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Liu H, Ai J, Wang T, Tan G. Adhesion Promotes Allergic Rhinitis CD4 +IL4 + T Cell Differentiation via ICAM1 and E-Selectin. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2022; 36:521-528. [PMID: 35296145 DOI: 10.1177/19458924221086061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimmune communication plays an important role in allergic inflammation, but the neuroimmune regulation of allergic rhinitis remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to investigate the role of CD4-positive T lymphocyte (CD4+ T cells) adhesion to D-U87 neuron-like cells in mediating allergic rhinitis CD4+ T cell differentiation. METHODS D-U87 neuron-like cells were derived from the human glioblastoma U87 cell line. CD4+ T cells were isolated from human peripheral blood using a magnetic separation technique. In vitro coculture of D-U87 neuron-like cells and CD4+ T cells was established. The number of adherent CD4+ T cells was counted using a fluorescence microscope. The percentages of CD4+IFNγ+ and CD4+IL4+ T cells and the levels of IFNγ and IL4 cytokines in the supernatant were measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS The results showed that the number of adherent CD4+ T cells in patients with allergic rhinitis was significantly higher than that in healthy controls. In allergic rhinitis, the percentage of CD4+IL4+ T cells was significantly increased in the adherent group compared with that in the nonadherent group. Moreover, blocking ICAM1 and E-selectin decreased the number of adherent CD4+ T cells and the percentage of CD4+IL4+ T cells in allergic rhinitis. CONCLUSION Adhesion contributes to CD4+IL4+ T cell differentiation in the in vitro coculture system of D-U87 neuron-like cells and allergic rhinitis CD4+ T cells, which may provide new insights into therapeutic strategies for allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Jingang Ai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Tiansheng Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Guolin Tan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
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2
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Eosinophils in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Key Contributors to Neuro-Immune Crosstalk and Potential Implications in Disorders of Brain-Gut Interaction. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101644. [PMID: 35626681 PMCID: PMC9139532 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are innate immune granulocytes actively involved in defensive responses and in local and systemic inflammatory processes. Beyond these effector roles, eosinophils are fundamental to maintaining homeostasis in the tissues they reside. Gastrointestinal eosinophils modulate barrier function and mucosal immunity and promote tissue development through their direct communication with almost every cellular component. This is possible thanks to the variety of receptors they express and the bioactive molecules they store and release, including cytotoxic proteins, cytokines, growth factors, and neuropeptides and neurotrophines. A growing body of evidence points to the eosinophil as a key neuro-immune player in the regulation of gastrointestinal function, with potential implications in pathophysiological processes. Eosinophil–neuron interactions are facilitated by chemotaxis and adhesion molecules, and the mediators released may have excitatory or inhibitory effects on each cell type, with physiological consequences dependent on the type of innervation involved. Of special interest are the disorders of the brain–gut interaction (DBGIs), mainly functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), in which mucosal eosinophilia and eosinophil activation have been identified. In this review, we summarize the main roles of gastrointestinal eosinophils in supporting gut homeostasis and the evidence available on eosinophil–neuron interactions to bring new insights that support the fundamental role of this neuro-immune crosstalk in maintaining gut health and contributing to the pathophysiology of DBGIs.
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Bohrer AC, Castro E, Hu Z, Queiroz AT, Tocheny CE, Assmann M, Sakai S, Nelson C, Baker PJ, Ma H, Wang L, Zilu W, du Bruyn E, Riou C, Kauffman KD, Moore IN, Del Nonno F, Petrone L, Goletti D, Martineau AR, Lowe DM, Cronan MR, Wilkinson RJ, Barry CE, Via LE, Barber DL, Klion AD, Andrade BB, Song Y, Wong KW, Mayer-Barber KD. Eosinophils are part of the granulocyte response in tuberculosis and promote host resistance in mice. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20210469. [PMID: 34347010 PMCID: PMC8348215 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Host resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection requires the activities of multiple leukocyte subsets, yet the roles of the different innate effector cells during tuberculosis are incompletely understood. Here we uncover an unexpected association between eosinophils and Mtb infection. In humans, eosinophils are decreased in the blood but enriched in resected human tuberculosis lung lesions and autopsy granulomas. An influx of eosinophils is also evident in infected zebrafish, mice, and nonhuman primate granulomas, where they are functionally activated and degranulate. Importantly, using complementary genetic models of eosinophil deficiency, we demonstrate that in mice, eosinophils are required for optimal pulmonary bacterial control and host survival after Mtb infection. Collectively, our findings uncover an unexpected recruitment of eosinophils to the infected lung tissue and a protective role for these cells in the control of Mtb infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C. Bohrer
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ehydel Castro
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zhidong Hu
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Tuberculosis Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Artur T.L. Queiroz
- The KAB group, Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador Brazil
| | - Claire E. Tocheny
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Maike Assmann
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Shunsuke Sakai
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Christine Nelson
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Paul J. Baker
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Hui Ma
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Tuberculosis Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Tuberculosis Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Zilu
- Tuberculosis Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Elsa du Bruyn
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Catherine Riou
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Keith D. Kauffman
