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Said M, Gümüs M, Rieß C, Dinger TF, Rauschenbach L, Rodemerk J, Chihi M, Darkwah Oppong M, Dammann P, Wrede KH, Sure U, Jabbarli R. Impact of thyroid hormone replacement therapy on the course and functional outcome of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2024; 166:245. [PMID: 38829543 PMCID: PMC11147837 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-024-06118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones were reported to exert neuroprotective effects after ischemic stroke by reducing the burden of brain injury and promoting post-ischemic brain remodeling. OBJECTIVE We aimed to analyze the value of thyroid hormone replacement therapy (THRT) due to pre-existing hypothyroidism on the clinical course and outcome of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHODS SAH individuals treated between January 2003 and June 2016 were included. Data on baseline characteristics of patients and SAH, adverse events and functional outcome of SAH were recorded. Study endpoints were cerebral infarction, in-hospital mortality and unfavorable outcome at 6 months. Associations were adjusted for outcome-relevant confounders. RESULTS 109 (11%) of 995 individuals had THRT before SAH. Risk of intracranial pressure- or vasospasm-related cerebrovascular events was inversely associated with presence of THRT (p = 0.047). In multivariate analysis, THRT was independently associated with lower risk of cerebral infarction (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.41-0.99, p = 0.045) and unfavorable outcome (aOR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.28-0.89, p = 0.018), but not with in-hospital mortality (aOR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.38-1.26, p = 0.227). CONCLUSION SAH patients with THRT show lower burden of ischemia-relevant cerebrovascular events and more favorable outcome. Further experimental and clinical studies are required to confirm our results and elaborate the mechanistic background of the effect of THRT on course and outcome of SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Said
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine, Surgery University Hospital of Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Oldenburg, Essen, Germany.
| | - Meltem Gümüs
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine, Surgery University Hospital of Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- & Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Rieß
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine, Surgery University Hospital of Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- & Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Thiemo Florin Dinger
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine, Surgery University Hospital of Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- & Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Laurèl Rauschenbach
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine, Surgery University Hospital of Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- & Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Rodemerk
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine, Surgery University Hospital of Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- & Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Mehdi Chihi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine, Surgery University Hospital of Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- & Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Marvin Darkwah Oppong
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine, Surgery University Hospital of Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- & Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Philipp Dammann
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine, Surgery University Hospital of Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- & Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Karsten Henning Wrede
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine, Surgery University Hospital of Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- & Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sure
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine, Surgery University Hospital of Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- & Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Ramazan Jabbarli
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine, Surgery University Hospital of Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- & Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Duisburg, Essen, Germany
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Rastoldo G, Tighilet B. Thyroid Axis and Vestibular Physiopathology: From Animal Model to Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9826. [PMID: 37372973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent work of our group has shown the significant effects of thyroxine treatment on the restoration of postural balance function in a rodent model of acute peripheral vestibulopathy. Based on these findings, we attempt to shed light in this review on the interaction between the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and the vestibular system in normal and pathological situations. Pubmed database and relevant websites were searched from inception through to 4 February 2023. All studies relevant to each subsection of this review have been included. After describing the role of thyroid hormones in the development of the inner ear, we investigated the possible link between the thyroid axis and the vestibular system in normal and pathological conditions. The mechanisms and cellular sites of action of thyroid hormones on animal models of vestibulopathy are postulated and therapeutic options are proposed. In view of their pleiotropic action, thyroid hormones represent a target of choice to promote vestibular compensation at different levels. However, very few studies have investigated the relationship between thyroid hormones and the vestibular system. It seems then important to more extensively investigate the link between the endocrine system and the vestibule in order to better understand the vestibular physiopathology and to find new therapeutic leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Rastoldo
- Aix Marseille Université-CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, LNC UMR 7291, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Brahim Tighilet
- Aix Marseille Université-CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, LNC UMR 7291, 13331 Marseille, France
- GDR Vertige CNRS Unité GDR2074, 13331 Marseille, France
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Song Y, Yang C, Wang H. Free Triiodothyronine Is Associated with Poor Outcomes after Acute Ischemic Stroke. Int J Clin Pract 2022; 2022:1982193. [PMID: 35685519 PMCID: PMC9159185 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1982193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS It is unclear whether thyroid hormones are associated with functional outcomes after ischemic stroke. We aimed to investigate the impact of serum levels of thyroid hormones at admission on functional outcomes at 3 months after acute ischemic stroke. METHODS A total of 480 consecutive patients with ischemic stroke who were admitted to our hospital within 48 h of onset were enrolled. The levels of thyroid hormones, including thyroid-stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine, were measured at admission, and functional outcomes were assessed at 3 months using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), with scores ranging from 0 to 6. Poor outcome was defined as mRS score ≥3. RESULTS FT3 levels at admission were considerably lower in patients with poor outcomes than in those with good outcomes at 3 months (3.53 ± 0.70 pmol/L vs. 4.04 ± 0.68 pmol/L; P < 0.001). Lower FT3 levels were observed in patients with higher mRS scores. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that FT3 levels were significantly associated with a risk of poor outcomes at 3 months, independent of conventional risk factors such as age, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, and recanalized therapy. In addition, patients in FT3 levels in the lowest quartile had a 2.56-fold higher risk of poor outcomes than those with FT3 levels in the highest quartile (odds ratio = 2.56, 95% confidence interval = 1.15-5.69, P=0.021). The sensitivity and specificity of FT3 level ≤3.69 pmol/L for predicting poor outcomes were 62.70% and 72.03%, respectively. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that FT3 levels at admission are significantly and independently associated with a risk of poor outcomes after ischemic stroke and that lower FT3 levels can be considered as a prognostic biomarker for poor outcomes at 3 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Song
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Changqiang Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
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Evaluation of macular perfusion in patients with treatment-naive overt hypothyroidism using optical coherence tomography angiography. JOURNAL OF SURGERY AND MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.28982/josam.963002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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A review of species differences in the control of, and response to, chemical-induced thyroid hormone perturbations leading to thyroid cancer. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:807-836. [PMID: 33398420 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02961-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises the current state of knowledge regarding the physiology and control of production of thyroid hormones, the effects of chemicals in perturbing their synthesis and release that result in thyroid cancer. It does not consider the potential neurodevelopmental consequences of low thyroid hormones. There are a number of known molecular initiating events (MIEs) that affect thyroid hormone synthesis in mammals and many chemicals are able to activate multiple MIEs simultaneously. AOP analysis of chemical-induced thyroid cancer in rodents has defined the key events that predispose to the development of rodent cancer and many of these will operate in humans under appropriate conditions, if they were exposed to high enough concentrations of the affecting chemicals. There are conditions however that, at the very least, would indicate significant quantitative differences in the sensitivity of humans to these effects, with rodents being considerably more sensitive to thyroid effects by virtue of differences in the biology, transport and control of thyroid hormones in these species as opposed to humans where turnover is appreciably lower and where serum transport of T4/T3 is different to that operating in rodents. There is heated debate around claimed qualitative differences between the rodent and human thyroid physiology, and significant reservations, both scientific and regulatory, still exist in terms of the potential neurodevelopmental consequences of low thyroid hormone levels at critical windows of time. In contrast, the situation for the chemical induction of thyroid cancer, through effects on thyroid hormone production and release, is less ambiguous with both theoretical, and actual data, showing clear dose-related thresholds for the key events predisposing to chemically induced thyroid cancer in rodents. In addition, qualitative differences in transport, and quantitative differences in half life, catabolism and turnover of thyroid hormones, exist that would not operate under normal situations in humans.
