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Song HY, Jo A, Shin J, Lim EH, Lee YE, Jeong DE, Lee M. Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Isogosferol, a Furanocoumarin Isolated from Citrus junos Seed Shells through Bioactivity-Guided Fractionation. Molecules 2019; 24:E4088. [PMID: 31726781 PMCID: PMC6891542 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus junos Tanaka is a traditional medicine for treating coughs, dyspepsia, diabetes, asthma, neuralgia, and inflammatory disorders, and is distributed in Asia, especially in Korea, Japan, and China. This study aimed to use bioactivity-guided fractionation to find therapeutic phytochemicals from C. junos seeds, which can attenuate inflammatory responses. Nine coumarins (1-9) were isolated from the methanolic extract of C. junos seed shells and the inhibitory effects against inflammatory mediators were investigated using murine macrophages. Among the coumarins, compound 3, isogosferol (ISO), more potently attenuated the production of nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. ISO also inhibited the expression of inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Additionally, the phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinases (pERK)1/2 was reduced by ISO. We confirmed that ISO attenuated the release of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), which is a central mediator of the inflammatory response. These results demonstrate that ISO from C. junos seed shells may be a potent therapeutic candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mina Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungangno, Suncheon-si 57922, Jeonnam, Korea; (H.Y.S.); (A.J.); (J.S.); (E.H.L.); (Y.E.L.); (D.E.J.)
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2
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Tan CK, Tan EH, Luo B, Huang CL, Loo JS, Choong C, Tan NS. SMAD3 deficiency promotes inflammatory aortic aneurysms in angiotensin II-infused mice via activation of iNOS. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000269. [PMID: 23782924 PMCID: PMC3698794 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Ninety percent of the patients carrying distinct SMAD3 mutations develop aortic aneurysms and dissections, called aneurysms‐osteoarthritis syndrome (AOS). However, the etiology and molecular events downstream of SMAD3 leading to the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysms in these patients still remain elusive. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the vascular phenotypes of SMAD3‐knockout mice. Methods and Results We have shown that angiotensin II–induced vascular inflammation, but not hypertension, leads to aortic aneurysms and dissections, ultimately causing aortic rupture and death in mice. Lipopolysaccharide‐triggered inflammation confirmed that enhanced aortic macrophage recruitment was essential for aneurysm formation in angiotensin II–infused SMAD3‐knockout mice. In contrast, phenylephrine‐triggered hypertension alone was insufficient to induce aortic aneurysms in mice. Using uniaxial tensile and contractility tests, we showed that SMAD3 deficiency resulted in defective aortic biomechanics and physiological functions, which caused weakening of the aortic wall and predisposed the mice to aortic aneurysms. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and re‐ChIP assays revealed that the underlying mechanism involved aberrant upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)–derived nitric oxide production and activation of elastolytic matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9. Administration of clodronate‐liposomes and iNOS inhibitor completely abrogated these aortic conditions, thereby identifying iNOS‐mediated nitric oxide secretion from macrophages as the downstream event of SMAD3 that drives this severe pathology. Conclusions Macrophage depletion and iNOS antagonism represent 2 promising approaches for preventing aortic aneurysms related to SMAD3 mutations and merit further investigation as adjunctive strategies for the life‐threatening manifestations of AOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chek K Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang, Singapore
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3
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Wang G, Yan Q, Woods A, Aubrey LA, Feng Q, Beier F. Inducible nitric oxide synthase-nitric oxide signaling mediates the mitogenic activity of Rac1 during endochondral bone growth. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:3405-13. [PMID: 21965529 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.076026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinated proliferation and differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes controls endochondral bone growth and final height in humans, and disruption of this process results in diseases of the growing and adult skeleton, such as chondrodysplasias or osteoarthritis. We had shown recently that chondrocyte-specific deletion of the gene Rac1 in mice leads to severe dwarfism due to reduced chondrocyte proliferation, but the molecular pathways involved remained unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Rac1-deficient chondrocytes have severely reduced levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein and nitric oxide (NO) production. NO donors reversed the proliferative effects induced by Rac1 deficiency, whereas inhibition of NO production mimicked the effects of Rac1 loss of function. Examination of the growth plate of iNOS-deficient mice revealed reduced chondrocyte proliferation and expression of cyclin D1, resembling the phenotype of Rac1-deficient growth plates. Finally, we demonstrate that Rac1-NO signaling inhibits the expression of ATF3, a known suppressor of cyclin D1 expression in chondrocytes. In conclusion, our studies identify the iNOS-NO pathway as a novel mediator of mitogenic Rac1 signaling and indicate that it could be a target for growth disorder therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