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tuberculosis Imaging Program
- Tuberculosis Imaging Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ian N. Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Franca Del Nonno
- Pathology Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani,” Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Linda Petrone
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Adrian R. Martineau
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - David M. Lowe
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark R. Cronan
- In Vivo Cell Biology of Infection Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Robert J. Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Clifton E. Barry
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Laura E. Via
- Tuberculosis Imaging Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daniel L. Barber
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Amy D. Klion
- Human Eosinophil Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Bruno B. Andrade
- The KAB group, Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador Brazil
| | - Yanzheng Song
- Tuberculosis Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ka-Wing Wong
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Tuberculosis Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Katrin D. Mayer-Barber
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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4
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Malafoglia V, Ilari S, Vitiello L, Tenti M, Balzani E, Muscoli C, Raffaeli W, Bonci A. The Interplay between Chronic Pain, Opioids, and the Immune System. Neuroscientist 2021; 28:613-627. [PMID: 34269117 DOI: 10.1177/10738584211030493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain represents one of the most serious worldwide medical problems, in terms of both social and economic costs, often causing severe and intractable physical and psychological suffering. The lack of biological markers for pain, which could assist in forming clearer diagnoses and prognoses, makes chronic pain therapy particularly arduous and sometimes harmful. Opioids are used worldwide to treat chronic pain conditions, but there is still an ambiguous and inadequate understanding about their therapeutic use, mostly because of their dual effect in acutely reducing pain and inducing, at the same time, tolerance, dependence, and a risk for opioid use disorder. In addition, clinical studies suggest that opioid treatment can be associated with a high risk of immune suppression and the development of inflammatory events, worsening the chronic pain status itself. While opioid peptides and receptors are expressed in both central and peripheral nervous cells, immune cells, and tissues, the role of opioids and their receptors, when and why they are activated endogenously and what their exact role is in chronic pain pathways is still poorly understood. Thus, in this review we aim to highlight the interplay between pain and immune system, focusing on opioids and their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Ilari
- Department of Health Science Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Michael Tenti
- Institute for Research on Pain, ISAL Foundation, Rimini, Italy
| | - Eleonora Balzani
- Department of Surgical Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Carolina Muscoli
- Department of Health Science Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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5
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Lebold KM, Jacoby DB, Drake MG. Inflammatory mechanisms linking maternal and childhood asthma. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:113-121. [PMID: 32040236 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr1219-338r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and remodeling. Asthma often develops during childhood and causes lifelong decrements in lung function and quality of life. Risk factors for childhood asthma are numerous and include genetic, epigenetic, developmental, and environmental factors. Uncontrolled maternal asthma during pregnancy exposes the developing fetus to inflammatory insults, which further increase the risk of childhood asthma independent of genetic predisposition. This review focuses on the role of maternal asthma in the development of asthma in offspring. We will present maternal asthma as a targetable and modifiable risk factor for childhood asthma and discuss the mechanisms by which maternal inflammation increases childhood asthma risk. Topics include how exposure to maternal asthma in utero shapes structural lung development with a special emphasis on airway nerves, how maternal type-2 cytokines such as IL-5 activate the fetal immune system, and how changes in lung and immune cell development inform responses to aero-allergens later in life. Finally, we highlight emerging evidence that maternal asthma establishes a unique "asthma signature" in the airways of children, leading to novel mechanisms of airway hyperreactivity and inflammatory cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Lebold
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - David B Jacoby
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Matthew G Drake
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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6
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Cysteinyl leukotriene metabolism of human eosinophils in allergic disease. Allergol Int 2020; 69:28-34. [PMID: 31248811 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are multifaceted immune cells with diverse functions that enhance allergic inflammation. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs), mainly synthesized in eosinophils, are a class of inflammatory lipid mediators produced via multiple enzymatic reactions from arachidonic acid. Multiple clinical studies have reported dysregulated fatty acid metabolism in severe asthma and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory diseases. Therefore, understanding the mechanism responsible for this metabolic abnormality has attracted a lot of attention. In eosinophils, various stimuli (including cytokines, chemokines, and pathogen-derived factors) prime and/or induce leukotriene generation and secretion. Cell-cell interactions with component cells (endothelial cells, epithelial cells, fibroblasts) also enhance this machinery to augment allergic responses. Nasal polyp-derived eosinophils from patients with eosinophilic rhinosinusitis present a characteristic fatty acid metabolism with selectively higher production of leukotriene D4. Interestingly, type 2 cytokines and microbiome components might be responsible for this metabolic change with altered enzyme expression. Here, we review the regulation of fatty acid metabolism, especially cys-LT metabolism, in human eosinophils toward allergic inflammatory status.
