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Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Matter of Estrogens, Ceramides, and Sphingosine 1-Phosphate. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074009. [PMID: 35409368 PMCID: PMC8999971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The medical community recognizes sex-related differences in pathophysiology and cardiovascular disease outcomes (CVD), culminating with heart failure. In general, pre-menopausal women tend to have a better prognosis than men. Explaining why this occurs is not a simple matter. For decades, sex hormones like estrogens (Es) have been identified as one of the leading factors driving these sex differences. Indeed, Es seem protective in women as their decline, during and after menopause, coincides with an increased CV risk and HF development. However, clinical trials demonstrated that E replacement in post-menopause women results in adverse cardiac events and increased risk of breast cancer. Thus, a deeper understanding of E-related mechanisms is needed to provide a vital gateway toward better CVD prevention and treatment in women. Of note, sphingolipids (SLs) and their metabolism are strictly related to E activities. Among the SLs, ceramide and sphingosine 1-phosphate play essential roles in mammalian physiology, particularly in the CV system, and appear differently modulated in males and females. In keeping with this view, here we explore the most recent experimental and clinical observations about the role of E and SL metabolism, emphasizing how these factors impact the CV system.
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2
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Pors SE, Harðardóttir L, Olesen HØ, Riis ML, Jensen LB, Andersen AS, Cadenas J, Grønning AP, Colmorn LB, Dueholm M, Andersen CY, Kristensen SG. Effect of sphingosine-1-phosphate on activation of dormant follicles in murine and human ovarian tissue. Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 26:301-311. [PMID: 32202615 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro activation of resting ovarian follicles, with the use of mechanical stress and/or pharmacological compounds, is an emerging and novel approach for infertility treatment. The aim of this study was to assess the sphingolipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), as a potential in vitro activation agent in murine and human ovarian tissues and isolated follicles. Juvenile murine ovaries and donated human ovarian tissues, from 10 women undergoing ovarian tissue cryopreservation for fertility preservation, were incubated with or without 12 μM S1P for 3 h for quantitative PCR analysis, and 12 h for xenotransplantation or culture studies. Gene expression analyses were performed for genes downstream of the Hippo signaling pathway. Murine ovaries and isolated murine and human preantral follicles showed significantly increased mRNA expression levels of Ccn2/CCN2 following S1P treatment compared to controls. This increase was shown to be specific for the Hippo signaling pathway and for the S1P2 receptor, as co-treatment with Hippo-inhibitor, verteporfin and S1PR2 antagonist, JTE-013, reduced the S1P-induced Ccn2 gene expression in murine ovaries. Histological evaluation of human cortical tissues (5 × 5 × 1 mm; n = 30; three pieces per patient) xenografted for 6 weeks and juvenile murine ovaries cultured for 4 days (n = 9) or allografted for 2 weeks (n = 48) showed no differences in the distribution of resting or growing follicles in S1P-treated ovarian tissues compared to controls. Collectively, S1P increased Ccn2/CCN2 gene expression in isolated preantral follicles and ovarian tissue from mice and human, but it did not promote follicle activation or growth in vivo. Thus, S1P does not appear to be a potent in vitro activation agent under these experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Elisabeth Pors
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lilja Harðardóttir
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Current workplace: Center for Obstetrics and Pediatrics, Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Ørnes Olesen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Malene Lundgaard Riis
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lea Bejstrup Jensen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Astrid Sten Andersen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesús Cadenas
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annika Patricia Grønning
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Technology, Faculty of Health, University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte Berdiin Colmorn
- The Fertility Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Margit Dueholm
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Claus Yding Andersen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Gry Kristensen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Qu SL, Chen L, Wen XS, Zuo JP, Wang XY, Lu ZJ, Yang YF. Suppression of Th17 cell differentiation via sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 by cinnamaldehyde can ameliorate ulcerative colitis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 134:111116. [PMID: 33341041 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is chronic disease characterized by diffuse inflammation of the mucosa of the colon and rectum. Although the etiology is unknown, dysregulation of the intestinal mucosal immune system is closely related to UC. Cinnamaldehyde (CA) is a major active compound from cinnamon, is known as its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial. However, little research focused on its regulatory function on immune cells in UC. Therefore, we set out to explore the modulating effects of CA on immune cells in UC. We found that CA reduced the progression of colitis through controlling the production of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibiting the proportion of Th17 cells. Furthermore, the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was employed for analyzing and differentiating metabolites, data showed that sphingolipid pathway has a great influence on the effect of CA on UC. Meanwhile, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1P2) and Rho-GTP protein levels were downregulated in colonic tissues after CA treatment. Moreover, in vitro assays showed that CA inhibited Th17 cell differentiation and downregulated of S1P2 and Rho-GTP signaling. Notably, we found that treatment with S1P2 antagonist (JTE-013) weakened the inhibitory effect of CA on Th17 cells. Furthermore, S1P2 deficiency (S1P2-/-) blocked the effect of CA on Th17 cell differentiation. In addition, CA can also improve inflammation via lncRNA H19 and MIAT. To sum up, this study provides clear evidence that CA can ameliorate ulcerative colitis through suppressing Th17 cells via S1P2 pathway and regulating lncRNA H19 and MIAT, which further supports S1P2 as a potential drug target for immunity-mediated UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Lan Qu
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Long Chen
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xue-Shan Wen
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jian-Ping Zuo
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Laboratory of Anti-inflammation and Immunopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Laboratory of Anti-inflammation and Immunopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Zhi-Jie Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Yi-Fu Yang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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4
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Del Gaudio I, Sasset L, Di Lorenzo A, Wadsack C. Sphingolipid Signature of Human Feto-Placental Vasculature in Preeclampsia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031019. [PMID: 32033121 PMCID: PMC7037072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive sphingolipids are emerging as key regulators of vascular function and homeostasis. While most of the clinical studies have been devoted to profile circulating sphingolipids in maternal plasma, little is known about the role of the sphingolipid at the feto-placental vasculature, which is in direct contact with the offspring circulation. Our study aims to compare the sphingolipid profile of normal with preeclamptic (PE) placental chorionic arteries and isolated endothelial cells, with the goal of unveiling potential underlying pathomechanisms in the vasculature. Dihydrosphingosine and sphingomyelin (SM) concentrations (C16:0-, C18:0-, and C24:0- sphingomyelin) were significantly increased in chorionic arteries of preeclamptic placentas, whereas total ceramide, although showing a downward trend, were not statistically different. Moreover, RNA and immunofluorescence analysis showed impaired sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) synthesis and signaling in PE vessels. Our data reveal that the exposure to a deranged maternal intrauterine environment during PE alters the sphingolipid signature and gene expression on the fetal side of the placental vasculature. This pathological remodeling consists in increased serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) activity and SM accrual in PE chorionic arteries, with concomitance impairment endothelial S1P signaling in the endothelium of these vessels. The increase of endothelial S1P phosphatase, lyase and S1PR2, and blunted S1PR1 expression support the onset of the pathological phenotype in chorionic arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Del Gaudio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Linda Sasset
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Annarita Di Lorenzo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (A.D.L.); Tel.: +43-316-385-81074 (C.W.); +1-212-746-6476 (A.D.L.)
| | - Christian Wadsack
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (A.D.L.); Tel.: +43-316-385-81074 (C.W.); +1-212-746-6476 (A.D.L.)
