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Li M, Sorensen M, Johnson MA, Ingram SL, Andresen MC, Habecker BA. Hypertension increases sympathetic neuron activity by enhancing intraganglionic cholinergic collateral connections. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 39031543 DOI: 10.1113/jp286601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Autonomic dysregulation, including sympathetic hyperactivity, is a common feature of hypertension (HT) and other cardiovascular diseases. The CNS plays a role in driving chronic sympathetic activation in disease, but several lines of evidence suggest that neuroplasticity in the periphery may also contribute. The potential contribution of postganglionic sympathetic neurons to sustained sympathetic hyperactivity is not well understood. We recently discovered that noradrenergic sympathetic neurons in the stellate ganglion (SG) have excitatory cholinergic collateral connections to other neurons within the ganglion. We hypothesize that remodelling of these neurons and increased cholinergic collateral transmission contributes to sustained sympathetic hyperactivity in cardiovascular diseases, including HT. To test that hypothesis, we examined the activity of sympathetic neurons in isolated SG under control conditions and after 1 week of HT induced by peripheral angiotensin II infusion, using whole-cell patch clamp recordings. Despite the absence of central inputs, we observed elevated spontaneous activity and synaptic transmission in sympathetic SG neurons from hypertensive mice that required generation of action potentials. Genetically disrupting cholinergic transmission in noradrenergic neurons decreased basal neuronal activity and prevented angiotensin II-mediated enhancement of activity. Similar changes in activity, driven by increased collateral transmission, were identified in cardiac projecting neurons and neurons projecting to brown adipose tissue. These changes were not driven by altered A-type K+ currents. This suggests that HT stimulates increased activity throughout the intraganglionic network of collateral connections, contributing to the sustained sympathetic hyperactivity characteristic in cardiovascular disease. KEY POINTS: Sympathetic neurons in ganglia isolated from angiotensin II-treated hypertensive mice are more active than neurons from control mice despite the absence of central activation. The enhanced activity is the result of a ganglionic network of cholinergic collaterals, rather than altered intrinsic excitability. Increased neuronal activity was observed in both cardiac neurons and brown adipose tissue-projecting neurons, which are not involved in cardiovascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Li
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Michelle Sorensen
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Morgan A Johnson
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Susan L Ingram
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael C Andresen
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Beth A Habecker
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Millet GY, Bertrand MF, Lapole T, Féasson L, Rozand V, Hupin D. Measuring objective fatigability and autonomic dysfunction in clinical populations: How and why? Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1140833. [PMID: 37065809 PMCID: PMC10101442 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1140833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatigue is a major symptom in many diseases, often among the most common and severe ones and may last for an extremely long period. Chronic fatigue impacts quality of life, reduces the capacity to perform activities of daily living, and has socioeconomical consequences such as impairing return to work. Despite the high prevalence and deleterious consequences of fatigue, little is known about its etiology. Numerous causes have been proposed to explain chronic fatigue. They encompass psychosocial and behavioral aspects (e.g., sleep disorders) and biological (e.g., inflammation), hematological (e.g., anemia) as well as physiological origins. Among the potential causes of chronic fatigue is the role of altered acute fatigue resistance, i.e. an increased fatigability for a given exercise, that is related to physical deconditioning. For instance, we and others have recently evidenced that relationships between chronic fatigue and increased objective fatigability, defined as an abnormal deterioration of functional capacity (maximal force or power), provided objective fatigability is appropriately measured. Indeed, in most studies in the field of chronic diseases, objective fatigability is measured during single-joint, isometric exercises. While those studies are valuable from a fundamental science point of view, they do not allow to test the patients in ecological situations when the purpose is to search for a link with chronic fatigue. As a complementary measure to the evaluation of neuromuscular function (i.e., fatigability), studying the dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is also of great interest in the context of fatigue. The challenge of evaluating objective fatigability and ANS dysfunction appropriately (i.e.,. how?) will be discussed in the first part of the present article. New tools recently developed to measure objective fatigability and muscle function will be presented. In the second part of the paper, we will discuss the interest of measuring objective fatigability and ANS (i.e. why?). Despite the beneficial effects of physical activity in attenuating chronic fatigue have been demonstrated, a better evaluation of fatigue etiology will allow to personalize the training intervention. We believe this is key in order to account for the complex, multifactorial nature of chronic fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Y. Millet
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, Lyon, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
- Correspondence: Guillaume Y. Millet
| | - Mathilde F. Bertrand
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Lapole
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, Lyon, France
| | - Léonard Féasson
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, Lyon, France
- Service de physiologie clinique et de l'exercice, CHU de Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne, France
- Centre Référent Maladies Neuromusculaires rares - Euro-NmD, CHU de Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Vianney Rozand
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, Lyon, France
| | - David Hupin
- Service de physiologie clinique et de l'exercice, CHU de Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne, France
- Jean Monnet University Saint-Etienne, Mines Saint-Etienne, University hospital of Saint-Etienne, INSERM, SAINBIOSE, U1059, DVH team, Saint-Etienne, France
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Barthelemy JC, Pichot V, Hupin D, Berger M, Celle S, Mouhli L, Bäck M, Lacour JR, Roche F. Targeting autonomic nervous system as a biomarker of well-ageing in the prevention of stroke. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:969352. [PMID: 36185479 PMCID: PMC9521604 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.969352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke prediction is a key health issue for preventive medicine. Atrial fibrillation (AF) detection is well established and the importance of obstructive sleep apneas (OSA) has emerged in recent years. Although autonomic nervous system (ANS) appears strongly implicated in stroke occurrence, this factor is more rarely considered. However, the consequences of decreased parasympathetic activity explored in large cohort studies through measurement of ANS activity indicate that an ability to improve its activity level and equilibrium may prevent stroke. In support of these observations, a compensatory neurostimulation has already proved beneficial on endothelium function. The available data on stroke predictions from ANS is based on many long-term stroke cohorts. These data underline the need of repeated ANS evaluation for the general population, in a medical environment, and remotely by emerging telemedicine digital tools. This would help uncovering the reasons behind the ANS imbalance that would need to be medically adjusted to decrease the risk of stroke. This ANS unbalance help to draw attention on clinical or non-clinical evidence, disclosing the vascular risk, as ANS activity integrates the cumulated risk from many factors of which most are modifiable, such as metabolic inadaptation in diabetes and obesity, sleep ventilatory disorders, hypertension, inflammation, and lack of physical activity. Treating these factors may determine ANS recovery through the appropriate management of these conditions. Natural aging also decreases ANS activity. ANS recovery will decrease global circulating inflammation, which will reinforce endothelial function and thus protect the vessels and the associated organs. ANS is the whistle-blower of vascular risk and the actor of vascular health. Such as, ANS should be regularly checked to help draw attention on vascular risk and help follow the improvements in response to our interventions. While today prediction of stroke relies on classical cardiovascular risk factors, adding autonomic biomarkers as HRV parameters may significantly increase the prediction of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Barthelemy
- Physical Exercise and Clinical Physiology Department, CHU Nord, Saint-Étienne, France
- INSERM U1059 Santé Ingénierie Biologie, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France
- *Correspondence: Jean-Claude Barthelemy,
| | - Vincent Pichot
- Physical Exercise and Clinical Physiology Department, CHU Nord, Saint-Étienne, France
- INSERM U1059 Santé Ingénierie Biologie, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - David Hupin
- Physical Exercise and Clinical Physiology Department, CHU Nord, Saint-Étienne, France
- INSERM U1059 Santé Ingénierie Biologie, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France
- Section of Translational Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathieu Berger
- Physical Exercise and Clinical Physiology Department, CHU Nord, Saint-Étienne, France
- INSERM U1059 Santé Ingénierie Biologie, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France
- Centre d’Investigation et de Recherche sur le Sommeil, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Celle
- Physical Exercise and Clinical Physiology Department, CHU Nord, Saint-Étienne, France
- INSERM U1059 Santé Ingénierie Biologie, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Lytissia Mouhli
- Physical Exercise and Clinical Physiology Department, CHU Nord, Saint-Étienne, France
- Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Universitaire Nord, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Magnus Bäck
- Section of Translational Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jean-René Lacour
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Sud, Oullins, France
| | - Frederic Roche
- Physical Exercise and Clinical Physiology Department, CHU Nord, Saint-Étienne, France
- INSERM U1059 Santé Ingénierie Biologie, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France
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Mosley SA, Kim S, El Rouby N, Lingineni K, Esteban VV, Gong Y, Chen Y, Estores D, Feng K, Kim H, Kinjo M, Langaee T, Li Z, Schmidt SOF, Johnson JA, Frye RF, Fang L, Zhao L, Binkley PF, Schmidt S, Cavallari LH. A randomized, cross-over trial of metoprolol succinate formulations to evaluate PK and PD end points for therapeutic equivalence. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:1764-1775. [PMID: 35488487 PMCID: PMC9283731 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
There are limited comparison data throughout the dosing interval for generic versus brand metoprolol extended-release (ER) tablets. We compared the pharmacokinetics (PKs) and pharmacodynamics of brand name versus two generic formulations (drugs 1 and 2) of metoprolol ER tablets with different time to maximum concentration (Tmax ) in adults with hypertension. Participants were randomized to equal drug doses (50-150 mg/day) administered in one of two sequences (brand-drug1-brand-drug2 or brand-drug2-brand-drug1) and completed 24-h PK, digital heart rate (HR), ambulatory blood pressure (BP), and HR studies after taking each formulation for greater than or equal to 7 days. Metoprolol concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, with noncompartmental analysis performed to obtain PK parameters in Phoenix WinNonlin. Heart rate variability (HRV) low-to-high frequency ratio was determined per quartile over the 24-h period. Thirty-six participants completed studies with the brand name and at least one generic product. Among 30 participants on the 50 mg dose, the primary PK end points of area under the concentration-time curve and Cmax were similar between products; Tmax was 6.1 ± 3.6 for the brand versus 3.5 ± 4.9 for drug 1 (p = 0.019) and 9.6 ± 3.2 for drug 2 (p < 0.001). Among all 36 participants, 24-h BPs and HRs were similar between products. Mean 24-h HRV low-to-high ratio was also similar for drug 1 (2.04 ± 1.35), drug 2 (1.86 ± 1.35), and brand (2.04 ± 1.77), but was more sustained over time for the brand versus drug 1 (drug × quartile interaction p = 0.017). Differences in Tmax between metoprolol ER products following repeated doses may have implications for drug effects on autonomic balance over the dosing interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Mosley
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision MedicineCollege of Pharmacy, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA,Department of Clinical PharmacyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sarah Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of PharmacyUniversity of FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Nihal El Rouby