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7
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Drake MG, Scott GD, Blum ED, Lebold KM, Nie Z, Lee JJ, Fryer AD, Costello RW, Jacoby DB. Eosinophils increase airway sensory nerve density in mice and in human asthma. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:eaar8477. [PMID: 30185653 PMCID: PMC6592848 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar8477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In asthma, airway nerve dysfunction leads to excessive bronchoconstriction and cough. It is well established that eosinophils alter nerve function and that airway eosinophilia is present in 50 to 60% of asthmatics. However, the effects of eosinophils on airway nerve structure have not been established. We tested whether eosinophils alter airway nerve structure and measured the physiological consequences of those changes. Our results in humans with and without eosinophilic asthma showed that airway innervation and substance P expression were increased in moderate persistent asthmatics compared to mild intermittent asthmatics and healthy subjects. Increased innervation was associated with a lack of bronchodilator responsiveness and increased irritant sensitivity. In a mouse model of eosinophilic airway inflammation, the increase in nerve density and airway hyperresponsiveness were mediated by eosinophils. Our results implicate airway nerve remodeling as a key mechanism for increased irritant sensitivity and exaggerated airway responsiveness in eosinophilic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Drake
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Gregory D Scott
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Emily D Blum
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Katherine M Lebold
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Zhenying Nie
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Allison D Fryer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Richard W Costello
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David B Jacoby
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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8
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Drake MG, Lebold KM, Roth-Carter QR, Pincus AB, Blum ED, Proskocil BJ, Jacoby DB, Fryer AD, Nie Z. Eosinophil and airway nerve interactions in asthma. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:61-67. [PMID: 29633324 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr1117-426r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway eosinophils are increased in asthma and are especially abundant around airway nerves. Nerves control bronchoconstiction and in asthma, airway hyperreactivity (where airways contract excessively to inhaled stimuli) develops when eosinophils alter both parasympathetic and sensory nerve function. Eosinophils release major basic protein, which is an antagonist of inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors on parasympathetic nerves. Loss of M2 receptor inhibition potentiates parasympathetic nerve-mediated bronchoconstriction. Eosinophils also increase sensory nerve responsiveness by lowering neurons' activation threshold, stimulating nerve growth, and altering neuropeptide expression. Since sensory nerves activate parasympathetic nerves via a central neuronal reflex, eosinophils' effects on both sensory and parasympathetic nerves potentiate bronchoconstriction. This review explores recent insights into mechanisms and effects of eosinophil and airway nerve interactions in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Drake
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Katherine M Lebold
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Quinn R Roth-Carter
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Alexandra B Pincus
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Emily D Blum
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Becky J Proskocil
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - David B Jacoby
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Allison D Fryer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Zhenying Nie
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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9
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Diny NL, Rose NR, Čiháková D. Eosinophils in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:484. [PMID: 28496445 PMCID: PMC5406413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are multifunctional granulocytes that contribute to initiation and modulation of inflammation. Their role in asthma and parasitic infections has long been recognized. Growing evidence now reveals a role for eosinophils in autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the function of eosinophils in inflammatory bowel diseases, neuromyelitis optica, bullous pemphigoid, autoimmune myocarditis, primary biliary cirrhosis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and other autoimmune diseases. Clinical studies, eosinophil-targeted therapies, and experimental models have contributed to our understanding of the regulation and function of eosinophils in these diseases. By examining the role of eosinophils in autoimmune diseases of different organs, we can identify common pathogenic mechanisms. These include degranulation of cytotoxic granule proteins, induction of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, release of proteases degrading extracellular matrix, immune modulation through cytokines, antigen presentation, and prothrombotic functions. The association of eosinophilic diseases with autoimmune diseases is also examined, showing a possible increase in autoimmune diseases in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis, hypereosinophilic syndrome, and non-allergic asthma. Finally, we summarize key future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Diny
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Noel R Rose
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniela Čiháková
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Tiotiu A, Chenuel B, Foucaud L, Demoulin B, Demoulin-Alexikova S, Christov C, Poussel M. Lack of desensitization of the cough reflex in ovalbumin-sensitized rabbits during exercise. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171862. [PMID: 28182749 PMCID: PMC5300204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cough is a major symptom of asthma frequently experienced during exercise but little is known about interactions between cough and exercise. The goal of our study was to clarify the potential modulation of the cough reflex (CR) by exercise in a spontaneously breathing anaesthetized animal model of airway eosinophilic inflammation. Materials & methods Ten ovalbumin (OVA) sensitized adult rabbits and 8 controls were studied. The ventilatory response to direct tracheal stimulation, performed both at rest and during exercise was determined to quantify the incidence and the sensitivity of the CR. Broncho-alveolar lavages (BAL) and cell counts were performed to assess the level of the airway inflammation following OVA-induced sensitization. Exercise was mimicked by Electrically induced hindlimb Muscular Contractions (EMC). Results Among 494 tracheal stimulations, 261 were performed at rest and 233 at exercise. OVA challenges in sensitized rabbits caused a significant increase in the percentage of eosinophils (p = 0.008) in BAL. EMC increased minute ventilation by 36% and 35% in OVA and control rabbits respectively, compared to rest values. The sensitivity of the CR decreased during exercise compared to baseline in control rabbits (p = 0.0313) while it remained unchanged in OVA rabbits. Conclusion The desensitization of the CR during exercise in control rabbits was abolished in OVA rabbits. The precise role of airway inflammation in this lack of CR desensitization needs to be further investigated but it might contribute to the exercise-induced cough in asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Tiotiu
