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Qin XY, Furutani Y, Yonezawa K, Shimizu N, Kato-Murayama M, Shirouzu M, Xu Y, Yamano Y, Wada A, Gailhouste L, Shrestha R, Takahashi M, Keillor JW, Su T, Yu W, Fujii S, Kagechika H, Dohmae N, Shirakami Y, Shimizu M, Masaki T, Matsuura T, Suzuki H, Kojima S. Targeting transglutaminase 2 mediated exostosin glycosyltransferase 1 signaling in liver cancer stem cells with acyclic retinoid. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:358. [PMID: 37308486 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05847-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional protein that promotes or suppresses tumorigenesis, depending on intracellular location and conformational structure. Acyclic retinoid (ACR) is an orally administered vitamin A derivative that prevents hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence by targeting liver cancer stem cells (CSCs). In this study, we examined the subcellular location-dependent effects of ACR on TG2 activity at a structural level and characterized the functional role of TG2 and its downstream molecular mechanism in the selective depletion of liver CSCs. A binding assay with high-performance magnetic nanobeads and structural dynamic analysis with native gel electrophoresis and size-exclusion chromatography-coupled multi-angle light scattering or small-angle X-ray scattering showed that ACR binds directly to TG2, induces oligomer formation of TG2, and inhibits the transamidase activity of cytoplasmic TG2 in HCC cells. The loss-of-function of TG2 suppressed the expression of stemness-related genes, spheroid proliferation and selectively induced cell death in an EpCAM+ liver CSC subpopulation in HCC cells. Proteome analysis revealed that TG2 inhibition suppressed the gene and protein expression of exostosin glycosyltransferase 1 (EXT1) and heparan sulfate biosynthesis in HCC cells. In contrast, high levels of ACR increased intracellular Ca2+ concentrations along with an increase in apoptotic cells, which probably contributed to the enhanced transamidase activity of nuclear TG2. This study demonstrates that ACR could act as a novel TG2 inhibitor; TG2-mediated EXT1 signaling is a promising therapeutic target in the prevention of HCC by disrupting liver CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Yang Qin
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Conversion Technology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Furutani
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kento Yonezawa
- Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Center for Digital Green-innovation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Shimizu
- Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kato-Murayama
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yali Xu
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Conversion Technology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yumiko Yamano
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Akimori Wada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Luc Gailhouste
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory for Brain Development and Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Rajan Shrestha
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Masataka Takahashi
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Conversion Technology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jeffrey W Keillor
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ting Su
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenkui Yu
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shinya Fujii
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kagechika
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yohei Shirakami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masahito Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takahiro Masaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsuura
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harukazu Suzuki
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Conversion Technology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Soichi Kojima
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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MacLean MR, Fanburg B, Hill N, Lazarus HM, Pack TF, Palacios M, Penumatsa KC, Wring SA. Serotonin and Pulmonary Hypertension; Sex and Drugs and ROCK and Rho. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:4103-4118. [PMID: 36036567 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is often referred to as a "happy hormone" as it maintains good mood, well-being, and happiness. It is involved in communication between nerve cells and plays a role in sleeping and digestion. However, too much serotonin can have pathogenic effects and serotonin synthesis is elevated in pulmonary artery endothelial cells from patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). PAH is characterized by elevated pulmonary pressures, right ventricular failure, inflammation, and pulmonary vascular remodeling; serotonin has been shown to be associated with these pathologies. The rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin in the periphery of the body is tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1). TPH1 expression and serotonin synthesis are elevated in pulmonary artery endothelial cells in patients with PAH. The serotonin synthesized in the pulmonary arterial endothelium can act on the adjacent pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), adventitial macrophages, and fibroblasts, in a paracrine fashion. In humans, serotonin enters PASMCs cells via the serotonin transporter (SERT) and it can cooperate with the 5-HT1B receptor on the plasma membrane; this activates both contractile and proliferative signaling pathways. The "serotonin hypothesis of pulmonary hypertension" arose when serotonin was associated with PAH induced by diet pills such as fenfluramine, aminorex, and chlorphentermine; these act as indirect serotonergic agonists causing the release of serotonin from platelets and cells through the SERT. Here the role of serotonin in PAH is reviewed. Targeting serotonin synthesis or signaling is a promising novel alternative approach which may lead to novel therapies for PAH. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-16, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R MacLean
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Barry Fanburg
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicolas Hill
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Krishna C Penumatsa
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Han Z, Li X, Cui X, Yuan H, Wang H. The roles of immune system and autoimmunity in pulmonary arterial hypertension: A Review. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2021; 72:102094. [PMID: 34740751 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2021.102094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic disease characterized by increased pulmonary artery pressure which if left untreated, can lead to poor quality of life and ultimately death. It is a group of conditions and includes idiopathic PAH, familial/hereditary PAH and associated PAH. The condition has been studied for many years and its association with the immune system and in particular autoimmunity has been investigated. The mechanisms for the pathobiology of PAH are unclear although research has highlighted the role of adaptive and innate immune systems in its development. Diagnostics and therapeutic approaches range from cytokine treatments to the use of immunomodulating drugs, although there is still scope for improvements in the field. This article discusses the mechanisms linked to PAH, its association with other conditions and recent therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Han
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Laizhou People's Hospital, Laizhou 261400, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Laizhou People's Hospital, Laizhou 261400,Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiuli Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Laizhou People's Hospital, Laizhou 261400,Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongjuan Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Laizhou People's Hospital, Laizhou 261400,Shandong Province, China
| | - Haiping Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Laizhou People's Hospital, Laizhou 261400,Shandong Province, China.
