monocytes in cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation in different strain of mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72975. [PMID: 24058452 PMCID: PMC3772796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the role of proinflammatory monocytes recruited from blood circulation and recovered in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in mediating the lung damage in a model of acute cigarette smoke (CS)-induced lung inflammation in two strains of mice with different susceptibility to develop emphysema (susceptible -C57BL/6J and non susceptible -129S2/SvHsd). Exposure to whole-body CS for 3 consecutive research cigarettes in one single day induced acute inflammation in the lung of mice. Analysis of BAL fluid showed more influx of recently migrated monocytes at 72 h after CS-exposition in susceptible compared to non susceptible mice. It correlated with an increase in MMP-12 and TNF-α protein levels in the lung tissue, and with an increment of NF-κB translocation to the nucleus measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay in C57BL/6J mice. To determine the functional role of these proinflammatory monocytes in mediating CS-induced airway inflammation, alveolar macrophages and blood monocytes were transiently removed by pretreatment with intratracheal and intravenous liposome-encapsulated CL2MDP, given 2 and 4 days prior to CS exposure and their repopulation was studied. Monocytes/macrophages were maximally depleted 48 h after last liposome application and subsequently recently migrated monocytes reappeared in BAL fluid of susceptible mice at 72 h after CS exposure. Recently migrated monocytes influx to the lung correlated with an increase in the MMP-12 protein level in the lung tissue, indicating that the increase in proinflammatory monocytes is associated with a major tissue damaging. Therefore our data confirm that the recruitment of proinflammatory recently migrated monocytes from the blood are responsible for the increase in MMP-12 and has an important role in the pathogenesis of lung disease induced by acute lung inflammation. These results could contribute to understanding the different susceptibility to CS of these strains of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pérez-Rial
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-CIBERES (IIS-FJD-CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura del Puerto-Nevado
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-CIBERES (IIS-FJD-CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Terrón-Expósito
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-CIBERES (IIS-FJD-CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Girón-Martínez
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-CIBERES (IIS-FJD-CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicolás González-Mangado
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-CIBERES (IIS-FJD-CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Germán Peces-Barba
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-CIBERES (IIS-FJD-CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
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Downregulation of NOX4 expression by roflumilast N-oxide reduces markers of fibrosis in lung fibroblasts. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:745984. [PMID: 24027357 PMCID: PMC3763264 DOI: 10.1155/2013/745984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor roflumilast prevents bleomycin- (BLM-) induced lung fibrosis in animal models. However, its mechanism of action remains unknown. We investigated whether roflumilast N-oxide (RNO), the active metabolite of roflumilast, can modulate in vitro the oxidative effects of BLM on human lung fibroblasts (HLF). In addition, since BLM increases the production of F₂-isoprostanes that have per se fibrogenic activity, the effect of RNO on oxidative stress and fibrogenesis induced by the F₂-isoprostane 8-epi-PGF₂α was investigated. HLF were preincubated either with the vehicle or with RNO and exposed to either BLM or 8-epi-PGF₂α. Proliferation and collagen synthesis were assessed as [(3)H]-thymidine and [(3)H]-proline incorporation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and F₂-isoprostanes were measured. NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) protein and mRNA were also evaluated. BLM increased both cell proliferation and collagen synthesis and enhanced ROS and F₂-isoprostane production. These effects were significantly prevented by RNO. Also, RNO significantly reduced the increase in both NOX4 mRNA and protein, induced by BLM. Finally, 8-epi-PGF₂α per se stimulated HLF proliferation, collagen synthesis, and NOX4 expression and ROS generation, and RNO prevented these effects. Thus, the antifibrotic effect of RNO observed in vivo may be related to its ability to mitigate ROS generation via downregulation of NOX4.