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory regulations and motor control, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
- Pulmonology Department, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Bruno Chenuel
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory regulations and motor control, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
- Pulmonary Function Testing and Exercise Physiology, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Laurent Foucaud
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory regulations and motor control, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Bruno Demoulin
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory regulations and motor control, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Silvia Demoulin-Alexikova
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory regulations and motor control, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Christo Christov
- Department of Histology, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Mathias Poussel
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory regulations and motor control, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
- Pulmonary Function Testing and Exercise Physiology, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
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11
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Hua S. Neuroimmune Interaction in the Regulation of Peripheral Opioid-Mediated Analgesia in Inflammation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:293. [PMID: 27532001 PMCID: PMC4970451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral immune cell-mediated analgesia in inflammation is an important endogenous mechanism of pain control. Opioid receptors localized on peripheral sensory nerve terminals are activated by endogenous opioid peptides released from immune cells to produce significant analgesia. Following transendothelial migration of opioid-containing leukocytes into peripheral sites of inflammation, opioid peptides are released into a harsh milieu associated with an increase in temperature, low pH, and high proteolytic activity. Together, this microenvironment has been suggested to increase the activity of opioid peptide metabolism. Therefore, the proximity of immune cells and nerve fibers may be essential to produce adequate analgesic effects. Close associations between opioid-containing immune cells and peripheral nerve terminals have been observed. However, it is not yet determined whether these immune cells actually form synaptic-like contacts with peripheral sensory terminals and/or whether they secrete opioids in a paracrine manner. This review will provide novel insight into the peripheral mechanisms of immune-derived analgesia in inflammation, in particular, the importance of direct interactions between immune cells and the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hua
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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Chung KF. Approach to chronic cough: the neuropathic basis for cough hypersensitivity syndrome. J Thorac Dis 2014; 6:S699-707. [PMID: 25383203 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.08.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cough is a common symptom that can be difficult to manage because associated causes may remain elusive and treatment of any associated cause may not provide relief. Current antitussives have limited efficacy and undesirable side-effects. Patients with chronic cough describe sensory symptoms suggestive of upper airway and laryngeal neural dysfunction, and report cough triggered by low-level physical and chemical stimuli supporting the concept of cough reflex hypersensitivity. Mechanisms underlying peripheral and central augmentation of the afferent cough pathways have been identified. Chronic cough is a neuropathic condition that could be secondary to sensory nerve damage caused by inflammatory, infective and allergic factors. Recent success in the treatment of chronic cough with agents used for treating neuropathic pain such as gabapentin and amitryptiline would also support this concept. Research into neuropathic cough may lead to the discovery of more effective antitussives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian Fan Chung
- Experimental Studies Unit, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London and Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
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13
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Akasheh N, Walsh MT, Costello RW. Eosinophil peroxidase induces expression of cholinergic genes via cell surface neural interactions. Mol Immunol 2014; 62:37-45. [PMID: 24937179 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils localize to and release their granule proteins in close association with nerves in patients with asthma and rhinitis. These conditions are associated with increased neural function. In this study the effect of the individual granule proteins on cholinergic neurotransmitter expression was investigated. Eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) upregulated choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) gene expression. Fluorescently labeled EPO was seen to bind to the IMR-32 cell surface. Both Poly-L-Glutamate (PLG) and Heparinase-1 reversed the up-regulatory effect of EPO on ChAT and VAChT expression and prevented EPO adhesion to the cell surface. Poly-L-arginine (PLA) had no effect on expression of either gene, suggesting that charge is necessary but insufficient to alter gene expression. EPO induced its effects via the activation of NF-κB. MEK inhibition led to reversal of all up-regulatory effects of EPO. These data indicate a preferential role of EPO signaling via a specific surface receptor that leads to neural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Akasheh
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Marie-Therese Walsh
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Richard W Costello
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
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14
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15