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Amer MS, Wahba HM, Ashmawi SS, Mabrouk RR, Sharaf Eldeen AA, Hamza SA. Proinflammatory cytokines in Egyptian elderly with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lung India 2010; 27:225-9. [PMID: 21139720 PMCID: PMC2988174 DOI: 10.4103/0970-2113.71956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pulmonary component of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The airflow limitation is usually progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lung to noxious particles or gases. HYPOTHESIS The levels of the proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP), in elderly patients suffering from COPD are increased. SETTINGS AND DESIGN A case control study involving 90 elderly participants from the outpatient clinics of Ain Shams University hospitals. MATERIALS AND METHODS The 90 subjects were subdivided into three equal groups ' group I (control), group II (patients with COPD), and group III (patients with COPD and cardiovascular complications). Comprehensive clinical assessment, pulmonary functions, and echocardiography were performed. The levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and CRP were measured in the patients' serum and compared. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) version 10. RESULTS IL1-βand CRP were significantly higher in the third group than the first group (P <0.05). There was a similar significant difference between the second and third group as regards IL1-βand CRP (P < 0.05). Positive significant correlation between CRP and TNF-α with stage of COPD according to FEV1 (P <0.05) were found. CONCLUSIONS Complicated cases of COPD had higher levels of IL1-β and CRP and the more severe the cases, the higher the levels of CRPand TNF-α.
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Sung CS, Wen ZH, Chang WK, Chan KH, Ho ST, Tsai SK, Chang YC, Wong CS. Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase attenuates interleukin-1beta-induced thermal hyperalgesia and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the spinal cord. J Neurochem 2005; 94:742-52. [PMID: 16033422 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have reported recently that intrathecal (i.t.) injection of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), at a dose of 100 ng, induces inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and nitric oxide (NO) production in the spinal cord and results in thermal hyperalgesia in rats. This study further examines the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in i.t. IL-1beta-mediated iNOS-NO cascade in spinal nociceptive signal transduction. All rats were implanted with an i.t. catheter either with or without an additional microdialysis probe. Paw withdrawal latency to radiant heat is used to assess thermal hyperalgesia. The iNOS and MAPK protein expression in the spinal cord dorsal horn were examined by western blot. The [NO] in CSF dialysates were also measured. Intrathecal IL-1beta leads to a time-dependent up-regulation of phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) MAPK protein expression in the spinal cord 30-240 min following IL-1beta injection (i.t.). However, neither the phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) nor phosphorylated c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (p-JNK) was affected. The total amount of p38, ERK, and JNK MAPK proteins were not affected following IL-1beta injection. Intrathecal administration of either selective p38 MAPK, or JNK, or ERK inhibitor alone did not affect the thermal nociceptive threshold or iNOS protein expression in the spinal cord. However, pretreatment with a p38 MAPK inhibitor significantly reduced the IL-1beta-induced p-p38 MAPK expression by 38-49%, and nearly completely blocked the subsequent iNOS expression (reduction by 86.6%), NO production, and thermal hyperalgesia. In contrast, both ERK and JNK inhibitor pretreatments only partially (approximately 50%) inhibited the IL-1beta-induced iNOS expression in the spinal cord. Our results suggest that p38 MAPK plays a pivotal role in i.t. IL-1beta-induced spinal sensitization and nociceptive signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Sung Sung
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Ea HK, Uzan B, Rey C, Lioté F. Octacalcium phosphate crystals directly stimulate expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase through p38 and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinases in articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2005; 7:R915-26. [PMID: 16207333 PMCID: PMC1257419 DOI: 10.1186/ar1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2004] [Revised: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 05/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystals, including hydroxyapatite, octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and carbonate-apatite, have been associated with severe osteoarthritis and several degenerative arthropathies. Most studies have considered the chondrocyte to be a bystander in the pathogenesis of calcium crystal deposition disease, assuming that synovial cell cytokines were the only triggers of chondrocyte activation. In the present study we identified direct activation of articular chondrocytes by OCP crystals, which are the BCP crystals with the greatest potential for inducing inflammation. OCP crystals induced nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS) mRNA expression by isolated articular chondrocytes and cartilage fragments, in