1
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Maggiore JC, LeGraw R, Przepiorski A, Velazquez J, Chaney C, Vanichapol T, Streeter E, Almuallim Z, Oda A, Chiba T, Silva-Barbosa A, Franks J, Hislop J, Hill A, Wu H, Pfister K, Howden SE, Watkins SC, Little MH, Humphreys BD, Kiani S, Watson A, Stolz DB, Davidson AJ, Carroll T, Cleaver O, Sims-Lucas S, Ebrahimkhani MR, Hukriede NA. A genetically inducible endothelial niche enables vascularization of human kidney organoids with multilineage maturation and emergence of renin expressing cells. Kidney Int 2024:S0085-2538(24)00407-1. [PMID: 38901605 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2024.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Vascularization plays a critical role in organ maturation and cell-type development. Drug discovery, organ mimicry, and ultimately transplantation hinge on achieving robust vascularization of in vitro engineered organs. Here, focusing on human kidney organoids, we overcame this hurdle by combining a human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line containing an inducible ETS translocation variant 2 (ETV2) (a transcription factor playing a role in endothelial cell development) that directs endothelial differentiation in vitro, with a non-transgenic iPSC line in suspension organoid culture. The resulting human kidney organoids show extensive endothelialization with a cellular identity most closely related to human kidney endothelia. Endothelialized kidney organoids also show increased maturation of nephron structures, an associated fenestrated endothelium with de novo formation of glomerular and venous subtypes, and the emergence of drug-responsive renin expressing cells. The creation of an engineered vascular niche capable of improving kidney organoid maturation and cell type complexity is a significant step forward in the path to clinical translation. Thus, incorporation of an engineered endothelial niche into a previously published kidney organoid protocol allowed the orthogonal differentiation of endothelial and parenchymal cell types, demonstrating the potential for applicability to other basic and translational organoid studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Maggiore
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Integrative Organ Systems, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan LeGraw
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aneta Przepiorski
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeremy Velazquez
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher Chaney
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Thitinee Vanichapol
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Evan Streeter
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Integrative Organ Systems, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zainab Almuallim
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Integrative Organ Systems, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Akira Oda
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Takuto Chiba
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anne Silva-Barbosa
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan Franks
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua Hislop
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alex Hill
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Haojia Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Katherine Pfister
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sara E Howden
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin D Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Samira Kiani
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alan Watson
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alan J Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tom Carroll
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sunder Sims-Lucas
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mo R Ebrahimkhani
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Neil A Hukriede
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Integrative Organ Systems, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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2
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Honeycutt SE, N'Guetta PEY, Hardesty DM, Xiong Y, Cooper SL, Stevenson MJ, O'Brien LL. Netrin 1 directs vascular patterning and maturity in the developing kidney. Development 2023; 150:dev201886. [PMID: 37818607 PMCID: PMC10690109 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The intricate vascular system of the kidneys supports body fluid and organ homeostasis. However, little is known about how vascular architecture is established during kidney development. More specifically, how signals from the kidney influence vessel maturity and patterning remains poorly understood. Netrin 1 (Ntn1) is a secreted ligand that is crucial for vessel and neuronal guidance. Here, we demonstrate that Ntn1 is expressed by Foxd1+ stromal progenitors in the developing mouse kidney and conditional deletion (Foxd1GC/+;Ntn1fl/fl) results in hypoplastic kidneys with extended nephrogenesis. Wholemount 3D analyses additionally revealed the loss of a predictable vascular pattern in Foxd1GC/+;Ntn1fl/fl kidneys. As vascular patterning has been linked to vessel maturity, we investigated arterialization. Quantification of the CD31+ endothelium at E15.5 revealed no differences in metrics such as the number of branches or branch points, whereas the arterial vascular smooth muscle metrics were significantly reduced at both E15.5 and P0. In support of our observed phenotypes, whole kidney RNA-seq revealed disruptions to genes and programs associated with stromal cells, vasculature and differentiating nephrons. Together, our findings highlight the significance of Ntn1 to proper vascularization and kidney development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E. Honeycutt
