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Deiab NS, Kodous AS, Mahfouz MK, Said AM, Ghobashy MM, Abozaid OAR. Smart Hesperidin/Chitosan Nanogel Mitigates Apoptosis and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Fluoride and Aluminum-Induced Testicular Injury. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:4106-4124. [PMID: 38087036 PMCID: PMC11252208 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03991-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Fluoride and aluminum are ubiquitous toxic metals with adverse reproductive effects. The citrus flavonoid hesperidin has protective activities but poor solubility and bioavailability. Nanoparticulate delivery systems can improve flavonoid effectiveness. We conducted this study to prepare a pH-responsive chitosan-based nanogel for hesperidin delivery and evaluate its effectiveness against sodium fluoride (NaF) and aluminum chloride (AlCl3) induced testicular toxicity in mice. The nanogel was synthesized using 2 kGy gamma irradiation, enabling a size under 200 nm and enhanced hesperidin release at pH 6 matching testicular acidity. Male mice received 200 mg/kg AlCl3 and 10 mg/kg NaF daily for 30 days. Hesperidin nanogel at 20 mg/kg was administered orally either prophylactically (pretreatment) or after intoxication (posttreatment). The results showed that AlCl3 + NaF induced severe oxidative stress, hormonal disturbance, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress, evidenced by significant changes in the studied parameters and testicular histological damage. Hesperidin nanogel administration significantly inhibited oxidative stress markers, restored luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone levels, and alleviated tissue damage compared to the intoxicated group. It also downregulated the expression level of pro-apoptotic genes Bax, caspase-3, caspase-9, and P38MAPK, while upregulating the expression level of the anti-apoptotic BCL2 gene. Endoplasmic reticulum stress sensors PERK, ATF6, and IRE-α were also downregulated by the nanogel. The chitosan-based nanogel enhanced the delivery and efficacy of poorly bioavailable hesperidin, exhibiting remarkable protective effects against AlCl3 and NaF reproductive toxicity. This innovative nanosystem represents a promising approach to harnessing bioactive phytochemicals with delivery challenges, enabling protective effects against chemical-induced testicular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora S Deiab
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Al Qalyubiyah, Egypt.
| | - Ahmad S Kodous
- Radiation Biology Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box 13759, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), P.O. Box 600036, 38, Sardar Patel Road, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Mohamed K Mahfouz
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Al Qalyubiyah, Egypt
| | - Alshaimaa M Said
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Al Qalyubiyah, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mohamady Ghobashy
- Radiation Research of Polymer Chemistry Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omayma A R Abozaid
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Al Qalyubiyah, Egypt
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2
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Kato N, Nakai K, Tanaka H, Fukuzawa K, Hayashi M, Aoki M, Kawato T. The Role of Sodium Fluoride Mouthwash in Regulating FGF-2 and TGF-β Expression in Human Gingival Fibroblasts. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1727. [PMID: 39200192 PMCID: PMC11351898 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Sodium fluoride (NaF) is a fluoride application recommended by the World Health Organization for its efficacy and safety in preventing dental caries. Gingival fibroblasts that constitute the majority of connective tissue cells play a major role in wound healing via the expression of growth factors, including fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). This study examined the effect of NaF mouthwash on FGF-2 and TGF-β expression in human gingival fibroblasts (HGnFs). Fibroblasts were exposed to a medium with 225 ppmF NaF for 1 min, then switched to either 15 ppmF NaF for continuous stimulation or no NaF for transient stimulation. Continuous NaF stimulation significantly increased the gene and protein expression of FGF-2 and TGF-β in HGnFs compared to controls, suggesting NaF's potential role in modulating periodontal tissue wound healing. Signaling pathway investigations showed the involvement of heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins, calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. Inhibiting CaMKII reduced NaF-induced FGF-2 and TGF-β expression, while ERK phosphorylation increased after NaF stimulation. These results highlight NaF mouthwash's potential in promoting wound healing in extraction sockets, particularly during the mixed dentition period. Understanding NaF's effects is clinically relevant due to the common use of fluoride products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobue Kato
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 1018310, Japan; (N.K.); (H.T.); (K.F.); (M.H.); (M.A.); (T.K.)
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 1018310, Japan
| | - Kumiko Nakai
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 1018310, Japan; (N.K.); (H.T.); (K.F.); (M.H.); (M.A.); (T.K.)
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 1018310, Japan
| | - Hideki Tanaka
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 1018310, Japan; (N.K.); (H.T.); (K.F.); (M.H.); (M.A.); (T.K.)
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 1018310, Japan
| | - Kyoko Fukuzawa
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 1018310, Japan; (N.K.); (H.T.); (K.F.); (M.H.); (M.A.); (T.K.)