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision MedicineCollege of Pharmacy, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA,Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative SciencesUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Karthik Lingineni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of PharmacyUniversity of FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Valvanera Vozmediano Esteban
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of PharmacyUniversity of FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision MedicineCollege of Pharmacy, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Yiqing Chen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision MedicineCollege of Pharmacy, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - David Estores
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionCollege of Medicine, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Kairui Feng
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Hyewon Kim
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Minori Kinjo
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Taimour Langaee
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision MedicineCollege of Pharmacy, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Zhichuan Li
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Siegfried O. F. Schmidt
- Department of Community Health and Family MedicineCollege of Medicine, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Julie A. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision MedicineCollege of Pharmacy, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Reginald F. Frye
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision MedicineCollege of Pharmacy, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Lanyan (Lucy) Fang
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Philip F. Binkley
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of PharmacyUniversity of FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Larisa H. Cavallari
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision MedicineCollege of Pharmacy, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
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Carnevale D. Neuroimmune axis of cardiovascular control: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Nat Rev Cardiol 2022; 19:379-394. [PMID: 35301456 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-022-00678-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) make a substantial contribution to the global burden of disease. Prevention strategies have succeeded in reducing the effect of acute CVD events and deaths, but the long-term consequences of cardiovascular risk factors still represent the major cause of disability and chronic illness, suggesting that some pathophysiological mechanisms might not be adequately targeted by current therapies. Many of the underlying causes of CVD have now been recognized to have immune and inflammatory components. However, inflammation and immune activation were mostly regarded as a consequence of target-organ damage. Only more recent findings have indicated that immune dysregulation can be pathogenic for CVD, identifying a need for novel immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies. The nervous system, through an array of afferent and efferent arms of the autonomic nervous system, profoundly affects cardiovascular function. Interestingly, the autonomic nervous system also innervates immune organs, and neuroimmune interactions that are biologically relevant to CVD have been discovered, providing the foundation to target neural reflexes as an immunomodulatory therapeutic strategy. This Review summarizes how the neural regulation of immunity and inflammation participates in the onset and progression of CVD and explores promising opportunities for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Carnevale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy. .,Research Unit of Neuro and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.
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Prochaska JH, Arnold N, Falcke A, Kopp S, Schulz A, Buch G, Moll S, Panova-Noeva M, Jünger C, Eggebrecht L, Pfeiffer N, Beutel M, Binder H, Grabbe S, Lackner KJ, Ten Cate-Hoek A, Espinola-Klein C, Münzel T, Wild PS. Chronic venous insufficiency, cardiovascular disease, and mortality: a population study. Eur Heart J 2021; 42:4157-4165. [PMID: 34387673 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Evidence regarding the health burden of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), its clinical determinants, and impact on outcome is scarce. METHODS AND RESULTS Systematic phenotyping of CVI according to established CEAP (Clinical-Etiologic-Anatomic-Pathophysiologic) classification was performed in 12 423 participants (age range: 40-80 years) of the Gutenberg Health Study from April 2012 to April 2017. Prevalence was calculated age- and sex-specifically. Multivariable Poisson regression models were calculated to evaluate the relation of CVI with cardiovascular comorbidities. Survival analyses were carried out to assess the CVI-associated risk of death. Replication of findings was done in an independent cohort study (MyoVasc, NCT04064450). The prevalence of telangiectasia/reticular, varicose veins, and CVI was 36.5% [95% confidence interval (CI), 35.6-37.4%], 13.3% [12.6-13.9%], and 40.8% [39.9-41.7%], respectively. Age, female sex, arterial hypertension, obesity, smoking, and clinically overt cardiovascular disease were identified as clinical determinants of CVI. Higher CEAP classes were associated with a higher predicted 10-year risk for incident cardiovascular disease in individuals free of cardiovascular disease (n = 9923). During a mean follow-up of 6.4 ± 1.6 years, CVI was a strong predictor of all-cause death independent of the concomitant clinical profile and medication [hazard ratio (HR) 1.46 (95% CI 1.19-1.79), P = 0. 0003]. The association of CVI with an increased risk of all-cause death was externally validated in the MyoVasc cohort [HR 1.51 (95% CI 1.11-2.05), P = 0.009]. CONCLUSION Chronic venous insufficiency is highly prevalent in the population and is associated with the presence of cardiovascular risk factors and disease. Individuals with CVI experience an elevated risk of death, which is independent of age and sex, and present cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen H Prochaska
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany.,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine Main, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Natalie Arnold
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Andrea Falcke
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kopp
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Andreas Schulz
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Gregor Buch
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Sophie Moll
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Marina Panova-Noeva
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine Main, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Claus Jünger
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Lisa Eggebrecht
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Manfred Beutel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Harald Binder
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Karl J Lackner
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine Main, Mainz 55131, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Arina Ten Cate-Hoek
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Center, University Medical Center Maastricht, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Christine Espinola-Klein
- Department of Cardiology-Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine Main, Mainz 55131, Germany.,Department of Cardiology-Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Philipp S Wild
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany.,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine Main, Mainz 55131, Germany
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7
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Abboud FM. Four evolving concepts in molecular and clinical autonomic research. Clin Auton Res 2021; 31:467-471. [PMID: 34191210 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-021-00816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François M Abboud
- Department of Internal Medicine, Edith King Pearson Chair of Cardiovascular Research, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, 110 College of Medicine Administration Building (CMAB), Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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8
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Reduced vagal tone in women with endometriosis and auricular vagus nerve stimulation as a potential therapeutic approach. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1345. [PMID: 33446725 PMCID: PMC7809474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79750-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory and sympathetic nerves have been shown to promote the progression of endometriosis through the release of neuromediators and the lesional activation of respective receptors. The role of vagus nerves (VN) in lesional progression, however, is completely unclear, despite the signs suggestive of increased sympathetic tone in women with endometriosis. This study was undertaken to investigate whether VN plays any role in the progression of endometriosis. We recruited 45 patients with endometriosis and 42 healthy women, who were given electrocardiogram test and their heart rate variability was evaluated. In addition, three prospective, and randomized mouse experiments were conducted that evaluated, respectively, the effect of vagotomy, the effect of VN stimulation (VNS), and the therapeutic potential of VNS after the endometriosis was well established. All lesions were excised, weighed, and processed for immunohistochemistry and histochemistry analysis of select markers for lesional progression and fibrosis. We found that endometriosis patients exhibited reduced vagal activity as compared with controls, indicative of disrupted autonomic balance. Vagotomy increased while VNS decreased the lesion weight as compared with control mice, concomitant with more progressive and retarded lesion development and fibrogenesis, respectively. In addition, VNS demonstrated promising therapeutic effect, as evidenced by significantly reduced lesion weight, more attenuated lesional progression concomitant with improved hyperalgesia. Taken together, our data indicate that VN activity may play a dampening role in the progression of endometriosis. Consequently, boosting the VN activity may have therapeutic potentials for patients with endometriosis.
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Neural Control of Immunity in Hypertension: Council on Hypertension Mid Career Award for Research Excellence, 2019. Hypertension 2020; 76:622-628. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The nervous system and the immune system share the common ability to exert gatekeeper roles at the interfaces between internal and external environment. Although interaction between these 2 evolutionarily highly conserved systems has been recognized for long time, the investigation into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying their crosstalk has been tackled only in recent decades. Recent work of the past years elucidated how the autonomic nervous system controls the splenic immunity recruited by hypertensive challenges. This review will focus on the neural mechanisms regulating the immune response and the role of this neuroimmune crosstalk in hypertension. In this context, the review highlights the components of the brain-spleen axis with a focus on the neuroimmune interface established in the spleen, where neural signals shape the immune response recruited to target organs of high blood pressure.
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The New Frontier in Oxytocin Physiology: The Oxytonic Contraction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145144. [PMID: 32708109 PMCID: PMC7404128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin (Oxt) is a nine amino acid peptide important in energy regulation and is essential to stress-related disorders. Specifically, low Oxt levels are associated with obesity in human subjects and diet-induced or genetically modified animal models. The striking evidence that Oxt is linked to energy regulation is that Oxt- and oxytocin receptor (Oxtr)-deficient mice show a phenotype characterized by late onset obesity. Oxt-/- or Oxtr-/- develop weight gain without increasing food intake, suggesting that a lack of Oxt reduce metabolic rate. Oxt is differentially expressed in skeletal muscle exerting a protective effect toward the slow-twitch muscle after cold stress challenge in mice. We hypothesized that Oxt potentiates the slow-twitch muscle as it does with the uterus, triggering "the oxytonic contractions". Physiologically, this is important to augment muscle strength in fight/flight response and is consistent with the augmented energetic need at time of labor and for the protection of the offspring when Oxt secretion spikes. The normophagic obesity of Oxt-/- or Oxtr-/- mice could have been caused by decreased skeletal muscle tonicity which drove the metabolic phenotype. In this review, we summarized our findings together with the recent literature on this fascinating subjects in a "new oxytonic perspective" over the physicology of Oxt.