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Thornton MA, Akasheh N, Walsh MT, Moloney M, Sheahan PO, Smyth CM, Walsh RM, Morgan RM, Curran DR, Walsh MT, Gleich GJ, Costello RW. Eosinophil recruitment to nasal nerves after allergen challenge in allergic rhinitis. Clin Immunol 2013; 147:50-57. [PMID: 23518598 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In allergen challenged animal models, eosinophils localize to airway nerves leading to vagally-mediated hyperreactivity. We hypothesized that in allergic rhinitis eosinophils recruited to nasal nerves resulted in neural hyperreactivity. Patients with persistent allergic rhinitis (n=12), seasonal allergic rhinitis (n=7) and controls (n=10) were studied. Inferior nasal turbinate biopsies were obtained before, 8 and 48h after allergen challenge. Eight hours after allergen challenge eosinophils localized to nerves in both rhinitis groups; this was sustained through 48h. Bradykinin challenge, with secretion collection on the contralateral side, was performed to demonstrate nasal nerve reflexes. Twenty fourhours after allergen challenge, bradykinin induced a significant increase in secretions, indicating nasal hyperreactivity. Histological studies showed that nasal nerves expressed both vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 26 (CCL-26). Hence, after allergen challenge eosinophils are recruited and retained at nerves and so may be a mechanism for neural hyperreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Thornton
- Department of Otolaryngology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Nadim Akasheh
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Marie-Therese Walsh
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Michael Moloney
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Patrick O Sheahan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Claire M Smyth
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Rory McConn Walsh
- Department of Otolaryngology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Ross M Morgan
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - David R Curran
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Michael T Walsh
- Department of Otolaryngology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Gerald J Gleich
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84132, USA
| | - Richard W Costello
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
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16
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Halwani R, Vazquez-Tello A, Sumi Y, Pureza MA, Bahammam A, Al-Jahdali H, Soussi-Gounni A, Mahboub B, Al-Muhsen S, Hamid Q. Eosinophils induce airway smooth muscle cell proliferation. J Clin Immunol 2012. [PMID: 23180361 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9836-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by eosinophilic airway inflammation and remodeling of the airway wall. Features of airway remodeling include increased airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass. However, little is known about the interaction between inflammatory eosinophils and ASM cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of eosinophils on ASM cell proliferation. Eosinophils were isolated from peripheral blood of mild asthmatics and non-asthmatic subjects and co-cultured with human primary ASM cells. ASM proliferation was estimated using Ki-67 expression assay. The expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) mRNA in ASM cells was measured using quantitative real-time PCR. The role of eosinophil derived Cysteinyl Leukotrienes (CysLTs) in enhancing ASM proliferation was estimated by measuring the release of leukotrienes from eosinophils upon their direct contact with ASM cells using ELISA. This role was confirmed either by blocking eosinophil-ASM contact or co-culturing them in the presence of leukotrienes antagonist. ASM cells co-cultured with eosinophils, isolated from asthmatics, but not non-asthmatics, had a significantly higher rate of proliferation compared to controls. This increase in ASM proliferation was independent of their release of ECM proteins but dependent upon eosinophils release of CysLTs. Eosinophil-ASM cell to cell contact was required for CysLTs release. Preventing eosinophil contact with ASM cells using anti-adhesion molecules antibodies, or blocking the activity of eosinophil derived CysLTs using montelukast inhibited ASM proliferation. Our results indicated that eosinophils contribute to airway remodeling during asthma by enhancing ASM cell proliferation and hence increasing ASM mass. Direct contact of eosinophils with ASM cells triggers their release of CysLTs which enhance ASM proliferation. Eosinophils, and their binding to ASM cells, constitute a potential therapeutic target to interfere with the series of biological events leading to airway remodeling and Asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabih Halwani
- Asthma Research Chair and Prince Naif Center for Immunology Research, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Costello RW, Maloney M, Atiyeh M, Gleich G, Walsh MT. Mechanism of sphingosine 1-phosphate- and lysophosphatidic acid-induced up-regulation of adhesion molecules and eosinophil chemoattractant in nerve cells. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:3237-49. [PMID: 21686182 PMCID: PMC3116188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12053237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysophospholipids sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) act via G-protein coupled receptors S1P(1-5) and LPA(1-3) respectively, and are implicated in allergy. Eosinophils accumulate at innervating cholinergic nerves in asthma and adhere to nerve cells via intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells were used as an in vitro cholinergic nerve cell model. The G(i) coupled receptors S1P(1), S1P(3), LPA(1), LPA(2) and LPA(3) were expressed on IMR-32 cells. Both S1P and LPA induced ERK phosphorylation and ERK- and G(i)-dependent up-regulation of ICAM-1 expression, with differing time courses. LPA also induced ERK- and G(i)-dependent up-regulation of the eosinophil chemoattractant, CCL-26. The eosinophil granule protein eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) induced ERK-dependent up-regulation of transcription of S1P(1), LPA(1), LPA(2) and LPA(3), providing the situation whereby eosinophil granule proteins may enhance S1P- and/or LPA- induced eosinophil accumulation at nerve cells in allergic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W. Costello
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland; E-Mails: (R.W.C.); (M.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Michael Maloney
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland; E-Mails: (R.W.C.); (M.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Mazin Atiyeh
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland; E-Mails: (R.W.C.); (M.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Gerald Gleich
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Marie-Therese Walsh
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland; E-Mails: (R.W.C.); (M.M.); (M.A.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +353-1-8093803; Fax: +353-1-8093765
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18