a dose-dependent manner and with variations over time. OCP crystals also induced IL-1β mRNA expression. Using pharmacological and cytokine inhibitors, we observed that OCP crystals induced NO production and inducible NOS mRNA activation were regulated at both the transcriptional and the translational levels; were independent from IL-1β gene activation; and involved p38 and c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, as further confirmed by OCP crystal-induced p38 and JNK MAPK phosphorylation. Taken together, our data suggest that the transcriptional inducible NOS response to OCP crystals involved both the p38 and the JNK MAPK pathways, probably under the control of activator protein-1. NO, a major mediator of cartilage degradation, can be directly produced by BCP crystals in chondrocytes. Together with synovial activation, this direct mechanism may be important in the pathogenesis of destructive arthropathies triggered by microcrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Korng Ea
- INSERM U606, Centre Viggo Petersen, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Uzan
- INSERM U606, Centre Viggo Petersen, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | | | - Frédéric Lioté
- INSERM U606, Centre Viggo Petersen, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
- Université Paris 7, UFR Saint-Louis Lariboisière, Paris, France
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8
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Zuckerbraun BS, Barbato JE, Hamilton A, Sebti S, Tzeng E. Inhibition of geranylgeranyltransferase I decreases generation of vascular reactive oxygen species and increases vascular nitric oxide production. J Surg Res 2005; 124:256-63. [PMID: 15820256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2004.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2004] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular injury with endothelial dysfunction results in an imbalance between the production of vasoprotective molecules such as nitric oxide (NO) and deleterious reactive oxygen species (ROS). The purpose of this work was to test the hypothesis that inhibition of geranylgeranyltransferase I (GG Tase I) reduces vascular injury by increasing vascular NO production while decreasing ROS generation. METHODS AND RESULTS GGTI-298 decreased the formation of intimal hyperplasia at 14 days following balloon injury. GGTI-298 (10 microm) inhibited activation of RhoA and Rac1 as well as inhibited SMC proliferation. GGTI increased SMC-inducible NO synthase (iNOS) levels and NO production in vitro. Additionally, the activation of NAD(P)H oxidase subunits was decreased by GGTI in vitro. This correlated with a decrease in TNF-alpha- or angiotensin-II-induced ROS production assayed by DCF fluorescence. In vivo, GGTI treatment increased endothelial NOS (eNOS) expression in uninjured arteries and iNOS expression in balloon-injured arteries. Furthermore, GGTI treatment attenuated balloon-injury-induced superoxide generation assayed by MCLA luminescence. CONCLUSIONS GGTI decreases the production of ROS and increases the production of NO both in vitro and in vivo. These effects may be mediated via the inhibition of activation of the small GTPases Rac1 and RhoA. Pharmacological inhibition of GGTase I may prove to be a useful clinical adjunct in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Alkyl and Aryl Transferases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Alkyl and Aryl Transferases/metabolism
- Angioplasty, Balloon/adverse effects
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/cytology
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/injuries
- Benzamides/pharmacology
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Division
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
- Tunica Intima/enzymology
- Tunica Intima/injuries
- rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Zuckerbraun
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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9
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Bongalon S, Dai YP, Singer CA, Yamboliev IA. PDGF and IL-1β Upregulate Cofilin and LIMK2 in Canine Cultured Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells. J Vasc Res 2004; 41:412-21. [PMID: 15467300 DOI: 10.1159/000081247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2004] [Accepted: 07/27/2004] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin cytoskeleton reorganization is regulated by various actin-binding proteins. Cofilin is the principal filament-depolymerizing protein, whose activity is reduced upon phosphorylation by LIMK. Thus, LIMK and cofilin comprise a signal transduction module regulating actin turnover and myogenic tone in healthy vasculature. Novel functions of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the hypertensive pulmonary artery, such as increased motility and proliferation, are supported by the actin cytoskeleton. We therefore hypothesized that bioactive peptides that affect these SMC functions may also result in an upregulation of LIMK and cofilin expression. Semiquantitative RT-PCR and immunoblotting indicated that LIMK2 and cofilin mRNA and protein expression is upregulated in canine pulmonary artery SMCs (PASMCs) exposed to PDGF or IL-1beta (10 ng/ml). Inhibition of ERK MAPKs (U-0126, 10 muM) or p38 MAPK (PD-169316, 10 muM), but not PI3Ks (LY-294002, 50 muM), reduced LIMK2 and cofilin gene expression stimulated by PDGF or IL-1beta. Inhibition of ROCK (Y-27632, 10 muM) reduced only the IL-1beta-stimulated LIMK2 and cofilin expression. These novel observations in PASMCs indicate that LIMK2 and cofilin expression can be induced by PDGF or IL-1beta. This parallel upregulation of LIMK2 and cofilin may have potentially broad functional significance for the progress of pulmonary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaner Bongalon