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 1018310, Japan
| | - Minii Hayashi
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 1018310, Japan; (N.K.); (H.T.); (K.F.); (M.H.); (M.A.); (T.K.)
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 1018310, Japan
| | - Mikio Aoki
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 1018310, Japan; (N.K.); (H.T.); (K.F.); (M.H.); (M.A.); (T.K.)
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 1018310, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawato
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 1018310, Japan; (N.K.); (H.T.); (K.F.); (M.H.); (M.A.); (T.K.)
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 1018310, Japan
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Kumar S, Chhabra V, Mehra M, K S, Kumar B H, Shenoy S, Swamy RS, Murti K, Pai KSR, Kumar N. The fluorosis conundrum: bridging the gap between science and public health. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024; 34:214-235. [PMID: 37921264 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2023.2268722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluorosis, a chronic condition brought on by excessive fluoride ingestion which, has drawn much scientific attention and public health concern. It is a complex and multifaceted issue that affects millions of people worldwide. Despite decades of scientific research elucidating the causes, mechanisms, and prevention strategies for fluorosis, there remains a significant gap between scientific understanding and public health implementation. While the scientific community has made significant strides in understanding the etiology and prevention of fluorosis, effectively translating this knowledge into public health policies and practices remains challenging. This review explores the gap between scientific research on fluorosis and its practical implementation in public health initiatives. It suggests developing evidence-based guidelines for fluoride exposure and recommends comprehensive educational campaigns targeting the public and healthcare providers. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for further research to fill the existing knowledge gaps and promote evidence-based decision-making. By fostering collaboration, communication, and evidence-based practices, policymakers, healthcare professionals, and the public can work together to implement preventive measures and mitigate the burden of fluorosis on affected communities. This review highlighted several vital strategies to bridge the gap between science and public health in the context of fluorosis. It emphasizes the importance of translating scientific evidence into actionable guidelines, raising public awareness about fluoride consumption, and promoting preventive measures at individual and community levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachindra Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Vishal Chhabra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - Manmeet Mehra
- Department of Pharmacology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Saranya K
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - Harish Kumar B
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Smita Shenoy
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Ravindra Shantakumar Swamy
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Basic Medical Sciences (DBMS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Krishna Murti
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - K Sreedhara Ranganath Pai
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
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A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between fluoride exposure and neurological disorders. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22659. [PMID: 34811523 PMCID: PMC8609002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99688-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Different studies have suggested that fluoride is related to neurological disorders in children and adolescents, but clinical evidences of which neurological parameters associated to fluoride exposure are, in fact, still controversial. In this way, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to show if there is an association between fluoride exposure from different sources, doses and neurological disorders. Terms related to "Humans"; "Central nervous system"; "Fluorides"; and "Neurologic manifestations" were searched in a systematic way on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs, Cochrane and Google Scholar. All studies performed on humans exposed to fluoride were included on the final assessment. A meta-analysis was then performed and the quality level of evidence was performed using the GRADE approach. Our search retrieved 4,024 studies, among which 27 fulfilled the eligibility criteria. The main source of fluoride was naturally fluoridated water. Twenty-six studies showed alterations related to Intelligence Quotient (IQ) while only one has evaluated headache, insomnia, lethargy, polydipsia and polyuria. Ten studies were included on the meta-analysis, which showed IQ impairment only for individuals under high fluoride exposure considering the World Health Organization criteria, without evidences of association between low levels and any neurological disorder. However, the high heterogeneity observed compromise the final conclusions obtained by the quantitative analyses regarding such high levels. Furthermore, this association was classified as very low-level evidence. At this time, the current evidence does not allow us to state that fluoride is associated with neurological damage, indicating the need for new epidemiological studies that could provide further evidences regarding this possible association.