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Y. N'Guetta
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Deanna M. Hardesty
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yubin Xiong
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shamus L. Cooper
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Matthew J. Stevenson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lori L. O'Brien
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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3
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Nagalakshmi VK, Li M, Liang X, Medrano S, Belyea BC, Gomez RA, Sequeira-Lopez MLS. Cells of the renin lineage promote kidney regeneration post-release of ureteral obstruction in neonatal mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 238:e14014. [PMID: 37309075 PMCID: PMC10527043 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM Ureteral obstruction leads to significant changes in kidney renin expression. It is unclear whether those changes are responsible for the progression of kidney damage, repair, or regeneration. In the current study, we aimed to elucidate the contribution of renin-producing cells (RPCs) and the cells of the renin lineage (CoRL) towards kidney damage and regeneration using a model of partial and reversible unilateral ureteral obstruction (pUUO) in neonatal mice. METHODS Renin cells are progenitors for other renal cell types collectively called CoRL. We labeled the CoRL with green fluorescent protein (GFP) using genetic approaches. We performed lineage tracing to analyze the changes in the distribution of CoRL during and after the release of obstruction. We also ablated the RPCs and CoRL by cell-specific expression of Diphtheria Toxin Sub-unit A (DTA). Finally, we evaluated the kidney damage and regeneration during and after the release of obstruction in the absence of CoRL. RESULTS In the obstructed kidneys, there was a 163% increase in the renin-positive area and a remarkable increase in the distribution of GFP+ CoRL. Relief of obstruction abrogated these changes. In addition, DTA-expressing animals did not respond to pUUO with increased RPCs and CoRL. Moreover, reduction in CoRL significantly compromised the kidney's ability to recover from the damage after the release of obstruction. CONCLUSIONS CoRL play a role in the regeneration of the kidneys post-relief of obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya K. Nagalakshmi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Minghong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Xiuyin Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Silvia Medrano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Brian C Belyea
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - R. Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
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4
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Honeycutt SE, N’Guetta PEY, Hardesty DM, Xiong Y, Cooper SL, O’Brien LL. Netrin-1 directs vascular patterning and maturity in the developing kidney. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.14.536975. [PMID: 37131589 PMCID: PMC10153117 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.14.536975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Blood filtering by the kidney requires the establishment of an intricate vascular system that works to support body fluid and organ homeostasis. Despite these critical roles, little is known about how vascular architecture is established during kidney development. More specifically, how signals from the kidney influence vessel maturity and patterning remains poorly understood. Netrin-1 (Ntn1) is a secreted ligand critical for vessel and neuronal guidance. Here, we demonstrate that Ntn1 is expressed by stromal progenitors in the developing kidney, and conditional deletion of Ntn1 from Foxd1+ stromal progenitors (Foxd1GC/+;Ntn1fl/fl) results in hypoplastic kidneys that display extended nephrogenesis. Despite expression of the netrin-1 receptor Unc5c in the adjacent nephron progenitor niche, Unc5c knockout kidneys develop normally. The netrin-1 receptor Unc5b is expressed by embryonic kidney endothelium and therefore we interrogated the vascular networks of Foxd1GC/+;Ntn1fl/fl kidneys. Wholemount, 3D analyses revealed the loss of a predictable vascular pattern in mutant kidneys. As vascular patterning has been linked to vessel maturity, we investigated arterialization in these mutants. Quantification of the CD31+ endothelium at E15.5 revealed no differences in metrics such as the number of branches or branch points, whereas the arterial vascular smooth muscle metrics were significantly reduced at both E15.5 and P0. In support of these results, whole kidney RNA-seq showed upregulation of angiogenic programs and downregulation of muscle-related programs which included smooth muscle-associated genes. Together, our findings highlight the significance of netrin-1 to proper vascularization and kidney development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Emery Honeycutt
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Deanna Marie Hardesty
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yubin Xiong
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shamus Luke Cooper
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lori Lynn O’Brien
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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5