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Markvardsen LK, Sønderskov LD, Wandall-Frostholm C, Pinilla E, Prat-Duran J, Aalling M, Mogensen S, Andersen CU, Simonsen U. Cystamine Treatment Fails to Prevent the Development of Pulmonary Hypertension in Chronic Hypoxic Rats. J Vasc Res 2021; 58:237-251. [PMID: 33910208 DOI: 10.1159/000515511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary hypertension is characterized by vasoconstriction and remodeling of pulmonary arteries, leading to right ventricular hypertrophy and failure. We have previously found upregulation of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in the right ventricle of chronic hypoxic rats. The hypothesis of the present study was that treatment with the transglutaminase inhibitor, cystamine, would inhibit the development of pulmonary arterial remodeling, pulmonary hypertension, and right ventricular hypertrophy. METHODS Effect of cystamine on transamidase activity was investigated in tissue homogenates. Wistar rats were exposed to chronic hypoxia and treated with vehicle, cystamine (40 mg/kg/day in mini-osmotic pumps), sildenafil (25 mg/kg/day), or the combination for 2 weeks. RESULTS Cystamine concentration-dependently inhibited TG2 transamidase activity in liver and lung homogenates. In contrast to cystamine, sildenafil reduced right ventricular systolic pressure and hypertrophy and decreased pulmonary vascular resistance and muscularization in chronic hypoxic rats. Fibrosis in the lung tissue decreased in chronic hypoxic rats treated with cystamine. TG2 expression was similar in the right ventricle and lung tissue of drug and vehicle-treated hypoxic rats. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS Cystamine inhibited TG2 transamidase activity, but cystamine failed to prevent pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pulmonary arterial muscularization in the chronic hypoxic rat.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arterial Pressure/drug effects
- Cystamine/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Female
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/enzymology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/etiology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/prevention & control
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/enzymology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/etiology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/physiopathology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/prevention & control
- Hypoxia/complications
- Hypoxia/drug therapy
- Hypoxia/enzymology
- Hypoxia/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/drug effects
- Pulmonary Artery/enzymology
- Pulmonary Artery/physiopathology
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/enzymology
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/etiology
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/physiopathology
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/prevention & control
- Rats, Wistar
- Vascular Remodeling/drug effects
- Ventricular Function, Right/drug effects
- Ventricular Remodeling/drug effects
- Mice
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars K Markvardsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lene D Sønderskov
- Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christine Wandall-Frostholm
- Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Estéfano Pinilla
- Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Judit Prat-Duran
- Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mathilde Aalling
- Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Susie Mogensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Charlotte U Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ulf Simonsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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5
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Losso JN. Food Processing, Dysbiosis, Gastrointestinal Inflammatory Diseases, and Antiangiogenic Functional Foods or Beverages. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2021; 12:235-258. [PMID: 33467906 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-062520-090235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Foods and beverages provide nutrients and alter the gut microbiota, resulting in eubiosis or dysbiosis. Chronic consumption of a diet that is high in saturated or trans fats, meat proteins, reducing sugars, and salt and low in fiber induces dysbiosis. Dysbiosis, loss of redox homeostasis, mast cells, hypoxia, angiogenesis, the kynurenine pathway, transglutaminase 2, and/or the Janus kinase pathway are implicated in the pathogenesis and development of inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and gastrointestinal malignancy. This review discusses the effects of oxidative, carbonyl, or glycative stress-inducing dietary ingredients or food processing-derived compounds on gut microbiota and gastrointestinal epithelial and mast cells as well as on the development of associated angiogenic diseases, including key signaling pathways. The preventive or therapeutic potential and the biochemical pathways of antiangiogenic or proangiogenic foods or beverages are also described. The outcomes of the interactions between disease pathways and components of food are critical for the design of foods and beverages for healthy lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack N Losso
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA;
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6
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Zhou MY, Cheng L, Chen L, Gu YJ, Wang Y. Calcium-sensing receptor in the development and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:975-981. [PMID: 33394231 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is widely involved in the cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, adhesion and apoptosis, which can affect the vascular remodeling in the humanbody. The main ligand of CaSR is extracellular Ca2+. CaSR has the physiological significance in Ca2+ homeostasis. Pulmonary vascular remodeling is one of the main histopathological changes of pulmonary hypertension (PH). The abnormal proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) results in the pulmonary vascular remodeling. CaSR is an important regulator of [Ca2+]i. [Ca2+]i is the main cause of the excessive pulmonary vascular remodeling in patients with PH. In this review, it was conclued that the structure of CaSR was prone to explore the devolopment or the treatment of PH. It was found that the regulation of CaSR with some miRNA could inhibit the proliferation of PASMCs, and that CaSR could affect the occurrence of autophagy in PH. Therefore, CaSR would become a new therapeutic target to PH.
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MESH Headings
- Adamantane/analogs & derivatives
- Adamantane/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Autophagy/drug effects
- Autophagy/genetics
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Channel Blockers/therapeutic use
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/drug therapy
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/genetics
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Pulmonary Artery/drug effects
- Pulmonary Artery/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- Quinoxalines/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Calcium-Sensing/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Calcium-Sensing/genetics
- Receptors, Calcium-Sensing/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular Remodeling/drug effects
- Vascular Remodeling/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yuan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jian Gu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Tan R, Li J, Liu F, Liao P, Ruiz M, Dupuis J, Zhu L, Hu Q. Phenylalanine induces pulmonary hypertension through calcium-sensing receptor activation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L1010-L1020. [PMID: 32964725 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00215.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenylalanine levels are associated with pulmonary hypertension in metabolic profiling clinical studies. However, the pathophysiological role of phenylalanine on pulmonary circulation is still unclear. We experimentally addressed the direct impact of phenylalanine on pulmonary circulation in rats and explored the underlying molecular pathway. Phenylalanine was injected intraperitoneally into Sprague-Dawley rats (400 mg/100 g body wt) as a single dose or daily in a chronic manner for 2, 3, and 4 wk. Chronic injection of phenylalanine induced pulmonary hypertension with time-dependent severity, evidenced by elevated pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance as well as pulmonary artery and right ventricular hypertrophy. Using tandem mass spectrometry analysis, we found a quick twofold increase in blood level of phenylalanine 2 h following injection. This increase led to a significant accumulation of phenylalanine in lung after 4 h, which remained sustained at up to a threefold increase after 4 wk. In addition, a cellular thermal shift assay with lung tissues from phenylalanine-injected rats revealed the binding of phenylalanine to the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). In vitro experiments with cultured pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells showed that phenylalanine activated CaSR, as indicated by an increase in intracellular calcium content, which was attenuated or diminished by the inhibition or knockdown of CaSR. Finally, the global knockout or lung-specific knockdown of CaSR significantly attenuated phenylalanine-induced pulmonary hypertension. Chronic phenylalanine injection induces pulmonary hypertension through binding to CaSR and its subsequent activation. Here, we demonstrate a pathophysiological role of phenylalanine in pulmonary hypertension through the CaSR. This study provides a novel animal model for pulmonary hypertension and reveals a potentially clinically significant role for this metabolite in human pulmonary hypertension as a marker, a mediator of disease, and a possible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubin Tan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine; and Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jiansha Li