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5
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Panta CR, Ruisanchez É, Móré D, Dancs PT, Balogh A, Fülöp Á, Kerék M, Proia RL, Offermanns S, Tigyi GJ, Benyó Z. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Enhances α 1-Adrenergic Vasoconstriction via S1P2-G 12/13-ROCK Mediated Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246361. [PMID: 31861195 PMCID: PMC6941080 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) has been implicated recently in the physiology and pathology of the cardiovascular system including regulation of vascular tone. Pilot experiments showed that the vasoconstrictor effect of S1P was enhanced markedly in the presence of phenylephrine (PE). Based on this observation, we hypothesized that S1P might modulate α1-adrenergic vasoactivity. In murine aortas, a 20-minute exposure to S1P but not to its vehicle increased the Emax and decreased the EC50 of PE-induced contractions indicating a hyperreactivity to α1-adrenergic stimulation. The potentiating effect of S1P disappeared in S1P2 but not in S1P3 receptor-deficient vessels. In addition, smooth muscle specific conditional deletion of G12/13 proteins or pharmacological inhibition of the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) by Y-27632 or fasudil abolished the effect of S1P on α1-adrenergic vasoconstriction. Unexpectedly, PE-induced contractions remained enhanced markedly as late as three hours after S1P-exposure in wild-type (WT) and S1P3 KO but not in S1P2 KO vessels. In conclusion, the S1P–S1P2–G12/13–ROCK signaling pathway appears to have a major influence on α1-adrenergic vasoactivity. This cooperativity might lead to sustained vasoconstriction when increased sympathetic tone is accompanied by increased S1P production as it occurs during acute coronary syndrome and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecília R. Panta
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary (D.M.); (P.T.D.); (A.B.); (M.K.); (G.J.T.)
- Correspondence: (C.R.P.); (Z.B.)
| | - Éva Ruisanchez
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary (D.M.); (P.T.D.); (A.B.); (M.K.); (G.J.T.)
| | - Dorottya Móré
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary (D.M.); (P.T.D.); (A.B.); (M.K.); (G.J.T.)
| | - Péter T. Dancs
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary (D.M.); (P.T.D.); (A.B.); (M.K.); (G.J.T.)
| | - Andrea Balogh
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary (D.M.); (P.T.D.); (A.B.); (M.K.); (G.J.T.)
| | - Ágnes Fülöp
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary (D.M.); (P.T.D.); (A.B.); (M.K.); (G.J.T.)
| | - Margit Kerék
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary (D.M.); (P.T.D.); (A.B.); (M.K.); (G.J.T.)
| | - Richard L. Proia
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany;
| | - Gábor J. Tigyi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary (D.M.); (P.T.D.); (A.B.); (M.K.); (G.J.T.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Zoltán Benyó
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary (D.M.); (P.T.D.); (A.B.); (M.K.); (G.J.T.)
- Correspondence: (C.R.P.); (Z.B.)
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6
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Targeting sphingosine kinase 1 for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:2939-2953. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), characterized by high morbidity and mortality, is a serious hazard to human life. Until now, the long-term survival of the PAH patients is still suboptimal. Recently, sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) has drawn more and more attention due to its essential role in the pulmonary vasoconstriction, remodeling of pulmonary blood vessels and right cardiac lesions in PAH patients, and this enzyme is regarded as a new target for the treatment of PAH. Here, we discussed the multifarious functions of SPHK1 in PAH physiology and pathogenesis. Moreover, the structural features of SPHK1 and binding modes with different inhibitors were summarized. Finally, recent advances in the medicinal chemistry research of SPHK1 inhibitors are presented.
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7
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Igarashi N, Honjo M, Fujishiro T, Toyono T, Ono T, Mori Y, Miyata K, Obinata H, Aihara M. Activation of the Sphingosine 1 Phosphate-Rho Pathway in Pterygium and in Ultraviolet-Irradiated Normal Conjunctiva. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194670. [PMID: 31547113 PMCID: PMC6801701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid that regulates cellular activity, including proliferation, cytoskeletal organization, migration, and fibrosis. In this study, the potential relevance of S1P–Rho signaling in pterygium formation and the effects of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on activation of the S1P/S1P receptor axis and fibrotic responses were investigated in vitro. Expressions of the S1P2, S1P4, and S1P5 receptors were significantly higher in pterygium tissue than in normal conjunctiva, and the concentration of S1P was significantly elevated in the lysate of normal conjunctival fibroblast cell (NCFC) irradiated with UV (UV-NCFCs). RhoA activity was significantly upregulated in pterygium fibroblast cells (PFCs) and UV-NCFCs, and myosin phosphatase–Rho interacting protein (MRIP) was upregulated, and myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1) was downregulated in PFCs. Fibrogenic changes were significantly upregulated in both PFCs and UV-NCFCs compared to NCFCs. We found that the activation of the S1P receptor–Rho cascade was observed in pterygium tissue. Additionally, in vitro examination showed S1P–rho activation and fibrogenic changes in PFCs and UV-NCFCs. S1P elevation and the resulting upregulation of the downstream Rho signaling pathway may be important in pterygium formation; this pathway offers a potential therapeutic target for suppressing pterygium generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Igarashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Megumi Honjo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Takashi Fujishiro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Toyono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Takashi Ono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
- Miyata eye hospital, Miyazaki 885-0051, Japan.
| | - Yosai Mori
- Miyata eye hospital, Miyazaki 885-0051, Japan.