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11
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Gmitrov J. Static Magnetic Field Versus Systemic Calcium Channel Blockade Effect on Microcirculation: Possible Mechanisms and Clinical Implementation. Bioelectromagnetics 2020; 41:447-457. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.22272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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12
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Carnevale D, Lembo G. Neuroimmune interactions in cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:402-410. [PMID: 32462184 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our body is continuously in contact with external stimuli that need a fine integration with the internal milieu in order to maintain the homoeostasis. Similarly, perturbations of the internal environment are responsible for the alterations of the physiological mechanisms regulating our main functions. The nervous system and the immune system represent the main interfaces between the internal and the external environment. In carrying out these functions, they share many similarities, being able to recognize, integrate, and organize responses to a wide variety of stimuli, with the final aim to re-establish the homoeostasis. The autonomic nervous system, which collectively refers to the ensemble of afferent and efferent neurons that wire the central nervous system with visceral effectors throughout the body, is the prototype system controlling the homoeostasis through reflex arches. On the other hand, immune cells continuously patrol our body against external enemies and internal perturbations, organizing acute responses and forming memory for future encounters. Interesting to notice, the integration of the two systems provides a further unique opportunity for fine tuning of our body's homoeostasis. In fact, the autonomic nervous system guides the development of lymphoid and myeloid organs, as well as the deployment of immune cells towards peripheral tissues where they can affect and control several physiological functions. In turn, every specific immune cell type can contribute to regulate neural circuits involved in cardiovascular function, metabolism, and inflammation. Here, we review current understanding of the cross-regulation between these systems in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Carnevale
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, Via dell'Elettronica, 86077 Pozzilli IS, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lembo
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, Via dell'Elettronica, 86077 Pozzilli IS, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
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13
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Camerino C, Conte E, Carratù MR, Fonzino A, Lograno MD, Tricarico D. Oxytocin/Osteocalcin/IL-6 and NGF/BDNF mRNA Levels in Response to Cold Stress Challenge in Mice: Possible Oxytonic Brain-Bone-Muscle-Interaction. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1437. [PMID: 31827442 PMCID: PMC6890828 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin (Oxt), osteocalcin (Ost), and NGF/BDNF have a role in bone homeostasis, reproduction, and cognition. Oxt/Ost is required for muscle repair. We investigated gene response of muscle and the inter-organ communication following cold stress (CS). The mRNA quantity of Ngf, Ost, Oxt, Bdnf, p75ntr, Ntrk1, Gprc6a, Oxtr, Ntrk2, UCP1, and Il-6 genes in bone, brain, soleus (SOL), and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles from adult mice following CS were investigated. The myosin heavy-chain Mhc2b, Mhc1, Mhc2x, and Mhc2a gene expression were investigated. Mice were maintained at T = 23°C or 4°C for 6 h and 5-days (5d). CS mice did not show signs of muscle degeneration. An upregulation of Ucp1 and Ngf genes by 2 and 1.5 folds, respectively, in TA after 6 h CS and Ntrk1 by 4 and 22 folds in SOL muscle after 6 h and 5d CS, respectively, was observed; while after 6 h CS p75Ntr was downregulated in either muscle. Bdnf was unaffected, while after 5d CS Ntrk2 was upregulated in TA. Ost was downregulated in SOL by 0.9-folds at 5d. Following 5d CS, Oxtr and Il-6 genes were upregulated, respectively, by 1 and 1.5 folds in SOL. A downregulation of Mhc2b, respectively, by 0.96 and 0.88-folds after 6 h and 5d CS in SOL and Mhc2a was also downregulated by 0.88-fold after 5d CS in TA. Mhc1 and Mhc2x were not affected. Changes in the expression levels of genes in TA and SOL muscles, bone, and brain following CS were regulated by IL6 and Oxt. CS potentiates the slow-twitch phenotype of SOL which is in line with the metabolic need of this muscle, and the potentiation of the slow-twitch phenotype in TA. Oxt and IL6 coordinate a phenotype-dependent tonic effect of slow-twitch muscle and Oxt regulates the inter-organ interaction between brain and SOL muscle. Muscle tropism is maintained by NGF signaling following CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Camerino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (Section of Pharmacology), School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Elena Conte
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Carratù
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (Section of Pharmacology), School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Adriano Fonzino
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Marcello Diego Lograno
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Tricarico
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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14
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Cowell WJ, Brunst KJ, Malin AJ, Coull BA, Gennings C, Kloog I, Lipton L, Wright RO, Enlow MB, Wright RJ. Prenatal Exposure to PM2.5 and Cardiac Vagal Tone during Infancy: Findings from a Multiethnic Birth Cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:107007. [PMID: 31663780 PMCID: PMC6867319 DOI: 10.1289/ehp4434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The autonomic nervous system plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis and responding to external stimuli. In adults, exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been associated with reduced heart rate variability (HRV), an indicator of cardiac autonomic control. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to investigate the associations of exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) with HRV as an indicator of cardiac autonomic control during early development. METHODS We studied 237 maternal-infant pairs in a Boston-based birth cohort. We estimated daily residential PM2.5 using satellite data in combination with land-use regression predictors. In infants at 6 months of age, we measured parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity using continuous electrocardiogram monitoring during the Repeated Still-Face Paradigm, an experimental protocol designed to elicit autonomic reactivity in response to maternal interaction and disengagement. We used multivariable linear regression to examine average PM2.5 exposure across pregnancy in relation to PNS withdrawal and activation, indexed by changes in respiration-corrected respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSAc)-an established metric of HRV that reflects cardiac vagal tone. We examined interactions with infant sex using cross-product terms. RESULTS In adjusted models we found that a 1-unit increase in PM2.5 (in micrograms per cubic meter) was associated with a 3.53% decrease in baseline RSAc (95% CI: -6.96, 0.02). In models examining RSAc change between episodes, higher PM2.5 was generally associated with reduced PNS withdrawal during stress and reduced PNS activation during recovery; however, these associations were not statistically significant. We did not observe a significant interaction between PM2.5 and sex. DISCUSSION Prenatal exposure to PM2.5 may disrupt cardiac vagal tone during infancy. Future research is needed to replicate these preliminary findings. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4434.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney J. Cowell
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kelly J. Brunst
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ashley J. Malin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brent A. Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chris Gennings
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Itai Kloog
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Lianna Lipton
- Department of Pediatrics, Kravis Children’s Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert O. Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michelle Bosquet Enlow
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rosalind J. Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Kravis Children’s Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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15
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Berger M, Raffin J, Pichot V, Hupin D, Garet M, Labeix P, Costes F, Barthélémy JC, Roche F. Effect of exercise training on heart rate variability in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: A randomized controlled trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1254-1262. [PMID: 31050034 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) increases chemoreflex, leading to an autonomic dysfunction in the long term, no studies have yet assessed the potential benefit of exercise on cardiac autonomic activity in these patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential improvement in cardiac autonomic function (CAF) measured through heart rate variability (HRV) after a 9-month physical activity program in patients with OSA. Seventy-four patients with moderate OSA, aged 40-80 years, were randomly assigned to an exercise group (n = 36, 3 × 1 h/wk) or a control group (n = 38) during 9 months. Linear and nonlinear HRV parameters were measured during night using a Holter ECG. After 9 months, mean R-R intervals increased in the exercise group without any changes in HRV parameters, while controls decreased global (standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals, total power) and parasympathetic (root mean square successive difference of N-Ns, very low frequency, high frequency, and standard deviation of the instantaneous beat-to-beat variability) indices of HRV (P < 0.05 for all). Significant correlations with moderate effect size were found between changes in apnea severity and changes in R-R intervals (P < 0.05). Improvement in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was also correlated to improvement in nocturnal oxygen parameters (P < 0.05). In conclusion, supervised community physical activity may prevent a decline in nighttime CAF observed in nontreated community-dwelling patients with moderate OSA over a 9-month period. Thus, beyond apnea-hypopnea index improvement, exercise may be cardioprotective in OSA patients through bradycardia, CAF preservation, and VO2peak increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Berger
- Laboratoire SNA-EPIS, EA 4607, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l'Exercice, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,IRAPS, Fédération Française d'Éducation Physique et de Gymnastique Volontaire (FFEPGV), Montreuil, France
| | - Jérémy Raffin
- Laboratoire SNA-EPIS, EA 4607, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l'Exercice, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Vincent Pichot
- Laboratoire SNA-EPIS, EA 4607, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l'Exercice, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - David Hupin
- Laboratoire SNA-EPIS, EA 4607, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l'Exercice, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Martin Garet
- Laboratoire SNA-EPIS, EA 4607, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l'Exercice, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Pierre Labeix
- Laboratoire SNA-EPIS, EA 4607, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l'Exercice, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Frédéric Costes
- Service de Physiologie de l'Exercice, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Claude Barthélémy
- Laboratoire SNA-EPIS, EA 4607, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l'Exercice, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Frédéric Roche
- Laboratoire SNA-EPIS, EA 4607, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l'Exercice, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
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16
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Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition prevents vascular dysfunction induced by β-adrenergic hyperactivity. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 113:108733. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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17
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Quantitative Assessment of Autonomic Regulation of the Cardiac System. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2019; 2019:4501502. [PMID: 31178987 PMCID: PMC6501147 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4501502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autonomic neural system (ANS) regulates the circulation to provide optimal perfusion of every organ in accordance with its metabolic needs, and the quantitative assessment of autonomic regulation is crucial for personalized medicine in cardiovascular diseases. In this paper, we propose the Dystatis to quantitatively evaluate autonomic regulation of the human cardiac system, based on homeostatis and probabilistic graphic model, where homeostatis explains ANS regulation while the probability graphic model systematically defines the regulation process for quantitative assessment. The indices and measurement methods for three well-designed scenarios are also illustrated to evaluate the proposed Dystatis: (1) heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure variability (BPV), and respiration synchronization (Synch) in resting situation; (2) chronotropic competence indices (CCI) in graded exercise testing; and (3) baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), and parasympathetic nerve activity (PNA) in orthostatic testing. The previous clinical results have shown that the proposed method and indices for autonomic cardiac system regulation have great potential in prediction, diagnosis, and rehabilitation of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and diabetes.