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Kumar P, Zadjali F, Yao Y, Bissler JJ. Renal cystic disease in tuberous sclerosis complex. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:2111-2117. [PMID: 34488473 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211038378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is associated with TSC1 or TSC2 gene mutations resulting in hyperactivation of the mTORC1 pathway. This mTORC1 activation is associated with abnormal tissue development and proliferation such that in the kidney there are both solid tumors and cystic lesions. This review summarizes recent advances in tuberous sclerosis complex nephrology and focuses on the genetics and cell biology of tuberous sclerosis complex renal disease, highlighting a role of extracellular vesicles and the innate immune system in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute (CFRI), Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Fahad Zadjali
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute (CFRI), Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, PC 123, Oman
| | - Ying Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute (CFRI), Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John J Bissler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute (CFRI), Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Pediatric Medicine Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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6
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Kessel F, Steglich A, Hickmann L, Lira-Martinez R, Gerlach M, Sequeira-Lopez ML, Gomez RA, Hugo C, Todorov VT. Patterns of differentiation of renin lineage cells during nephrogenesis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 321:F378-F388. [PMID: 34338032 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00151.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmentally heterogeneous renin expressing cells serve as progenitors for mural, glomerular and tubular cells during nephrogenesis and are collectively termed renin lineage cells (RLCs). In this study, we quantified different renal vascular and tubular cell types based on specific markers, assessed proliferation, and de-novo differentiation in the RLC population. We used kidney sections of mRenCre-mT/mG mice throughout nephrogenesis. Marker positivity was evaluated in whole digitalized sections. At embryonic day 16, RLCs appeared in the developing kidney, and expression of all stained markers in RLCs was observed. The proliferation rate of RLCs did not differ from the proliferation rate of non-RLCs. The RLCs expanded mainly by de-novo differentiation (neogenesis). The fractions of RLCs originating from the stromal progenitors of the metanephric mesenchyme (renin producing cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, mesangial cells) decreased during nephrogenesis. In contrast, aquaporin 2 positive RLCs in the collecting duct system that embryonically emerges almost exclusively from the ureteric bud, expanded postpartum. The cubilin positive RLC fraction in the proximal tubule, deriving from the cap mesenchyme, remained constant. During nephrogenesis, RLCs were continuously detectable in the vascular and tubular compartments of the kidney. Therein, various patterns of RLC differentiation that depend on the embryonic origin of the cells were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Kessel
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Steglich
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Linda Hickmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Institute of Physiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ricardo Lira-Martinez
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Gerlach
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Core Facility Cellular Imaging (CFCI), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria Luisa Sequeira-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - R Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Christian Hugo
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vladimir T Todorov
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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7
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Abstract
Renin cells are essential for survival perfected throughout evolution to ensure normal development and defend the organism against a variety of homeostatic threats. During embryonic and early postnatal life, they are progenitors that participate in the morphogenesis of the renal arterial tree. In adult life, they are capable of regenerating injured glomeruli, control blood pressure, fluid-electrolyte balance, tissue perfusion, and in turn, the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to cells. Throughout life, renin cell descendants retain the plasticity or memory to regain the renin phenotype when homeostasis is threatened. To perform all of these functions and maintain well-being, renin cells must regulate their identity and fate. Here, we review the major mechanisms that control the differentiation and fate of renin cells, the chromatin events that control the memory of the renin phenotype, and the major pathways that determine their plasticity. We also examine how chronic stimulation of renin cells alters their fate leading to the development of a severe and concentric hypertrophy of the intrarenal arteries and arterioles. Lastly, we provide examples of additional changes in renin cell fate that contribute to equally severe kidney disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa S. Sequeira-Lopez
- Departments of Pediatrics an Biology, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - R. Ariel Gomez
- Departments of Pediatrics an Biology, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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8