| | | | - Hideru Obinata
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Makoto Aihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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8
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Tengesdal IW, Kitzenberg D, Li S, Nyuydzefe MS, Chen W, Weiss JM, Zhang J, Waksal SD, Zanin-Zhorov A, Dinarello CA. The selective ROCK2 inhibitor KD025 reduces IL-17 secretion in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells independent of IL-1 and IL-6. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1679-1686. [PMID: 30098001 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Reducing the activities of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17 is an effective treatment strategy for several chronic autoimmune disorders. Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinase 2 (ROCK2) is a member of the serine-threonine protein kinase family that regulates IL-17 secretion in T cells via signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)-dependent mechanism. We reported here that the selective ROCK2 inhibitor KD025 significantly reduced in vitro production of IL-17 in unfractionated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with the dectin-1 agonist Candida albicans. C. albicans induced IL-17 was reduced by 70% (p < 0.0001); a similar reduction (80%) was observed in PBMC stimulated with the Toll-like receptor 2 agonist Staphylococcus epidermidis (p < 0.0001). Treatment of PBMC with KD025 was not associated with a reduction in IL-1β, IL-6 or IL-1α levels; in contrast, a 1.5 fold increase in the level of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) was observed (p < 0.001). KD025 down-regulated C. albicans-induced Myosin Light Chain and STAT3, whereas STAT5 phosphorylation increased. Using anti-CD3/CD28 activation of the TCR, KD025 similarly suppressed IL-17 independent of a reduction in IL-1β. Thus, ROCK2 directly regulates IL-17 secretion independent of endogenous IL-1 and IL-6 supporting development of selective ROCK2 inhibitors for treatment of IL-17-driven inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isak W Tengesdal
- Dept. Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Suzhao Li
- Dept. Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Wei Chen
- Kadmon Corporation, LLC, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Charles A Dinarello
- Dept. Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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9
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Iyinikkel J, Murray F. GPCRs in pulmonary arterial hypertension: tipping the balance. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3063-3079. [PMID: 29468655 PMCID: PMC6031878 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive, fatal disease characterised by increased pulmonary vascular resistance and excessive proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC). GPCRs, which are attractive pharmacological targets, are important regulators of pulmonary vascular tone and PASMC phenotype. PAH is associated with the altered expression and function of a number of GPCRs in the pulmonary circulation, which leads to the vasoconstriction and proliferation of PASMC and thereby contributes to the imbalance of pulmonary vascular tone associated with PAH; drugs targeting GPCRs are currently used clinically to treat PAH and extensive preclinical work supports the utility of a number of additional GPCRs. Here we review how GPCR expression and function changes with PAH and discuss why GPCRs continue to be relevant drug targets for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Iyinikkel
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and NutritionUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Fiona Murray
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and NutritionUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
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10
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Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) in combination with hypercapnic pulmonary vasoconstriction redistributes pulmonary blood flow from poorly aerated to better ventilated lung regions by an active process of local vasoconstriction. Impairment of HPV results in ventilation-perfusion mismatch and is commonly associated with various lung diseases including pneumonia, sepsis, or cystic fibrosis. Although several regulatory pathways have been identified, considerable knowledge gaps persist, and a unifying concept of the signaling pathways that underlie HPV and their impairment in lung diseases has not yet emerged. In the past, conceptual models of HPV have focused on pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) acting as sensor and effector of hypoxia in the pulmonary vasculature. In contrast, the endothelium was considered a modulating bystander in this scenario. For an ideal design, however, the oxygen sensor in HPV should be located in the region of gas exchange, i.e., in the alveolar capillary network. This concept requires the retrograde propagation of the hypoxic signal along the endothelial layer of the vascular wall and subsequent contraction of PASMC in upstream arterioles that is elicited via temporospatially tightly controlled endothelial-smooth muscle cell crosstalk. The present review summarizes recent work that provides proof-of-principle for the existence and functional relevance of such signaling pathway in HPV that involves important roles for connexin 40, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, sphingolipids, and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. Of translational relevance, implication of these molecules provides for novel mechanistic explanations for impaired ventilation/perfusion matching in patients with pneumonia, sepsis, cystic fibrosis, and presumably various other lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Grimmer
- Institute of Physiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin , Germany
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Institute of Physiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin , Germany
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
- Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
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11
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Cannavo A, Liccardo D, Komici K, Corbi G, de Lucia C, Femminella GD, Elia A, Bencivenga L, Ferrara N, Koch WJ, Paolocci N, Rengo G. Sphingosine Kinases and Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptors: Signaling and Actions in the Cardiovascular System. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:556. [PMID: 28878674 PMCID: PMC5572949 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sphingosine kinases 1 and 2 (SphK1 and 2) catalyze the phosphorylation of the lipid, sphingosine, generating the signal transmitter, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). The activation of such kinases and the subsequent S1P generation and secretion in the blood serum of mammals represent a major checkpoint in many cellular signaling cascades. In fact, activating the SphK/S1P system is critical for cell motility and proliferation, cytoskeletal organization, cell growth, survival, and response to stress. In the cardiovascular system, the physiological effects of S1P intervene through the binding and activation of a family of five highly selective G protein-coupled receptors, called S1PR1-5. Importantly, SphK/S1P signal is present on both vascular and myocardial cells. S1P is a well-recognized survival factor in many tissues. Therefore, it is not surprising that the last two decades have seen a flourishing of interest and investigative efforts directed to obtain additional mechanistic insights into the signaling, as well as the biological activity of this phospholipid, and of its receptors, especially in the cardiovascular system. Here, we will provide an up-to-date account on the structure and function of sphingosine kinases, discussing the generation, release, and function of S1P. Keeping the bull's eye on the cardiovascular system, we will review the structure and signaling cascades and biological actions emanating from the stimulation of different S1P receptors. We will end this article with a summary of the most recent, experimental and clinical observations targeting S1PRs and SphKs as possible new therapeutic avenues for cardiovascular disorders, such as heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cannavo
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, PhiladelphiaPA, United States.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Daniela Liccardo
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, PhiladelphiaPA, United States.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Klara Komici
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Graziamaria Corbi
- Department of Medicine and Health Science, University of MoliseCampobasso, Italy