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangbo Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine; and Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pu Liao
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Matthieu Ruiz
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Dupuis
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Liping Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine; and Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine; and Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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8
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Penumatsa KC, Falcão-Pires I, Leite S, Leite-Moreira A, Bhedi CD, Nasirova S, Ma J, Sutliff RL, Fanburg BL. Increased Transglutaminase 2 Expression and Activity in Rodent Models of Obesity/Metabolic Syndrome and Aging. Front Physiol 2020; 11:560019. [PMID: 33041859 PMCID: PMC7522548 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.560019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diastolic dysfunction of the heart and decreased compliance of the vasculature and lungs (i.e., increased organ tissue stiffness) are known features of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Similarly, cardiac diastolic dysfunction is associated with aging. Elevation of the enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) leads to protein cross-linking and enhanced collagen synthesis and participates as a candidate pathway for development of tissue stiffness. With these observations in mind we hypothesized that TG2 may be elevated in tissues of a rat model of obesity/metabolic syndrome (the ZSF 1 rat) and a mouse model of aging, i.e., the senescent SAMP8 mouse. In the experiments reported here, TG2 expression and activity were found for the first time to be spontaneously elevated in organs from both the ZSF1 rat and the SAMP8 mouse. These observations are consistent with a hypothesis that a TG2-related pathway may participate in the known tissue stiffness associated with cardiac diastolic dysfunction in these two rodent models. The potential TG2 pathway needs better correlation with physiologic dysfunction and may eventually provide novel therapeutic insights to improve tissue compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna C. Penumatsa
- Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ines Falcão-Pires
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Cardiovascular Research and Development Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Leite
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Cardiovascular Research and Development Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Adelino Leite-Moreira
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Cardiovascular Research and Development Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Chinmayee D. Bhedi
- Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sabina Nasirova
- Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Roy L. Sutliff
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Barry L. Fanburg
- Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
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9
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Zhuang R, Khosla C. Substrates, inhibitors, and probes of mammalian transglutaminase 2. Anal Biochem 2020; 591:113560. [PMID: 31874171 PMCID: PMC6948143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitous but enigmatic mammalian protein to which a number of biological functions have been ascribed but not definitively proven. As a member of the transglutaminase family, TG2 can catalyze deamidation or alternatively transamidation of selected Gln residues in proteins and peptides. It is also known to harbor other enzymatic properties, including protein disulfide isomerase, GTP-dependent signal transduction, and ATP dependent protein kinase activity. Given its multifunctional chemistry, it is unsurprising that a long list of proteins from the mammalian proteome have been identified as substrates and/or binding partners; however, the biological relevance of none of these protein-protein interactions has been clarified as yet. Remarkably, the most definitive insights into the biology of TG2 stem from its pathophysiological role in gluten peptide deamidation in celiac disease. Meanwhile our understanding of TG2 chemistry has been leveraged to engineer a spectrum of inhibitors and other molecular probes of TG2 biology in vivo. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the enzymology and regulation of human TG2 with a focus on its physiological substrates as well as tool molecules whose engineering was inspired by their identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruize Zhuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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10
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Liu B, Wang D, Luo E, Hou J, Qiao Y, Yan G, Wang Q, Tang C. Role of TG2-Mediated SERCA2 Serotonylation on Hypoxic Pulmonary Vein Remodeling. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1611. [PMID: 32116663 PMCID: PMC7026497 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) pumps take up Ca2+ from the cytoplasm to maintain the balance of intracellular Ca2+. A decline in expression or activity of SERCA results in persistent store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). In cardiomyocytes as well as vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), SERCA2 acts as an important regulator of calcium cycling. The purpose of this study is to identify and better understand the role of transglutaminases2 (TG2) as a key factor involved in SERCA2 serotonination (s-SERCA2) and to elucidate the underlying mechanism of action. Human pulmonary venous smooth muscle cell in normal pulmonary lobe were isolated and cultured in vitro. Establishment of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension model in wild type and TG2 knockout mice. SERCA2 serotonylation was analyzed by co-(immunoprecipitation) IP when the TG2 gene silenced or overexpressed under normoxia and hypoxia in vivo and in vitro. Intracellular calcium ion was measured by using Fluo-4AM probe under normoxia and hypoxia. Real-time (RT)-PCR and Western blot analyzed expression of TG2, TRPC1, and TRPC6 under normoxia and hypoxia. Bioactivity of cells were analyzed by using Cell Counting Kit (CCK)-8, flow cytometry, wound healing, RT-PCR, and Western blot under PST-2744 and cyclopiazonic acid. We confirmed that 1) hypoxia enhanced the expression and activity of TG2, and 2) hypoxia increased the basal intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and SOCE through activating TRPC6 on human pulmonary vein smooth muscle cells (hPVSMC). Then, we investigated the effects of overexpression and downregulation of the TG2 gene on the activity of SERCA2, s-SERCA2, basal [Ca2+]i, and SOCE under normoxia and hypoxia in vitro, and investigated the activity of SERCA2 and s-SERCA2 in vivo, respectively. We confirmed that SERCA2 serotonylation inhibited the activity of SERCA2 and increased the Ca2+ influx, and that hypoxia induced TG2-mediated SERCA2 serotonylation both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of TG2 activity on the biological behavior of hPVSMC by using an inhibitor and agonist of SERCA2, respectively. Finally, we confirmed that chronic hypoxia cannot increase vessel wall thickness, the right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), and right ventricular hypertrophy index (RVHI) of vascular smooth muscle-specific Tgm2−/− mice. These results indicated that hypoxia promoted TG2-mediated SERCA2 serotonylation, thereby leading to inhibition of SERCA2 activity, which further increased the calcium influx through the TRPC6 channel. Furthermore, tissue-specific conditional TG2 knockout mice prevents