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Walsh MT, Connell K, Sheahan AM, Gleich GJ, Costello RW. Eosinophil peroxidase signals via epidermal growth factor-2 to induce cell proliferation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:946-52. [PMID: 21454806 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0454oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils exert many of their inflammatory effects in allergic disorders through the degranulation and release of intracellular mediators, including a set of cationic granule proteins that include eosinophil peroxidase. Studies suggest that eosinophils are involved in remodeling. In previous studies, we showed that eosinophil granule proteins activate mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. In this study, we investigated the receptor mediating eosinophil peroxidase-induced signaling and downstream effects. Human cholinergic neuroblastoma IMR32 and murine melanoma B16.F10 cultures, real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoprecipitations, and Western blotting were used in the study. We showed that eosinophil peroxidase caused a sustained increase in both the expression of epidermal growth factor-2 (HER2) and its phosphorylation at tyrosine 1248, with the consequent activation of extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2. This, in turn, promoted a focal adhesion kinase-dependent egress of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(kip) from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Eosinophil peroxidase induced a HER2-dependent up-regulation of cell proliferation, indicated by an up-regulation of the nuclear proliferation marker Ki67. This study identifies HER2 as a novel mediator of eosinophil peroxidase signaling. The results show that eosinophil peroxidase, at noncytotoxic levels, can drive cell-cycle progression and proliferation, and contribute to tissue remodeling and cell turnover in airway disease. Because eosinophils are a feature of many cancers, these findings also suggest a role for eosinophils in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Therese Walsh
- Department of Medicine, Education and Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
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19
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Kato M, Suzuki M, Hayashi Y, Kimura H. Role of eosinophils and their clinical significance in allergic inflammation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 2:121-33. [PMID: 20477093 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.1.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are believed to play roles in the pathophysiology of allergic inflammation, such as bronchial asthma. However, recent studies on anti-interleukin-5 monoclonal antibody treatment of asthmatic patients raised the possibility that eosinophils may play only a limited role. More recent studies established that eosinophils are essentially involved in the development of airway remodeling. Moreover, it is theoretically conceivable that eosinophils are a cellular source of lipid mediators, such as cysteinyl leukotrienes or platelet-activating factor in asthma. Even in the absence of interleukin-5, it is likely that the 'T-helper Type 2 network', including a cascade of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, CC chemokines, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, for example, can maintain sufficient eosinophilic infiltration and effector functions, such as superoxide anion generation and degranulation. Long-term studies, wherein tissue eosinophils are eliminated effectively will be required to establish the exact roles of these cells in asthma. Finally, the authors will demonstrate that eosinophils have the potential for not only playing detrimental roles but also beneficial ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Kato
- Gunma Children's Medical Center, Department of Allergy and Immunology, Gunma Children's Medical Center, 779 Shimohakoda, Hokkitsu, Gunma 377-8577, Japan.
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20
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Abstract
Eosinophils are potent innate immune cells that home to the gastrointestinal tract where they participate in host immunity to luminal pathogens, and help to maintain intestinal epithelial homeostasis. However, these cells are now recognized to have key functions in the pathogenesis of numerous other disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, including primary eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease, common functional conditions, such as dyspepsia, and also in gastrointestinal disorders in patients with allergic disease. We are just beginning to understand the potential pathological role of eosinophils in gastrointestinal disease, and it is increasingly likely that gastroenterologists and histopathologists will need to account for the presence of gastrointestinal eosinophils and relate their presence to gastrointestinal symptoms. This Review discusses the role of gastrointestinal eosinophils in health and disease, including their associations with functional and allergic disorders.
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21
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McGarvey L, McKeagney P, Polley L, MacMahon J, Costello R. Are there clinical features of a sensitized cough reflex? Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2009; 22:59-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Durcan N, Costello RW, McLean WG, Blusztajn J, Madziar B, Fenech AG, Hall IP, Gleich GJ, McGarvey L, Walsh MT. Eosinophil-Mediated Cholinergic Nerve Remodeling. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 34:775-86. [PMID: 16456188 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0196oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are observed to localize to cholinergic nerves in a variety of inflammatory conditions such as asthma, rhinitis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, and inflammatory bowel disease, where they are also responsible for the induction of cell signaling. We hypothesized that a consequence of eosinophil localization to cholinergic nerves would involve a neural remodeling process. Eosinophil co-culture with cholinergic IMR32 cells led to increased expression of the M2 muscarinic receptor, with this induction being mediated via an adhesion-dependent release of eosinophil proteins, including major basic protein and nerve growth factor. Studies on the promoter sequence of the M2 receptor indicated that this induction was initiated at a transcription start site 145 kb upstream of the gene-coding region. This promoter site contains binding sites for a variety of transcription factors including SP1, AP1, and AP2. Eosinophils also induced the expression of several cholinergic genes involved in the synthesis, storage, and metabolism of acetylcholine, including the enzymes choline acetyltransferase, vesicular acetylcholine transferase, and acetylcholinesterase. The observed eosinophil-induced changes in enzyme content were associated with a reduction in intracellular neural acetylcholine but an increase in choline content, suggesting increased acetylcholine turnover and a reduction in acetylcholinesterase activity, in turn suggesting reduced catabolism of acetylcholine. Together these data suggest that eosinophil localization to cholinergic nerves induces neural remodeling, promoting a cholinergic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Durcan
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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23