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Møller P, Danielsen PH, Jantzen K, Roursgaard M, Loft S. Oxidatively damaged DNA in animals exposed to particles. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 43:96-118. [PMID: 23346980 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.756456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to combustion-derived particles, quartz and asbestos is associated with increased levels of oxidized and mutagenic DNA lesions. The aim of this survey was to critically assess the measurements of oxidatively damaged DNA as marker of particle-induced genotoxicity in animal tissues. Publications based on non-optimal assays of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine by antibodies and/or unrealistically high levels of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (suggesting experimental problems due to spurious oxidation of DNA) reported more induction of DNA damage after exposure to particles than did the publications based on optimal methods. The majority of studies have used single intracavitary administration or inhalation with dose rates exceeding the pulmonary overload threshold, resulting in cytotoxicity and inflammation. It is unclear whether this is relevant for the much lower human exposure levels. Still, there was linear dose-response relationship for 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine in lung tissue without obvious signs of a threshold. The dose-response function was also dependent on chemical composition and other characteristics of the administered particles, whereas dependence on species and strain could not be equivocally determined. Roles of cytotoxicity or inflammation for oxidatively induced DNA damage could not be documented or refuted. Studies on exposure to particles in the gastrointestinal tract showed consistently increased levels of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine in the liver. Collectively, there is evidence from animal experimental models that both pulmonary and gastrointestinal tract exposure to particles are associated with elevated levels of oxidatively damaged DNA in the lung and internal organs. However, there is a paucity of studies on pulmonary exposure to low doses of particles that are relevant for hazard/risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Goldklang MP, Marks SM, D'Armiento JM. Second hand smoke and COPD: lessons from animal studies. Front Physiol 2013; 4:30. [PMID: 23450717 PMCID: PMC3583033 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to second hand smoke is a major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the non-smoker. In this review we explore the use of animal smoke exposure models and their insight into disease pathogenesis. The methods of smoke exposure, including exposure delivery systems, are described. Key findings from the acute and chronic smoke exposure models are outlined, including descriptions of the inflammation processes, proteases involved, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Finally, alternatives to rodent models of lung disease are presented.
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Zhang Y, Cao J, Chen Y, Chen P, Peng H, Cai S, Luo H, Wu SJ. Intraperitoneal injection of cigarette smoke extract induced emphysema, and injury of cardiac and skeletal muscles in BALB/C mice. Exp Lung Res 2012; 39:18-31. [PMID: 23216006 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2012.745910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic, progressive, airway disease. In order to recognize mechanisms of COPD, various types of COPD animal models have been established, and the pathogenesis are different. The present study was designed to establish a COPD animal model by intraperitoneal injection of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) in BALB/C mice. METHODS Mice were injected intraperitoneally with PBS/CSE and sacrificed at day 28. Pulmonary function, pathology of lung tissue, morphology of hearts and skeletal muscle, leukocytes count and antioxidant activity of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), pulmonary parenchymal apoptosis index (AI), expression of cleaved caspase-3, expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA, and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in lung tissue were measured. RESULTS Intraperitoneal injection of CSE induced pulmonary parenchymal destruction, pulmonary function reduction, leukocytes count, injury of cardiac and peripheral muscles, and increased pulmonary parenchymal AI, cleaved caspase-3 protein, expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA, activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein in lung tissue, and suppressed antioxidant activity in BALF (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Intraperitoneal injection of CSE produced emphysema, pulmonary parenchymal apoptosis, and injury of cardiac and skeletal muscles in mice. All pathobiologically relevant mechanisms in this model are shared with the COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Birru RL, Di YP. Pathogenic mechanism of second hand smoke induced inflammation and COPD. Front Physiol 2012; 3:348. [PMID: 22973236 PMCID: PMC3428782 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Second hand smoke (SHS) introduces thousands of toxic chemicals into the lung, including carcinogens and oxidants, which cause direct airway epithelium tissue destruction. It can also illicit indirect damage through its effect on signaling pathways related to tissue cell repair and by the abnormal induction of inflammation into the lung. After repeated exposure to SHS, these symptoms can lead to the development of pulmonary inflammatory disorders, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is a severe pulmonary disease characterized by chronic inflammation and irreversible tissue destruction. There is no causal cure, as the mechanism behind the development and progression of the disease is still unknown. Recent discoveries implicate genetic predisposition associated with inflammatory response contributed to the development of COPD, linked to irregular innate and adaptive immunity, as well as a risk factor for cancer. The use of animal models for both cigarette smoke (CS) and SHS associated in vivo experiments has been crucial in elucidating the pathogenic mechanisms and genetic components involved in inflammation-related development of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel L Birru