the development of pulmonary hypertension caused by hypoxia. In summary, we uncovered a new target (TG2) for treatment of chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (CHPH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Erfei Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiantong Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Qiao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gaoliang Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingjie Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Chengchun Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Bhedi CD, Nasirova S, Toksoz D, Warburton RR, Morine KJ, Kapur NK, Galper JB, Preston IR, Hill NS, Fanburg BL, Penumatsa KC. Glycolysis regulated transglutaminase 2 activation in cardiopulmonary fibrogenic remodeling. FASEB J 2020; 34:930-944. [PMID: 31914588 PMCID: PMC6956703 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902155r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and heart failure (HF) includes fibrogenic remodeling associated with the loss of pulmonary arterial (PA) and cardiac compliance. We and others have previously identified transglutaminase 2 (TG2) as a participant in adverse fibrogenic remodeling. However, little is known about the biologic mechanisms that regulate TG2 function. We examined physiological mouse models of experimental PH, HF, and type 1 diabetes that are associated with altered glucose metabolism/glycolysis and report here that TG2 expression and activity are elevated in pulmonary and cardiac tissues under all these conditions. We additionally used PA adventitial fibroblasts to test the hypothesis that TG2 is an intermediary between enhanced tissue glycolysis and fibrogenesis. Our in vitro results show that glycolytic enzymes and TG2 are upregulated in fibroblasts exposed to high glucose, which stimulates cellular glycolysis as measured by Seahorse analysis. We examined the relationship of TG2 to a terminal glycolytic enzyme, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), and found that PKM2 regulates glucose-induced TG2 expression and activity as well as fibrogenesis. Our studies further show that TG2 inhibition blocks glucose-induced fibrogenesis and cell proliferation. Our findings support a novel role for glycolysis-mediated TG2 induction and tissue fibrosis associated with experimental PH, HF, and hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmayee D. Bhedi
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sabina Nasirova
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deniz Toksoz
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rod R. Warburton
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin J. Morine
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Navin K. Kapur
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonas B. Galper
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ioana R. Preston
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas S. Hill
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barry L. Fanburg
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Krishna C. Penumatsa
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Bader M. Serotonylation: Serotonin Signaling and Epigenetics. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:288. [PMID: 31824263 PMCID: PMC6881384 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonylation, the covalent linkage of serotonin to proteins has been discovered more than 60 years ago but only recently the mechanisms and first functions have been elucidated. It has been found that transglutaminases (TG) such as TG2 and the blood coagulation factor XIIIa are the enzymes which catalyze the linkage of serotonin and other monoamines to distinct glutamine (Gln) residues of target proteins. The first target proteins, small G-proteins and extracellular matrix constituents, were found in platelets and are pivotally involved in platelet aggregation and the formation of thrombi. The serotonylation of the same proteins is also involved in insulin secretion and in the proliferation of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells and thereby in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Recently histones have been described as targets of serotonylation opening the area of transcriptional control to this posttranslational protein modification. Future studies will certainly reveal further target proteins, signaling pathways, cellular processes, and diseases, in which serotonylation or, more general, monoaminylation is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Penumatsa KC, Warburton RR, Hill NS, Fanburg BL. CrossTalk proposal: The mouse SuHx model is a good model of pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Physiol 2018; 597:975-977. [PMID: 30499212 DOI: 10.1113/jp275864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna C Penumatsa
- Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Division, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rod R Warburton
- Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Division, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas S Hill
- Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Division, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barry L Fanburg
- Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Division, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Wang HM, Liu WZ, Tang FT, Sui HJ, Zhan XJ, Wang HX. Cystamine slows but not inverses the progression of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:783-789. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) plays an important role in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Previous research indicate that TG2 and protein serotonylation catalyzed by TG2 are upregulated in PAH. Serotonin transporter inhibitor fluoxetine ameliorates PAH via inhibition of protein serotonylation. It is still unknown whether PAH is inhibited through direct inhibition of TG2. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of TG2 inhibitor cystamine on monocrotaline-induced PAH in rats. Rats were treated with monocrotaline (60 mg·kg−1, i.p.) in combination with or without cystamine (20, 40 mg·kg−1·day−1, p.o.). The results showed that compared with monocrotaline alone, combination of monocrotaline with cystamine (40 mg·kg−1·day−1, p.o.) relieved right ventricle hypertrophy, inhibited pulmonary arteriolar remodeling, and downregulated protein expression of TG2, phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt), and extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) at day 21. However, except for TG2 expression, these changes were not significantly inhibited by cystamine at day 35. In addition, cystamine dose-dependently enhanced the survival rate of rats injected with monocrotaline at day 35. The findings suggest that cystamine slows but not reverses monocrotaline-induced PAH in rats, which was largely associated with the inhibition of TG2 protein expression and Akt and ERK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ming Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Wan-Zhu Liu
- Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Fu-Tian Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Hai-Juan Sui
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Xing-Jie Zhan
- Grade 2012 Clinical Class 6, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Hong-Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
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15
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Dieffenbach PB, Maracle M, Tschumperlin DJ, Fredenburgh LE. Mechanobiological Feedback in Pulmonary Vascular Disease. Front Physiol 2018; 9:951. [PMID: 30090065 PMCID: PMC6068271 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular stiffening in the pulmonary arterial bed is increasingly recognized as an early disease marker and contributor to right ventricular workload in pulmonary hypertension. Changes in pulmonary artery stiffness throughout the pulmonary vascular tree lead to physiologic alterations in pressure and flow characteristics that may contribute to disease progression. These findings have led to a greater focus on the potential contributions of extracellular matrix remodeling and mechanical signaling to pulmonary hypertension pathogenesis. Several recent studies have demonstrated that the cellular response to vascular stiffness includes upregulation of signaling pathways that precipitate further vascular remodeling, a process known as mechanobiological feedback. The extracellular matrix modifiers, mechanosensors, and mechanotransducers responsible for this process have become increasingly well-recognized. In this review, we discuss the impact of vascular stiffening on pulmonary hypertension morbidity and mortality, evidence in favor of mechanobiological feedback in pulmonary hypertension pathogenesis, and the major contributors to mechanical signaling in the pulmonary vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Dieffenbach
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marcy Maracle