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18
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Shenton FC, Pyner S. Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 is expressed in vasopressinergic neurons within the magnocellular subdivision of the rat paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:3035-3044. [PMID: 30078222 PMCID: PMC6492187 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Changes in plasma osmolality can drive changes in the output from brain centres known to control cardiovascular homeostasis, such as the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). Within the PVN hypotonicity reduces the firing rate of parvocellular neurons, a neuronal pool known to be involved in modulating sympathetic vasomotor tone. Also present in the PVN is the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 (TRPV4) ion channel. Activation of TRPV4 within the PVN mimics the reduction in firing rate of the parvocellular neurons but it is unknown if these neurons express the channel. We used neuronal tracing and immunohistochemistry to investigate which neurons expressed the TRPV4 ion channel protein and its relationship with neurons known to play a role in plasma volume regulation. Spinally projecting preautonomic neurons within the PVN were labelled after spinal cord injection of FluoroGold (FG). This was followed by immunolabelling with anti‐TRPV4 antibody in combination with either anti‐oxytocin (OXT) or anti‐vasopressin (AVP). The TRPV4 ion channel was expressed on 63% of the vasopressinergic magnocellular neurosecretory cells found predominantly within the posterior magnocellular division of the PVN. Oxytocinergic neurons and FG labelled preautonomic neurons were present in the same location, but were distinct from the TRPV4/vasopressin expressing neurons. Vasopressinergic neurons within the supraoptic nucleus (SON) were also found to express TRPV4 and the fibres extending between the SON and PVN. In conclusion within the PVN, TRPV4 is well placed to respond to changes in osmolality by regulating vasopressin secretion, which in turn influences sympathetic output via preautonomic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Shenton
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - S Pyner
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
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19
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Berntson GG. Presidential Address 2011: Autonomic modes of control and health. Psychophysiology 2018; 56:e13306. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary G. Berntson
- Department of Psychology The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio
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20
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Development of cardiac autonomic balance in infancy and early childhood: A possible pathway to mental and physical health outcomes. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Berger C, Casagranda L, Pichot V, Trombert-Paviot B, Faure-Conter C, Freycon C, Isfan F, Guichard I, Durieu I, Garcin A, Roche F, Patural H. Dysautonomia in Childhood Cancer Survivors: A Widely Underestimated Risk. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2018; 8:9-17. [PMID: 30136876 DOI: 10.1089/jayao.2018.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Survival rate of childhood cancers is now reaching 80% overall. However, early or late complications related to surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy remain at a high rate and greatly increase the risk of late mortality. The objective of this study is to assess the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, measured through heart rate variability indices in childhood cancer survivors compared with healthy controls. METHODS This prospective study included 51 long-term childhood cancer survivors diagnosed before 15 years of age between 1987 and 1992 and controlled for age and sex with healthy volunteers. RESULTS We observed a significant increase in spontaneous heart rate (beats per minute) (67 ± 10 vs. 60 ± 10, p = 0.001), and all the studied parameters showed a significantly altered ANS activity in cases compared with healthy controls. In both groups, the main cofactors of dysautonomia (tobacco, drugs, cannabis, estro-progestative pills, alcohol, limited physical activity) were analyzed without any significant difference. The effect of cancer treatments received was not analyzed due to the small number of participants. CONCLUSION The results showed a significant ANS dysfunction in childhood cancer survivors compared with healthy controls and suggested the value of autonomic screening to underscore and possibly quantify the effect of the cancer treatments in a larger cohort. This evaluation could lead to the recommendation to increase physical activity, the most efficient way known to improve ANS activity, as already shown in other pathologies (breast cancer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Berger
- 1 Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,2 Childhood Cancer Registry of the Rhône-Alpes Region, University of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,3 Department of Public Health and Medical Informatics, University of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,4 Host Research Team EA4607 SNA-EPIS (Autonomic Nervous System, Epidemiology, Physiology, Exercise, and Health), Jean Monnet University of Saint-Etienne, PRES (Education and Research Cluster) Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Léonie Casagranda
- 1 Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,2 Childhood Cancer Registry of the Rhône-Alpes Region, University of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,3 Department of Public Health and Medical Informatics, University of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,4 Host Research Team EA4607 SNA-EPIS (Autonomic Nervous System, Epidemiology, Physiology, Exercise, and Health), Jean Monnet University of Saint-Etienne, PRES (Education and Research Cluster) Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Vincent Pichot
- 4 Host Research Team EA4607 SNA-EPIS (Autonomic Nervous System, Epidemiology, Physiology, Exercise, and Health), Jean Monnet University of Saint-Etienne, PRES (Education and Research Cluster) Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Béatrice Trombert-Paviot
- 2 Childhood Cancer Registry of the Rhône-Alpes Region, University of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,3 Department of Public Health and Medical Informatics, University of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,4 Host Research Team EA4607 SNA-EPIS (Autonomic Nervous System, Epidemiology, Physiology, Exercise, and Health), Jean Monnet University of Saint-Etienne, PRES (Education and Research Cluster) Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Claire Freycon
- 6 Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Florentina Isfan
- 7 Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Unit, University Hospital Estaing Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle Guichard
- 8 Department of Internal Medicine Unit, University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Isabelle Durieu
- 9 Department of Internal Medicine and Vascular Pathology Unit, University Hospital of Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Arnauld Garcin
- 4 Host Research Team EA4607 SNA-EPIS (Autonomic Nervous System, Epidemiology, Physiology, Exercise, and Health), Jean Monnet University of Saint-Etienne, PRES (Education and Research Cluster) Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France.,10 Department of Research and University Hospital, Saint-Etienne Cedex, France
| | - Fréderic Roche
- 4 Host Research Team EA4607 SNA-EPIS (Autonomic Nervous System, Epidemiology, Physiology, Exercise, and Health), Jean Monnet University of Saint-Etienne, PRES (Education and Research Cluster) Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Hugues Patural
- 4 Host Research Team EA4607 SNA-EPIS (Autonomic Nervous System, Epidemiology, Physiology, Exercise, and Health), Jean Monnet University of Saint-Etienne, PRES (Education and Research Cluster) Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France.,11 Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Saint-Etienne Cedex, France
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22
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Hupin D, Pichot V, Berger M, Sforza E, Raffin J, Lietar C, Poyraz E, Maudoux D, Barthelemy JC, Roche F. Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Cardiac Rehabilitation Patients. J Clin Sleep Med 2018; 14:1119-1126. [PMID: 29991415 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.7206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Although regular physical activity improves obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in the general population, this finding has not been assessed in postmyocardial infarction (MI) patients in a rehabilitation setting (coronary artery disease, CAD). We aimed to determine whether cardiac rehabilitation may benefit post-MI patients in terms of OSA disease and associated autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. METHODS Consecutive post-MI patients participating in the ambulatory cardiac rehabilitation program of St-Etienne University Hospital were included in this study. The apnea-hypopnea index calculated from electrocardiogram (ECG)-derived respiration (AHIEDR) was obtained through nocturnal Holter ECG recordings. According to AHIEDR, patients were classified as normal, mild, moderate, or severe OSA (< 5, 5-14, 15-29, ≥ 30, respectively). Physiological performance (peak VO2) was established via cardiopulmonary exercise testing. ANS activity was evaluated through spontaneous baroreflex sensibility as well as heart rate variability analysis. RESULTS Of the 105 patients with CAD and OSA included (95 men, 55.2 ± 12.4 years), 100 had at least 1 cardiovascular risk factor (98%) and 52 patients (50%) had an ANS dysfunction. Surprisingly, 68 of these patients with OSA (65%) were free of classical diurnal symptoms usually associated with sleep apnea. In response to cardiac rehabilitation, AHIEDR decreased significantly (-9.3 ± 9.5, P < .0001) only in patients with severe OSA, and the decrease was even greater when peak VO2 and baroreflex sensibility improved beyond 20% compared to basal values (-11.6 ± 9.1, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Severe OSA in patients with CAD is significantly improved after 2 months of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation. Reviving ANS activity through physical activity might be a target for complementary therapy of OSA in patients with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hupin
- EA SNA EPIS 4607, Autonomic Nervous System, University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France.,Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Vincent Pichot
- EA SNA EPIS 4607, Autonomic Nervous System, University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France.,Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Mathieu Berger
- Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Emilia Sforza
- EA SNA EPIS 4607, Autonomic Nervous System, University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France.,Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Jérémy Raffin
- Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Cécile Lietar
- Jacques Lisfranc Medical Faculty, University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Erkan Poyraz
- Jacques Lisfranc Medical Faculty, University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Delphine Maudoux
- EA SNA EPIS 4607, Autonomic Nervous System, University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France.,Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Jean-Claude Barthelemy
- EA SNA EPIS 4607, Autonomic Nervous System, University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France.,Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Frédéric Roche
- EA SNA EPIS 4607, Autonomic Nervous System, University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France.,Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France