| | - Claudio de Lucia
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, PhiladelphiaPA, United States
| | | | - Andrea Elia
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA Società Benefit, Telese Terme Institute (BN)Telese, Italy
| | - Leonardo Bencivenga
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferrara
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy.,Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA Società Benefit, Telese Terme Institute (BN)Telese, Italy
| | - Walter J Koch
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, PhiladelphiaPA, United States
| | - Nazareno Paolocci
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions, BaltimoreMD, United States.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rengo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy.,Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA Società Benefit, Telese Terme Institute (BN)Telese, Italy
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12
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Cannavo A, Liccardo D, Komici K, Corbi G, de Lucia C, Femminella GD, Elia A, Bencivenga L, Ferrara N, Koch WJ, Paolocci N, Rengo G. Sphingosine Kinases and Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptors: Signaling and Actions in the Cardiovascular System. Front Pharmacol 2017. [PMID: 28878674 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The sphingosine kinases 1 and 2 (SphK1 and 2) catalyze the phosphorylation of the lipid, sphingosine, generating the signal transmitter, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). The activation of such kinases and the subsequent S1P generation and secretion in the blood serum of mammals represent a major checkpoint in many cellular signaling cascades. In fact, activating the SphK/S1P system is critical for cell motility and proliferation, cytoskeletal organization, cell growth, survival, and response to stress. In the cardiovascular system, the physiological effects of S1P intervene through the binding and activation of a family of five highly selective G protein-coupled receptors, called S1PR1-5. Importantly, SphK/S1P signal is present on both vascular and myocardial cells. S1P is a well-recognized survival factor in many tissues. Therefore, it is not surprising that the last two decades have seen a flourishing of interest and investigative efforts directed to obtain additional mechanistic insights into the signaling, as well as the biological activity of this phospholipid, and of its receptors, especially in the cardiovascular system. Here, we will provide an up-to-date account on the structure and function of sphingosine kinases, discussing the generation, release, and function of S1P. Keeping the bull's eye on the cardiovascular system, we will review the structure and signaling cascades and biological actions emanating from the stimulation of different S1P receptors. We will end this article with a summary of the most recent, experimental and clinical observations targeting S1PRs and SphKs as possible new therapeutic avenues for cardiovascular disorders, such as heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cannavo
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, PhiladelphiaPA, United States
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Daniela Liccardo
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, PhiladelphiaPA, United States
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Klara Komici
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Graziamaria Corbi
- Department of Medicine and Health Science, University of MoliseCampobasso, Italy
| | - Claudio de Lucia
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, PhiladelphiaPA, United States
| | | | - Andrea Elia
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA Società Benefit, Telese Terme Institute (BN)Telese, Italy
| | - Leonardo Bencivenga
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferrara
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA Società Benefit, Telese Terme Institute (BN)Telese, Italy
| | - Walter J Koch
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, PhiladelphiaPA, United States
| | - Nazareno Paolocci
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions, BaltimoreMD, United States
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rengo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA Società Benefit, Telese Terme Institute (BN)Telese, Italy
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13
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Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a simple, bioactive sphingolipid metabolite, plays a key role, both intracellularly and extracellularly, in various cellular processes such as proliferation, survival, migration, inflammation, angiogenesis, and endothelial barrier integrity. The cellular S1P level is low and is tightly regulated by its synthesis and degradation. Sphingosine Kinases (SphKs) 1 and 2, catalyze the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of sphingosine to S1P, while the degradation is mediated by the reversible dephosphorylation catalyzed by the S1P phosphatases and lipid phosphate phosphatases and the irreversible degradation to hexadecenal and ethanolamine phosphate by sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (S1PL). As a ligand for specific G-protein-coupled receptors, S1P1-5, which are differentially expressed in different cell types, S1P generates downstream signals that play crucial role in developmental and disease related pathologies. In addition to acting extracellularly on receptors located on the plasma membrane, S1P can also act intracellularly, independently of S1P1-5, affecting calcium homeostasis and cell proliferation. The SphKs /S1P /S1PL metabolic pathway is implicated in numerous human pathologies including respiratory disorders, thereby raising the possibility that manipulating intracellular S1P levels could offer therapeutic potential in ameliorating lung diseases. This review focuses on the prospects of targeting S1P signaling and S1P metabolizing enzymes using small molecule inhibitors, receptor agonists, and antagonists in the treatment of lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Ebenezer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Panfeng Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Viswanathan Natarajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA.
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14
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Terashita T, Kobayashi K, Nagano T, Kawa Y, Tamura D, Nakata K, Yamamoto M, Tachihara M, Kamiryo H, Nishimura Y. Administration of JTE013 abrogates experimental asthma by regulating proinflammatory cytokine production from bronchial epithelial cells. Respir Res 2016; 17:146. [PMID: 27829417 PMCID: PMC5103479 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0465-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive phospholipid that acts as a signal transducer by binding to S1P receptors (S1PR) 1 to 5. The S1P/S1PRs pathway has been associated with remodeling and allergic inflammation in asthma, but the expression pattern of S1PR and its effects on non-immune cells have not been completely clarified. The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of the signaling of S1P and S1PRs expressed in airway epithelial cells (ECs) to asthma responses in mice. Methods Bronchial asthma was experimentally induced in BALB/c mice by ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization followed by an OVA inhalation challenge. The effects of S1PR antagonists on the development of asthma were analyzed 24 h after the OVA challenge. Results Immunohistological analysis revealed S1PR1-3 expression on mouse airway ECs. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that S1P greatly stimulated the induction of CCL3 and TIMP2 mRNA in human airway ECs, i.e., BEAS-2B cells, in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with the S1PR2 antagonist JTE013 inhibited the CCL3 gene expression in BEAS-2B cells. Immunohistological analysis also showed that the expression level of CCL3 was attenuated by JTE013 in asthmatic mice. Furthermore, JTE013 as well as anti-CCL3 antibody attenuated allergic responses. Intratracheal administration of JTE013 also attenuated eosinophilic reactions in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. S1P induced transcription factor NFκB activation, while JTE013 greatly reduced the NFκB activation. Conclusions JTE013 attenuated allergic airway reactions by regulating CCL3 production from bronchial ECs. The intratracheal administration of JTE013 may be a promising therapeutic strategy for bronchial asthma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-016-0465-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Terashita
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kobayashi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Nagano