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Laura E Fredenburgh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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16
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Mižíková I, Pfeffer T, Nardiello C, Surate Solaligue DE, Steenbock H, Tatsukawa H, Silva DM, Vadász I, Herold S, Pease RJ, Iismaa SE, Hitomi K, Seeger W, Brinckmann J, Morty RE. Targeting transglutaminase 2 partially restores extracellular matrix structure but not alveolar architecture in experimental bronchopulmonary dysplasia. FEBS J 2018; 285:3056-3076. [PMID: 29935061 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The generation, maturation and remodelling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are essential for the formation of alveoli during lung development. Alveoli formation is disturbed in preterm infants that develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), where collagen fibres are malformed, and perturbations to lung ECM structures may underlie BPD pathogenesis. Malformed ECM structures might result from abnormal protein cross-linking, in part attributable to the increased expression and activity of transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) that have been noted in affected patient lungs, as well as in hyperoxia-based BPD animal models. The objective of the present study was to assess whether TGM2 plays a causal role in normal and aberrant lung alveolarization. Targeted deletion of Tgm2 in C57BL/6J mice increased septal thickness and reduced gas-exchange surface area in otherwise normally developing lungs. During aberrant lung alveolarization that occurred under hyperoxic conditions, collagen structures in Tgm2-/- mice were partially protected from the impact of hyperoxia, where normal dihydroxylysinonorleucine and hydroxylysylpiridinoline collagen cross-link abundance was restored; however, the lung alveolar architecture remained abnormal. Inhibition of transglutaminases (including TGM2) with cysteamine appreciably reduced transglutaminase activity in vivo, as assessed by Nε -(γ-l-glutamyl)-l-lysine abundance and TGM catalytic activity, and restored normal dihydroxylysinonorleucine and hydroxylysylpiridinoline collagen cross-link abundance under pathological conditions. Furthermore, a moderate improvement in alveoli size and gas-exchange surface density was noted in cysteamine-treated mouse lungs in which BPD was modelled. These data indicate that TGM2 plays a role in normal lung alveolarization, and contributes to the formation of aberrant ECM structures during disordered lung alveolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Mižíková
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Tilman Pfeffer
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Claudio Nardiello
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - David E Surate Solaligue
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Heiko Steenbock
- Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hideki Tatsukawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Japan
| | - Diogo M Silva
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - István Vadász
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Richard J Pease
- Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Siiri E Iismaa
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Kiyotaka Hitomi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Japan
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Jürgen Brinckmann
- Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
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17
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Mertens TCJ, Hanmandlu A, Tu L, Phan C, Collum SD, Chen NY, Weng T, Davies J, Liu C, Eltzschig HK, Jyothula SSK, Rajagopal K, Xia Y, Guha A, Bruckner BA, Blackburn MR, Guignabert C, Karmouty-Quintana H. Switching-Off Adora2b in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Halts the Development of Pulmonary Hypertension. Front Physiol 2018; 9:555. [PMID: 29910735 PMCID: PMC5992271 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a devastating and progressive disease characterized by excessive proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and remodeling of the lung vasculature. Adenosine signaling through the ADORA2B receptor has previously been implicated in disease progression and tissue remodeling in chronic lung disease. In experimental models of PH associated with chronic lung injury, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of ADORA2B improved markers of chronic lung injury and hallmarks of PH. However, the contribution of ADORA2B expression in the PASMC was not fully evaluated. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that adenosine signaling through the ADORA2B receptor in PASMC mediates the development of PH. Methods: PASMCs from controls and patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (iPAH) were characterized for expression levels of all adenosine receptors. Next, we evaluated the development of PH in ADORA2Bf/f-Transgelin (Tagln)cre mice. These mice or adequate controls were exposed to a combination of SUGEN (SU5416, 20 mg/kg/b.w. IP) and hypoxia (10% O2) for 28 days (HX-SU) or to chronic low doses of bleomycin (BLM, 0.035U/kg/b.w. IP). Cardiovascular readouts including right ventricle systolic pressures (RVSPs), Fulton indices and vascular remodeling were determined. Using PASMCs we identified ADORA2B-dependent mediators involved in vascular remodeling. These mediators: IL-6, hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) and tissue transglutaminase (Tgm2) were determined by RT-PCR and validated in our HX-SU and BLM models. Results: Increased levels of ADORA2B were observed in PASMC from iPAH patients. ADORA2Bf/f-Taglncre mice were protected from the development of PH following HX-SU or BLM exposure. In the BLM model of PH, ADORA2Bf/f- Taglncre mice were not protected from the development of fibrosis. Increased expression of IL-6, HAS2 and Tgm2 was observed in PASMC in an ADORA2B-dependent manner. These mediators were also reduced in ADORA2Bf/f- Taglncre mice exposed to HX-SU or BLM. Conclusions: Our studies revealed ADORA2B-dependent increased levels of IL-6, hyaluronan and Tgm2 in PASMC, consistent with reduced levels in ADORA2Bf/f- Taglncre mice exposed to HX-SU or BLM. Taken together, our data indicates that ADORA2B on PASMC mediates the development of PH through the induction of IL-6, hyaluronan and Tgm2. These studies point at ADORA2B as a therapeutic target to treat PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinne C J Mertens
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ankit Hanmandlu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ly Tu
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Carole Phan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Scott D Collum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ning-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Tingting Weng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jonathan Davies
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Soma S K Jyothula
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Keshava Rajagopal
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ashrith Guha
- Methodist Debakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Brian A Bruckner
- Methodist Debakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael R Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Christophe Guignabert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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18
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Cystatin F involvement in adenosine A 2A receptor-mediated neuroinflammation in BV2 microglial cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6820. [PMID: 29717153 PMCID: PMC5931559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown adenosine A2A R activation markedly promotes the expression of cystatin F (CF) and exacerbates the white matter lesions induced by hypoxic brain injuries. Thus, we hypothesized that CF was probably involved in neuroinflammation of activated microglia induced by A2A R activation. We transfected the BV2 cells with a CF shRNA vector and examined the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in hypoxic-BV2 cells in which A2A R was activated or inactivated to confirm this hypothesis. Additionally, we also investigated the probable signaling pathways involved in modulation of A2A R activation on CF expression in hypoxia-activated BV2 cells. Activation of A2A R promoted CF expression, which was significantly increased after the low glucose and hypoxia treatments in BV2 cells. CF gene knockdown markedly inhibited the increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by A2A R activation in hypoxic-BV2 cells. Furthermore, the increased expression of the CF induced by A2A R activation was remarkably inhibited in hypoxic-BV2 cells administrated with the PKA inhibitor H-89 and the PKC inhibitor staurosporine. Hence, these results indicate that hypoxia BV2 cells highly express CF, which is involved in A2A R activation-mediated neuroinflammation via the PKA/CREB and PKC/CREB or ERK1/2 signaling pathways.