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Bjørnholm KD, Ougaard ME, Skovsted GF, Knudsen LB, Pyke C. Activation of the renal GLP-1R leads to expression of Ren1 in the renal vascular tree. ENDOCRINOLOGY DIABETES & METABOLISM 2021; 4:e00234. [PMID: 34277961 PMCID: PMC8279630 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The GLP‐1 receptor (GLP‐1R) in the kidney is expressed exclusively in vascular smooth muscle cells in arteries and arterioles. Downstream effects of the activation of the renal vascular GLP‐1R are elusive but may involve regulation of the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS). The expression of Ren1 in the mouse renal vasculature was investigated by in situ hybridization after a single subcutaneous dose of liraglutide, semaglutide and after repeated injections of liraglutide. Single and repeated exposure to GLP‐1R agonists induced expression of Ren1 in the renal vascular smooth muscle cell compartment compared with vehicle injected controls (p < .0001) for both semaglutide and liraglutide. The present data show a robust induction of Ren1 expression in the vascular smooth muscle cells of the kidney after single and repeated GLP‐1R activation and this renin recruitment may be involved in the effects of GLP‐1R agonist treatment on kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Dahl Bjørnholm
- Department of Experimental Animal Models University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark.,Department of Cardiovascular Research Novo Nordisk A/S Måløv Denmark
| | | | - Gry Freja Skovsted
- Department of Experimental Animal Models University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark
| | | | - Charles Pyke
- Department of Pathology and Imaging Novo Nordisk A/S Måløv Denmark
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9
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Guessoum O, de Goes Martini A, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. Deciphering the Identity of Renin Cells in Health and Disease. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:280-292. [PMID: 33162328 PMCID: PMC7914220 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypotension and changes in fluid-electrolyte balance pose immediate threats to survival. Juxtaglomerular cells respond to such threats by increasing the synthesis and secretion of renin. In addition, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) along the renal arterioles transform into renin cells until homeostasis has been regained. However, chronic unrelenting stimulation of renin cells leads to severe kidney damage. Here, we discuss the origin, distribution, function, and plasticity of renin cells within the kidney and immune compartments and the consequences of distorting the renin program. Understanding how chronic stimulation of these cells in the context of hypertension may lead to vascular pathology will serve as a foundation for targeted molecular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Guessoum
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alexandre de Goes Martini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Maria Luisa S Sequeira-Lopez
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R Ariel Gomez
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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10
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Rotem-Grunbaum B, Landau D. Genetic renal disease classification by hormonal axes. Pediatr Nephrol 2020; 35:2211-2219. [PMID: 31828468 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-019-04437-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The kidneys, which regulate many homeostatic pathways, are also a major endocrinological target organ. Many genetic renal diseases can be classified according to the affected protein along such endocrinological pathways. In this review, we examine the hypothesis that a more severe phenotype is expected as the affected protein is located more distally along such pathways. Thus, the location of a defect along its endocrinological pathway should be taken into consideration, in addition to the mutation type, when assessing genetic renal disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bar Rotem-Grunbaum
- Department of Pediatrics B, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel Landau
- Department of Pediatrics B, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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11
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Kosovic I, Filipovic N, Benzon B, Bocina I, Glavina Durdov M, Vukojevic K, Saraga M, Saraga-Babic M. Connexin Signaling in the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA) of Developing, Postnatal Healthy and Nephrotic Human Kidneys. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8349. [PMID: 33172216 PMCID: PMC7664435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study analyzed the expression pattern of different connexins (Cxs) and renin positive cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) of developing, postnatal healthy human kidneys and in nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (CNF), by using double immunofluorescence, electron microscopy and statistical measuring. The JGA contained several cell types connected by Cxs, and consisting of macula densa, extraglomerular mesangium (EM) and juxtaglomerular cells (JC), which release renin involved in renin-angiotensin- aldosteron system (RAS) of arterial blood pressure control. During JGA development, strong Cx40 expression gradually decreased, while expression of Cx37, Cx43 and Cx45 increased, postnatally showing more equalized expression patterning. In parallel, initially dispersed renin cells localized to JGA, and greatly increased expression in postnatal kidneys. In CNF kidneys, increased levels of Cx43, Cx37 and Cx45 co-localized with accumulations of renin cells in JGA. Additionally, they reappeared in extraglomerular mesangial cells, indicating association between return to embryonic Cxs patterning and pathologically changed kidney tissue. Based on the described Cxs and renin expression patterning, we suggest involvement of Cx40 primarily in the formation of JGA in developing kidneys, while Cx37, Cx43 and Cx45 might participate in JGA signal transfer important for postnatal maintenance of kidney function and blood pressure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Kosovic
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.K.); (N.F.); (B.B.); (K.V.)
