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Signal Transduction of Mineralocorticoid and Angiotensin II Receptors in the Central Control of Sodium Appetite: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111735. [PMID: 34769164 PMCID: PMC8584094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium appetite is an innate behavior occurring in response to sodium depletion that induces homeostatic responses such as the secretion of the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and the stimulation of the peptide hormone angiotensin II (ANG II). The synergistic action of these hormones signals to the brain the sodium appetite that represents the increased palatability for salt intake. This narrative review summarizes the main data dealing with the role of mineralocorticoid and ANG II receptors in the central control of sodium appetite. Appropriate keywords and MeSH terms were identified and searched in PubMed. References to original articles and reviews were examined, selected, and discussed. Several brain areas control sodium appetite, including the nucleus of the solitary tract, which contains aldosterone-sensitive HSD2 neurons, and the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis (OVLT) that contains ANG II-sensitive neurons. Furthermore, sodium appetite is under the control of signaling proteins such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and inositol 1,4,5-thriphosphate (IP3). ANG II stimulates salt intake via MAPK, while combined ANG II and aldosterone action induce sodium intake via the IP3 signaling pathway. Finally, aldosterone and ANG II stimulate OVLT neurons and suppress oxytocin secretion inhibiting the neuronal activity of the paraventricular nucleus, thus disinhibiting the OVLT activity to aldosterone and ANG II stimulation.
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Leng G, Russell JA. The osmoresponsiveness of oxytocin and vasopressin neurones: Mechanisms, allostasis and evolution. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12662. [PMID: 30451331 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the rat supraoptic nucleus, every oxytocin cell projects to the posterior pituitary, and is involved both in reflex milk ejection during lactation and in regulating uterine contractions during parturition. All are also osmosensitive, regulating natriuresis. All are also regulated by signals that control appetite, including the neural and hormonal signals that arise from the gut after food intake and from the sites of energy storage. All are also involved in sexual behaviour, anxiety-related behaviours and social behaviours. The challenge is to understand how a single population of neurones can coherently regulate such a diverse set of functions and adapt to changing physiological states. Their multiple functions arise from complex intrinsic properties that confer sensitivity to a wide range of internal and environmental signals. Many of these properties have a distant evolutionary origin in multifunctional, multisensory neurones of Urbilateria, the hypothesised common ancestor of vertebrates, insects and worms. Their properties allow different patterns of oxytocin release into the circulation from their axon terminals in the posterior pituitary into other brain areas from axonal projections, as well as independent release from their dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Leng
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John A Russell
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Grafe LA, Takacs AE, Yee DK, Flanagan-Cato LM. The role of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and the organum vasculosum lateral terminalis in the control of sodium appetite in male rats. J Neurosci 2014; 34:9249-60. [PMID: 25009258 PMCID: PMC4087205 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3979-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII) and aldosterone cooperate centrally to produce a robust sodium appetite. The intracellular signaling and circuitry that underlie this interaction remain unspecified. Male rats pretreated with both deoxycorticosterone (DOC; a synthetic precursor of aldosterone) and central AngII exhibited a marked sodium intake, as classically described. Disruption of inositol trisphosphate signaling, but not extracellular-regulated receptor kinase 1 and 2 signaling, prevented the cooperativity of DOC and AngII on sodium intake. The pattern of expression of the immediate early gene product cFos was used to identify key brain regions that may underlie this behavior. In the paraventricular nuclei (PVN) of the hypothalamus, DOC pretreatment diminished both AngII-induced cFos induction and neurosecretion of oxytocin, a peptide expressed in the PVN. Conversely, in the organum vasculosum lateral terminalis (OVLT), DOC pretreatment augmented cFos expression. Immunohistochemistry identified a substantial presence of oxytocin fibers in the OVLT. In addition, when action potentials in the PVN were inhibited with intraparenchymal lidocaine, AngII-induced sodium ingestion was exaggerated. Intriguingly, this treatment also increased the number of neurons in the OVLT expressing AngII-induced cFos. Collectively, these results suggest that the behavioral cooperativity between DOC and AngII involves the alleviation of an inhibitory oxytocin signal, possibly relayed directly from the PVN to the OVLT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Loretta M Flanagan-Cato
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Departments of Psychology and the Mahoney Institute of Neurological Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104