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19
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Wodtke R, Hauser C, Ruiz-Gómez G, Jäckel E, Bauer D, Lohse M, Wong A, Pufe J, Ludwig FA, Fischer S, Hauser S, Greif D, Pisabarro MT, Pietzsch J, Pietsch M, Löser R. Nε-Acryloyllysine Piperazides as Irreversible Inhibitors of Transglutaminase 2: Synthesis, Structure–Activity Relationships, and Pharmacokinetic Profiling. J Med Chem 2018; 61:4528-4560. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wodtke
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Fakultät Natur- und Umweltwissenschaften, Hochschule Zittau/Görlitz, Theodor-Körner-Allee 16, 02763 Zittau, Germany
- Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph Hauser
- Zentrum für Pharmakologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität zu Köln, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Gloria Ruiz-Gómez
- Structural Bioinformatics, BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Jäckel
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Fakultät Natur- und Umweltwissenschaften, Hochschule Zittau/Görlitz, Theodor-Körner-Allee 16, 02763 Zittau, Germany
| | - David Bauer
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Lohse
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Fakultät Natur- und Umweltwissenschaften, Hochschule Zittau/Görlitz, Theodor-Körner-Allee 16, 02763 Zittau, Germany
| | - Alan Wong
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Johanna Pufe
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Friedrich-Alexander Ludwig
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Forschungsstelle Leipzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Fischer
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Forschungsstelle Leipzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Hauser
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dieter Greif
- Fakultät Natur- und Umweltwissenschaften, Hochschule Zittau/Görlitz, Theodor-Körner-Allee 16, 02763 Zittau, Germany
| | - M. Teresa Pisabarro
- Structural Bioinformatics, BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Pietsch
- Zentrum für Pharmakologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität zu Köln, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Reik Löser
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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20
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Penumatsa KC, Toksoz D, Warburton RR, Kharnaf M, Preston IR, Kapur NK, Khosla C, Hill NS, Fanburg BL. Transglutaminase 2 in pulmonary and cardiac tissue remodeling in experimental pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L752-L762. [PMID: 28775095 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00170.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue matrix remodeling and fibrosis leading to loss of pulmonary arterial and right ventricular compliance are important features of both experimental and clinical pulmonary hypertension (PH). We have previously reported that transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is involved in PH development while others have shown it to be a cross-linking enzyme that participates in remodeling of extracellular matrix in fibrotic diseases in general. In the present studies, we used a mouse model of experimental PH (Sugen 5416 and hypoxia; SuHypoxia) and cultured primary human cardiac and pulmonary artery adventitial fibroblasts to evaluate the relationship of TG2 to the processes of fibrosis, protein cross-linking, extracellular matrix collagen accumulation, and fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transformation. We report here that TG2 expression and activity as measured by serotonylated fibronectin and protein cross-linking activity along with fibrogenic markers are significantly elevated in lungs and right ventricles of SuHypoxic mice with PH. Similarly, TG2 expression and activity, protein cross-linking activity, and fibrogenic markers are significantly increased in cultured cardiac and pulmonary artery adventitial fibroblasts in response to hypoxia exposure. Pharmacological inhibition of TG2 activity with ERW1041E significantly reduced hypoxia-induced cross-linking activity and synthesis of collagen 1 and α-smooth muscle actin in both the in vivo and in vitro studies. TG2 short interfering RNA had a similar effect in vitro. Our results suggest that TG2 plays an important role in hypoxia-induced pulmonary and right ventricular tissue matrix remodeling in the development of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna C Penumatsa
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deniz Toksoz
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rod R Warburton
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mousa Kharnaf
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ioana R Preston
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Navin K Kapur
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Nicholas S Hill
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Barry L Fanburg
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts;
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21
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Liu C, Kellems RE, Xia Y. Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and Hypertension: The Essential Role of Tissue Transglutaminase. Am J Hypertens 2017; 30:756-764. [PMID: 28338973 PMCID: PMC5861548 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpx027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines cause hypertension when introduced into animals. Additional evidence indicates that cytokines induce the production of autoantibodies that activate the AT1 angiotensin receptor (AT1R). Extensive evidence shows that these autoantibodies, termed AT1-AA, contribute to hypertension. We review here recent studies showing that cytokine-induced hypertension and AT1-AA production require the ubiquitous enzyme, tissue transglutaminase (TG2). We consider 3 mechanisms by which TG2 may contribute to hypertension. (i) One involves the posttranslational modification (PTM) of AT1Rs at a glutamine residue that is present in the epitope sequence (AFHYESQ) recognized by AT1-AA. (ii) Another mechanism by which TG2 may contribute to hypertension is by PTM of AT1Rs at glutamine 315. Modification at this glutamine prevents ubiquitination-dependent proteasome degradation and allows AT1Rs to accumulate. Increased AT1R abundance is likely to account for increased sensitivity to Ang II activation and in this way contribute to hypertension. (iii) The increased TG2 produced as a result of elevated inflammatory cytokines is likely to contribute to vascular stiffness by modification of intracellular contractile proteins or by crosslinking vascular proteins in the extracellular matrix. This process, termed inward remodeling, results in reduced vascular lumen, vascular stiffness, and increased blood pressure. Based on the literature reviewed here, we hypothesize that TG2 is an essential participant in cytokine-induced hypertension. From this perspective, selective TG2 inhibitors have the potential to be pharmacologic weapons in the fight against hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School of the University of Texas at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rodney E. Kellems
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School of the University of Texas at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School of the University of Texas at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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22
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Nourse JL, Pathak MM. How cells channel their stress: Interplay between Piezo1 and the cytoskeleton. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 71:3-12. [PMID: 28676421 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cells constantly encounter mechanical stimuli in their environment, such as dynamic forces and mechanical features of the extracellular matrix. These mechanical cues are transduced into biochemical signals, and integrated with genetic and chemical signals to modulate diverse physiological processes. Cells also actively generate forces to internally transport cargo, to explore the physical properties of their environment and to spatially position themselves and other cells during development. Mechanical forces are therefore central to development, homeostasis, and repair. Several molecular and biophysical strategies are utilized by cells for detecting and generating mechanical forces. Here we discuss an important class of molecules involved in sensing and transducing mechanical forces - mechanically-activated ion channels. We focus primarily on the Piezo1 ion channel, and examine its relationship with the cellular cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamison L Nourse
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, 835 Health Sciences Road, Room 275B, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Medha M Pathak
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, 835 Health Sciences Road, Room 275B, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.