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Dai X, Hua L, Chen Y, Wang J, Li J, Wu F, Zhang Y, Su J, Wu Z, Liang C. Mechanisms in hypertension and target organ damage: Is the role of the thymus key? (Review). Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:3-12. [PMID: 29620247 PMCID: PMC5979885 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of cells and cytokines have been shown to be involved in the whole process of hypertension. Data from experimental and clinical studies on hypertension have confirmed the key roles of immune cells and inflammation in the process. Dysfunction of the thymus, which modulates the development and maturation of lymphocytes, has been shown to be associated with the severity of hypertension. Furthermore, gradual atrophy, functional decline or loss of the thymus has been revealed to be associated with aging. The restoration or enhancement of thymus function via upregulation in the expression of thymus transcription factors forkhead box N1 or thymus transplantation may provide an option to halt or reverse the pathological process of hypertension. Therefore, the thymus may be key in hypertension and associated target organ damage, and may provide a novel treatment strategy for the clinical management of patients with hypertension in addition to different commercial drugs. The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss the advances in our understanding of the impact of thymus function on hypertension from data from animal and human studies, and the potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jiamei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Yanda Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Jiyuan Su
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Zonggui Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Chun Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
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Buckman JF, Vaschillo EG, Fonoberova M, Mezić I, Bates ME. The Translational Value of Psychophysiology Methods and Mechanisms: Multilevel, Dynamic, Personalized. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2018; 79:229-238. [PMID: 29553350 PMCID: PMC6019769 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2018.79.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been nearly 15 years since Kazdin and Nock published methodological and research recommendations for understanding mechanisms of change in child and adolescent therapy. Their arguments and enthusiasm for research on mechanisms of behavior change (MOBCs) resonated across disciplines and disorders, as it shined a light on the crucial importance of understanding how and for whom treatments instigate behavior change and how therapeutic mechanisms might be extended to "situations and settings of everyday life." Initial efforts focused on how psychotherapy works and linear models, yet the use of theory to guide the study of mechanisms, and laboratory experiments to manipulate them, is broadly applicable. METHOD This article considers dynamic physiological processes that support behavior change. Specifically, it examines the utility of psychophysiological methods to measure and promote behavior change. Moreover, it embeds the baroreflex mechanism, a well-defined heart-brain feedback loop, within the theories and strategies of MOBC research. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Individuals' subjective and expressive experience of change does not always align with their physiological reactivity. Thus, behavior change may be best understood when concurrently assessed across multiple biobehavioral levels. Further, behavior is initiated in the moment, often before conscious deliberation, suggesting that multilevel behavior change research may benefit from real-time methodological designs. Last, substance use trajectories vary widely, suggesting that different MOBCs are more or less active in individuals depending on their personal constituency and the functional need that their substance use serves; thus, methods that are amenable to personalized modeling approaches are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer F. Buckman
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Evgeny G. Vaschillo
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | | | - Igor Mezić
- AIMdyn, Inc., Santa Barbara, California
- Center for Control, Dynamical Systems, and Computation, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Marsha E. Bates
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
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Jouett NP, Moralez G, Raven PB, Smith ML. Losartan reduces the immediate and sustained increases in muscle sympathetic nerve activity after hyperacute intermittent hypoxia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:884-892. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00683.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by intermittent hypoxemia, which produces elevations in sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and associated hypertension in experimental models that persist beyond the initial exposure. We tested the hypotheses that angiotensin receptor blockade in humans using losartan attenuates the immediate and immediately persistent increases in 1) SNA discharge and 2) mean arterial pressure (MAP) after hyperacute intermittent hypoxia training (IHT) using a randomized, placebo-controlled, repeated-measures experimental design. We measured ECG and photoplethysmographic arterial pressure in nine healthy human subjects, while muscle SNA (MSNA) was recorded in seven subjects using microneurography. Subjects were exposed to a series of hypoxic apneas in which they inhaled two to three breaths of nitrogen, followed by a 20-s apnea and 40 s of room air breathing every minute for 20 min. Hyperacute IHT produced substantial and persistent elevations in MSNA burst frequency (baseline: 15.3 ± 1.8, IHT: 24 ± 1.5, post-IHT 20.0 ± 1.3 bursts/min, all P < 0.01) and MAP (baseline: 89.2 ± 3.3, IHT: 92.62 ± 3.1, post-IHT: 93.83 ± 3.1 mmHg, all P < 0.02). Losartan attenuated the immediate and sustained increases in MSNA (baseline: 17.3 ± 2.5, IHT: 18.6 ± 2.2, post-IHT 20.0 ± 1.3 bursts/min, all P < 0.001) and MAP (baseline: 81.9 ± 2.6, IHT: 81.1 ± 2.8, post-IHT: 81.3 ± 3.0 mmHg, all P > 0.70). This investigation confirms the role of angiotensin II type 1a receptors in the immediate and persistent sympathoexcitatory and pressor responses to IHT. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates for the first time in humans that losartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), abrogates the acute and immediately persistent increases in muscle sympathetic nerve activity and arterial pressure in response to acute intermittent hypoxia. This investigation, along with others, provides important beginning translational evidence for using ARBs in treatment of the intermittent hypoxia observed in obstructive sleep apnea patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah P. Jouett
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas; and
| | - Gilbert Moralez
- Institute for Environmental and Exercise Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Peter B. Raven
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas; and
| | - Michael L. Smith
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas; and
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A model-based method to measure baroreflex sensitivity. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2016:2688-2691. [PMID: 28268875 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2016.7591284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a model-based method to quantitatively measure baroreflex sensitivity in autonomic nervous regulation of cardiovascular system. The method measures the continuous blood pressure and heart rate in orthostatic scenario, models dynamics of the baroreflex firing rate, solves parameters by optimization of measured blood pressure and heart rate variations. With this model, we can get the baroreflx sensitivity (BRS) inner indicators to evaluate the status of the autonomic nervous regulation system. Experimental results have shown the validation of the quantitative measures and the effectiveness of the method.
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Tasić T, Djordjević DM, De Luka SR, Trbovich AM, Japundžić-Žigon N. Static magnetic field reduces blood pressure short-term variability and enhances baro-receptor reflex sensitivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 93:527-534. [PMID: 28051886 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1276307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been shown that chronic exposure of young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) to static magnetic field (SMF) delays the development of overt hypertension. Therefore the aim of the present work was to investigate the effects of SMF on autonomic cardiovascular control in adult spontaneously hypertensive rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiments were performed in freely moving spontaneously hypertensive rats equipped with femoral arterial catheter for blood pressure recording. Spontaneously hypertensive rats were exposed for 30 days to upward-oriented SMF (n = 17) or downward-oriented SMF (n = 17) of 16 mT intensity. A control group of spontaneously hypertensive rats (n = 17) was not exposed to SMF. Neurogenic cardiovascular control was evaluated by spectral analysis of arterial blood pressure and heart rate short-term variability and baro-receptor reflex sensitivity using the sequence method. RESULTS Exposure of spontaneously hypertensive rats to both upward- and downward-oriented SMF significantly reduced arterial blood pressure and enhanced baro-receptor reflex sensitivity. Downward-oriented SMF reduced heart rate, too. SMF of either orientation reduced systolic blood pressure variability in very low frequency domain while downward-oriented SMF also reduced low-frequency and increased high frequency domains. CONCLUSION It follows that prolonged exposure to SMF is beneficial for neurogenic cardiovascular control in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Tasić
- a Institute of Pharmacology , Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Drago M Djordjević
- b Institute of Pathophysiology , Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Silvio R De Luka
- b Institute of Pathophysiology , Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Alexander M Trbovich
- b Institute of Pathophysiology , Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Nina Japundžić-Žigon
- a Institute of Pharmacology , Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
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The brain–joint axis in osteoarthritis: nerves, circadian clocks and beyond. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2016; 12:508-16. [DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Calegari L, Mozzaquattro BB, Rossato DD, Quagliotto E, Ferreira JB, Rasia-Filho A, Dal Lago P. Exercise training attenuates the pressor response evoked by peripheral chemoreflex in rats with heart failure. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 94:979-86. [PMID: 27295522 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effects of exercise training (ExT) on the pressor response elicited by potassium cyanide (KCN) in the rat model of ischemia-induced heart failure (HF) are unknown. We evaluated the effects of ExT on chemoreflex sensitivity and its interaction with baroreflex in rats with HF. Wistar rats were divided into four groups: trained HF (Tr-HF), sedentary HF (Sed-HF), trained sham (Tr-Sham), and sedentary sham (Sed-Sham). Trained animals underwent to a treadmill running protocol for 8 weeks (60 m/day, 5 days/week, 16 m/min). After ExT, arterial pressure (AP), baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), peripheral chemoreflex (KCN: 100 μg/kg body mass), and cardiac function were evaluated. The results demonstrate that ExT induces an improvement in BRS and attenuates the pressor response to KCN relative to the Sed-HF group (P < 0.05). The improvement in BRS was associated with a reduction in the pressor response following ExT in HF rats (P < 0.05). Moreover, ExT induced a reduction in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and pulmonary congestion compared with the Sed-HF group (P < 0.05). The pressor response to KCN in the hypotensive state is decreased in sedentary HF rats. These results suggest that ExT improves cardiac function and BRS and attenuates the pressor response evoked by KCN in HF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Calegari
- a Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,b Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, University of Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Bruna B Mozzaquattro
- a Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Edson Quagliotto
- a Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Janaina B Ferreira
- d Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto Rasia-Filho
- a Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Pedro Dal Lago