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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10
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Anazawa T, Dimayuga PC, Li H, Tani S, Bradfield J, Chyu KY, Kaul S, Shah PK, Cercek B. Effect of exposure to cigarette smoke on carotid artery intimal thickening: the role of inducible NO synthase. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:1652-8. [PMID: 15271786 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000139925.84444.ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the role of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in intimal thickening with exposure to cigarette smoke (CS). METHODS AND RESULTS Intimal thickening in wild-type (WT) and iNOS-deficient (iNOS-/-) mice subjected to CS exposure was induced by placement of a cuff around the carotid artery. CS exposure in WT mice was associated with increased arterial iNOS expression, superoxide production, activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation, and serum NO. Intimal thickening 21 days after cuff placement was significantly greater in mice exposed to CS compared with air (0.023+/-0.013 mm(2) versus 0.009+/-0.008 mm(2); P<0.05). iNOS inhibitor mercaptoethylguanidine-treated WT mice exposed to CS had reduced iNOS activity and intimal thickening (0.006+/-0.005 mm(2); P<0.05). Intimal thickening was significantly less in iNOS-/- mice compared with WT mice (0.006+/-0.005 mm(2); P<0.01) and was not augmented with CS (0.002+/-0.002 mm(2)). The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) was detected in arteries in vivo and in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in vitro. CS condensate treatment of SMCs increased AhR binding to the core xenobiotic-responsive element of the iNOS promoter and increased iNOS expression. CONCLUSIONS Increased arterial expression of iNOS, mediated at least in part by AhR signaling, may be an important mechanism by which CS increases carotid intimal thickening. CS exposure in mice was associated with increased arterial iNOS expression, superoxide production, AP-1 activation, serum NO expression, and intimal thickening. Inhibition or deletion of iNOS abrogated the effects of CS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Atmosphere Exposure Chambers
- Carboxyhemoglobin/analysis
- Carotid Arteries/metabolism
- Carotid Arteries/pathology
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Enzyme Induction/drug effects
- Guanidines/pharmacology
- Hyperplasia
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide/blood
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/deficiency
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/physiology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Random Allocation
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/drug effects
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/physiology
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Single-Blind Method
- Smoke/adverse effects
- Superoxides/metabolism
- Nicotiana
- Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects
- Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism
- Tunica Intima/enzymology
- Tunica Intima/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Anazawa
- Division of Cardiology and Atherosclerosis Research Center, Burns and Allen Research Institute, and the Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles 90048, USA
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Hosoi T, Suzuki S, Nomura J, Ono A, Okuma Y, Akira S, Nomura Y. Bacterial DNA induced iNOS expression through MyD88-p38 MAP kinase in mouse primary cultured glial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 124:159-64. [PMID: 15135224 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To study the role of bacterial DNA in the immune function of the brain, we examined the effect of CpG-DNA on the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in mouse primary cultured glial cells. The expression of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), the receptor of bacterial DNA, was detected by RT-PCR. We observed an increase in iNOS mRNA 6 h after CpG-DNA application. The expression of iNOS protein peaked at 12 h and declined thereafter. CpG-DNA increased p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation in primary cultured glial cells. SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase, inhibited the CpG-DNA-induced iNOS expression. Moreover, CpG-DNA failed to activate p38 MAP kinase and iNOS induction in the primary cultured glial cells prepared from myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) deficient mice. Therefore, it is suggested that functional receptor for bacterial DNA exists in primary cultured glial cells and CpG-DNA induces iNOS expression via the MyD88-p38 MAP kinase-dependent mechanisms. Thus, the present results point to the important role of bacterial DNA by acting on glial cells to operate brain immune function.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- CpG Islands
- DNA, Bacterial/immunology
- DNA, Bacterial/pharmacology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/immunology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- Neuroglia/enzymology
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/immunology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 9
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Hosoi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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12