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Talhada D, Santos CRA, Gonçalves I, Ruscher K. Thyroid Hormones in the Brain and Their Impact in Recovery Mechanisms After Stroke. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1103. [PMID: 31681160 PMCID: PMC6814074 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are of fundamental importance for brain development and essential factors to warrant brain functions throughout life. Their actions are mediated by binding to specific intracellular and membranous receptors regulating genomic and non-genomic mechanisms in neurons and populations of glial cells, respectively. Among others, mechanisms include the regulation of neuronal plasticity processes, stimulation of angiogenesis and neurogenesis as well modulating the dynamics of cytoskeletal elements and intracellular transport processes. These mechanisms overlap with those that have been identified to enhance recovery of lost neurological functions during the first weeks and months after ischemic stroke. Stimulation of thyroid hormone signaling in the postischemic brain might be a promising therapeutic strategy to foster endogenous mechanisms of repair. Several studies have pointed to a significant association between thyroid hormones and outcome after stroke. With this review, we will provide an overview on functions of thyroid hormones in the healthy brain and summarize their mechanisms of action in the developing and adult brain. Also, we compile the major thyroid-modulated molecular pathways in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke that can enhance recovery, highlighting thyroid hormones as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Talhada
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
- LUBIN Lab-Lunds Laboratorium för Neurokirurgisk Hjärnskadeforskning, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecília Reis Alves Santos
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
| | - Karsten Ruscher
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- LUBIN Lab-Lunds Laboratorium för Neurokirurgisk Hjärnskadeforskning, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Low triiodothyronine syndrome is associated with hemorrhagic transformation in patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:6385-6397. [PMID: 31454331 PMCID: PMC6738409 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a severe complication occurring in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. We explored the association between low triiodothyronine (T3) syndrome and HT in AIS patients. A total of 208 consecutive participants with HT and 208 age- and sex-matched stroke patients without HT were enrolled in this study. HT was diagnosed by follow-up imaging assessment, and was radiologically classified as hemorrhagic infarction (HI) type 1 or 2 or parenchymal hematoma (PH) type 1 or 2. HT was also classified into asymptomatic or symptomatic. The incidence of low T3 syndrome was significantly higher among patients who developed HT than among those without HT. Moreover, the more severe the HT, the lower the detected T3 levels. Multivariate-adjusted binary logistic regression showed that low T3 syndrome was an independent risk factor for HT and symptomatic HT in AIS patients. Low T3 syndrome was also significantly associated with a higher risk of PH, but not with the risk of HI. Thus, low T3 syndrome was independently associated with the risk of HT, symptomatic HT, and severe HT (PH) in AIS patients, which suggests monitoring T3 could be a useful means of preventing HT in patients with ischemic stroke.
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Göbel A, Heldmann M, Göttlich M, Goerges R, Nieberding R, Sartorius A, Brabant G, Münte TF. Partial withdrawal of levothyroxine treated disease leads to brain activations and effects on performance in a working memory task: A pilot study. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12707. [PMID: 30875138 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is associated with memory impairments. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of partial withdrawal of levothyroxine on working memory tasks and brain function. Fifteen subjects under long-term levothyroxine substitution as a result of complete hypothyroidism participated in the present study. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed using a working memory task (n-back task) and neuropsychological tests were performed before and 52-54 days after the induction of subclinical hypothyroidism by reducing the pretest levothyroxine dosage by 30%. Reaction time of subjects under partial levothyroxine withdrawal was significantly longer and less accurate with respect to solving the working memory tasks. Functional MRI revealed significant activation changes after medication withdrawal in the cerebellum, insula, parietal, frontal, temporal and occipital lobes, lingual gyrus, and the cuneus. Partial withdrawal of levothyroxine may lead to deficits in a working memory task and to an activation of brain areas associated with working memory ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Göbel
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marcus Heldmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Martin Göttlich
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - René Goerges
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Relana Nieberding
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Georg Brabant
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas F Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Satish A, Korrapati PS. Nanofiber-Mediated Sustained Delivery of Triiodothyronine: Role in Angiogenesis. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:110. [PMID: 30756201 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a vital component of the orchestrated wound healing cascade and tissue regeneration process, which has a therapeutic prominence in treatment of ischemic vascular diseases and certain cardiac conditions. Based on its eminence, several strategies using growth factors have been studied to initiate angiogenesis. However, growth factors are expensive and have short half-life. In this work, sustained release of triiodothyronine, which plays a crucial role in stimulating growth factors and other signaling pathways that are instrumental in initiating angiogenesis, has been attempted through electrospun polycaprolactone nanofibers. This delivery system enabled the slow and sustained delivery of triiodothyronine into the micro-environment, reducing seepage of excess into systemic circulation and eliminating the necessity of repeated dosage forms. It was observed that triiodothyronine-incorporated nanofibers exhibited favorable interaction with cells (phalloidin staining of actin filaments) and also enhanced the rate of endothelial proliferation, migration, and adhesion. The angiogenic potential of these nanofibers was further corroborated through chorioallantoic membrane and rat aortic ring assay (demonstrating cell sprouting area of 3.3 ± 0.71 mm2 compared to 1.2 ± 0.01 mm2 in control). The nanofiber matrix thus fabricated demonstrated a vibrant therapeutic potential to induce angiogenesis. Triiodothyronine also plays a significant role in wound healing independent of initiating angiogenesis. This further substantiates the positive impact of this delivery system as a dressing material for chronic wound therapeutics, ischemic vascular diseases, and certain cardiac conditions.