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Nottebaum S, Weinzierl ROJ. Transcribing Genes the Hard Way: In Vitro Reconstitution of Nanoarchaeal RNA Polymerase Reveals Unusual Active Site Properties. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:669314. [PMID: 34141723 PMCID: PMC8204694 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.669314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoarchaea represent a highly diverged archaeal phylum that displays many unusual biological features. The Nanoarchaeum equitans genome encodes a complete set of RNA polymerase (RNAP) subunits and basal factors. Several of the standard motifs in the active center contain radical substitutions that are normally expected to render the polymerase catalytically inactive. Here we show that, despite these unusual features, a RNAP reconstituted from recombinant Nanoarchaeum subunits is transcriptionally active. Using a sparse-matrix high-throughput screening method we identified an atypical stringent requirement for fluoride ions to maximize its activity under in vitro transcription conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Nottebaum
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Orthomol Pharmazeutische Vertriebs GmbH, Langenfeld, Germany
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Fluoride Affects Dopamine Metabolism and Causes Changes in the Expression of Dopamine Receptors (D1R and D2R) in Chosen Brain Structures of Morphine-Dependent Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072361. [PMID: 32235357 PMCID: PMC7177607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbances caused by excess or shortages of certain elements can affect the cerebral reward system and may therefore modulate the processes associated with the development of dependence as was confirmed by behavioural studies on animals addicted to morphine. Earlier publications demonstrated and proved the neurodegenerative properties of both low and high doses of fluoride ions in animal experiments and in epidemiological and clinical studies. The aim of the experiments conducted in the course of the present study was to analyse the effect of pre- and postnatal exposure to 50 ppm F− on the initiation/development of morphine dependence. For this purpose, the following were conducted: behavioural studies, the analysis of concentrations of dopamine and its metabolites, and the analyses of mRNA expression and dopamine receptor proteins D1 and D2 in the prefrontal cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum of rats. In this study, it was observed for the first time that pre- and postnatal exposure to fluoride ions influenced the phenomenon of morphine dependence in a model expressing withdrawal symptoms. Behavioural, molecular, and neurochemical studies demonstrated that the degenerative changes caused by toxic activity of fluoride ions during the developmental period of the nervous system may impair the functioning of the dopaminergic pathway due to changes in dopamine concentration and in dopamine receptors. Moreover, the dopaminergic disturbances within the striatum and the cerebellum played a predominant role as both alterations of dopamine metabolism and profound alterations in striatal D1 and D2 receptors were discovered in these structures. The present study provides a new insight into a global problem showing direct associations between environmental factors and addictive disorders.
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Ameeramja J, Perumal E. Pulmonary fluorosis: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:22119-22132. [PMID: 28840484 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9951-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The increased industrialization and improvised human lifestyle lead to a surge in environmental pollution nowadays. Even the chemicals which are known as prophylactic agents were currently liable to be toxic. One among them is inorganic fluoride whose wider application in numerous processes makes it as an inevitable environmental contaminant and industrial pollutant. Although the systemic toxicity of fluoride has been extensively studied, still there is lacuna in the field of pulmonary fluoride toxicity. Hence, we have focused on the molecular mechanism of action of fluoride compounds on pulmonary system. A study of literatures that focused on the potential physiological and toxicological consequences of fluoride on pulmonary system was carried out. The goal of this review is to present an overview of the research carried out till date on the molecular aspects of fluoride exposure with emphasis on pulmonary system and their possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaishabanu Ameeramja
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 640 046, India
| | - Ekambaram Perumal
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 640 046, India.
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Dec K, Łukomska A, Maciejewska D, Jakubczyk K, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Chlubek D, Wąsik A, Gutowska I. The Influence of Fluorine on the Disturbances of Homeostasis in the Central Nervous System. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 177:224-234. [PMID: 27787813 PMCID: PMC5418325 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0871-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fluorides occur naturally in the environment, the daily exposure of human organism to fluorine mainly depends on the intake of this element with drinking water and it is connected with the geographical region. In some countries, we can observe the endemic fluorosis-the damage of hard and soft tissues caused by the excessive intake of fluorine. Recent studies showed that fluorine is toxic to the central nervous system (CNS). There are several known mechanisms which lead to structural brain damage caused by the excessive intake of fluorine. This element is able to cross the blood-brain barrier, and it accumulates in neurons affecting cytological changes, cell activity and ion transport (e.g. chlorine transport). Additionally, fluorine changes the concentration of non-enzymatic advanced glycation end products (AGEs), the metabolism of neurotransmitters (influencing mainly glutamatergic neurotransmission) and the energy metabolism of neurons by the impaired glucose transporter-GLUT1. It can also change activity and lead to dysfunction of important proteins which are part of the respiratory chain. Fluorine also affects oxidative stress, glial activation and inflammation in the CNS which leads to neurodegeneration. All of those changes lead to abnormal cell differentiation and the activation of apoptosis through the changes in the expression of neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAM), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and MAP kinases. Excessive exposure to this element can cause harmful effects such as permanent damage of all brain structures, impaired learning ability, memory dysfunction and behavioural problems. This paper provides an overview of the fluoride neurotoxicity in juveniles and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dec
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland
| | - A Łukomska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland
| | - D Maciejewska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland
| | - K Jakubczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland
| | - I Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 av., 71-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - D Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 av., 71-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - A Wąsik
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neurochemistry, Smętna street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - I Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland.