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23
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Huetsch JC, Suresh K, Bernier M, Shimoda LA. Update on novel targets and potential treatment avenues in pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L811-L831. [PMID: 27591245 PMCID: PMC5130539 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00302.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a condition marked by a combination of constriction and remodeling within the pulmonary vasculature. It remains a disease without a cure, as current treatments were developed with a focus on vasodilatory properties but do not reverse the remodeling component. Numerous recent advances have been made in the understanding of cellular processes that drive pathologic remodeling in each layer of the vessel wall as well as the accompanying maladaptive changes in the right ventricle. In particular, the past few years have yielded much improved insight into the pathways that contribute to altered metabolism, mitochondrial function, and reactive oxygen species signaling and how these pathways promote the proproliferative, promigratory, and antiapoptotic phenotype of the vasculature during PH. Additionally, there have been significant advances in numerous other pathways linked to PH pathogenesis, such as sex hormones and perivascular inflammation. Novel insights into cellular pathology have suggested new avenues for the development of both biomarkers and therapies that will hopefully bring us closer to the elusive goal: a therapy leading to reversal of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Huetsch
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Karthik Suresh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Meghan Bernier
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Larissa A Shimoda
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
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24
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Prakash YS. Emerging concepts in smooth muscle contributions to airway structure and function: implications for health and disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L1113-L1140. [PMID: 27742732 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00370.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway structure and function are key aspects of normal lung development, growth, and aging, as well as of lung responses to the environment and the pathophysiology of important diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and fibrosis. In this regard, the contributions of airway smooth muscle (ASM) are both functional, in the context of airway contractility and relaxation, as well as synthetic, involving production and modulation of extracellular components, modulation of the local immune environment, cellular contribution to airway structure, and, finally, interactions with other airway cell types such as epithelium, fibroblasts, and nerves. These ASM contributions are now found to be critical in airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling that occur in lung diseases. This review emphasizes established and recent discoveries that underline the central role of ASM and sets the stage for future research toward understanding how ASM plays a central role by being both upstream and downstream in the many interactive processes that determine airway structure and function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Prakash
- Departments of Anesthesiology, and Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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25
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Luo R, Liu C, Elliott SE, Wang W, Parchim N, Iriyama T, Daugherty PS, Tao L, Eltzschig HK, Blackwell SC, Sibai BM, Kellems RE, Xia Y. Transglutaminase is a Critical Link Between Inflammation and Hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.003730. [PMID: 27364991 PMCID: PMC5015405 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of essential hypertension is multifactorial with different underlying mechanisms contributing to disease. We have recently shown that TNF superfamily member 14 LIGHT (an acronym for homologous to lymphotoxins, exhibits inducible expression, and competes with herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes, also known as TNFSF14) induces hypertension when injected into mice. Research reported here was undertaken to examine the role of transglutaminase (TGase) in LIGHT‐induced hypertension. Methods and Results Initial experiments showed that plasma and kidney TGase activity was induced by LIGHT infusion (13.91±2.92 versus 6.75±1.92 mU/mL and 19.86±3.55 versus 12.00±0.97 mU/10 μg) and was accompanied with hypertension (169±7.16 versus 117.17±11.57 mm Hg at day 14) and renal impairment (proteinuria, 61.33±23.21 versus 20.38±9.01 μg/mg; osmolality, 879.57±93.02 versus 1407.2±308.04 mmol/kg). The increase in renal TGase activity corresponded to an increase in RNA for the tissue TGase isoform, termed TG2. Pharmacologically, we showed that LIGHT‐induced hypertension and renal impairment did not occur in the presence of cystamine, a well‐known competitive inhibitor of TGase activity. Genetically, we showed that LIGHT‐mediated induction of TGase, along with hypertension and renal impairment, was dependent on interleukin‐6 and endothelial hypoxia inducible factor‐1α. We also demonstrated that interleukin‐6, endothelial hypoxia inducible factor‐1α, and TGase are required for LIGHT‐induced production of angiotensin receptor agonistic autoantibodies. Conclusions Thus, LIGHT‐induced hypertension, renal impairment, and production of angiotensin receptor agonistic autoantibodies require TGase, most likely the TG2 isoform. Our findings establish TGase as a critical link between inflammation, hypertension, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renna Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX Department of Nephrology, The First Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PRC Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX
| | - Serra E Elliott
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX Department of Nephrology, The First Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PRC
| | - Nicholas Parchim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX
| | - Takayuki Iriyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Patrick S Daugherty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Lijian Tao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PRC
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado-Medical School, Denver, CO
| | - Sean C Blackwell
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX
| | - Baha M Sibai
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX
| | - Rodney E Kellems
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, TX
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, TX
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26
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Sándor K, Daniel B, Kiss B, Kovács F, Szondy Z. Transcriptional control of transglutaminase 2 expression in mouse apoptotic thymocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:964-74. [PMID: 27262403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) is a ubiquitously expressed multifunctional protein, which participates in various biological processes including thymocyte apoptosis. As a result, the transcriptional regulation of the gene is complex and must depend on the cell type. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that in dying thymocytes the expression of Tgm2 is induced by external signals derived from engulfing macrophages, such as retinoids, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and adenosine, the latter triggering the adenylate cyclase signaling pathway. The existence of TGF-β and retinoid responsive elements in the promoter region of Tgm2 has already been reported, but the intergenic regulatory elements participating in the regulation of Tgm2 have not yet been identified. Here we used publicly available results from DNase I hypersensitivity analysis followed by deep sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing against CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), H3K4me3, H3K4me1 and H3K27ac to map a putative regulatory element set for Tgm2 in thymocytes. By measuring eRNA expressions of these putative enhancers in retinoid, rTGF-β or dibutiryl cAMP-exposed thymocytes we determined which of them are functional. By applying ChIP-qPCR against SMAD4, retinoic acid receptor, retinoid X receptor, cAMP response element binding protein, P300 and H3K27ac under the same conditions, we identified two enhancers of Tgm2, which seem to act as integrators of the TGF-β, retinoid and adenylate cyclase signaling pathways in dying thymocytes. Our study describes a novel strategy to identify and characterize the signal-specific functional enhancer set of a gene by integrating genome-wide datasets and measuring the production of enhancer specific RNA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Sándor
- Division of Dental Biochemistry, Signaling and Apoptosis Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt.98., Debrecen H-4012, Hungary
| | - Bence Daniel
- Nuclear Receptor Research Group, Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen H-4012, Hungary
| | - Bea Kiss
- Division of Dental Biochemistry, Signaling and Apoptosis Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt.98., Debrecen H-4012, Hungary
| | - Fruzsina Kovács
- Division of Dental Biochemistry, Signaling and Apoptosis Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt.98., Debrecen H-4012, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Szondy
- Division of Dental Biochemistry, Signaling and Apoptosis Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt.98., Debrecen H-4012, Hungary.