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kawa
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tamura
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Nakata
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Yamamoto
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Motoko Tachihara
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamiryo
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishimura
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
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15
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Abstract
Vertebrates are endowed with a closed circulatory system, the evolution of which required novel structural and regulatory changes. Furthermore, immune cell trafficking paradigms adapted to the barriers imposed by the closed circulatory system. How did such changes occur mechanistically? We propose that spatial compartmentalization of the lipid mediator sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) may be one such mechanism. In vertebrates, S1P is spatially compartmentalized in the blood and lymphatic circulation, thus comprising a sharp S1P gradient across the endothelial barrier. Circulatory S1P has critical roles in maturation and homeostasis of the vascular system as well as in immune cell trafficking. Physiological functions of S1P are tightly linked to shear stress, the key biophysical stimulus from blood flow. Thus, circulatory S1P confinement could be a primordial strategy of vertebrates in the development of a closed circulatory system. This review discusses the cellular and molecular basis of the S1P gradients and aims to interpret its physiological significance as a key feature of the closed circulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yanagida
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; ,
| | - Timothy Hla
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; ,
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16
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Gairhe S, Joshi SR, Bastola MM, McLendon JM, Oka M, Fagan KA, McMurtry IF. Sphingosine-1-phosphate is involved in the occlusive arteriopathy of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulm Circ 2016; 6:369-80. [PMID: 27683614 DOI: 10.1086/687766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite several advances in the pathobiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), its pathogenesis is not completely understood. Current therapy improves symptoms but has disappointing effects on survival. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a lysophospholipid synthesized by sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) and SphK2. Considering the regulatory roles of S1P in several tissues leading to vasoconstriction, inflammation, proliferation, and fibrosis, we investigated whether S1P plays a role in the pathogenesis of PAH. To test this hypothesis, we used plasma samples and lung tissue from patients with idiopathic PAH (IPAH) and the Sugen5416/hypoxia/normoxia rat model of occlusive PAH. Our study revealed an increase in the plasma concentration of S1P in patients with IPAH and in early and late stages of PAH in rats. We observed increased expression of both SphK1 and SphK2 in the remodeled pulmonary arteries of patients with IPAH and PAH rats. Exogenous S1P stimulated the proliferation of cultured rat pulmonary arterial endothelial and smooth-muscle cells. We also found that 3 weeks of treatment of late-stage PAH rats with an SphK1 inhibitor reduced the increased plasma levels of S1P and the occlusive pulmonary arteriopathy. Although inhibition of SphK1 improved cardiac index and the total pulmonary artery resistance index, it did not reduce right ventricular systolic pressure or right ventricular hypertrophy. Our study supports that S1P is involved in the pathogenesis of occlusive arteriopathy in PAH and provides further evidence that S1P signaling may be a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salina Gairhe
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA; Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Sachindra R Joshi
- Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA; Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Mrigendra M Bastola
- Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Jared M McLendon
- Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA; Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Masahiko Oka
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA; Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Karen A Fagan
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA; Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Ivan F McMurtry
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA; Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
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17
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Blankenbach KV, Schwalm S, Pfeilschifter J, Meyer Zu Heringdorf D. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor-2 Antagonists: Therapeutic Potential and Potential Risks. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:167. [PMID: 27445808 PMCID: PMC4914510 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling system with its specific G-protein-coupled S1P receptors, the enzymes of S1P metabolism and the S1P transporters, offers a multitude of promising targets for drug development. Until today, drug development in this area has nearly exclusively focused on (functional) antagonists at the S1P1 receptor, which cause a unique phenotype of immunomodulation. Accordingly, the first-in class S1P1 receptor modulator, fingolimod, has been approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, and novel S1P1 receptor (functional) antagonists are being developed for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, lupus erythematodes, or polymyositis. Besides the S1P1 receptor, also S1P2 and S1P3 are widely expressed and regulate many diverse functions throughout the body. The S1P2 receptor, in particular, often exerts cellular functions which are opposed to the functions of the S1P1 receptor. As a consequence, antagonists at the S1P2 receptor have the potential to be useful in a contrasting context and different areas of indication compared to S1P1 antagonists. The present review will focus on the therapeutic potential of S1P2 receptor antagonists and discuss their opportunities as well as their potential risks. Open questions and areas which require further investigations will be emphasized in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira V Blankenbach
- Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephanie Schwalm
- Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dagmar Meyer Zu Heringdorf
- Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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18
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Zimmer J, Takahashi T, Duess JW, Hofmann AD, Puri P. Upregulation of S1P1 and Rac1 receptors in the pulmonary vasculature of nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Surg Int 2016; 32:147-54. [PMID: 26543024 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-015-3825-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sphingolipids play a crucial role in pulmonary development. The sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) modulates the synthesis of sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). S1P regulates cell proliferation and angiogenesis via different receptors, S1P1, S1P2 and S1P3, which all influence the expression of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1). We designed this study to test the hypothesis that the S1P/Rac1 pathway is altered in the nitrofen-induced CDH model. METHODS Pregnant rats received nitrofen or vehicle on D9. On D21, fetuses were killed and divided into nitrofen and control group (n = 12). QRT-PCR, western blotting and confocal-immunofluorescence microscopy were performed to reveal pulmonary gene and protein expression levels of SphK1, S1P1, S1P2, S1P3 and Rac1. RESULTS Pulmonary gene expression of S1P1 and Rac1 was significantly increased in the CDH group compared to controls, whereas S1P2 and S1P3 expression was decreased. These results were confirmed by western blotting and confocal microscopy. SphK1 expression was not found to be altered. CONCLUSION The increased expression of S1P1 and Rac1 in the pulmonary vasculature of nitrofen-induced CDH lungs suggests that S1P1 and Rac1 are important mediators of PH in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zimmer
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Toshiaki Takahashi
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Johannes W Duess
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine and Medical Science and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alejandro D Hofmann
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Prem Puri
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.