- a Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,e Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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31
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Klippel BF, Duemke LB, Leal MA, Friques AGF, Dantas EM, Dalvi RF, Gava AL, Pereira TMC, Andrade TU, Meyrelles SS, Campagnaro BP, Vasquez EC. Effects of Kefir on the Cardiac Autonomic Tones and Baroreflex Sensitivity in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Front Physiol 2016; 7:211. [PMID: 27375490 PMCID: PMC4895057 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: It has been previously shown that the probiotic kefir (a symbiotic matrix containing acid bacteria and yeasts) attenuated the hypertension and the endothelial dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In the present study, the effect of chronic administration of kefir on the cardiac autonomic control of heart rate (HR) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in SHR was evaluated. Methods: SHR were treated with kefir (0.3 mL/100 g body weight) for 60 days and compared with non-treated SHR and with normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. Cardiac autonomic vagal (VT) and sympathetic (ST) tones were estimated through the blockade of the cardiac muscarinic receptors (methylatropine) and the blockade of β1−adrenoceptor (atenolol). The BRS was evaluated by the tachycardia and bradycardia responses to vasoactive drug-induced decreases and increases in arterial blood pressure (BP), respectively. Additionally, spontaneous BRS was estimated by autoregressive spectral analysis. Results: Kefir-treated SHR exhibited significant attenuation of basal BP, HR, and cardiac hypertrophy compared to non-treated SHR (12, 13, and 21%, respectively). Cardiac VT and ST were significantly altered in the SHR (~40 and ~90 bpm) compared with Wistar rats (~120 and ~30 bpm) and were partially recovered in SHR-kefir (~90 and ~25 bpm). SHR exhibited an impaired bradycardic BRS (~50%) compared with Wistar rats, which was reduced to ~40% in the kefir-treated SHR and abolished by methylatropine in all groups. SHR also exhibited a significant impairment of the tachycardic BRS (~23%) compared with Wistar rats and this difference was reduced to 8% in the SHR-kefir. Under the action of atenolol the residual reflex tachycardia was smaller in SHR than in Wistar rats and kefir attenuated this abnormality. Spectral analysis revealed increased low frequency components of BP (~3.5-fold) and pulse interval (~2-fold) compared with Wistar rats and these differences were reduced by kefir-treatment to ~1.6- and ~1.5-fold, respectively. Spectral analysis also showed an impairment of spontaneous BRS in SHR, but kefir-treatment caused only a tendency to reverse this result. Conclusions: The novelty of this study is that daily chronic consumption of a low dose of kefir reduced the impairment of the cardiac autonomic control of HR and of the impaired BRS in SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunella F Klippel
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Licia B Duemke
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Marcos A Leal
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Andreia G F Friques
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Dantas
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Vale Sao Francisco Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo F Dalvi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Education, Science and Technology Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Agata L Gava
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Thiago M C Pereira
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha UniversityVila Velha, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Education, Science and TechnologyVila Velha, Brazil
| | - Tadeu U Andrade
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Silvana S Meyrelles
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Bianca P Campagnaro
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Elisardo C Vasquez
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito SantoVitoria, Brazil; Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha UniversityVila Velha, Brazil
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Medenwald D, Swenne CA, Loppnow H, Kors JA, Pietzner D, Tiller D, Thiery J, Nuding S, Greiser KH, Haerting J, Werdan K, Kluttig A. Prognostic relevance of the interaction between short-term, metronome-paced heart rate variability, and inflammation: results from the population-based CARLA cohort study. Europace 2016; 19:110-118. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/euv333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Tu G, Zou L, Liu S, Wu B, Lv Q, Wang S, Xue Y, Zhang C, Yi Z, Zhang X, Li G, Liang S. Long noncoding NONRATT021972 siRNA normalized abnormal sympathetic activity mediated by the upregulation of P2X7 receptor in superior cervical ganglia after myocardial ischemia. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:521-35. [PMID: 27215605 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9518-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that the upregulation of the P2X7 receptor in cervical sympathetic ganglia was involved in myocardial ischemic (MI) injury. The dysregulated expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) participates in the onset and progression of many pathological conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a small interfering RNA (siRNA) against the NONRATT021972 lncRNA on the abnormal changes of cardiac function mediated by the up-regulation of the P2X7 receptor in the superior cervical ganglia (SCG) after myocardial ischemia. When the MI rats were treated with NONRATT021972 siRNA, their increased systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), low-frequency (LF) power, and LF/HF ratio were reduced to normal levels. However, the decreased high-frequency (HF) power was increased. GAP43 and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) are markers of nerve sprouting and sympathetic nerve fibers, respectively. We found that the TH/GAP43 value was significantly increased in the MI group. However, it was reduced after the MI rats were treated with NONRATT021972 siRNA. The serum norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) concentrations were decreased in the MI rats that were treated with NONRATT021972 siRNA. Meanwhile, the increased P2X7 mRNA and protein levels and the increased p-ERK1/2 expression in the SCG were also reduced. NONRATT021972 siRNA treatment inhibited the P2X7 agonist BzATP-activated currents in HEK293 cells transfected with pEGFP-P2X7. Our findings suggest that NONRATT021972 siRNA could decrease the upregulation of the P2X7 receptor and improve the abnormal changes in cardiac function after myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Tu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifang Zou
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangmei Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiulan Lv
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouyu Wang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Xue
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunping Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Yi
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Guilin Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Life Science of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.
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Xu M, Bi X, He X, Yu X, Zhao M, Zang W. Inhibition of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response by acetylcholine alleviated hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis of endothelial cells. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:1331-43. [PMID: 27111378 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1160985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR(mt)) is involved in numerous diseases that have the common feature of mitochondrial dysfunction. However, its pathophysiological relevance in the context of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in endothelial cells remains elusive. Previous studies have demonstrated that acetylcholine (ACh) protects against cardiomyocyte injury by suppressing generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS). This study aimed to explore the role of UPR(mt) in endothelial cells during H/R and to clarify the beneficial effects of ACh. Our results demonstrated that H/R triggered UPR(mt) in endothelial cells, as evidenced by the elevation of heat shock protein 60 and LON protease 1 protein levels, and resulted in release of mitochondrial pro-apoptotic proteins, including cytochrome C, Omi/high temperature requirement protein A 2 and second mitochondrial activator of caspases/direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein with low PI, from the mitochondria to cytosol. ACh administration markedly decreased UPR(mt) by inhibiting mtROS and alleviating the mitonuclear protein imbalance. Consequently, ACh alleviated the release of pro-apoptotic proteins and restored mitochondrial ultrastructure and function, thereby reducing the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells. Intriguingly, 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide, a type-3 muscarinic ACh receptor (M3AChR) inhibitor, abolished the ACh-elicited attenuation of UPR(mt) and TUNEL positive cells, indicating that the salutary effects of ACh were likely mediated by M3AChR in endothelial cells. In conclusion, our studies demonstrated that UPR(mt) might be essential for triggering the mitochondrion-associated apoptotic pathway during H/R. ACh markedly suppressed UPR(mt) by inhibiting mtROS and alleviating the mitonuclear protein imbalance, presumably through M3AChR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xu
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Basic Medical Sciences , Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center , Xi'an , P.R. China
| | - Xueyuan Bi
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Basic Medical Sciences , Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center , Xi'an , P.R. China
| | - Xi He
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Basic Medical Sciences , Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center , Xi'an , P.R. China
| | - Xiaojiang Yu
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Basic Medical Sciences , Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center , Xi'an , P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhao
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Basic Medical Sciences , Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center , Xi'an , P.R. China
| | - Weijin Zang
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Basic Medical Sciences , Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center , Xi'an , P.R. China
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SOD1 Overexpression Preserves Baroreflex Control of Heart Rate with an Increase of Aortic Depressor Nerve Function. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:3686829. [PMID: 26823951 PMCID: PMC4707341 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3686829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as the superoxide radical (O2∙−), is associated with diseases which compromise cardiac autonomic function. Overexpression of SOD1 may offer protection against ROS damage to the cardiac autonomic nervous system, but reductions of O2∙− may interfere with normal cellular functions. We have selected the C57B6SJL-Tg (SOD1)2 Gur/J mouse as a model to determine whether SOD1 overexpression alters cardiac autonomic function, as measured by baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and aortic depressor nerve (ADN) recordings, as well as evaluation of baseline heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). Under isoflurane anesthesia, C57 wild-type and SOD1 mice were catheterized with an arterial pressure transducer and measurements of HR and MAP were taken. After establishing a baseline, hypotension and hypertension were induced by injection of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and phenylephrine (PE), respectively, and ΔHR versus ΔMAP were recorded as a measure of baroreflex sensitivity (BRS). SNP and PE treatment were administered sequentially after a recovery period to measure arterial baroreceptor activation by recording aortic depressor nerve activity. Our findings show that overexpression of SOD1 in C57B6SJL-Tg (SOD1)2 Gur/J mouse preserved the normal HR, MAP, and BRS but enhanced aortic depressor nerve function.