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Zhao L, Li J, Su J, Snead ML, Ruan J. LS8 cell apoptosis induced by NaF through p-ERK and p-JNK - a mechanism study of dental fluorosis. Acta Odontol Scand 2016; 74:539-549. [PMID: 27624793 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2016.1214980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the possible biological mechanism of dental fluorosis at a molecular level. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cultured LS8 were incubated with serum-free medium containing selected concentrations of NaF (0 ∼ 2 mM) for either 24 or 48 h. Subcellular microanatomy was characterized using TEM; meanwhile, selected biomolecules were analysed using various biochemistry techniques. Transient transfection was used to modulate a molecular pathway for apoptosis. RESULTS Apoptosis of LS8 was induced by NaF treatment that showed both time and concentration dependency. The activity of caspase-3, -8, -9 was found to be increased with NaF in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot revealed that the protein expression of p-ERK and p-JNK were decreased, while the expression of p-P38 was increased. Inhibition of the p-ERK and p-JNK pathways resulted in a similar decrease for caspase-3. CONCLUSION During NaF-induced apoptosis of LS8, p-ERK and p-JNK were closely associated with induction of apoptosis, which might be a mechanism of dental fluorosis.
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Thansa K, Yocawibun P, Suksodsai H. The cellular death pattern of primary haemocytes isolated from the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 57:243-251. [PMID: 27561625 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A key to successfully generate the penaeid shrimp cell line is to find out how primary cells died. The most suitable period to culture Penaeus monodon haemocytes was in the first 48 h of culture because cells had normal morphology, high percent of viable cells (65.29 ± 5.43%), low percent of early (11.75 ± 1.30%) and late apoptotic cells (15.47 ± 11.71%) determined by Annexin V and TUNEL including constant IAP (0.06 ± 0.01-0.07 ± 0.01) and caspase-3 expression (0.30 ± 0.06-0.39 ± 0.10) by real-time PCR throughout the experiment. Moreover, adding 50 and 250 μM of the cell permeable pan caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK produced some melanised cells since the 48(th) hour, while percent of viable cells was decreased since the 24(th) hour with no difference in percent of early and late apoptotic cells compared to control at each time point. No difference of IAP and caspase-3 expression level in both Z-VAD-FMK groups was found compared to control and vehicle groups at each time point, excluding caspase-3 in 250 μM Z-VAD-FMK at the 24(th) hour was higher than control and vehicle. Supplementing sodium fluoride (NaF) induced cell membrane damage and cellular shrinkage of primary haemocytes within 2 h. Even percent of viable cells was reduced down to zero and percent of late apoptotic cells was increased by 2 h of incubation in 25 and 50 mM NaF, IAP and caspase-3 in all NaF groups was not different from control. These results indicate that a number of primary haemocytes derived in this study die through the apoptotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanta Thansa
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Patchari Yocawibun
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Hathaitip Suksodsai
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
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Lee J, Han YE, Favorov O, Tommerdahl M, Whitsel B, Lee CJ. Fluoride Induces a Volume Reduction in CA1 Hippocampal Slices Via MAP Kinase Pathway Through Volume Regulated Anion Channels. Exp Neurobiol 2016; 25:72-8. [PMID: 27122993 PMCID: PMC4844565 DOI: 10.5607/en.2016.25.2.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of cell volume is an important aspect of cellular homeostasis during neural activity. This volume regulation is thought to be mediated by activation of specific transporters, aquaporin, and volume regulated anion channels (VRAC). In cultured astrocytes, it was reported that swelling-induced mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation is required to open VRAC, which are thought to be important in regulatory volume decrease and in the response of CNS to trauma and excitotoxicity. It has been also described that sodium fluoride (NaF), a recognized G-protein activator and protein phosphatase inhibitor, leads to a significant MAP kinase activation in endothelial cells. However, NaF's effect in volume regulation in the brain is not known yet. Here, we investigated the mechanism of NaF-induced volume change in rat and mouse hippocampal slices using intrinsic optical signal (IOS) recording, in which we measured relative changes in intracellular and extracellular volume as changes in light transmittance through brain slices. We found that NaF (1~5 mM) application induced a reduction in light transmittance (decreased volume) in CA1 hippocampus, which was completely reversed by MAP kinase inhibitor U0126 (10 µM). We also observed that NaF-induced volume reduction was blocked by anion channel blockers, suggesting that NaF-induced volume reduction could be mediated by VRAC. Overall, our results propose a novel molecular mechanism of NaF-induced volume reduction via MAP kinase signaling pathway by activation of VRAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaekwang Lee
- Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Han
- Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea.; Neuroscience Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Oleg Favorov
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#7575, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mark Tommerdahl
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#7575, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Barry Whitsel
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#7575, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.; Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#7575, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea.; Neuroscience Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