- School of Medicine and Medical Science and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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19
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Fan A, Wang Q, Yuan Y, Cheng J, Chen L, Guo X, Li Q, Chen B, Huang X, Huang Q. Liver X receptor-α and miR-130a-3p regulate expression of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 310:C216-26. [PMID: 26669941 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00102.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that activation of liver X receptors (LXRs) attenuates the development of atherosclerosis, not only by regulating lipid metabolism but also by suppressing inflammatory signaling. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2), an important inflammatory gene product, plays a role in the development of various inflammatory diseases. It was proposed that S1PR2 might be regulated by LXR-α. In the present study, the effect of LXR-α on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced S1PR2 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was investigated and the underlying mechanism was explored. The results demonstrated that TNF-α led to an increase in S1PR2 expression and triggered a downregulation of LXR-α expression in HUVECs as well. Downregulation of LXR-α with specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) remarkably enhanced the primary as well as TNF-α-induced expression of S1PR2 in HUVECs. Activation of LXR-α by agonist GW3965 inhibited both primary and TNF-α-induced S1PR2 expression. GW3965 also attenuated S1PR2-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction. The data further showed that TNF-α induced a significant decrease in miR-130a-3p expression. Overexpression of miR-130a-3p with mimic product reduced S1PR2 protein expression, and inhibition of miR-130a-3p by specific inhibitor resulted in an increase in S1PR2 protein expression. Furthermore, activation of LXRs with agonist enhanced the expression of miR-130a-3p, and knockdown of LXR-α by siRNA suppressed miR-130a-3p expression. These results suggest that LXR-α might downregulate S1PR2 expression via miR-130a-3p in quiescent HUVECs. Stimulation of TNF-α attenuates the activity of LXR-α and results in enhanced S1PR2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihui Fan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Yuan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jilun Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixian Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuliang Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China;
| | - Qiaobing Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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20
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Xing XQ, Li YL, Zhang YX, Xiao Y, Li ZD, Liu LQ, Zhou YS, Zhang HY, Liu YH, Zhang LH, Zhuang M, Chen YP, Ouyang SR, Wu XW, Yang J. Sphingosine kinase 1/sphingosine 1-phosphate signalling pathway as a potential therapeutic target of pulmonary hypertension. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:11930-5. [PMID: 26550106 DOI: pmid/26550106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is characterized by extensive vascular remodelling, leading to increased pulmonary vascular resistance and eventual death due to right heart failure. The pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension involves vascular endothelial dysfunction and disordered vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration, but the exact processes remain unknown. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lysophospholipid involved in a wide spectrum of biological processes. S1P has been shown to regulate VSMC proliferation and migration and vascular tension via a family of five S1P G-protein-coupled receptors (S1P1-SIP5). S1P has been shown to have both a vasoconstrictive and vasodilating effect. The S1P receptors S1P1 and S1P3 promote, while S1P2 inhibits VSMC proliferation and migration in vitro in response to S1P. Moreover, it has been reported recently that sphingosine kinase 1 and S1P2 inhibitors might be useful therapeutic agents in the treatment of empirical pulmonary hypertension. The sphingosine kinase 1/S1P signalling pathways may play a role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension. Modulation of this pathway may offer novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Qian Xing
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan-Li Li
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Zhang
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhi-Dong Li
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Li-Qiong Liu
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu-Shan Zhou
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hong-Yan Zhang
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan-Hong Liu
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Li-Hui Zhang
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Min Zhuang
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan-Ping Chen
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Sheng-Rong Ouyang
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xu-Wei Wu
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University Kunming, Yunnan, China
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21
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Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) optimizes pulmonary ventilation-perfusion matching in regional hypoxia, but promotes pulmonary hypertension in global hypoxia. Ventilation-perfusion mismatch is a major cause of hypoxemia in cystic fibrosis. We hypothesized that cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) may be critical in HPV, potentially by modulating the response to sphingolipids as mediators of HPV. HPV and ventilation-perfusion mismatch were analyzed in isolated mouse lungs or in vivo. Ca(2+) mobilization and transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) translocation were studied in human pulmonary (PASMCs) or coronary (CASMCs) artery smooth muscle cells. CFTR inhibition or deficiency diminished HPV and aggravated ventilation-perfusion mismatch. In PASMCs, hypoxia caused CFTR to interact with TRPC6, whereas CFTR inhibition attenuated hypoxia-induced TRPC6 translocation to caveolae and Ca(2+) mobilization. Ca(2+) mobilization by sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) was also attenuated by CFTR inhibition in PASMCs, but amplified in CASMCs. Inhibition of neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) blocked HPV, whereas exogenous nSMase caused TRPC6 translocation and vasoconstriction that were blocked by CFTR inhibition. nSMase- and hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction, yet not TRPC6 translocation, were blocked by inhibition or deficiency of sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) or antagonism of S1P receptors 2 and 4 (S1P2/4). S1P and nSMase had synergistic effects on pulmonary vasoconstriction that involved TRPC6, phospholipase C, and rho kinase. Our findings demonstrate a central role of CFTR and sphingolipids in HPV. Upon hypoxia, nSMase triggers TRPC6 translocation, which requires its interaction with CFTR. Concomitant SphK1-dependent formation of S1P and activation of S1P2/4 result in phospholipase C-mediated TRPC6 and rho kinase activation, which conjointly trigger vasoconstriction.
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Chen J, Tang H, Sysol JR, Moreno-Vinasco L, Shioura KM, Chen T, Gorshkova I, Wang L, Huang LS, Usatyuk PV, Sammani S, Zhou G, Raj JU, Garcia JGN, Berdyshev E, Yuan JXJ, Natarajan V, Machado RF. The sphingosine kinase 1/sphingosine-1-phosphate pathway in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190:1032-43. [PMID: 25180446 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201401-0121oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Sphingosine kinases (SphKs) 1 and 2 regulate the synthesis of the bioactive sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), an important lipid mediator that promotes cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine whether SphKs and their product, S1P, play a role in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). METHODS SphK1(-/-), SphK2(-/-), and S1P lyase heterozygous (Sgpl1(+/-)) mice, a pharmacologic SphK inhibitor (SKI2), and a S1P receptor 2 (S1PR2) antagonist (JTE013) were used in rodent models of hypoxia-mediated pulmonary hypertension (HPH). S1P levels in lung tissues from patients with PAH and pulmonary arteries (PAs) from rodent models of HPH were measured. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS mRNA and protein levels of SphK1, but not SphK2, were significantly increased in the lungs and isolated PA smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) from patients with PAH, and in lungs of experimental rodent models of HPH. S1P levels were increased in lungs of patients with PAH and PAs from rodent models of HPH. Unlike SphK2(-/-) mice, SphK1(-/-) mice were protected against HPH, whereas Sgpl1(+/-) mice were more susceptible to HPH. Pharmacologic SphK1 and S1PR2 inhibition prevented the development of HPH in rodent models of HPH. Overexpression of SphK1 and stimulation with S1P potentially via ligation of S1PR2 promoted PASMC proliferation in vitro, whereas SphK1 deficiency inhibited PASMC proliferation. CONCLUSIONS The SphK1/S1P axis is a novel pathway in PAH that promotes PASMC proliferation, a major contributor to pulmonary vascular remodeling. Our results suggest that this pathway is a potential therapeutic target in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwang Chen