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Gardi C, Valacchi G. Cigarette smoke and ozone effect on murine inflammatory responses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1259:104-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Müller T, Hengstermann A. Nrf2: friend and foe in preventing cigarette smoking-dependent lung disease. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:1805-24. [PMID: 22686525 DOI: 10.1021/tx300145n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) generally confronts cellular defense systems with one of the strongest known environmental challenges. In particular, the continuous exposure of tissues of the respiratory tract to abundant concentrations of radicals; volatile compounds of the gas phase, mainly reactive oxygen and nitrogen species; and CS condensate deposits trigger a pleiotropic adaptive response, generally aimed at restoring tissue homeostasis. As documented by numerous studies published over the past decade, a hallmark of this defense system is the activation of the transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which, consequent to its established role as master regulator of the cellular antioxidant response, has been shown to orchestrate the first line of defense against cell- and tissue-damaging components present in CS. The key to CS-dependent Nrf2 activation is assumed to be based on the long-known phenomenon of a general strong sulfhydryl (-SH) reactivity inherent to CS. This chemical trait is virtually predestined to be sensitized by the major route leading to Nrf2 activation, characterized by its dependence on the interaction of electrophiles with specific cysteine residues inherited by Nrf2's negative cytosolic regulator Keap1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1). In addition, other pathways involving CS-activated protein kinases implicated in the upstream regulation of Nrf2, such as protein kinase C, represent an alternative/complementary mechanism of CS-induced Nrf2 activation. Because of the outstanding function of the Nrf2-Keap1 axis in defending cells and tissues against oxidant and chemical stress, either directly or indirectly via cross-talking with other defense pathways, changes in the Nrf2 or Keap1 genotype have long been associated with disease development. In terms of the two major smoking-related diseases of the lung, that is, emphysema and lung cancer, a fully functional Nrf2 genotype seems to be necessary, although not sufficient by itself, to protect the smoker from acquiring emphysema. Contrasting with this protective role, however, Nrf2 function may be potentially fatal in smoking-related lung tumorigenesis: as concluded from recent clinical investigations, lung tumor tissues harbor increased mutation or, alternatively, aberrant expression rates in either the KEAP1 or the NRF2 gene, generally resulting in constitutive Nrf2 activation, suggesting that "abuse" of Nrf2 function is an advantageous strategy of the (developing) tumor to protect itself against oxidative stress in general. On the basis of the fundamental significance of the Nrf2 pathway in smoking-dependent disease development, several attempts have been described for dietary and pharmacological intervention, the majority of which are intended to activate Nrf2 aiming at emphysema prevention. The intention of this review is to compile and discuss the various aspects of CS-Nrf2/Keap1 interaction in terms of mechanism, disease development, and chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- Molecular Toxicology Consultant, Stockbergergasse 15, 51515 Kürten, Germany.
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Cigarette smoke affects keratinocytes SRB1 expression and localization via H2O2 production and HNE protein adducts formation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33592. [PMID: 22442701 PMCID: PMC3307738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenger Receptor B1 (SR-B1), also known as HDL receptor, is involved in cellular cholesterol uptake. Stratum corneum (SC), the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of more than 25% cholesterol. Several reports support the view that alteration of SC lipid composition may be the cause of impaired barrier function which gives rise to several skin diseases. For this reason the regulation of the genes involved in cholesterol uptake is of extreme significance for skin health. Being the first shield against external insults, the skin is exposed to several noxious substances and among these is cigarette smoke (CS), which has been recently associated with various skin pathologies. In this study we first have shown the presence of SR-B1 in murine and human skin tissue and then by using immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, RT-PCR, and confocal microscopy we have demonstrated the translocation and the subsequent lost of SR-B1 in human keratinocytes (cell culture model) after CS exposure is driven by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that derives not only from the CS gas phase but mainly from the activation of cellular NADPH oxidase (NOX). This effect was reversed when the cells were pretreated with NOX inhibitors or catalase. Furthermore, CS caused the formation of SR-B1-aldheydes adducts (acrolein and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal) and the increase of its ubiquitination, which could be one of the causes of SR-B1 loss. In conclusion, exposure to CS, through the production of H2O2, induced post-translational modifications of SR-B1 with the consequence lost of the receptor and this may contribute to the skin physiology alteration as a consequence of the variation of cholesterol uptake.