| | - Natalija Filipovic
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.K.); (N.F.); (B.B.); (K.V.)
| | - Benjamin Benzon
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.K.); (N.F.); (B.B.); (K.V.)
| | - Ivana Bocina
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Merica Glavina Durdov
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital in Split, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Katarina Vukojevic
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.K.); (N.F.); (B.B.); (K.V.)
| | - Marijan Saraga
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital in Split, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Mirna Saraga-Babic
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.K.); (N.F.); (B.B.); (K.V.)
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12
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Mohamed TH, Watanabe H, Kaur R, Belyea BC, Walker PD, Gomez RA, Sequeira-Lopez MLS. Renin-Expressing Cells Require β1-Integrin for Survival and for Development and Maintenance of the Renal Vasculature. Hypertension 2020; 76:458-467. [PMID: 32594804 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Juxtaglomerular cells are crucial for blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis. The factors that maintain the life of renin cells are unknown. In vivo, renin cells receive constant cell-to-cell, mechanical, and neurohumoral stimulation that maintain their identity and function. Whether the presence of this niche is crucial for the vitality of the juxtaglomerular cells is unknown. Integrins are the largest family of cell adhesion molecules that mediate cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions. Of those, β1-integrin is the most abundant in juxtaglomerular cells. However, its role in renin cell identity and function has not been ascertained. To test the hypothesis that cell-matrix interactions are fundamental not only to maintain the identity and function of juxtaglomerular cells but also to keep them alive, we deleted β1-integrin in vivo in cells of the renin lineage. In mutant mice, renin cells died by apoptosis, resulting in decreased circulating renin, hypotension, severe renal-vascular abnormalities, and renal failure. Results indicate that cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions via β1-integrin is essential for juxtaglomerular cells survival, suggesting that the juxtaglomerular niche is crucial not only for the tight regulation of renin release but also for juxtaglomerular cell survival-a sine qua non condition to maintain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahagod H Mohamed
- From the Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics (T.H.M., H.W., R.K., B.C.B., R.A.G., M.L.S.S.-L.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Hirofumi Watanabe
- From the Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics (T.H.M., H.W., R.K., B.C.B., R.A.G., M.L.S.S.-L.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Rajwinderjit Kaur
- From the Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics (T.H.M., H.W., R.K., B.C.B., R.A.G., M.L.S.S.-L.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Brian C Belyea
- From the Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics (T.H.M., H.W., R.K., B.C.B., R.A.G., M.L.S.S.-L.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Patrick D Walker
- Renal Pathology Division, Arkana Laboratories, Little Rock, AR (P.D.W.)
| | - R Ariel Gomez
- From the Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics (T.H.M., H.W., R.K., B.C.B., R.A.G., M.L.S.S.-L.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville.,Department of Biology (R.A.G., M.L.S.S.-L.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Maria Luisa S Sequeira-Lopez
- From the Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics (T.H.M., H.W., R.K., B.C.B., R.A.G., M.L.S.S.-L.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville.,Department of Biology (R.A.G., M.L.S.S.-L.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
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13
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Steglich A, Hickmann L, Linkermann A, Bornstein S, Hugo C, Todorov VT. Beyond the Paradigm: Novel Functions of Renin-Producing Cells. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:53-81. [PMID: 32691160 DOI: 10.1007/112_2020_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The juxtaglomerular renin-producing cells (RPC) of the kidney are referred to as the major source of circulating renin. Renin is the limiting factor in renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which represents a proteolytic cascade in blood plasma that plays a central role in the regulation of blood pressure. Further cells disseminated in the entire organism express renin at a low level as part of tissue RASs, which are thought to locally modulate the effects of systemic RAS. In recent years, it became increasingly clear that the renal RPC are involved in developmental, physiological, and pathophysiological processes outside RAS. Based on recent experimental evidence, a novel concept emerges postulating that next to their traditional role, the RPC have non-canonical RAS-independent progenitor and renoprotective functions. Moreover, the RPC are part of a widespread renin lineage population, which may act as a global stem cell pool coordinating homeostatic, stress, and regenerative responses throughout the organism. This review focuses on the RAS-unrelated functions of RPC - a dynamic research area that increasingly attracts attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Steglich