- 1 Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine
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O’Sullivan MJ, Hirota N, Martin JG. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) induced interleukin-8 (IL-8) release is mediated by S1P receptor 2 and nuclear factor κB in BEAS-2B cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95566. [PMID: 24743449 PMCID: PMC3990666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium may release pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the asthmatic airway. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid, increased in the airways of asthmatics, that may trigger the release of the potent neutrophil chemoattractant Interleukin-8 (IL-8) by epithelial cells. S1P is a ligand for 5 G protein-coupled receptors, S1PR1-5. We wished to explore the mechanisms of S1P induced IL-8 secretion with regard to the receptor(s) and downstream signaling events involved. Our results indicate that S1P induced IL-8 release is mediated by S1PR2 and the transcription factor NF-κB. Since the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in IL-8 release in response to activation of other G protein-coupled receptors, we examined their importance in S1P induced IL-8 release and established that they are not involved. This study reveals S1PR2 and NF-κB as potential therapeutic targets in neutrophilic airway diseases such as severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. O’Sullivan
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | - Nobuaki Hirota
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | - James G. Martin
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Kamiya T, Nagaoka T, Omae T, Yoshioka T, Ono S, Tanano I, Yoshida A. Role of Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-sensitive mechanisms in sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced constriction of isolated porcine retinal arterioles in vitro. Exp Eye Res 2014; 121:94-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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25
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Review: Novel insights into the regulation of vascular tone by sphingosine 1-phosphate. Placenta 2014; 35 Suppl:S86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Voelkel NF, Mizuno S, Bogaard HJ. The role of hypoxia in pulmonary vascular diseases: a perspective. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 304:L457-65. [PMID: 23377344 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00335.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
From the discovery of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, responses to hypoxia have been considered as representative for the many alterations in lung vessels that occur in several chronic lung diseases, including pulmonary hypertension, interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. An essential part of preclinical research to explain the pathobiology of these diseases has been centered on the exposure of small and large animals to hypoxia. This review aims to summarize pivotal results of clinical and preclinical research on hypoxia, which still have important implications for researchers today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert F Voelkel
- Victoria Johnson Laboratory for Lung Research, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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27
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Cuvillier O. [Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors: from biology to physiopathology]. Med Sci (Paris) 2012; 28:951-7. [PMID: 23171898 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20122811013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) mediates critical physiological responses by its binding to G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) subtypes, known as S1P receptors. Five distinct mammalian S1P receptors, designated S1P1-5 have been identified, each with a different cellular pattern of expression which influences the responses to S1P. In this review, we briefly outline our understanding of the modes of action and the roles of S1P receptors in the regulation of physiological and pathological functions in the cardiovascular, immune and central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Cuvillier
- Institut de pharmacologie et de biologie structurale, Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
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28
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Hla T, Dannenberg AJ. Sphingolipid signaling in metabolic disorders. Cell Metab 2012; 16:420-34. [PMID: 22982021 PMCID: PMC3466368 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids, ubiquitous membrane lipids in eukaryotes, carry out a myriad of critical cellular functions. The past two decades have seen significant advances in sphingolipid research, and in 2010 a first sphingolipid receptor modulator was employed as a human therapeutic. Furthermore, cellular signaling mechanisms regulated by sphingolipids are being recognized as critical players in metabolic diseases. This review focuses on recent advances in cellular and physiological mechanisms of sphingolipid regulation and how sphingolipid signaling influences metabolic diseases. Progress in this area may contribute to new understanding and therapeutic options in complex diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, metabolic syndromes, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Hla
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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29
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Xiang SY, Dusaban SS, Brown JH. Lysophospholipid receptor activation of RhoA and lipid signaling pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1831:213-22. [PMID: 22986288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The lysophospholipids sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signal through G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) which couple to multiple G-proteins and their effectors. These GPCRs are quite efficacious in coupling to the Gα(12/13) family of G-proteins, which stimulate guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for RhoA. Activated RhoA subsequently regulates downstream enzymes that transduce signals which affect the actin cytoskeleton, gene expression, cell proliferation and cell survival. Remarkably many of the enzymes regulated downstream of RhoA either use phospholipids as substrates (e.g. phospholipase D, phospholipase C-epsilon, PTEN, PI3 kinase) or are regulated by phospholipid products (e.g. protein kinase D, Akt). Thus lysophospholipids signal from outside of the cell and control phospholipid signaling processes within the cell that they target. Here we review evidence suggesting an integrative role for RhoA in responding to lysophospholipids upregulated in the pathophysiological environment, and in transducing this signal to cellular responses through effects on phospholipid regulatory or phospholipid regulated enzymes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in Lysophospholipid Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Yang Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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30
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Ota H, Beutz MA, Ito M, Abe K, Oka M, McMurtry IF. S1P(4) receptor mediates S1P-induced vasoconstriction in normotensive and hypertensive rat lungs. Pulm Circ 2012; 1:399-404. [PMID: 22140630 PMCID: PMC3224432 DOI: 10.4103/2045-8932.87309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify receptors mediating sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-induced vasoconstriction in the normotensive and chronic hypoxia-induced hypertensive rat pulmonary circulation. In isolated perfused lungs from normoxic rats, infusion of S1P caused a sustained vasoconstriction, which was not reduced by combinational pretreatment with the dual S1P1 and 3 receptor antagonist VPC23019 and the S1P2 receptor antagonist JTE013. The S1P4 receptor agonists phytosphingosine-1-phospate and VPC23153, but not the dual S1P1 and 3 receptor agonist VPC24191, caused dose-dependent vasoconstrictions. In hypertensive lungs from chronically hypoxic rats, the vasoconstrictor responses to S1P and VPC23153 were markedly enhanced. The S1P4 receptor agonist VPC 23153 caused contraction of isolated pulmonary but not of renal or mesenteric arteries from chronically hypoxic rats. S1P4 receptor protein as well as mRNA were detected in both normotensive and hypertensive pulmonary arteries. In contrast to what has been reported in the systemic circulation and mouse lung, our findings raise the possibility that S1P4 receptor plays a significant role in S1P-induced vasoconstriction in the normotensive and hypertensive rat pulmonary circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ota
- Department of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, and Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama, USA
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31