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Balansky R, D'Agostini F, Micale RT, La Maestra S, Steele VE, De Flora S. Dose-related cytogenetic damage in pulmonary alveolar macrophages from mice exposed to cigarette smoke early in life. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:509-16. [PMID: 21989788 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0765-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The micronucleus test detects both structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations caused by environmental agents. However, this test is poorly sensitive to detect the clastogenicity of cigarette smoke (CS) in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. At variance with peripheral blood lymphocytes and other cells outside the lower respiratory tract, pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) are selectively affected by inhalable carcinogens and have been used to evaluate the modulation of CS-related cytogenetic alterations in vivo. The present study was aimed at evaluating (1) the cytogenetic response in PAM isolated from the lung of mice exposed to CS during the first 4 weeks of life and (2) the dose dependence of MN and polynucleated (PN) PAM formation in CS-exposed mice. To this purpose, ICR(CD-1) mice were exposed whole body to mainstream CS for 4 weeks, starting immediately after birth. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed to evaluate the cellularity of this fluid and the frequency of PN and MN PAM. At the doses of 119, 292, and 438 mg/m(3) total particulate matter, CS significantly increased both the proportion of PAM in the BAL fluid and the frequencies of PN and MN PAM. The cytogenetic effects were significantly correlated with the CS dose. In conclusion, PAM are suitable to detect induction by CS of clastogenic and aneugenic effects in mice during a developmental period corresponding to infancy, childhood, and early adolescence in humans. These surrogate cells, providing an important defense mechanism of the respiratory tract, are proposed as indicators of CS-related DNA damage in youngsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roumen Balansky
- National Center of Oncology, Str. Plovdivsko Pole 6, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Zhang J, Feng MX, Qu JM. Low dose theophylline showed an inhibitory effect on the production of IL-6 and IL-8 in primary lung fibroblast from patients with COPD. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:492901. [PMID: 22363103 PMCID: PMC3272862 DOI: 10.1155/2012/492901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by the abnormal and chronic lung inflammation. We hypothesized that lung fibroblasts could contribute to the local inflammation and investigated whether low dose theophylline had a beneficial effect on fibroblasts inflammation. Subjects undergoing lobectomy for bronchial carcinoma were enrolled and divided into COPD and control groups according to spirometry. Primary human lung fibroblasts were cultured from peripheral lung tissue distant to tumor tissue. There was a significant increase in both the mRNA expressions and protein levels for IL-6 and IL-8 in fibroblasts in COPD group, and the values were negatively correlated with lung function (P < 0.05). For COPD fibroblasts, the protein levels of IL-6 and IL-8 decreased from 993.0 ± 738.9 pg/mL to 650.1 ± 421.9 pg/mL (P = 0.014) and from 703.1 ± 278.0 pg/mL to 492.0 ± 214.9 pg/mL (P = 0.001), respectively, with 5 μg/mL theophylline treatment. In addition, theophylline at the dose of 5 μg/mL reduced the increased production of IL-6 and IL-8 induced by 1 μg/mL LPS in primary human lung fibroblasts. Our data suggest that lung fibroblasts participate in the chronic inflammation in COPD by releasing IL-6 and IL-8, and low dose theophylline can alleviate the proinflammatory mediators' production by fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ming-xiang Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jie-ming Qu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
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Teoh H, Quan A, Creighton AK, Annie Bang KW, Singh KK, Shukla PC, Gupta N, Pan Y, Lovren F, Leong-Poi H, Al-Omran M, Verma S. BRCA1 gene therapy reduces systemic inflammatory response and multiple organ failure and improves survival in experimental sepsis. Gene Ther 2012; 20:51-61. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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30
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Pérez-Rial S, del Puerto-Nevado L, González-Mangado N, Peces-Barba G. Early Detection of Susceptibility to Acute Lung Inflammation by Molecular Imaging in Mice Exposed to Cigarette Smoke. Mol Imaging 2011; 10:398-405. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2011.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pérez-Rial
- From the Experimental Pulmonology Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura del Puerto-Nevado
- From the Experimental Pulmonology Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Germán Peces-Barba
- From the Experimental Pulmonology Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
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31
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McGrath-Morrow SA, Lauer T, Collaco JM, Yee M, O'Reilly M, Mitzner W, Neptune E, Wise R, Biswal S. Neonatal hyperoxia contributes additively to cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease changes in adult mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:610-6. [PMID: 21239606 PMCID: PMC3175575 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0259oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent by which early postnatal lung injury contributes to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the adult is unclear. We hypothesized that exposure to hyperoxia during early postnatal life can augment lung changes caused by adult chronic cigarette smoke (CS) exposure. C57BL/6J mice (1 d old) were exposed to hyperoxia (O(2)) for 5 days. At 1 month of age, half of the O(2)-exposed mice and half of the control mice were placed in a CS chamber for 6 months. After exposure to CS, mice underwent quasi-static pressure-volume curve and mean chord length measurements; quantification of pro-Sp-c expression; and measurement of lung IL-8/ KC, CXCR2/IL8Rα, TNF-α, and IL-6 mRNA by real-time PCR. Adult mice exposed to O(2)+CS had significantly larger chord length measurements (P < 0.02) and lung volumes at 35 cm H(2)O (P < 0.05) compared with all other groups. They also had significantly less pro-Sp-c protein and surfactant protein C mRNA expression (P < 0.003). Mice exposed to O(2)+CS and CS-only mice had significantly higher lung resistance and longer mean time constants (P < 0.01), significantly more inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (P < 0.03), and significantly higher levels of lung CXCR2/IL8Rα mRNA compared with mice not exposed to smoke (P < 0.02). We conclude that exposure to early postnatal hyperoxia contributed additively to CS-induced COPD changes in adult mice. These results may be relevant to a growing population of preterm children who sustained lung injury in the newborn period and may be exposed to CS in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A McGrath-Morrow
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonary, Suite 3029, 200 N. Wolfe St. Baltimore, MD 21287-2533, USA.