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Ping A, Yihao T, Jingxing D, Minkai C, Hesheng L. Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II mediates platelet-derived growth factor-induced human hepatic stellate cell proliferation. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:935-42. [PMID: 22215519 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-2014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Proliferation and activation of myofibroblastic hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in response to growth factors is essential for the development of liver fibrosis. As one of the most potent factors, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) activates intracellular signals and contributes to sustained HSCs activation. Growing evidence has suggested that the Ca(2+) signal is involved in PDGF pathways. We showed previously for the first time that Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is essential for human HSC proliferation. The inhibition of CaMKII by its specific inhibitor, KN-93, significantly decreased the HSC growth and increased expression of cell cycle suppressive regulators P53 and P21. METHODS In the present study, we investigated the role of CaMKII in PDGF-induced HSC proliferation and underlying mechanisms. RESULTS We confirmed that in human HSCs, PDGF significantly increased CaMKII mRNA levels, protein expression, and phosphorylation. The interruption of CaMKII by KN-93, specific inhibitory peptide (AIP), or specific CaMKII knockdown by its siRNA not only attenuated PDGF-induced HSC proliferation but also ERK1/2 phosphorylation. However, CaMKII had no effect on JNK phosphorylation. In addition, inhibitors of ERK1/2 (PD98059) and JNK (SP600125) did not affect CaMKII expression. Interruption of CaMKII-ERK cascade, not JNK signal, inhibited PDGF-induced HSC proliferation. CONCLUSION We confirmed that CaMKII mediated PDGF-induced human HSC proliferation through ERK1/2 but not the JNK mechanism. Our study shed light on CaMKII as a crucial signal in PDGF-activated HSCs and a potential therapeutic point in hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Ping
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430060, China
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Agalakova NI, Gusev GP. Molecular Mechanisms of Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis Induced by Inorganic Fluoride. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/403835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride (F) is ubiquitous natural substance and widespread industrial pollutant. Although low fluoride concentrations are beneficial for normal tooth and bone development, acute or chronic exposure to high fluoride doses results in adverse health effects. The molecular mechanisms underlying fluoride toxicity are different by nature. Fluoride is able to stimulate G-proteins with subsequent activation of downstream signal transduction pathways such as PKA-, PKC-, PI3-kinase-, Ca2+-, and MAPK-dependent systems. G-protein-independent routes include tyrosine phosphorylation and protein phosphatase inhibition. Along with other toxic effects, fluoride was shown to induce oxidative stress leading to excessive generation of ROS, lipid peroxidation, decrease in the GSH/GSSH ratio, and alterations in activities of antioxidant enzymes, as well as to inhibit glycolysis thus causing the depletion of cellular ATP and disturbances in cellular metabolism. Fluoride triggers the disruption of mitochondria outer membrane and release of cytochrome c into cytosol, what activates caspases-9 and -3 (intrinsic) apoptotic pathway. Extrinsic (death receptor) Fas/FasL-caspase-8 and -3 pathway was also described to be implicated in fluoride-induced apoptosis. Fluoride decreases the ratio of antiapoptotic/proapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins and upregulates the expression of p53 protein. Finally, fluoride changes the expression profile of apoptosis-related genes and causes endoplasmic reticulum stress leading to inhibition of protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ivanovna Agalakova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 M. Thorez Avenue, Sankt-Petersburg 194223, Russia
| | - Gennadii Petrovich Gusev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 M. Thorez Avenue, Sankt-Petersburg 194223, Russia
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Gutowska I, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Siennicka A, Telesiński A, Stańczyk-Dunaj M, Wesołowska T, Gąssowska M, Kłos P, Zakrzewska H, Machaliński B, Chlubek D, Stachowska E. Activation of phospholipase A(2) by low levels of fluoride in THP1 macrophages via altered Ca(2+) and cAMP concentration. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2012; 86:99-105. [PMID: 22382002 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases (PLA's) participate in the regulation of physiological and pathological processes in the cell, including the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and stimulation of inflammatory processes. It is also well known that fluoride can increase the inflammatory reactions. Therefore we decided to examine the effect of fluorides in concentrations determined in human serum on cPLA(2) and sPLA(2) activity. The incubation of macrophages in fluoride solutions significantly increased the amount of synthesized cellular cAMP, intracellular calcium and sPLA(2) activity in a dose-dependent pattern. The cPLA(2) activity, estimated by the amount of released arachidonic acid, increased significantly when 10 μM NaF was used. The results of our study suggest that fluoride may change the activity of phospholipases in macrophage cells. Probably, increased cAMP concentration activates protein kinase C (PKC) and thus stimulates PLA(2). cAMP also regulates the passage of Ca(2+) through ion channels, which additionally influence PLA(2) throughout Ca(2+)-calmodulin dependent protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Żołnierska 48, Szczecin, Poland.