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Davis PJ, Mousa SA, Schechter GP. New Interfaces of Thyroid Hormone Actions With Blood Coagulation and Thrombosis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2018; 24:1014-1019. [PMID: 29742907 PMCID: PMC6714741 DOI: 10.1177/1076029618774150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial clinical evidence indicates hyperthyroidism enhances coagulation and increases the risk of thrombosis. In vitro and clinical evidence implicate multiple mechanisms for this risk. Genomic actions of thyroid hormone as 3,5,3′-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) via a nuclear thyroid hormone receptor have been implicated, but recent evidence shows that nongenomic mechanisms initiated at the receptor for L-thyroxine (T4) on platelet integrin αvβ3 are prothrombotic. The T4-initiated mechanisms involve platelet activation and, in addition, cellular production of cytokines and chemokines such as CX3CL1 with procoagulatory activities. These procoagulant actions of T4 are particulary of note because within cells T4 is not seen to be functional, but to be only a prohormone for T3. Finally, it is also possible that thyroid hormone stimulates platelet-endothelial cell interaction involved in local thrombus generation. In this brief review, we survey mechanisms by which thyroid hormone is involved in coagulation and platelet functions. It is suggested that the threshold should be lowered for considering the possibility that clinically significant clotting may complicate hyperthyroidism. The value of routine measurement of partial thromboplastin time or circulating D-dimer in patients with hyperthyroid or in patients treated with thyrotropin-suppressing dosage of T4 requires clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Davis
- 1 Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, USA.,2 Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- 1 Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Geraldine P Schechter
- 3 Hematology Section, Medical Service, Washington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,4 Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Keshavarz S, Dehghani GA. Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in the Hyperthyroid Rat. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 42:48-56. [PMID: 28293050 PMCID: PMC5337765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperthyroidism as a risk factor for stroke is not conclusive. There are no definite data on the relationship between ischemic cerebrovascular injury and hyperthyroidism. This study was designed to define whether the outcomes of post-ischemic stroke injury are influenced by chronic hyperthyroidism. METHODS Two groups of hyperthyroid (HT) and control euthyroid rats of equal numbers (n=22) were included in the study. Hyperthyroidism was induced for 4 weeks by adding L-thyroxine (300 μg/kg) to drinking water. The middle cerebral artery occlusion technique was used to induce focal cerebral ischemia. Neurological disability (neurological deficit score [NDS]) was evaluated after 24 hours, and the rats were sacrificed to obtain their brain. Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride (TTC) staining and Evans Blue (EB) extravasation were used to quantify cerebral infarct volume and cerebrovascular integrity disruption. Data analysis was done using SPSS, version 21. RESULTS Thyroid hormones levels, T3 (314±7 vs. 198±3 ng/dL;P=0.001) and T4 (9.8±0.3 vs. 3.08±0.07 μg/dL;P=0.001), were significantly higher in the HT group than in the controls. Furthermore, most clinical signs seen in hyperthyroid patients were also present in the HT group. Comparison of the data on cerebral ischemia between the HT and control groups showed significant increases in the NDS (2.76±0.16 vs. 2.23±0.09;P=0.03), cerebral infarct volume (479±12 vs. 266±17 mm3;P=0.001), and EB extravasation (50.08±2.4 vs. 32.6±1.2 μg/g;P=0.001) in the former group. CONCLUSION The intensified cerebral infarct size and cerebrovascular integrity disruption suggested that chronic hyperthyroidism aggravated post-stroke injury in the rats. More investigation is required to analyze the pathological mechanisms underlying the association between cerebrovascular disease and hyperthyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Keshavarz
- Department of Physiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholam Abbas Dehghani
- Department of Physiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Correspondence: Gholam Abbas Dehghani, PhD; Department of Physiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Tel: +98 917 1171966 Fax: +98 713 2302026
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Wang Y, Zhou S, Bao J, Pan S, Zhang X. Low T 3 levels as a predictor marker predict the prognosis of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Int J Neurosci 2016; 127:559-566. [PMID: 27401927 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2016.1211649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early and accurate prediction of outcome in acute stroke is important. The aim of this prospective study was to explore the correlation between serum triiodothyronine level and prognosis in acute ischemic stroke patients. METHODS A prospective observational study which included 359 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke from December 2014 to November 2015 was interrogated. Serum triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were measured on admission to understand their value in predicting functional outcome within 90 d using multivariable models adjusted for confounding factors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated to define the best cut-off value of triiodothyronine to predict outcome. The accuracy of the test was assessed measuring the area under the ROC curve (AUROC). RESULTS Triiodothyronine was significantly decreased in patients with an unfavorable functional outcome as compared to patients with a favorable functional outcome within 90 d (p = 0.01). Binary logistic regression analyses revealed that lower triiodothyronine concentrations on admission were associated with a risk for poor outcomes (OR 0.05, 95% CI 0.01-0.25; p < 0.01). In addition, in ROC curve analysis, triiodothyronine may improve the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score in predicting functional outcome. The combined model AUROC was 0.84 for 30 d and 0.91 for 90 d, which were both significantly higher than the AUROCs of original NIHSS (0.83 and 0.87), triiodothyronine (0.64 and 0.69) and age (0.57 and 0.68) (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Low serum triiodothyronine levels can be a predictive marker of short-term outcome after ischemic stroke. A combined model (triiodothyronine, age and NIHSS score) can add significant additional predictive information to the clinical score of the NIHSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Wang
- a Department of neurology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | | | - Jianhong Bao
- a Department of neurology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Sipei Pan
- a Department of neurology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Xu Zhang
- a Department of neurology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