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Sung CS, Wen ZH, Chang WK, Ho ST, Tsai SK, Chang YC, Wong CS. Intrathecal interleukin-1β administration induces thermal hyperalgesia by activating inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the rat spinal cord. Brain Res 2004; 1015:145-53. [PMID: 15223378 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) on the inducible nitric oxide synthase-nitric oxide (iNOS-NO) cascade in nociceptive signal transduction was examined in the intact rat spinal cord. All rats were implanted with an intrathecal (i.t.) catheter; some were also implanted with an i.t. microdialysis probe. The paw withdrawal latency to radiant heat was used to assess thermal hyperalgesia. The iNOS protein expression in the spinal cord dorsal horn was examined by western blot analysis and NOS activity assay. NO production in the CSF dialysate was also measured. IL-1beta i.t. (100 ng) produced thermal hyperalgesia from 4 to 24 h after i.t. injection. The iNOS protein expression was induced at 4 h after i.t. IL-1beta injection, peaked at the 6th hour, and disappeared at 24 h. The iNOS activity showed a similar time-dependent change as the iNOS protein expression. NO release increased by 1.1- to 1.9-fold between 4 and 12 h, also with a peak at the 6th hour, after i.t. IL-1beta administration. Pretreatment with the iNOS inhibitor 1400W (10 microg, i.t.) 1 h before i.t. IL-1beta injection prevented all the responses of IL-1beta. Neither 1400W nor artificial CSF (aCSF) affected the thermal nociceptive threshold and NO production. These results demonstrate that i.t. administration of IL-1beta induced thermal hyperalgesia by activating the iNOS-NO cascade in the rat spinal cord. On the basis of the present findings, we suggest that i.t. administration of iNOS inhibitors may have potential in the treatment of inflammatory and neuropathic pain syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Sung Sung
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Johansson R, Persson K. Phenotypic modulation of cultured bladder smooth muscle cells and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 286:R642-8. [PMID: 14656765 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00443.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle is associated with various pathological conditions, including bladder dysfunction. Cytoskeletal dynamics modulate the cell phenotype and were recently shown to be involved in regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). We tested the hypothesis that the cell differentiation status affects iNOS expression, and that iNOS is preferentially expressed in immature dedifferentiated bladder smooth muscle cells (BSMC). Isolated at BSMC were put into different stages of differentiation by serum deprivation on laminin-coated plates in the presence of IGF-I and by interaction with Rho signaling and actin polymerization. iNOS and smooth muscle-myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC) protein expression were investigated with Western blot analysis. Our results showed iNOS protein in BSMC exposed to interleukin-1 beta (2 ng/ml) + TNF-alpha (50 ng/ml). Growth of BSMC in serum-free medium on laminin in the presence of IGF-I increased SM-MHC expression, whereas cytokine-induced iNOS was inhibited. Disruption of F-actin with latrunculin B (0.5 microM) potentiated iNOS expression and decreased SM-MHC expression. Rho inhibition with C3 (2.5 microg/ml) increased iNOS expression, whereas SM-MHC expression was slightly decreased. Rho-kinase inhibition with Y-27632 (10 microM) mediated a decrease in iNOS and a slight increase in SM-MHC expression. In conclusion, the capacity of BSMC to express iNOS was negatively correlated to differentiation status measured as SM-MHC expression. Actin cytoskeletal dynamics and Rho signaling are involved in regulation of cytokine-induced iNOS expression in BSMC. Phenotypic changes and impairment in actin cytoskeleton formation may potentiate cytokine activation and in turn increase nitric oxide production in the bladder during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecka Johansson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Lund University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden. Rebecka.Johansson@klinfa m.lu.se
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Kleinert H, Schwarz PM, Förstermann U. Regulation of the Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase. Biol Chem 2003; 384:1343-64. [PMID: 14669979 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2003.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), generated by the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), has been described to have beneficial microbicidal, antiviral, antiparasital, immunomodulatory, and antitumoral effects. However, aberrant iNOS induction at the wrong place or at the wrong time has detrimental consequences and seems to be involved in the pathophysiology of several human diseases. iNOS is primarily regulated at the expression level by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. iNOS expression can be induced in many cell types with suitable agents such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), cytokines, and other compounds. Pathways resulting in the induction of iNOS expression may vary in different cells or different species. Activation of the transcription factors NF-kappaB and STAT-1alpha, and thereby activation of the iNOS promoter, seems to be an essential step for iNOS induction in most cells. However, at least in the human system, also post-transcriptional mechanism are critically involved in the regulation of iNOS expression. The induction of iNOS can be inhibited by a wide variety of immunomodulatory compounds acting at the transcriptional levels and/or post-transcriptionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Kleinert
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55101 Mainz, Germany
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