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27
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Qiu X, Zheng M, Song D, Huang L, Tang L, Ying L, Wang W. Notoginsenoside Rb1 inhibits activation of ERK and p38 MAPK pathways induced by hypoxia and hypercapnia. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:2455-2461. [PMID: 27313674 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of notoginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) on the ERK and p38 MAPK pathways in primary cultured pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) exposed to hypoxia and hypercapnia, in order to elucidate the mechanism underlying the effect of Rb1 on hypoxia and hypercapnia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction (HHPV). PASMCs were isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats. The cells were divided into five groups: Normal (N), hypoxia and hypercapnia (H), RbL, RbM and RbH groups. N group cells were cultured under 5% CO2 and 21% O2. H, RbL, RbM and RbH groups were cultured under 6% CO2 and 1% O2. Prior to the hypoxia and hypercapnia exposure, RbL, RbM and RbH groups were treated with 8, 40 and 100 mg/ml Rb1 for 30 min, respectively. Phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (P-ERK) and P-p38 protein, and ERK1/2 and p38 mRNA expression levels were detected using western blot and semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses, respectively. The correlations between P-ERK protein and ERK1/2 mRNA, and between P-p38 protein and p38 mRNA were evaluated. Results of western blot and RT-PCR showed hypoxia and hypercapnia increased P-ERK and P-p38 protein, and ERK1/2 mRNA, respectively (P<0.05). Rb1 suppressed the increased P-ERK and P-p38 protein, and ERK1/2 and p38 mRNA by hypoxia and hypercapnia (P<0.05). P-ERK protein was positively correlated with ERK1 (r=0.5, P<0.01) and ERK2 mRNA (r=0.977, P<0.01). P-p38 protein was positively correlated with p38 mRNA (r=0.884, P<0.01). Thus, the present results indicate that Rb1 may ameliorate HHPV by suppressing ERK and p38 pathways. The study provides an experimental basis for investigating the clinical use of Rb1 in the management of HHPV-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Qiu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Mengxiao Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Dong Song
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Linjing Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Lanlan Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Lei Ying
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Wantie Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
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28
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Retailleau K, Duprat F, Arhatte M, Ranade SS, Peyronnet R, Martins JR, Jodar M, Moro C, Offermanns S, Feng Y, Demolombe S, Patel A, Honoré E. Piezo1 in Smooth Muscle Cells Is Involved in Hypertension-Dependent Arterial Remodeling. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1161-1171. [PMID: 26526998 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanically activated non-selective cation channel Piezo1 is a determinant of vascular architecture during early development. Piezo1-deficient embryos die at midgestation with disorganized blood vessels. However, the role of stretch-activated ion channels (SACs) in arterial smooth muscle cells in the adult remains unknown. Here, we show that Piezo1 is highly expressed in myocytes of small-diameter arteries and that smooth-muscle-specific Piezo1 deletion fully impairs SAC activity. While Piezo1 is dispensable for the arterial myogenic tone, it is involved in the structural remodeling of small arteries. Increased Piezo1 opening has a trophic effect on resistance arteries, influencing both diameter and wall thickness in hypertension. Piezo1 mediates a rise in cytosolic calcium and stimulates activity of transglutaminases, cross-linking enzymes required for the remodeling of small arteries. In conclusion, we have established the connection between an early mechanosensitive process, involving Piezo1 in smooth muscle cells, and a clinically relevant arterial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Retailleau
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, LabEx ICST, UMR 7275 CNRS, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Fabrice Duprat
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, LabEx ICST, UMR 7275 CNRS, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Malika Arhatte
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, LabEx ICST, UMR 7275 CNRS, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Sanjeev Sumant Ranade
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rémi Peyronnet
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, LabEx ICST, UMR 7275 CNRS, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Joana Raquel Martins
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, LabEx ICST, UMR 7275 CNRS, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Martine Jodar
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, LabEx ICST, UMR 7275 CNRS, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Céline Moro
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, LabEx ICST, UMR 7275 CNRS, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Yuanyi Feng
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sophie Demolombe
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, LabEx ICST, UMR 7275 CNRS, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Amanda Patel
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, LabEx ICST, UMR 7275 CNRS, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France.
| | - Eric Honoré
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, LabEx ICST, UMR 7275 CNRS, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France.
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Parpaite T, Cardouat G, Mauroux M, Gillibert-Duplantier J, Robillard P, Quignard JF, Marthan R, Savineau JP, Ducret T. Effect of hypoxia on TRPV1 and TRPV4 channels in rat pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. Pflugers Arch 2015; 468:111-130. [PMID: 25799977 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-015-1704-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels of the vanilloid subfamily, mainly TRPV1 and TRPV4, are expressed in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) and implicated in the remodeling of pulmonary artery, a landmark of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Among a variety of PH subtypes, PH of group 3 are mostly related to a prolonged hypoxia exposure occurring in a variety of chronic lung diseases. In the present study, we thus investigated the role of hypoxia on TRPV1 and TRPV4 channels independently of the increased pulmonary arterial pressure that occurs during PH. We isolated PASMC from normoxic rat and cultured these cells under in vitro hypoxia. Using microspectrofluorimetry and the patch-clamp technique, we showed that hypoxia (1 % O2 for 48 h) significantly increased stretch- and TRPV4-induced calcium responses. qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunostaining experiments revealed that the expression of TRPV1 and TRPV4 was not enhanced under hypoxic conditions, but we observed a membrane translocation of TRPV1. Furthermore, hypoxia induced a reorganization of the F-actin cytoskeleton, the tubulin, and intermediate filament networks (immunostaining experiments), associated with an enhanced TRPV1- and TRPV4-induced migratory response (wound-healing assay). Finally, as assessed by immunostaining, exposure to in vitro hypoxia elicited a significant increase in NFATc4 nuclear localization. Cyclosporin A and BAPTA-AM inhibited NFATc4 translocation, indicating the activation of the Ca(2+)/calcineurin/NFAT pathway. In conclusion, these data point out the effect of hypoxia on TRPV1 and TRPV4 channels in rat PASMC, suggesting that these channels can act as direct signal transducers in the pathophysiology of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Parpaite
- Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Guillaume Cardouat
- Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marthe Mauroux
- Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jennifer Gillibert-Duplantier
- Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Paul Robillard
- Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-François Quignard
- Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Roger Marthan
- Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Savineau
- Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thomas Ducret
- Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France. .,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France. .,Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, INSERM U1045, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo-Saignat (case 13), F-33076, Bordeaux cedex, France.
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