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Zaaber I, Rancier M, Stathopoulou MG, Saleh A, Marmouch H, Masson C, Murray H, Kurth MJ, Lamont J, Fitzgerald P, Mahjoub S, Said K, Bel Hadj Jrad Tensaout B, Mestiri S, Visvikis-Siest S. Plasma VEGF-related polymorphisms are implied in autoimmune thyroid diseases. Autoimmunity 2016; 49:229-35. [PMID: 26955881 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2016.1151005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), including Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT), are complex multifactorial diseases. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is implicated in various inflammatory diseases, especially autoimmune diseases. Our aim was to elucidate the relationships between plasma VEGF levels and four genome-wide association study-identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to VEGF with AITD in Tunisian patients. A total of 364 healthy controls and 389 patients with AITD were genotyped for the SNPs rs6921438, rs4416670, rs6993770 and rs10738760. Levels of thyroid hormones and antibodies were quantified simultaneously with plasma VEGF after a period of six months of treatment. We found that the minor alleles of rs10738760 and rs6921438 are associated with the presence of GD. A allele of rs10738760 polymorphism is associated with increased plasma levels of free tri-iodothyronin (FT3) while no relationship was found with circulating VEGF plasma levels after six months of treatment. We also showed that the T allele of rs4416670 polymorphism was associated with increased risk of hyperthyroidism in patients treated for six months, independently of their initial diagnosis. There was no significant association between the SNPs and the risk for HT compared with controls. This study shows that AITD are influenced by 3 SNPs linked to VEGF circulating levels. Whereas rs10738760 appeared specific to GD and FT3 production after six months of treatment, rs6921438 and rs4416670 were implicated in the risk for GD. This study opens new ways to test pharmacogenomics concepts in the future especially in GD in which recurrence prognosis is still challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Zaaber
- a UMR INSERM U1122; Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire (IGE-PCV), Université de Lorraine , Nancy , France .,b Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Bioresource Valorization , Superior Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Marc Rancier
- a UMR INSERM U1122; Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire (IGE-PCV), Université de Lorraine , Nancy , France .,c Department of Endocrinology , Centre Hospitalier Robert Schuman , Luxembourg , Luxembourg
| | - Maria G Stathopoulou
- a UMR INSERM U1122; Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire (IGE-PCV), Université de Lorraine , Nancy , France
| | - Abdelsalam Saleh
- a UMR INSERM U1122; Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire (IGE-PCV), Université de Lorraine , Nancy , France
| | - Héla Marmouch
- d Department of Internal Medicine-Endocrinology , Hospital FattoumaBourguiba in Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Christine Masson
- a UMR INSERM U1122; Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire (IGE-PCV), Université de Lorraine , Nancy , France
| | | | | | - John Lamont
- e Randox Laboratories Ltd , Crumlin , UK , and
| | | | - Selvia Mahjoub
- d Department of Internal Medicine-Endocrinology , Hospital FattoumaBourguiba in Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Khaled Said
- b Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Bioresource Valorization , Superior Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Besma Bel Hadj Jrad Tensaout
- b Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Bioresource Valorization , Superior Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Souhir Mestiri
- b Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Bioresource Valorization , Superior Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Sophie Visvikis-Siest
- a UMR INSERM U1122; Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire (IGE-PCV), Université de Lorraine , Nancy , France .,f Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics , CHU Nancy-Brabois , France
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Davis PJ, Sudha T, Lin HY, Mousa SA. Thyroid Hormone, Hormone Analogs, and Angiogenesis. Compr Physiol 2015; 6:353-62. [PMID: 26756636 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Modulation by thyroid hormone and hormone analogs of angiogenesis in the heart after experimental infarction, and in other organs, has been appreciated for decades. Description of a plasma membrane receptor for thyroid hormone on the extracellular domain of integrin αvβ3 on endothelial cells has revealed the complexity of the nongenomic regulation of angiogenesis by the hormone. From αvβ3, the hormone directs transcription of specific vascular growth factor genes, regulates growth factor receptor/growth factor interactions and stimulates endothelial cell migration to a vitronectin cue; these actions are implicated experimentally in tumor-relevant angiogenesis and angioproliferative pulmonary hypertension. Derived from L-thyroxine (T4), tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac) can be covalently bound to a polymer and as Nanotetrac acts exclusively at the hormone receptor on αvβ3 to block actions of T4 and 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) on angiogenesis. Other antiangiogenic actions of Nanotetrac include disruption of crosstalk between integrin αvβ3 and adjacent cell surface vascular growth factor receptors, resulting in disordered vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; FGF2) actions at their respective plasma membrane receptors. From αvβ3, Nanotetrac also downregulates expression of VEGFA and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) genes, upregulates transcription of the angiogenesis suppressor gene, thrombospondin 1 (THBS1; TSP1) and decreases cellular abundance of Ang-2 protein and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Existence of this receptor provides new insights into the multiple mechanisms by which thyroid hormone and hormone analogs may regulate angiogenesis at the molecular level. The receptor also offers pharmacological opportunities for interruption of pathological angiogenesis via integrin αvβ3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Davis
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA.,Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, New York, USA
| | - Thangirala Sudha
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, New York, USA
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, New York, USA.,Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, School of Medical Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, New York, USA
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Ambrose C. Muscle weakness during aging: a deficiency state involving declining angiogenesis. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 23:139-53. [PMID: 26093038 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This essay begins by proposing that muscle weakness of old age from sarcopenia is due in large part to reduced capillary density in the muscles, as documented in 9 reports of aged persons and animals. Capillary density (CD) is determined by local levels of various angiogenic factors, which also decline in muscles with aging, as reported in 7 studies of old persons and animals. There are also numerous reports of reduced CD in the aged brain and other studies showing reduced CD in the kidney and heart of aged animals. Thus a waning angiogenesis throughout the body may be a natural occurrence in later years and may account significantly for the lesser ailments (physical and cognitive) of elderly people. Old age is regarded here as a deficiency state which may be corrected by therapeutic angiogenesis, much as a hormonal deficiency can be relieved by the appropriate hormone therapy. Such therapy could employ recombinant angiogenic factors which are now commercially available.