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Szczepański M, Kamianowska M, Kamianowski G. Effects of fluorides on apoptosis and activation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Oral Dis 2011; 18:280-4. [PMID: 22093110 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of fluorides on endothelial functioning. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed expressions of adhesion molecules, ICAM-1 and ICAM-3, and annexin V, on the surface of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to various concentrations of NaF and SnF(2) . We compared the effects of fluoride-induced changes with those obtained when stimulating HUVECs with TNF-α and verified whether N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), well-known antioxidant, can prevent both fluoride- and TNF-α-induced alterations. RESULTS The expressions of annexin V and ICAM-1 increased significantly after adding NaF (5.0 or 7.5mM) or Sn(2) F (0.5 or 0.75mM) to the culture medium. Pre-incubating HUVECs with NAC prevented the effects induced by 5.0 mM of NaF and 0.5 mM of Sn(2) F. Only the highest concentration of NaF (7.5mM) triggered the expression of ICAM-3. The expressions of all three molecules increased significantly upon stimulating the cultures with TNF-α (20ng ml(-1) ); these changes were not reversed by pre-incubation with NAC. CONCLUSIONS Fluorides induce oxidative stress, resulting in apoptosis and activation of HUVECs, manifested by an elevated expression of ICAM-1. The oxidative stress resulting from a stimulation by the highest NaF concentration triggers ICAM-3 expression on the HUVECs' surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Szczepański
- Department of Neonatology and Intensive Neonatal Care Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
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p38 MAP kinase mediates burn serum-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction: involvement of F-actin rearrangement and L-caldesmon phosphorylation. Shock 2011; 34:222-8. [PMID: 20160665 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181d75a66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that circulating factors released after a severe burn cause endothelial barrier dysfunction by triggering endothelial cell (EC) contraction through a p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase-dependent mechanism. Human umbilical vein ECs (ECV304 cell line) were cultured to create a monolayer of cells that were then cultured with 20% human normal or burn serum. Monolayer permeability was measured by the influx of labeled albumin across the cells. Endothelial cells contraction was determined by alterations of cell surface area and formation of intracellular gaps. P38 MAP kinase activation, F-actin arrangement, and L-caldesmon phosphorylation were assessed by Western blots or immunofluorescence staining. These studies showed that exposure to burn serum resulted in a significant increase in endothelial permeability in a time-dependent manner, which was paralleled by a rapid and persistent activation of p38 MAP kinases. Morphologically, increased intercellular gaps, reduced cell surface area, and a unique rearrangement of F-actin cytoskeleton were observed in burn serum-treated ECs. Inhibition of p38 MAP kinase suppressed the rearrangement of F-actin cytoskeleton, reduced the occurrence of burn serum-induced formation of intercellular gaps, and ameliorated endothelial hyperpermeability. Further study showed that phosphorylation of L-caldesmon was enhanced in burn serum-treated cells via p38 MAP kinase; overexpression of L-caldesmon by adenovirus transfection, however, attenuated the increase in endothelial permeability by burn serum challenge. Collectively, these results have demonstrated for the first time that p38 MAP kinase is an important participant in mediating burn serum-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction through rearrangement of the F-actin cytoskeleton and phosphorylation of L-caldesmon. Inhibition of p38 MAP kinase in vivo, thus, would be a promising therapeutic strategy in ameliorating burn shock development.
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Gutiérrez-Salinas J, Morales-González JA, Madrigal-Santillán E, Esquivel-Soto J, Esquivel-Chirino C, González-Rubio MGLY, Suástegui-Domínguez S, Valadez-Vega C. Exposure to sodium fluoride produces signs of apoptosis in rat leukocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:3610-22. [PMID: 20957113 PMCID: PMC2956113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11093610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluoride is naturally present in the earth's crust and can be found in rocks, coal, and clay; thus, it can be found in small quantities in water, air, plants, and animals. Therefore, humans are exposed to fluoride through food, drinking water, and in the air they breathe. Flouride is essential to maintain bone strength and to protect against dental decay, but if it is absorbed too frequently, it can cause tooth decay, osteoporosis, and damage to kidneys, bones, nerves, and muscles. Therefore, the present work was aimed at determining the effect of intake of sodium fluoride (NaF) as an apoptosis inducer in leukocytes of rats treated for eight weeks with 1 or 50 parts per million (ppm) NaF. Expression of p53, bcl-2, and caspade-3 were used as apoptotic and general metabolism indicators of leukocyte-like indicators of the (INT) oxidation system. Male rats were exposed to NaF (1 and 500 ppm) for eight weeks, and then sacrificed weekly to obtain blood samples. Expression of p53, bcl-2, and caspase-3 were determined in leukocytes by Western blot, and general metabolism of leukocytes was analyzed with a commercial kit. We found changes in the expression of the proteins described, especially when the animals received 50 ppm of NaF. These results indicate that NaF intoxication can be an apoptosis inducer in rat leukocytes treated with the compound for eight weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Gutiérrez-Salinas
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Medicina Experimental, División de Investigación Biomédica, Centro Médico Nacional “20 de Noviembre”, ISSSTE, México, D.F., México
| | - José A. Morales-González
- Área Académica de Medicina Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ex-Hacienda de la Concepción, Tilcuautla, 42080 Pachuca de Soto, Hgo., México; E-Mails: (J.A.M-G); (E.M.-S.); (C.V.-V.)
| | - Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán
- Área Académica de Medicina Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ex-Hacienda de la Concepción, Tilcuautla, 42080 Pachuca de Soto, Hgo., México; E-Mails: (J.A.M-G); (E.M.-S.); (C.V.-V.)
| | - Jaime Esquivel-Soto
- Facultad de Odontologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, D.F., México; E-Mails: (J.E.-S.); (C.E.-C.)
| | - César Esquivel-Chirino
- Facultad de Odontologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, D.F., México; E-Mails: (J.E.-S.); (C.E.-C.)
| | | | - Sigrit Suástegui-Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Medicina Experimental, División de Investigación Biomédica, Centro Médico Nacional “20 de Noviembre”, ISSSTE, México, D.F., México
| | - Carmen Valadez-Vega
- Área Académica de Medicina Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ex-Hacienda de la Concepción, Tilcuautla, 42080 Pachuca de Soto, Hgo., México; E-Mails: (J.A.M-G); (E.M.-S.); (C.V.-V.)
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Yang E, Jeon SB, Baek I, Song MJ, Yoon YR, Kim IK. Fluoride induces vascular contraction through activation of RhoA/Rho kinase pathway in isolated rat aortas. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 29:290-296. [PMID: 21787615 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 01/31/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that fluoride induces vascular contraction through activation of the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway in isolated rat aortas. Rat aortic rings were mounted in organ baths and contracted with sodium fluoride (NaF). We measured the amount of GTP-RhoA as well as vascular tension. We also determined the level of phosphorylation of the myosin light chain (MLC(20)), myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1) and PKC-potentiated inhibitory protein for heterotrimeric MLCP of 17kDa (CPI17). In both physiological salt solution and Ca(2+)-free solution, NaF increased vascular tension and MLC(20) phosphorylation in dose-dependent manners. NaF increased not only phosphorylation level of MYPT1(Thr855) and CPI17(Thr38), but also the amount of GTP-RhoA. Both H1152 and Y27632, inhibitors of Rho kinase, but not Ro31-8220, an inhibitor of PKC, attenuated NaF-induced contraction and phosphorylation level of MLC(20), MYPT1(Thr855) and CPI17(Thr38). In conclusion, fluoride induces vascular contraction through activation of the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyue Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
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Yang E, Cho JY, Sohn UD, Kim IK. Calcium sensitization induced by sodium fluoride in permeabilized rat mesenteric arteries. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 14:51-7. [PMID: 20221280 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2010.14.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
It was hypothesized that NaF induces calcium sensitization in Ca(2+)-controlled solution in permeabilized rat mesenteric arteries. Rat mesenteric arteries were permeabilized with beta-escin and subjected to tension measurement. NaF potentiated the concentration-response curves to Ca(2+) (decreased EC(50) and increased E(max)). Cumulative addition of NaF (4.0, 8.0 and 16 mM) also increased vascular tension in Ca(2+)-controlled solution at pCa 7.0 or pCa 6.5, but not at pCa 8.0. NaF-induced vasocontraction and GTPgammaS-induced vasocontraction were not additive. NaF-induced vasocontraction at pCa 7.0 was inhibited by pretreatment with Rho kinase inhibitors H1152 or Y27632 but not with a MLCK inhibitor ML-7 or a PKC inhibitor Ro31-8220. NaF induces calcium sensitization in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner in beta-escin-permeabilized rat mesenteric arteries. These results suggest that NaF is an activator of the Rho kinase signaling pathway during vascular contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyue Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Korea
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Sacks RS, Firth AL, Remillard CV, Agange N, Yau J, Ko EA, Yuan JXJ. Thrombin-mediated increases in cytosolic [Ca2+] involve different mechanisms in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 295:L1048-55. [PMID: 18836030 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90259.