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He X, Zhao M, Bi X, Sun L, Yu X, Zhao M, Zang W. Novel strategies and underlying protective mechanisms of modulation of vagal activity in cardiovascular diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:5489-500. [PMID: 25378088 PMCID: PMC4667861 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains a major cause of disability and death worldwide. Autonomic imbalance, characterized by suppressed vagal (parasympathetic) activity and increased sympathetic activity, correlates with various pathological conditions, including heart failure, arrhythmia, ischaemia/reperfusion injury and hypertension. Conventionally, pharmacological interventions, such as β-blocker treatment, have primarily targeted suppressing sympathetic over-activation, while vagal modulation has always been neglected. Emerging evidence has documented the improvement of cardiac and vascular function mediated by the vagal nerve. Many investigators have tried to explore the effective ways to enhance vagal tone and normalize the autonomic nervous system. In this review, we attempt to give an overview of these therapeutic strategies, including direct vagal activation (electrical vagal stimulation, ACh administration and ACh receptor activation), pharmacological modulation (adenosine, cholinesterase inhibitors, statins) and exercise training. This overview provides valuable information for combination therapy, contributing to establishment of a comprehensive system on vagal modulation from the aspects of clinical application and lifestyle improvement. In addition, the mechanisms contributing to the benefits of enhancing vagal tone are diverse and have not yet been fully defined. We endeavour to outline the recent findings that advance our knowledge regarding the many favourable effects exerted by vagal activation: anti-inflammatory pathways, modulation of NOS and NO signalling, regulation of redox state, improvement of mitochondrial biogenesis and function, and potential calcium regulation. This review may help to develop novel therapeutic strategies targeting enhancing vagal activity for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi He
- Department of PharmacologyXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'anChina
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of PharmacologyXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'anChina
| | - Xueyuan Bi
- Department of PharmacologyXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'anChina
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of PharmacologyXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'anChina
| | - Xiaojiang Yu
- Department of PharmacologyXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'anChina
| | - Mei Zhao
- Department of PharmacologyXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'anChina
| | - Weijin Zang
- Department of PharmacologyXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'anChina
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Ciriello J. Renal deafferentation: target for treatment of cardiovascular diseases involving sympathetic overactivity. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H970-3. [PMID: 25747751 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00148.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Ciriello
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
A powerful interaction between the autonomic and the immune systems plays a prominent role in the initiation and maintenance of hypertension and significantly contributes to cardiovascular pathology, end-organ damage and mortality. Studies have shown consistent association between hypertension, proinflammatory cytokines and the cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. The sympathetic nervous system, a major determinant of hypertension, innervates the bone marrow, spleen and peripheral lymphatic system and is proinflammatory, whereas the parasympathetic nerve activity dampens the inflammatory response through α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The neuro-immune synapse is bidirectional as cytokines may enhance the sympathetic activity through their central nervous system action that in turn increases the mobilization, migration and infiltration of immune cells in the end organs. Kidneys may be infiltrated by immune cells and mesangial cells that may originate in the bone marrow and release inflammatory cytokines that cause renal damage. Hypertension is also accompanied by infiltration of the adventitia and perivascular adipose tissue by inflammatory immune cells including macrophages. Increased cytokine production induces myogenic and structural changes in the resistance vessels, causing elevated blood pressure. Cardiac hypertrophy in hypertension may result from the mechanical afterload and the inflammatory response to resident or migratory immune cells. Toll-like receptors on innate immune cells function as sterile injury detectors and initiate the inflammatory pathway. Finally, abnormalities of innate immune cells and the molecular determinants of their activation that include toll-like receptor, adrenergic, cholinergic and AT1 receptors can define the severity of inflammation in hypertension. These receptors are putative therapeutic targets.
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Gmitrov J. Baroreceptor stimulation enhanced nitric oxide vasodilator responsiveness, a new aspect of baroreflex physiology. Microvasc Res 2015; 98:139-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Rodrigues FL, Silva LEV, Hott SC, Bomfim GF, da Silva CAA, Fazan R, Resstel LBM, Tostes RC, Carneiro FS. Toll-like receptor 9 plays a key role in the autonomic cardiac and baroreflex control of arterial pressure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 308:R714-23. [PMID: 25673780 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00150.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The crosstalk between the immune and the autonomic nervous system may impact the cardiovascular function. Toll-like receptors are components of the innate immune system and play developmental and physiological roles. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension and heart failure. Since such diseases are commonly accompanied by autonomic imbalance and lower baroreflex sensitivity, we hypothesized that TLR9 modulates cardiac autonomic and baroreflex control of arterial pressure (AP). Toll-like receptor 9 knockout (TLR9 KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were implanted with catheters into carotid artery and jugular vein and allowed to recover for 3 days. After basal recording of AP, mice received methyl-atropine or propranolol. AP and pulse interval (PI) variability were evaluated in the time and frequency domain (spectral analysis), as well as by multiscale entropy. Spontaneous baroreflex was studied by sequence technique. Behavioral and cardiovascular responses to fear-conditioning stress were also evaluated. AP was similar between groups, but TLR9 KO mice exhibited lower basal heart rate (HR). AP variability was not different, but PI variability was increased in TLR9 KO mice. The total entropy was higher in TLR9 KO mice. Moreover, baroreflex function was found higher in TLR9 KO mice. Atropine-induced tachycardia was increased in TLR9 KO mice, whereas the propranolol-induced bradycardia was similar to WT mice. TLR9 KO mice exhibit increased behavioral and decreased tachycardia responses to fear-conditioning stress. In conclusion, our findings suggest that TLR9 may negatively modulate cardiac vagal tone and baroreflex in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Luciano Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo V Silva
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Sara Cristina Hott
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele F Bomfim
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Aguiar da Silva
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Rubens Fazan
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Leonardo B M Resstel
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando S Carneiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil;
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Abboud FM, Benson CJ. ASICs and cardiovascular homeostasis. Neuropharmacology 2015; 94:87-98. [PMID: 25592213 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this review we address primarily the role of ASICs in determining sensory signals from arterial baroreceptors, peripheral chemoreceptors, and cardiopulmonary and somatic afferents. Alterations in these sensory signals during acute cardiovascular stresses result in changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic activities that restore cardiovascular homeostasis. In pathological states, however, chronic dysfunctions of these afferents result in serious sympatho-vagal imbalances with significant increases in mortality and morbidity. We identified a role for ASIC2 in the mechano-sensitivity of aortic baroreceptors and of ASIC3 in the pH sensitivity of carotid bodies. In spontaneously hypertensive rats, we reported decreased expression of ASIC2 in nodose ganglia neurons and overexpression of ASIC3 in carotid bodies. This reciprocal expression of ASIC2 and ASIC3 results in reciprocal changes in sensory sensitivity of baro- and chemoreceptors and a consequential synergistic exaggeration sympathetic nerve activity. A similar reciprocal sensory dysautonomia prevails in heart failure and increases the risk of mortality. There is also evidence that ASIC heteromers in skeletal muscle afferents contribute significantly to the exercise pressor reflex. In cardiac muscle afferents of the dorsal root ganglia, they contribute to nociception and to the detrimental sympathetic activation during ischemia. Finally, we report that an inhibitory influence of ASIC2-mediated baroreceptor activity suppresses the sympatho-excitatory reflexes of the chemoreceptors and skeletal muscle afferents, as well as the ASIC1a-mediated excitation of central neurons during fear, threat, or panic. The translational potential of activation of ASIC2 in cardiovascular disease states may be a beneficial sympatho-inhibition and parasympathetic activation. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Acid-Sensing Ion Channels in the Nervous System'.
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Affiliation(s)
- François M Abboud
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Christopher J Benson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Silva LEV, Rodrigues FL, de Oliveira M, Salgado HC, Fazan R. Heart rate complexity in sinoaortic-denervated mice. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:156-63. [PMID: 25398712 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.082222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? New measurements for cardiovascular complexity, such as detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) and multiscale entropy (MSE), have been shown to predict cardiovascular outcomes. Given that cardiovascular diseases are accompanied by autonomic imbalance and decreased baroreflex sensitivity, the central question is: do baroreceptors contribute to cardiovascular complexity? What is the main finding and its importance? Sinoaortic denervation altered both DFA scaling exponents and MSE, indicating that both short- and long-term mechanisms of complexity are altered in sinoaortic denervated mice, resulting in a loss of physiological complexity. These results suggest that the baroreflex is a key element in the complex structures involved in heart rate variability regulation. Recently, heart rate (HR) oscillations have been recognized as complex behaviours derived from non-linear processes. Physiological complexity theory is based on the idea that healthy systems present high complexity, i.e. non-linear, fractal variability at multiple scales, with long-range correlations. The loss of complexity in heart rate variability (HRV) has been shown to predict adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Based on the idea that most cardiovascular diseases are accompanied by autonomic imbalance and a decrease in baroreflex sensitivity, we hypothesize that the baroreflex plays an important role in complex cardiovascular behaviour. Mice that had been subjected to sinoaortic denervation (SAD) were implanted with catheters in the femoral artery and jugular vein 5 days prior to the experiment. After recording the baseline arterial pressure (AP), pulse interval time series were generated from the intervals between consecutive values of diastolic pressure. The complexity of the HRV was determined using detrended fluctuation analysis and multiscale entropy. The detrended fluctuation analysis α1 scaling exponent (a short-term index) was remarkably decreased in the SAD mice (0.79 ± 0.06 versus 1.13 ± 0.04 for the control mice), whereas SAD slightly increased the α2 scaling exponent (a long-term index; 1.12 ± 0.03 versus 1.04 ± 0.02 for control mice). In the SAD mice, the total multiscale entropy was decreased (13.2 ± 1.3) compared with the control mice (18.9 ± 1.4). In conclusion, fractal and regularity structures of HRV are altered in SAD mice, affecting both short- and long-term mechanisms of complexity, suggesting that the baroreceptors play a considerable role in the complex structure of HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Eduardo V Silva
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
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Abnormal cardiac autonomic regulation in mice lacking ASIC3. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:709159. [PMID: 24804235 PMCID: PMC3996306 DOI: 10.1155/2014/709159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Integration of sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow is essential in maintaining normal cardiac autonomic function. Recent studies demonstrate that acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) is a sensitive acid sensor for cardiac ischemia and prolonged mild acidification can open ASIC3 and evoke a sustained inward current that fires action potentials in cardiac sensory neurons. However, the physiological role of ASIC3 in cardiac autonomic regulation is not known. In this study, we elucidate the role of ASIC3 in cardiac autonomic function using Asic3−/− mice. Asic3−/− mice showed normal baseline heart rate and lower blood pressure as compared with their wild-type littermates. Heart rate variability analyses revealed imbalanced autonomic regulation, with decreased sympathetic function. Furthermore, Asic3−/− mice demonstrated a blunted response to isoproterenol-induced cardiac tachycardia and prolonged duration to recover to baseline heart rate. Moreover, quantitative RT-PCR analysis of gene expression in sensory ganglia and heart revealed that no gene compensation for muscarinic acetylcholines receptors and beta-adrenalin receptors were found in Asic3−/− mice. In summary, we unraveled an important role of ASIC3 in regulating cardiac autonomic function, whereby loss of ASIC3 alters the normal physiological response to ischemic stimuli, which reveals new implications for therapy in autonomic nervous system-related cardiovascular diseases.