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Bunevicius A, Iervasi G, Bunevicius R. Neuroprotective actions of thyroid hormones and low-T3 syndrome as a biomarker in acute cerebrovascular disorders. Expert Rev Neurother 2015; 15:315-26. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1013465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Liu X, Zheng N, Shi YN, Yuan J, Li L. Thyroid hormone induced angiogenesis through the integrin αvβ3/protein kinase D/histone deacetylase 5 signaling pathway. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 52:245-54. [PMID: 24532656 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is reported to induce angiogenesis, which is mediated by the membrane receptor integrin αvβ3, but the precise signaling pathway is still not very clear. Recently, studies have shown that protein kinase D (PKD) regulates the recycling of integrin αvβ3, which is required for cell migration. Moreover, phosphorylated PKD stimulates histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) phosphorylation and nuclear export in endothelial cells. As a potent pro-angiogenic growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF (FGF2)) is a downstream target gene of HDAC5. Therefore, we examined the hypothesis that a novel signaling pathway through integrin αvβ3/PKD/HDAC5 might contribute to thyroxine (T4)-induced angiogenesis. We selected human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) for treatment. Angiogenesis was assessed using wound-healing and tubulogenesis assays. Signaling molecules, including phosphorylated PKD and HDAC5, were measured by western blotting. bFGF mRNA was analyzed by real-time PCR. Our results showed that T4 (100 nmol/l) stimulated the migration and formation of tube-like structures of HUVECs, whereas tetraiodothyroacetic acid (Tetrac, 100 nmol/l) inhibited T4-induced cell migration. Importantly, T4 promoted the phosphorylation of PKD and HDAC5. These effects were inhibited respectively by Tetrac, PKC inhibitor (2.5 μmol/l) and PKD siRNA. Meanwhile, T4 could promote the cytoplasmic accumulation of phosphorylated HDAC5 in HUVECs. In addition, bFGF mRNA expression in HUVECs significantly increased within 2 h of T4 treatment, but was decreased by Tetrac. Our findings indicate that T4 increases the expression of bFGF mRNA via the integrin αvβ3/PKD/HDAC5 signaling pathway, which plays an important role in angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China
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Akin MA, Aydogan S, Gunes T, Artis AS, Karakukcu M, Kurtoglu S. Changes of red blood cell rheology in newborns with congenital hypothyroidism during treatment. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 26:1532-6. [PMID: 23544882 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2013.791270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to evaluate the deformability characteristics of RBC and the affecting factors in newborns diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) and to compare the outcomes after the L-thyroxin treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS Enrolled subjects were divided into two subgroups as "patients" and age-matched healthy "controls". First blood samples were taken from all subjects for measuring elongation index (rEI) and osmotic fragility of RBC (OF), hematic and biochemical analytes affecting the RBC deformability in the neonatal age. All parameters were repeated a month after provided euthyroid state following the treatment in patients and age-matched healthy controls. RESULTS There was no difference between both groups in terms of complete blood count parameters and serum analytes (albumin, bilirubin and fibrinogen) except expected age-related changes in the first and second readings. Serum lipid/lipoprotein levels of both groups remained unchanged except triglyceride levels during the study period. The rEI of the patients were lower than that of controls in the first and second readings. The rEIs of the patients became increased, reaching (not equal) the levels of their controls during L-thyroxin treatment. Osmotic fragility of the patients was detected as lower than controls in the first and second readings, and became better during L-thyroxin treatment. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that some changes may occur on the hematic and biochemical analytes affecting the RBC deformability features. Neonates with CH have the worst rEI initially, but they reached the indices of the healthy infants thanks to L-thyroxin treatment. Also, their OF features have been improved by L-thyroxin.