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Nikodemova M, Watters JJ. Outbred ICR/CD1 mice display more severe neuroinflammation mediated by microglial TLR4/CD14 activation than inbred C57Bl/6 mice. Neuroscience 2011; 190:67-74. [PMID: 21683771 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia is a pathological hallmark of many CNS disorders. Cell lines derived from inbred C57Bl/6 and outbred ICR/CD1 mice (BV-2 and N9 respectively), are often used to study microglial inflammatory activities. Although many studies demonstrate different responses of these cell lines to the same stimulus, no comparisons have been done in vivo. Because inbreeding reduces resistance to pathogens and parasites, we hypothesized that microglia from outbred ICR/CD1 mice would have a stronger response to centrally administered LPS than microglia from inbred C57Bl/6 mice. The evaluation of gene expression in freshly isolated CD11b+ cells from brain revealed that microglia from ICR/CD1 mice were more pro-inflammatory than those from C57Bl/6 mice, although these differences did not appear to result from alterations in the expression levels of the LPS receptors TLR4 or CD14. Notably, the timing of inflammatory gene expression did not correlate with CD11b+ cell proliferation/infiltration. The highest expression of TNFα, IL-6 and iNOS occurred 3 h after LPS injection when the number of CD11b+ cells was not changed. Whereas the expression of these pro-inflammatory genes had returned to basal by 48 h when the highest number of CD11b+ cells in the brain was found, the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was still significantly up-regulated. This is important because the increased presence of CD11b+ cells in the CNS is often used as an indicator of neuroinflammation. While LPS did not affect the expression of the growth factors VEGF or BDNF, we observed that mechanical injury (caused by intraparenchymal injection) induced distinct patterns of microglial activation characterized by increased expression of VEGF and down-regulation of BDNF. It remains to be determined which type of microglia is more beneficial/detrimental to the CNS, but our data suggest that genetic traits determining microglial properties may have profound effect on many CNS pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nikodemova
- The Center for Women Health Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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33
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Zhang J, Wu L, Qu JM. Inhibited proliferation of human lung fibroblasts by LPS is through IL-6 and IL-8 release. Cytokine 2011; 54:289-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Mercado N, Thimmulappa R, Thomas CM, Fenwick PS, Chana KK, Donnelly LE, Biswal S, Ito K, Barnes PJ. Decreased histone deacetylase 2 impairs Nrf2 activation by oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 406:292-8. [PMID: 21320471 PMCID: PMC3061319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays a crucial role in cellular defence against oxidative stress by inducing the expression of multiple anti-oxidant genes. However, where high levels of oxidative stress are observed, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Nrf2 activity is reduced, although the molecular mechanism for this defect is uncertain. Here, we show that down-regulation of histone deacetylase (HDAC) 2 causes Nrf2 instability, resulting in reduced anti-oxidant gene expression and increase sensitivity to oxidative stress. Although Nrf2 protein was clearly stabilized after hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) stimulation in a bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS2B), Nrf2 stability was decreased and Nrf2 acetylation increased in the presence of an HDAC inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA). TSA also reduced Nrf2-regulated heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in these cells, and this was confirmed in acute cigarette-smoke exposed mice in vivo. HDAC2 knock-down by RNA interference resulted in reduced H(2)O(2)-induced Nrf2 protein stability and activity in BEAS2B cells, whereas HDAC1 knockdown had no effect. Furthermore, monocyte-derived macrophages obtained from healthy volunteers (non-smokers and smokers) and COPD patients showed a significant correlation between HDAC2 expression and Nrf2 expression (r=0.92, p<0.0001). Thus, reduced HDAC2 activity in COPD may account for increased Nrf2 acetylation, reduced Nrf2 stability and impaired anti oxidant defences.
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Key Words
- are, anti oxidant response element
- copd, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- dj-1, parkinson’s disease (pd)-associated protein
- hdac2, histone deacetylase-2
- ho-1, heme oxygenase-1
- h2o2, hydrogen peroxide
- keap1, kelch-like ech associated protein 1
- mdm, monocyte-derived macrophage
- nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- ros, reactive oxygen species
- tsa, trichostatin a
- oxidative stress
- nrf2
- histone deacetylase 2
- protein stability
- acetylation
- copd
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Mercado
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Rajesh Thimmulappa
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Catherine M.R. Thomas
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Peter S. Fenwick
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Kirandeep K. Chana
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Louise E. Donnelly
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Shyam Biswal
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Ito
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Peter J. Barnes
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
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