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Udo T, Mun EY, Buckman JF, Vaschillo EG, Vaschillo B, Bates ME. Potential side effects of unhealthy lifestyle choices and health risks on basal and reactive heart rate variability in college drinkers. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2013; 74:787-96. [PMID: 23948539 PMCID: PMC3749321 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2013.74.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emerging adults often begin making independent lifestyle choices during college, yet the association of these choices with fundamental indicators of health and adaptability is unclear. The present study examined the relationship between health risks and neurocardiac function in college drinkers. METHOD Heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed at baseline and in reaction to a paced breathing challenge in 212 college drinkers (53.8% women). Basal HRV served as a general indicator of health. Reactive HRV (during paced breathing) was used as a marker of an individual's adaptability to challenge. The relationship of HRV to alcohol use, cigarette use, exercise, sleep, and body mass index (BMI) was assessed. RESULTS Greater alcohol use and less exercise were associated with lower basal HRV. BMI was unrelated to basal HRV but was negatively associated with reactive HRV during the breathing challenge. CONCLUSIONS High levels of alcohol use and lack of exercise are negative correlates of cardiovascular and general health, even in apparently healthy college drinkers. The negative relationship between BMI and reactive HRV suggests that overweight individuals have reduced ability to psychophysiologically adapt to challenges; understanding the temporal course of this relationship is needed. This study highlights the importance of examining HRV at baseline and in response to a challenge to capture the active neurocardiac processes that contribute to health and adaptive responding. The suppressive effects of health risks on HRV are modifiable; thus, HRV may be useful in evaluating the health benefits of lifestyle change and in promoting change behaviors in college drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Udo
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Eun-Young Mun
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jennifer F. Buckman
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Evgeny G. Vaschillo
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Bronya Vaschillo
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Marsha E. Bates
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
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Campagnaro BP, Tonini CL, Doche LM, Nogueira BV, Vasquez EC, Meyrelles SS. Renovascular hypertension leads to DNA damage and apoptosis in bone marrow cells. DNA Cell Biol 2013; 32:458-66. [PMID: 23786322 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2013.2065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II), which plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of the two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) Goldblatt hypertension, has been associated with augmented generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in some cells and tissues. In the present study, we evaluated the influence of 2K1C hypertension on oxidative stress, DNA fragmentation, and apoptosis of bone marrow (BM) cells. Two weeks after the renal artery clipping or Sham operation, flow cytometry analysis showed a higher production of superoxide anions (approximately sixfold) and hydrogen peroxide (approximately twofold) in 2K1C hypertensive than in Sham normotensive mice. 2K1C mice also showed an augmented DNA fragmentation (54%) and apoptotic cells (21%). Our data show that the 2K1C renovascular hypertension is characterized by an increased production of ROS, DNA damage, and apoptosis of BM, which is a fundamental source of the cells involved in tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca P Campagnaro
- Laboratory of Transgenes, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This overview highlights recent experimental and epidemiological evidence for the programming effects of outdoor air pollution exposures during early development on lung function and chronic respiratory disorders, such as asthma and related allergic disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Air pollutants may impact anatomy and/or physiological functioning of the lung and interrelated systems. Programming effects may result from pollutant-induced shifts in a number of molecular, cellular, and physiological states and their interacting systems. Specific key regulatory systems susceptible to programming may influence lung development and vulnerability to respiratory diseases, including both central and peripheral components of neuroendocrine pathways and autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning which, in turn, influence the immune system. Starting in utero, environmental factors, including air pollutants, may permanently organize these systems toward trajectories of enhanced pediatric (e.g., asthma, allergy) as well as adult disease risk (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Evidence supports a central role of oxidative stress in the toxic effects of air pollution. Additional research suggests xenobiotic metabolism and subcellular components, such as mitochondria are targets of ambient air pollution and play a role in asthma and allergy programming. Mechanisms operating at the level of the placenta are being elucidated. Epigenetic mechanisms may be at the roots of adaptive developmental programming. SUMMARY Optimal coordinated functioning of many complex processes and their networks of interaction are necessary for normal lung development and the maintenance of respiratory health. Outdoor air pollution may play an important role in early programming of respiratory health and is potentially amenable to intervention.
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Cardiac-autonomic imbalance and baroreflex dysfunction in the renovascular Angiotensin-dependent hypertensive mouse. Int J Hypertens 2012. [PMID: 23193440 PMCID: PMC3502004 DOI: 10.1155/2012/968123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse models provide powerful tools for studying the mechanisms underlying the dysfunction of the autonomic reflex control of cardiovascular function and those involved in cardiovascular diseases. The established murine model of two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) angiotensin II-dependent hypertension represents a useful tool for studying the neural control of cardiovascular function. In this paper, we discuss the main contributions from our laboratory and others regarding cardiac-autonomic imbalance and baroreflex dysfunction. We show recent data from the angiotensin-dependent hypertensive mouse demonstrating DNA damage and oxidative stress using the comet assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Finally, we highlight the relationships between angiotensin and peripheral and central nervous system areas of cardiovascular control and oxidative stress in the 2K1C hypertensive mouse.
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Harwani SC, Chapleau MW, Legge KL, Ballas ZK, Abboud FM. Neurohormonal modulation of the innate immune system is proinflammatory in the prehypertensive spontaneously hypertensive rat, a genetic model of essential hypertension. Circ Res 2012; 111:1190-7. [PMID: 22904093 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.277475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Inflammation and autonomic dysfunction contribute to the pathophysiology of hypertension. Cholinergic stimulation suppresses innate immune responses. Angiotensin II (Ang II) induces hypertension and is associated with proinflammatory immune responses. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to define the innate immune response in a model of genetic hypertension and the influences of cholinergic stimulation and Ang II. METHODS AND RESULTS Studies were conducted on 4- to 5-week-old prehypertensive spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and age-matched normotensive control, Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. Isolated splenocytes were preexposed to nicotine or Ang II before Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. Culture supernatants were tested for cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin [IL]-10, and IL-6). TLR-mediated cytokine responses were most pronounced with TLR7/8 and TLR9 activation and similar between WKY rats and SHRs. Nicotine and Ang II enhanced this TLR-mediated IL-6 response in prehypertensive SHR splenocytes. In contrast, nicotine suppressed the TLR-mediated IL-6 response in WKY rats, whereas Ang II had no effect. In vivo, nicotine enhanced plasma levels of TLR7/8-mediated IL-6 and IL-1β responses in prehypertensive SHRs but suppressed these responses in WKY rats. Flow cytometry revealed an increase in a CD161+ innate immune cell population, which was enhanced by nicotine in the prehypertensive SHR spleen but not in WKY. CONCLUSIONS There is a pronounced anti-inflammatory nicotinic/cholinergic modulation of the innate immune system in WKY rats, which is reversed in prehypertensive SHRs. The results support the novel concept that neurohormonal regulation of the innate immune system plays a role in the pathogenesis of genetic hypertension and provide putative molecular targets for treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailesh C Harwani
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Abboud FM, Harwani SC, Chapleau MW. Autonomic neural regulation of the immune system: implications for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Hypertension 2012; 59:755-62. [PMID: 22331383 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.186833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François M Abboud
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1081, USA.
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Bates ME, Buckman JF, Vaschillo EG, Fonoberov VA, Fonoberova M, Vaschillo B, Mun EY, Mezić A, Mezić I. The redistribution of power: neurocardiac signaling, alcohol and gender. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28281. [PMID: 22164260 PMCID: PMC3229550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adaptability involves interconnected biological and psychological control processes that determine how successful we are in meeting internal and environmental challenges. Heart rate variability (HRV), the variability in consecutive R-wave to R-wave intervals (RRI) of the electrocardiogram, captures synergy between the brain and cardiovascular control systems that modulate adaptive responding. Here we introduce a qualitatively new dimension of adaptive change in HRV quantified as a redistribution of spectral power by applying the Wasserstein distance with exponent 1 metric (W(1)) to RRI spectral data. We further derived a new index, D, to specify the direction of spectral redistribution and clarify physiological interpretation. We examined gender differences in real time RRI spectral power response to alcohol, placebo and visual cue challenges. Adaptive changes were observed as changes in power of the various spectral frequency bands (i.e., standard frequency domain HRV indices) and, during both placebo and alcohol intoxication challenges, as changes in the structure (shape) of the RRI spectrum, with a redistribution towards lower frequency oscillations. The overall conclusions from the present study are that the RRI spectrum is capable of a fluid and highly flexible response, even when oscillations (and thus activity at the sinoatrial node) are pharmacologically suppressed, and that low frequency oscillations serve a crucial but less studied role in physical and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha E Bates
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America.
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