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Genovese T, Impellizzeri D, Ahmad A, Cornelius C, Campolo M, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E. Post-ischaemic thyroid hormone treatment in a rat model of acute stroke. Brain Res 2013; 1513:92-102. [PMID: 23500636 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a devastating brain injury that is a leading cause of adult disability with limited treatment options. We examined the effects of prohormone thyroxine (T4) and the underlying mechanisms in the post-ischaemic rat brain after transient focal cerebral ischemia-induced brain injury. Ischaemic injury was induced for 2h by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) followed by 24-h reperfusion. T4 (1.1μg/100g BW) was administered by intraperitoneally injection twice, at 1 after the onset of ischemia and 6h after reperfusion. Cerebral infarct area and infarct volume were measured 24h after MCAo. Furthermore, the mechanism of neuroprotective effect of T4 was investigated with a focus on inflammatory cells, neurotrophins, and transcriptional factors. T4 significantly reduced cerebral infarction, which were accompanied by decreased expression of proapotptic Bax and increased antiapoaptotic Bcl-2 protein. T4 suppressed the activation of astrocytes and microglia, increased the expression of neurotrophic factors (BDNF, GDNF), and altered inflammatory-related prooxidative enzymes (iNOS and COX-2) in ischaemic brain. Moreover, T4 downregulated the phosphorylation of p38 and prevented injury-induced increase of PKCδ. These results revealed that T4 has a promising therapeutic effect in ischaemic stroke treatment protecting the brain from I/R injury, probably by its anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Genovese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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De Vito P, Balducci V, Leone S, Percario Z, Mangino G, Davis PJ, Davis FB, Affabris E, Luly P, Pedersen JZ, Incerpi S. Nongenomic effects of thyroid hormones on the immune system cells: New targets, old players. Steroids 2012; 77:988-95. [PMID: 22414628 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that thyroid hormones, l-thyroxine (T(4)) and 3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T(3)), act as modulators of the immune response. Immune functions such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, generation of reactive oxygen species, and cytokine synthesis and release, are altered in hypo- and hyper-thyroid conditions, even though for many immune cells no clear correlation has been found between altered levels of T(3) or T(4) and effects on the immune responses. Integrins are extracellular matrix proteins that are important modulators of many cellular responses, and the integrin αvβ3 has been identified as a cell surface receptor for thyroid hormones. Rapid signaling via this plasma membrane binding site appears to be responsible for many nongenomic effects of thyroid hormones, independent of the classic nuclear receptors. Through the integrin αvβ3 receptor the hormone can activate both the ERK1/2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways, with downstream effects including intracellular protein trafficking, angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. It has recently become clear that an important downstream target of the thyroid hormone nongenomic pathway may be the mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR. New results demonstrate the capability of T(3) or T(4) to induce in the short time range important responses related to the immune function, such as reactive oxygen species production and cell migration in THP-1 monocytes. Thus thyroid hormones seem to be able to modulate the immune system by a combination of rapid nongenomic responses interacting with the classical nuclear response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo De Vito
- Dept. of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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Chen Y, Sjölinder M, Wang X, Altenbacher G, Hagner M, Berglund P, Gao Y, Lu T, Jonsson AB, Sjölinder H. Thyroid hormone enhances nitric oxide-mediated bacterial clearance and promotes survival after meningococcal infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41445. [PMID: 22844479 PMCID: PMC3402396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Euthyroid sick syndrome characterized by reduced levels of thyroid hormones (THs) is observed in patients with meningococcal shock. It has been found that the level of THs reflects disease severity and is predictive for mortality. The present study was conducted to investigate the impact of THs on host defense during meningococcal infection. We found that supplementation of thyroxine to mice infected with Neisseria meningitidis enhanced bacterial clearance, attenuated the inflammatory responses and promoted survival. In vitro studies with macrophages revealed that THs enhanced bacteria-cell interaction and intracellular killing of meningococci by stimulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNos)-mediated NO production. TH treatment did not activate expression of TH receptors in macrophages. Instead, the observed TH-directed actions were mediated through nongenomic pathways involving the protein kinases PI3K and ERK1/2 and initiated at the membrane receptor integrin αvβ3. Inhibition of nongenomic TH signaling prevented iNos induction, NO production and subsequent intracellular bacterial killing by macrophages. These data demonstrate a beneficial role of THs in macrophage-mediated N. meningitidis clearance. TH replacement might be a novel option to control meningococcal septicemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Sjölinder
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georg Altenbacher
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthias Hagner
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Berglund
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yumin Gao
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ting Lu
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann-Beth Jonsson
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hong Sjölinder
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Schlenker EH. Effects of hypothyroidism on the respiratory system and control of breathing: Human studies and animal models. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 181:123-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn H Schlenker
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark St., Vermillion, SD 57069, United States.
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Lin HY, Davis FB, Luidens MK, Mousa SA, Cao JH, Zhou M, Davis PJ. Molecular basis for certain neuroprotective effects of thyroid hormone. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:29. [PMID: 22016721 PMCID: PMC3193027 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of brain damage that is common to ischemia-reperfusion injury and brain trauma include disodered neuronal and glial cell energetics, intracellular acidosis, calcium toxicity, extracellular excitotoxic glutamate accumulation, and dysfunction of the cytoskeleton and endoplasmic reticulum. The principal thyroid hormones, 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine (T(3)) and l-thyroxine (T(4)), have non-genomic and genomic actions that are relevant to repair of certain features of the pathophysiology of brain damage. The hormone can non-genomically repair intracellular H(+) accumulation by stimulation of the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger and can support desirably low [Ca(2+)](i.c.) by activation of plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase. Thyroid hormone non-genomically stimulates astrocyte glutamate uptake, an action that protects both glial cells and neurons. The hormone supports the integrity of the microfilament cytoskeleton by its effect on actin. Several proteins linked to thyroid hormone action are also neuroprotective. For example, the hormone stimulates expression of the seladin-1 gene whose gene product is anti-apoptotic and is potentially protective in the setting of neurodegeneration. Transthyretin (TTR) is a serum transport protein for T(4) that is important to blood-brain barrier transfer of the hormone and TTR also has been found to be neuroprotective in the setting of ischemia. Finally, the interesting thyronamine derivatives of T(4) have been shown to protect against ischemic brain damage through their ability to induce hypothermia in the intact organism. Thus, thyroid hormone or hormone derivatives have experimental promise as neuroprotective agents.