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Andrade CAF, Andrade-Franzé GMF, De Paula PM, De Luca LA, Menani JV. Role of α2-adrenoceptors in the lateral parabrachial nucleus in the control of body fluid homeostasis. Braz J Med Biol Res 2014; 47:11-8. [PMID: 24519089 PMCID: PMC3932968 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20133308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Central α2-adrenoceptors and the pontine lateral parabrachial nucleus
(LPBN) are involved in the control of sodium and water intake. Bilateral injections
of moxonidine (α2-adrenergic/imidazoline receptor agonist) or
noradrenaline into the LPBN strongly increases 0.3 M NaCl intake induced by a
combined treatment of furosemide plus captopril. Injection of moxonidine into the
LPBN also increases hypertonic NaCl and water intake and reduces oxytocin secretion,
urinary sodium, and water excreted by cell-dehydrated rats, causing a positive sodium
and water balance, which suggests that moxonidine injected into the LPBN deactivates
mechanisms that restrain body fluid volume expansion. Pretreatment with specific
α2-adrenoceptor antagonists injected into the LPBN abolishes the
behavioral and renal effects of moxonidine or noradrenaline injected into the same
area, suggesting that these effects depend on activation of LPBN
α2-adrenoceptors. In fluid-depleted rats, the palatability of sodium is
reduced by ingestion of hypertonic NaCl, limiting intake. However, in rats treated
with moxonidine injected into the LPBN, the NaCl palatability remains high, even
after ingestion of significant amounts of 0.3 M NaCl. The changes in behavioral and
renal responses produced by activation of α2-adrenoceptors in the LPBN are
probably a consequence of reduction of oxytocin secretion and blockade of inhibitory
signals that affect sodium palatability. In this review, a model is proposed to show
how activation of α2-adrenoceptors in the LPBN may affect palatability
and, consequently, ingestion of sodium as well as renal sodium excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A F Andrade
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, AraraquaraSP, Brasil, Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - G M F Andrade-Franzé
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, AraraquaraSP, Brasil, Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - P M De Paula
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, AraraquaraSP, Brasil, Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - L A De Luca
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, AraraquaraSP, Brasil, Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - J V Menani
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, AraraquaraSP, Brasil, Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
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Margatho LO, Elias CF, Elias LLK, Antunes-Rodrigues J. Oxytocin in the central amygdaloid nucleus modulates the neuroendocrine responses induced by hypertonic volume expansion in the rat. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:466-77. [PMID: 23331859 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the involvement of the oxytocinergic neurones that project into the central amygdala (CeA) in the control of electrolyte excretion and hormone secretion in unanaesthetised rats subjected to acute hypertonic blood volume expansion (BVE; 0.3 M NaCl, 2 ml/100 g of body weight over 1 min). Oxytocin and vasopressin mRNA expression in the paraventricular (Pa) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hypothalamus were also determined using the real time-polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridisation. Male Wistar rats with unilaterally implanted stainless steel cannulas in the CeA were used. Oxytocin (1 μg/0.2 μl), vasotocin, an oxytocin antagonist (1 μg/0.2 μl) or vehicle was injected into the CeA 20 min before the BVE. In rats treated with vehicle in the CeA, hypertonic BVE increased urinary volume, sodium excretion, plasma oxytocin (OT), vasopressin (AVP) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels and also increased the expression of OT and AVP mRNA in the Pa and SON. In rats pre-treated with OT in the CeA, previously to the hypertonic BVE, there were further significant increases in plasma AVP, OT and ANP levels, urinary sodium and urine output, as well as in gene expression (AVP and OT mRNA) in the Pa and SON compared to BVE alone. Vasotocin reduced sodium, urine output and ANP levels, although no changes were observed in plasma AVP and OT levels or in the expression of the AVP and OT genes in both hypothalamic nuclei. The results of the present study suggest that oxytocin in the CeA exerts a facilitatory role in the maintenance of hydroelectrolyte balance in response to changes in extracellular volume and osmolality.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O Margatho
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Andrade C, Margatho L, Andrade-Franzé G, De Luca L, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Menani J. Moxonidine into the lateral parabrachial nucleus reduces renal and hormonal responses to cell dehydration. Neuroscience 2012; 208:69-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Umbach AT, Pathare G, Föller M, Brosens JJ, Artunc F, Lang F. SGK1-dependent salt appetite in pregnant mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2011; 202:39-45. [PMID: 21251236 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Pregnancy is typically paralleled by substantial increase in maternal extracellular fluid volume, requiring net accumulation of water and NaCl. The positive water and salt balance is accomplished at least in part by increased uptake of salt secondary to enhanced salt appetite. Little is known about the underlying cellular mechanisms. Stimulation of salt appetite by mineralocorticoids, however, is known to be dependent on the serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase SGK1. METHODS To test for a role of SGK1 in the stimulation of salt appetite during