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Morgan RK, Costello RW, Durcan N, Kingham PJ, Gleich GJ, McLean WG, Walsh MT. Diverse effects of eosinophil cationic granule proteins on IMR-32 nerve cell signaling and survival. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 33:169-77. [PMID: 15860794 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0056oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated eosinophils release potentially toxic cationic granular proteins, including the major basic proteins (MBP) and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN). However, in inflammatory conditions including asthma and inflammatory bowel disease, localization of eosinophils to nerves is associated with nerve plasticity, specifically remodeling. In previous in vitro studies, we have shown that eosinophil adhesion to IMR-32 nerve cells, via nerve cell intercellular adhesion molecule-1, results in an adhesion-dependent release of granule proteins. We hypothesized that released eosinophil granule proteins may affect nerve cell signaling and survival, leading to nerve cell remodeling. Culture in serum-deprived media induced apoptosis in IMR-32 cells that was dose-dependently abolished by inclusion of MBP1 but not by EDN. Both MBP1 and EDN induced phosphorylation of Akt, but with divergent time courses and intensities, and survival was independent of Akt. MBP1 induced activation of neural nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, from 10 min to 12 h, declining by 24 h, whereas EDN induced a short-lived activation of NF-kappaB. MBP1-induced protection was dependent on phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 and was related to a phospho-ERK-dependent upregulation of the NF-kappaB-activated anti-apoptotic gene, Bfl-1. This signaling pathway was not activated by EDN. Thus, MBP1 released from eosinophils at inflammatory sites may regulate peripheral nerve plasticity by inhibiting apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross K Morgan
- Department of Medicine, RCSI, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland, and Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
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Morgan RK, Kingham PJ, Walsh MT, Curran DR, Curran DC, Durcan N, McLean WG, Costello RW. Eosinophil adhesion to cholinergic IMR-32 cells protects against induced neuronal apoptosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:5963-70. [PMID: 15528330 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.10.5963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils release a number of mediators that are potentially toxic to nerve cells. However, in a number of inflammatory conditions, such as asthma and inflammatory bowel disease, it has been shown that eosinophils localize to nerves, and this is associated with enhanced nerve activity. In in vitro studies, we have shown that eosinophil adhesion via neuronal ICAM-1 leads to activation of neuronal NF-kappaB via an ERK1/2-dependent pathway. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that eosinophil adhesion to nerves promotes neural survival by protection from inflammation-associated apoptosis. Exposure of differentiated IMR-32 cholinergic nerve cells to IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma, or culture in serum-deprived medium, induced neuronal apoptosis, as detected by annexin V staining, caspase-3 activation, and DNA laddering. Addition of human eosinophils to IMR-32 nerve cells completely prevented all these features of apoptosis. The mechanism of protection by eosinophils was by an adhesion-dependent activation of ERK1/2, which led to the induced expression of the antiapoptotic gene bfl-1. Adhesion to nerve cells did not influence the expression of the related genes bax and bad. Thus, prevention of apoptosis by eosinophils may be a mechanism by which these cells regulate neural plasticity in the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross K Morgan
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Curran DR, Morgan RK, Kingham PJ, Durcan N, McLean WG, Walsh MT, Costello RW. Mechanism of eosinophil induced signaling in cholinergic IMR-32 cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 288:L326-32. [PMID: 15466250 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00254.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils interact with nerve cells, leading to changes in neurotransmitter release, altered nerve growth, and protection from cytokine-induced apoptosis. In part, these interactions occur as a result of activation of neural nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, which is activated by adhesion of eosinophils to neural intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). The mechanism and consequence of signaling after eosinophil adhesion to nerve cells were investigated. Eosinophil membranes, which contain eosinophil adhesion molecules but not other eosinophil products, were coincubated with IMR-32 cholinergic nerve cells. The studies showed that there were two mechanisms of activation of NF-kappaB, one of which was dependent on reactive oxygen species, since it was inhibited with diphenyleneiodonium. This occurred at least 30 min after coculture of eosinophils and nerves. An earlier phase of NF-kappaB activation occurred within 2 min of eosinophil adhesion and was mediated by tyrosine kinase-dependent phosphorylation of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1). Coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that both extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and IRAK-1 were recruited to ICAM-1 rapidly after coculture with eosinophil membranes. This was accompanied by an induction of ICAM-1, which was mediated by an IRAK-1-dependent pathway. These data indicate that adhesion of eosinophils to IMR-32 nerves via ICAM-1 leads to important signaling events, mediated via IRAK-1, and these in turn lead to expression of adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Curran
- Department of Medicine, RCSI, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
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27
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Walsh MT, Curran DR, Kingham PJ, Morgan RK, Durcan N, Gleich GJ, McLean WG, Costello RW. Effect of eosinophil adhesion on intracellular signaling in cholinergic nerve cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 30:333-41. [PMID: 12855409 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2003-0188oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil localization to cholinergic nerves occurs in a variety of inflammatory conditions, including asthma. This localization is mediated by interactions between eosinophil integrins and neuronal vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Eosinophil-nerve cell interactions lead to generation of neuronal reactive oxygen species and release of eosinophil proteins. The effects of eosinophil adhesion on neuronal intracellular signaling pathways were investigated. Eosinophil adhesion to IMR32 cholinergic nerves led to a rapid and sustained activation of the nuclear transcription factors nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and activator protein (AP)-1 in the nerve cells. Eosinophil binding to neuronal ICAM-1 led to a rapid activation of ERK1/2 in nerve cells. Inhibition of ERK1/2 prevented NF-kappaB activation. Eosinophil adhesion to VCAM-1 resulted in AP-1 activation, mediated partially by rapid activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. These data show that adhesion of eosinophils induces mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent activation of the transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1 in nerve cells, indicating that eosinophil adhesion may control nerve growth and phenotype.