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Abstract
Abstract Thyroid hormones play a critical role in brain development but also in the adult human brain by modulating metabolic activity. Hypothyroid states are associated with both functional and structural brain alterations also seen in patients with major depression. Recent animal experimental and preclinical data indicate subtle changes in myelination, microvascular density, local neurogenesis, and functional networks. The translational validity of such studies is obviously limited. Clinical evidence for neurobiological correlates of different stages and severities of hypothyroidism and effects of pharmacological intervention is lacking but may be achieved using advanced imaging techniques, e.g. functional and quantitative MRI techniques applied to patients with hypothyroidism before and after hormone replacement therapy.
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Talukder MAH, Yang F, Nishijima Y, Chen CA, Xie L, Mahamud SD, Kalyanasundaram A, Bonagura JD, Periasamy M, Zweier JL. Detrimental effects of thyroid hormone analog DITPA in the mouse heart: increased mortality with in vivo acute myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 300:H702-11. [PMID: 21131480 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00514.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is emerging evidence that treatment with thyroid hormone (TH) can improve postischemic cardiac function. 3,5-Diiodothyropropionic acid (DITPA), a TH analog, has been proposed to be a safer therapeutic agent than TH because of its negligible effects on cardiac metabolism and heart rate. However, conflicting results have been reported for the cardiac effects of DITPA. Importantly, recent clinical trials demonstrated no symptomatic benefit in patients with DITPA despite some improved hemodynamic and metabolic parameters. To address these issues, dose-dependent effects of DITPA were investigated in mice for baseline cardiovascular effects and postischemic myocardial function and/or salvage. Mice were treated with subcutaneous DITPA at 0.937, 1.875, 3.75, or 7.5 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1) for 7 days, and the results were compared with untreated mice for ex vivo and/or in vivo myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). DITPA had no effects on baseline body temperature, body weight, or heart rate; however, it mildly increased blood pressure. In isolated hearts, baseline contractile function was significantly impaired in DITPA-pretreated mice; however, postischemic recovery was comparable between untreated and DITPA-treated groups. In vivo baseline cardiac parameters were significantly affected by DITPA, with increased ventricular dimensions and decreased contractile function. Importantly, DITPA-treated mice demonstrated high prevalence of fatal cardiac rhythm abnormalities during in vivo ischemia and/or reperfusion. There were no improvements in myocardial infarction and postischemic fractional shortening with DITPA. Myocardial sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA), phospholamban (PLB), and heat shock protein (HSP) levels remained unchanged with DITPA treatment. Thus DITPA administration impairs baseline cardiac parameters in mice and can be fatal during in vivo acute myocardial I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hassan Talukder
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, 473 West 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Abstract
Cellular actions of thyroid hormone may be initiated within the cell nucleus, at the plasma membrane, in cytoplasm, and at the mitochondrion. Thyroid hormone nuclear receptors (TRs) mediate the biological activities of T(3) via transcriptional regulation. Two TR genes, alpha and beta, encode four T(3)-binding receptor isoforms (alpha1, beta1, beta2, and beta3). The transcriptional activity of TRs is regulated at multiple levels. Besides being regulated by T(3), transcriptional activity is regulated by the type of thyroid hormone response elements located on the promoters of T(3) target genes, by the developmental- and tissue-dependent expression of TR isoforms, and by a host of nuclear coregulatory proteins. These nuclear coregulatory proteins modulate the transcription activity of TRs in a T(3)-dependent manner. In the absence of T(3), corepressors act to repress the basal transcriptional activity, whereas in the presence of T(3), coactivators function to activate transcription. The critical role of TRs is evident in that mutations of the TRbeta gene cause resistance to thyroid hormones to exhibit an array of symptoms due to decreasing the sensitivity of target tissues to T(3). Genetically engineered knockin mouse models also reveal that mutations of the TRs could lead to other abnormalities beyond resistance to thyroid hormones, including thyroid cancer, pituitary tumors, dwarfism, and metabolic abnormalities. Thus, the deleterious effects of mutations of TRs are more severe than previously envisioned. These genetic-engineered mouse models provide valuable tools to ascertain further the molecular actions of unliganded TRs in vivo that could underlie the pathogenesis of hypothyroidism. Actions of thyroid hormone that are not initiated by liganding of the hormone to intranuclear TR are termed nongenomic. They may begin at the plasma membrane or in cytoplasm. Plasma membrane-initiated actions begin at a receptor on integrin alphavbeta3 that activates ERK1/2 and culminate in local membrane actions on ion transport systems, such as the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger, or complex cellular events such as cell proliferation. Concentration of the integrin on cells of the vasculature and on tumor cells explains recently described proangiogenic effects of iodothyronines and proliferative actions of thyroid hormone on certain cancer cells, including gliomas. Thus, hormonal events that begin nongenomically result in effects in DNA-dependent effects. l-T(4) is an agonist at the plasma membrane without conversion to T(3). Tetraiodothyroacetic acid is a T(4) analog that inhibits the actions of T(4) and T(3) at the integrin, including angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. T(3) can activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase by a mechanism that may be cytoplasmic in origin or may begin at integrin alphavbeta3. Downstream consequences of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation by T(3) include specific gene transcription and insertion of Na, K-ATPase in the plasma membrane and modulation of the activity of the ATPase. Thyroid hormone, chiefly T(3) and diiodothyronine, has important effects on mitochondrial energetics and on the cytoskeleton. Modulation by the hormone of the basal proton leak in mitochondria accounts for heat production caused by iodothyronines and a substantial component of cellular oxygen consumption. Thyroid hormone also acts on the mitochondrial genome via imported isoforms of nuclear TRs to affect several mitochondrial transcription factors. Regulation of actin polymerization by T(4) and rT(3), but not T(3), is critical to cell migration. This effect has been prominently demonstrated in neurons and glial cells and is important to brain development. The actin-related effects in neurons include fostering neurite outgrowth. A truncated TRalpha1 isoform that resides in the extranuclear compartment mediates the action of thyroid hormone on the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Davis PJ, Davis FB, Lin HY, Mousa SA, Zhou M, Luidens MK. Translational implications of nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone initiated at its integrin receptor. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 297:E1238-46. [PMID: 19755667 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00480.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A thyroid hormone receptor on integrin alphavbeta3 that mediates cell surface-initiated nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone on tumor cell proliferation and on angiogenesis has been described. Transduction of the hormone signal into these recently recognized proliferative effects is by extracellular-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2). Other nongenomic actions of the hormone may be transduced by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and are initiated in cytoplasm or at the cell surface. PI3K-mediated effects are important to angiogenesis or other recently appreciated cell functions but apparently not to tumor cell division. For those actions of thyroid hormone [L-thyroxine (T(4)) and 3,3'-5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T(3))] that begin at the integrin receptor, tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac) is an inhibitor of and probe for the participation of the receptor in downstream intracellular events. In addition, tetrac has actions initiated at the integrin receptor that are unrelated to inhibition of the effects of T(4) and T(3) but do involve gene transcription in tumor cells. Discussed here are the implications of translating these nongenomic mechanisms of thyroid hormone analogs into clinical cancer cell biology, tumor-related angiogenesis, and modulation of angiogenesis that is not related to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Davis
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Ordway Research Institute, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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Abstract
In models of thyroid hormone-induced cardiac hypertrophy, there is appropriate, supportive angiogenesis. Twenty years ago in one such model, angiogenesis in response to the hormone was observed before hypertrophy developed and it is now understood that iodothyronines induce neovascularization in a variety of settings, including the heart, ischemic striated muscle and tumor beds. The molecular mechanism of the proangiogenic action of thyroid hormone is both nongenomic and genomic. It is initiated nongenomically at the cell surface receptor for the hormone on integrin alphavbeta3. Kinase transduction of the hormone signal and, ultimately, transcription of several anagiogenesis-relevant genes result. The genes include basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In addition, the integrin receptor for thyroid hormone (l-thyroxine, T(4), and 3, 5, 3'-triiodo-l-thyronine, T(3)) engages in crosstalk with the VEGF and bFGF receptors. Occlusion with tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac) of the hormone receptor on the integrin in the absence of T(4) and T(3) suppresses the angiogenic effects of VEGF and bFGF. Tetrac also blocks the proangiogenic actions of T(4) and T(3). Other thyroid hormone analogues that are angiogenic include diiodothyropropionic acid (DITPA) and the nuclear thyroid hormone receptor-beta-selective agonist, GC-1. Thyroid hormone sustains angiogenesis and coronary blood flow about infarcted heart tissue in experimental models and blocks deleterious heart remodeling that otherwise is predictable in such tissue. The hormone may also induce expression of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF1alpha) gene, a transcription factor important to coronary artery collateralization in the setting of hypoxia. The hormone also causes transcription of the matrix Gla protein (MGP) gene that opposes vascular smooth muscle calcification.
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Liu Y, Wang D, Redetzke RA, Sherer BA, Gerdes AM. Thyroid hormone analog 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid promotes healthy vasculature in the adult myocardium independent of thyroid effects on cardiac function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 296:H1551-7. [PMID: 19286941 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01293.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with hypothyroidism are at a higher risk for coronary vascular disease. Patients with diabetes and related vascular complications also have an increased incidence of low thyroid function. While thyroid hormones (THs) may be key regulators of a healthy vasculature, potential undesirable side effects hinder their use in the treatment of vascular disorders. TH analogs such as 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid (DITPA) may provide a safer treatment option. However, the relative potency of DITPA on vascular growth, cardiac function, and metabolism is poorly understood. We hypothesized that the vascular growth-promoting effects of DITPA can be obtained with a minimum effect on cardiac function. Thyroidectomized Sprague-Dawley rats were given slow-release pellets with either thyroxine (T4, 2.7 or 5.2 mg) or DITPA (80 mg) for 6 wk and were compared with placebo. Heart mass, body mass, body temperature, serum THs, cardiac function (echocardiograms and hemodynamics), and myocardial arteriolar density were determined. Hypothyroidism led to reductions in cardiac function, heart mass, body temperature, and myocardial arterioles. High-dose T4 prevented arteriolar loss and the development of hypothyroidism. Low-dose T4 partially prevented the reduction in cardiac function but had minimal effects on arteriolar loss. In contrast, DITPA treatment prevented myocardial arteriolar loss but not the progression of hypothyroid-induced changes in cardiac function. The results suggested that DITPA can promote a healthy vasculature independently from its thyroid-related metabolic effects. Drugs in this class may provide new therapeutic options for patients with vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingheng Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Ctr., Sanford Research/Univ. of South Dakota, 1100 E. 21st St., 7th Fl., Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
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Davis PJ, Davis FB, Mousa SA. Thyroid hormone-induced angiogenesis. Curr Cardiol Rev 2009; 5:12-6. [PMID: 20066142 PMCID: PMC2803282 DOI: 10.2174/157340309787048158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of reports in the past decade have ascribed pro-angiogenic activity to several thyroid hormone analogues, including L-thyroxine (T(4)), 3,5,3-triiodo-L-thyronine (T(3)) and diiodothyropropionic acid (DITPA). Model systems of angiogenesis have demonstrated that thyroid hormone-induced neovascularization is initiated at a cell surface receptor for the hormone on an integrin. The hormone signal is transduced within the cell by extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) into secretion of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and other vascular growth factors and consequent angiogenesis. Intact animal studies have shown that endogenous thyroid hormone supports blood vessel density in heart and brain and that thyroid hormone administration can induce angiogenesis in ischemic limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Davis
- Address for correspondence to this author at the Signal Transduction Laboratory, Ordway Research Institute, Inc., 150 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208 USA; Tel: 518 641 6410; Fax: 518 641 6303; E-mail:
| | | | - Shaker A Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany, NY, USAOrdway Research Institute, Inc., Albany, New York
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