pregnancy, fluid intake was recorded in pregnant SGK1 knockout mice (sgk1(-/-) ) and their wild type littermates (sgk1(+/+) ). The mice were offered two bottles, one with plain water and the other with isotonic saline. RESULTS In early pregnancy, i.e. up to 10 days prior to parturition, the sgk1(+/+) mice displayed a significant preference for saline, whereas the sgk1(-/-) mice preferred water. Accordingly, the water intake was significantly smaller and saline intake was significantly larger in sgk1(+/+) mice than in sgk1(-/-) mice and the preference for water was significantly stronger in sgk1(-/-) mice than in sgk1(+/+) mice. Plasma aldosterone levels were higher in sgk1(-/-) mice than in sgk1(+/+) mice, a difference contrasting the enhanced salt appetite of sgk1(+/+) mice. CONCLUSIONS SGK1 participates in the stimulation of salt appetite during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Umbach
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Omouessi ST, Falconetti C, Fernette B, Thornton SN. DOCA stimulates salt appetite in Zucker rats: effect of dose, synergistic action with central angiotensin II, and obesity. Brain Res Bull 2007; 74:14-20. [PMID: 17683784 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
An enhanced sodium appetite is found in rats by the synergist interaction of peripheral mineralocorticoids, deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA), and central angiotensin II (AngII), the synergy theory. We used obese Zucker rats which have a predisposition to develop hypertension under appropriate salt conditions to examine this synergy response between AngII and different low doses of DOCA on 2% NaCl intake. Obese and lean Zucker rats on low sodium food were treated systemically with 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg/day of DOCA for 3 days, before receiving i.c.v. AngII (10 pmol) on the fourth day. Food, fluid intakes and urine outputs were measured daily throughout. Plasma aldosterone levels were also analysed. Results showed that AngII alone increased water but not salt intake, whereas all three doses of DOCA by themselves enhanced daily salt intake during the treatment period. The lowest dose of DOCA plus AngII did not stimulate an enhanced sodium consumption. The 1 mg/kg was the threshold dose of DOCA for a synergistic response, and with 2 mg/kg DOCA the obese rats consumed nearly 2-fold more hypertonic NaCl solution than the leans. Moreover, obese baseline plasma levels of aldosterone were more elevated than the lean rats. In conclusion, in adult Zucker rats a threshold level of mineralocorticoid is required for the salt stimulating action of central AngII. In the obese rat the synergistic effect is enhanced with higher doses of mineralocorticoid, suggesting that the plasma level of aldosterone could be a prominent factor, which may predispose the obese to salt-sensitivity and, possibly, subsequently to hypertension under appropriate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Omouessi
- EA 3453 SNCI, Université Henri Poincaré, Nancy, France
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Khalil RA. Dietary salt and hypertension: new molecular targets add more spice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 290:R509-13. [PMID: 16467497 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00600.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raouf A Khalil
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, NRB 435, 77 Ave. Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Vallon V, Huang DY, Grahammer F, Wyatt AW, Osswald H, Wulff P, Kuhl D, Lang F. SGK1 as a determinant of kidney function and salt intake in response to mineralocorticoid excess. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 289:R395-R401. [PMID: 16014448 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00731.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoids modify salt balance by both stimulating salt intake and inhibiting salt loss. Renal salt retention is accomplished by upregulation of reabsorption, an effect partially mediated by serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1). The present study explored the contribution of SGK1 to the regulation of renal function, salt intake, and blood pressure during mineralocorticoid excess. DOCA/1% NaCl treatment increased blood pressure and creatinine clearance to a similar extent in SGK1-deficient sgk1−/−and wild-type sgk1+/+mice but led to more pronounced increase of proteinuria in sgk1+/+mice (by 474 ± 89%) than in sgk1−/−mice (by 154 ± 31%). DOCA/1% NaCl treatment led to significant increase of kidney weight (by 24%) and to hypokalemia (from 3.9 ± 0.1 to 2.7 ± 0.1 mmol/l) only in sgk1+/+mice. The treatment enhanced renal Na+excretion significantly more in sgk1+/+mice (from 3 ± 1 to 134 ± 32 μmol·24 h−1·g body wt−1) than in sgk1−/−mice (from 4 ± 1 to 49 ± 8 μmol·24 h−1·g body wt−1), pointing to SGK1-dependent stimulation of salt intake. With access to two drinking bottles containing 1% NaCl or water, DOCA treatment did not significantly affect water intake in either genotype but increased 1% NaCl intake in sgk1+/+mice (within 9 days from 3.5 ± 0.9 to 16.5 ± 2.4 ml/day) consistent with DOCA-induced salt appetite. This response was significantly attenuated in sgk1−/−mice (from 2.6 ± 0.6 to 5.9 ± 0.9 ml/day). Thus SGK1 contributes to the stimulation of salt intake, kidney growth, proteinuria, and renal K+excretion during mineralocorticoid excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Vallon
- Dept. of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstrasse 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Cupples
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, University of Victoria, PO Box 3020, STN CSC Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3N5.
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