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28
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Sawatzky DA, Kingham PJ, Durcan N, McLean WG, Costello RW. Eosinophil-induced release of acetylcholine from differentiated cholinergic nerve cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 285:L1296-304. [PMID: 12948933 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00107.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One immunological component of asthma is believed to be the interaction of eosinophils with parasympathetic cholinergic nerves and a consequent inhibition of acetylcholine muscarinic M2 receptor activity, leading to enhanced acetylcholine release and bronchoconstriction. Here we have used an in vitro model of cholinergic nerve function, the human IMR32 cell line, to study this interaction. IMR32 cells, differentiated in culture for 7 days, expressed M2 receptors. Cells were radiolabeled with [3H]choline and electrically stimulated. The stimulation-induced release of acetylcholine was prevented by the removal of Ca2+. The muscarinic M1/M2 receptor agonist arecaidine reduced the release of acetylcholine after stimulation (to 82 +/- 2% of control at 10(-7) M), and the M2 receptor antagonist AF-DX 116 increased it (to 175 +/- 23% of control at 10(-5) M), indicating the presence of a functional M2 receptor that modulated acetylcholine release. When human eosinophils were added to IMR32 cells, they enhanced acetylcholine release by 36 +/- 10%. This effect was prevented by inhibitors of adhesion of the eosinophils to the IMR32 cells. Pretreatment of IMR32 cells with 10 mM carbachol, to desensitize acetylcholine receptors, prevented the potentiation of acetylcholine release by eosinophils or AF-DX 116. Acetylcholine release was similarly potentiated (by up to 45 +/- 7%) by degranulation products from eosinophils that had been treated with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine or that had been in contact with IMR32 cells. Contact between eosinophils and IMR32 cells led to an initial increase in expression of M2 receptors, whereas prolonged exposure reduced M2 receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Sawatzky
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
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29
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Kingham PJ, McLean WG, Walsh MT, Fryer AD, Gleich GJ, Costello RW. Effects of eosinophils on nerve cell morphology and development: the role of reactive oxygen species and p38 MAP kinase. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 285:L915-24. [PMID: 12794004 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00094.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion of eosinophils to nerve cells and the subsequent release of eosinophil products may contribute to the pathogenesis of conditions such as asthma and inflammatory bowel disease. In this study we have separately examined the consequences of eosinophil adhesion and degranulation for nerve cell morphology and development. Eosinophils induced neurite retraction of cultured guinea pig parasympathetic nerves and differentiated IMR32 cholinergic neuroblastoma cells. Inhibition of eosinophil adhesion to IMR32 cells attenuated this retraction. Eosinophil adhesion to IMR32 cells led to tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of nerve cell proteins, activation of p38 MAP kinase, and generation of neuronal reactive oxygen species (ROS). Inhibition of tyrosine kinases with genistein prevented both the generation of ROS in the nerve cells and neurite retraction. The p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB-239063 prevented neurite retraction but had no effect on the induction of ROS. Thus eosinophils induced neurite retraction via two distinct pathways: by generation of tyrosine kinase-dependent ROS and by p38 MAP kinase. Eosinophils also prevented neurite outgrowth during differentiation of IMR32 cells. In contrast to their effect on neurite retraction, this effect was mimicked by medium containing products released from eosinophils and by eosinophil major basic protein. These results indicate that eosinophils modify the morphology of nerve cells by distinct mechanisms that involve adhesion and released proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Kingham
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Univ. of Liverpool, The Sherrington Bldgs., Ashton St., Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
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Abstract
In vivo, eosinophils localise to airway nerves in patients with asthma as well as in animal models of hyperreactivity. In both, in vivo and in vitro studies, we have shown that this localisation changes both cholinergic nerve and eosinophil function. In particular, it leads to an increase in acetylcholine release due to loss of function of a neuronal autoreceptor, the M(2) muscarinic receptor. This loss of M(2) receptor function occurs because eosinophils become activated and degranulate as a result of interactions that occur via specific adhesion molecules expressed on nerves that are recognised by counter ligands on eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Kingham
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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