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Choi JW, Chun J. Lysophospholipids and their receptors in the central nervous system. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1831:20-32. [PMID: 22884303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), two of the best-studied lysophospholipids, are known to influence diverse biological events, including organismal development as well as function and pathogenesis within multiple organ systems. These functional roles are due to a family of at least 11 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), named LPA(1-6) and S1P(1-5), which are widely distributed throughout the body and that activate multiple effector pathways initiated by a range of heterotrimeric G proteins including G(i/o), G(12/13), G(q) and G(s), with actual activation dependent on receptor subtypes. In the central nervous system (CNS), a major locus for these signaling pathways, LPA and S1P have been shown to influence myriad responses in neurons and glial cell types through their cognate receptors. These receptor-mediated activities can contribute to disease pathogenesis and have therapeutic relevance to human CNS disorders as demonstrated for multiple sclerosis (MS) and possibly others that include congenital hydrocephalus, ischemic stroke, neurotrauma, neuropsychiatric disorders, developmental disorders, seizures, hearing loss, and Sandhoff disease, based upon the experimental literature. In particular, FTY720 (fingolimod, Gilenya, Novartis Pharma, AG) that becomes an analog of S1P upon phosphorylation, was approved by the FDA in 2010 as a first oral treatment for MS, validating this class of receptors as medicinal targets. This review will provide an overview and update on the biological functions of LPA and S1P signaling in the CNS, with a focus on results from studies using genetic null mutants for LPA and S1P receptors. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in Lysophospholipid Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Woong Choi
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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32
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Du J, Zeng C, Li Q, Chen B, Liu H, Huang X, Huang Q. LPS and TNF-α induce expression of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-2 in human microvascular endothelial cells. Pathol Res Pract 2012; 208:82-8. [PMID: 22244964 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sophospholipid with various S1P receptor (S1PR) expression profiles in cells of different origin. S1PR1, R3 and - to a lesser extent - R2 were the main receptors expressed in most of endothelial cells (ECs). The balances in the expression and activation of S1PR1, R2 and R3 help to maintain the physiological functions of ECs. Reverse transcription-PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the mRNA transcript level and protein expression of S1PR. Endothelial barrier function was measured by transflux of tracer protein through endothelial monolayer. Human dermal microvascular ECs predominantly expressed S1PR1 and S1PR3. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) significantly upregulated S1PR2 mRNA and protein levels. The application of S1PR2 antagonist JTE-013 decreased the endothelial monolayer hyper-permeability response induced by LPS and TNF-α. Inflammatory mediators LPS and TNF-α induce S1PR2 expression in endothelium, suggesting that S1PR2 up-regulation may be involved in LPS and TNF-α elicited endothelial barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Du
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
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Schuchardt M, Tölle M, Prüfer J, van der Giet M. Pharmacological relevance and potential of sphingosine 1-phosphate in the vascular system. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:1140-62. [PMID: 21309759 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01260.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) was identified as a crucial molecule for regulating immune responses, inflammatory processes as well as influencing the cardiovascular system. S1P mediates differentiation, proliferation and migration during vascular development and homoeostasis. S1P is a naturally occurring lipid metabolite and is present in human blood in nanomolar concentrations. S1P is not only involved in physiological but also in pathophysiological processes. Therefore, this complex signalling system is potentially interesting for pharmacological intervention. Modulation of the system might influence inflammatory, angiogenic or vasoregulatory processes. S1P activates G-protein coupled receptors, namely S1P(1-5) , whereas only S1P(1-3) is present in vascular cells. S1P can also act as an intracellular signalling molecule. This review highlights the pharmacological potential of S1P signalling in the vascular system by giving an overview of S1P-mediated processes in endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). After a short summary of S1P metabolism and signalling pathways, the role of S1P in EC and VSMC proliferation and migration, the cause of relaxation and constriction of arterial blood vessels, the protective functions on endothelial apoptosis, as well as the regulatory function in leukocyte adhesion and inflammatory responses are summarized. This is followed by a detailed description of currently known pharmacological agonists and antagonists as new tools for mediating S1P signalling in the vasculature. The variety of effects influenced by S1P provides plenty of therapeutic targets currently under investigation for potential pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Schuchardt
- Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CharitéCentrum 10, Department of Nephrology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, Germany
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34
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Blaho VA, Hla T. Regulation of mammalian physiology, development, and disease by the sphingosine 1-phosphate and lysophosphatidic acid receptors. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6299-320. [PMID: 21939239 PMCID: PMC3216694 DOI: 10.1021/cr200273u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Blaho
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Timothy Hla
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
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Sphingosine kinase-1 and sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 mediate Bcr-Abl1 stability and drug resistance by modulation of protein phosphatase 2A. Blood 2011; 117:5941-52. [PMID: 21527515 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-08-300772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which sphingosine kinase-1 (SK-1)/sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) activation contributes to imatinib resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are unknown. We show herein that increased SK-1/S1P enhances Bcr-Abl1 protein stability, through inhibition of its proteasomal degradation in imatinib-resistant K562/IMA-3 and LAMA-4/IMA human CML cells. In fact, Bcr-Abl1 stability was enhanced by ectopic SK-1 expression. Conversely, siRNA-mediated SK-1 knockdown in K562/IMA-3 cells, or its genetic loss in SK-1(-/-) MEFs, significantly reduced Bcr-Abl1 stability. Regulation of Bcr-Abl1 by SK-1/S1P was dependent on S1P receptor 2 (S1P2) signaling, which prevented Bcr-Abl1 dephosphorylation, and degradation via inhibition of PP2A. Molecular or pharmacologic interference with SK-1/S1P2 restored PP2A-dependent Bcr-Abl1 dephosphorylation, and enhanced imatinib- or nilotinib-induced growth inhibition in primary CD34(+) mononuclear cells obtained from chronic phase and blast crisis CML patients, K562/IMA-3 or LAMA4/IMA cells, and 32Dcl3 murine progenitor cells, expressing the wild-type or mutant (Y253H or T315I) Bcr-Abl1 in situ. Accordingly, impaired SK-1/S1P2 signaling enhanced the growth-inhibitory effects of nilotinib against 32D/T315I-Bcr-Abl1-derived mouse allografts. Since SK-1/S1P/S1P2 signaling regulates Bcr-Abl1 stability via modulation of PP2A, inhibition of SK-1/S1P2 axis represents a novel approach to target wild-type- or mutant-Bcr-Abl1 thereby overcoming drug resistance.
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Salomone S, Waeber C. Selectivity and specificity of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor ligands: caveats and critical thinking in characterizing receptor-mediated effects. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:9. [PMID: 21687504 PMCID: PMC3110020 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptors for sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) have been identified only recently. Their medicinal chemistry is therefore still in its infancy, and few selective agonists or antagonists are available. Furthermore, the selectivity of S1P receptor agonists or antagonists is not well established. JTE-013 and BML-241 (also known as CAY10444), used extensively as specific S1P2 and S1P3 receptors antagonists respectively, are cases in point. When analyzing S1P-induced vasoconstriction in mouse basilar artery, we observed that JTE-013 inhibited not only the effect of S1P, but also the effect of U46619, endothelin-1 or high KCl; JTE-013 strongly inhibited responses to S1P in S1P2 receptor knockout mice. Similarly, BML-241 has been shown to inhibit increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration via P2 receptor or α1A-adrenoceptor stimulation and α1A-adrenoceptor-mediated contraction of rat mesenteric artery, while it did not affect S1P3-mediated decrease of forskolin-induced cyclic AMP accumulation. Another putative S1P1/3 receptor antagonist, VPC23019, does not inhibit S1P3-mediated vasoconstriction. With these examples in mind, we discuss caveats about relying on available pharmacological tools to characterize receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Salomone
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Catania University Catania, Italy
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