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin is a procoagulant inflammatory agonist that can disrupt the endothelium-lumen barrier in the lung by causing contraction of endothelial cells and promote pulmonary cell proliferation. Both contraction and proliferation require increases in cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](cyt)). In this study, we compared the effect of thrombin on Ca(2+) signaling in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle (PASMC) and endothelial (PAEC) cells. Thrombin increased the [Ca(2+)](cyt) in both cell types; however, the transient response was significantly higher and recovered quicker in the PASMC, suggesting different mechanisms may contribute to thrombin-mediated increases in [Ca(2+)](cyt) in these cell types. Depletion of intracellular stores with cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) in the absence of extracellular Ca(2+) induced calcium transients representative of those observed in response to thrombin in both cell types. Interestingly, CPA pretreatment significantly attenuated thrombin-induced Ca(2+) release in PASMC; this attenuation was not apparent in PAEC, indicating that a PAEC-specific mechanism was targeted by thrombin. Treatment with a combination of CPA, caffeine, and ryanodine also failed to abolish the thrombin-induced Ca(2+) transient in PAEC. Notably, thrombin-induced receptor-mediated calcium influx was still observed in PASMC after CPA pretreatment in the presence of extracellular Ca(2+). Ca(2+) oscillations were triggered by thrombin in PASMC resulting from a balance of extracellular Ca(2+) influx and Ca(2+) reuptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The data show that thrombin induces increases in intracellular calcium in PASMC and PAEC with a distinct CPA-, caffeine-, and ryanodine-insensitive release existing only in PAEC. Furthermore, a dynamic balance between Ca(2+) influx, intracellular Ca(2+) release, and reuptake underlie the Ca(2+) transients evoked by thrombin in some PASMC. Understanding of such mechanisms will provide an important insight into thrombin-mediated vascular injury during hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Sacks
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Univ. of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0725, La Jolla, CA 92093-0725,USA
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Ross GR, Yallampalli U, Yallampalli C. Cyclic AMP-independent CGRP8-37-sensitive receptors mediate adrenomedullin-induced decrease of CaCl2-contraction in pregnant rat mesenteric artery. J Vasc Res 2007; 45:33-44. [PMID: 17898545 DOI: 10.1159/000109075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that adrenomedullin reduces calcium influx independent of potassium channels in depolarized endothelium-denuded mesenteric artery from pregnant rats. RESULTS Adrenomedullin reduced the CaCl(2)-induced contraction, while the receptor antagonist calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)(8-37), but not adrenomedullin(22-52), reversed these effects. Adenylate cyclase inhibition by SQ22536 did not prevent adrenomedullin effects on CaCl(2)-induced contraction. Adrenomedullin did not inhibit depolarization-induced calcium entry to isolated vascular smooth muscle. Inhibition of myosin light-chain (MLC) phosphatase by calyculin A reversed the effects of adrenomedullin on contraction caused by submillimolar concentrations of CaCl(2), while adrenomedullin still inhibited contraction caused by higher concentrations of CaCl(2). However, the ratio of phosphorylated to total myosin phosphatase target 1, the regulatory subunit of MLC phosphatase, did not change with adrenomedullin, indicating a lack of MLC phosphatase activation. Interestingly, sodium fluoride, a nonspecific protein phosphatase inhibitor, completely blocked the effect of adrenomedullin on CaCl(2)-induced contraction. Adrenomedullin inhibited calcium mobilization from intracellular stores induced by thapsigargin. CONCLUSION Adrenomedullin inhibits CaCl(2)-induced contraction, without affecting calcium influx, through a CGRP(8-37)-sensitive receptor, but not using the cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway, probably through activation of protein phosphatases. Inhibition of intracellular calcium release is an additional role played by adrenomedullin in calcium homeostasis in vascular smooth muscle.
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MESH Headings
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- Adenine/pharmacology
- Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors
- Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism
- Adrenomedullin/metabolism
- Adrenomedullin/pharmacology
- Animals
- Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/pharmacology
- Calcium Chloride/pharmacology
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Calcium-Transporting ATPases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Calcium-Transporting ATPases/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Female
- Marine Toxins
- Membrane Potentials
- Mesenteric Arteries/drug effects
- Mesenteric Arteries/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myosin-Light-Chain Phosphatase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Myosin-Light-Chain Phosphatase/metabolism
- Oxazoles/pharmacology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation
- Potassium/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- Protein Phosphatase 1/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, Adrenomedullin
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Sodium Fluoride/pharmacology
- Thapsigargin/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracious R Ross
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex., USA
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