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Linda Hickmann
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Bornstein
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Hugo
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vladimir T Todorov
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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14
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Chittka D, Banas B, Lennartz L, Putz FJ, Eidenschink K, Beck S, Stempfl T, Moehle C, Reichelt-Wurm S, Banas MC. Long-term expression of glomerular genes in diabetic nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2019; 33:1533-1544. [PMID: 29340699 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfx359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common cause for end-stage renal disease in western societies, its pathogenesis still remains largely unclear. A different gene pattern of diabetic and healthy kidney cells is one of the probable explanations. Numerous signalling pathways have emerged as important pathophysiological mechanisms for diabetes-induced renal injury. Methods Glomerular cells, as podocytes or mesangial cells, are predominantly involved in the development of diabetic renal lesions. While many gene assays concerning DN are performed with whole kidney or renal cortex tissue, we isolated glomeruli from black and tan, brachyuric (BTBR) obese/obese (ob/ob) and wildtype mice at four different timepoints (4, 8, 16 and 24 weeks) and performed an mRNA microarray to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). In contrast to many other diabetic mouse models, these homozygous ob/ob leptin-deficient mice develop not only a severe type 2 diabetes, but also diabetic kidney injury with all the clinical and especially histologic features defining human DN. By functional enrichment analysis we were able to investigate biological processes and pathways enriched by the DEGs at different disease stages. Altered expression of nine randomly selected genes was confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction from glomerular RNA. Results Ob/ob type 2 diabetic mice showed up- and downregulation of genes primarily involved in metabolic processes and pathways, including glucose, lipid, fatty acid, retinol and amino acid metabolism. Members of the CYP4A and ApoB family were found among the top abundant genes. But more interestingly, altered gene loci showed enrichment for processes and pathways linked to angioneogenesis, complement cascades, semaphorin pathways, oxidation and reduction processes and renin secretion. Conclusion The gene profile of BTBR ob/ob type 2 diabetic mice we conducted in this study can help to identify new key players in molecular pathogenesis of diabetic kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Chittka
- Department of Nephrology, University hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Banas
- Department of Nephrology, University hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Laura Lennartz
- Department of Nephrology, University hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Franz Josef Putz
- Department of Nephrology, University hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Eidenschink
- Department of Nephrology, University hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Beck
- Department of Nephrology, University hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Stempfl
- Kompetenzzentrum Fluoreszente Bioanalytik (KFB), Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Moehle
- Kompetenzzentrum Fluoreszente Bioanalytik (KFB), Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Miriam C Banas
- Department of Nephrology, University hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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15
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Postnatal podocyte gain: Is the jury still out? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 91:147-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Tang J, Wysocki J, Ye M, Vallés PG, Rein J, Shirazi M, Bader M, Gomez RA, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Afkarian M, Batlle D. Urinary Renin in Patients and Mice With Diabetic Kidney Disease. Hypertension 2019; 74:83-94. [PMID: 31079532 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD), plasma renin activity is usually decreased, but there is limited information on urinary renin and its origin. Urinary renin was evaluated in samples from patients with longstanding type I diabetes mellitus and mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Renin-reporter mouse model (Ren1d-Cre;mT/mG) was made diabetic with streptozotocin to examine whether the distribution of cells of the renin lineage was altered in a chronic diabetic environment. Active renin was increased in urine samples from patients with DKD (n=36), compared with those without DKD (n=38; 3.2 versus 1.3 pg/mg creatinine; P<0.001). In mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, urine renin was also increased compared with nondiabetic controls. By immunohistochemistry, in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, juxtaglomerular apparatus and proximal tubular renin staining were reduced, whereas collecting tubule staining, by contrast, was increased. To examine the role of filtration and tubular reabsorption on urinary renin, mice were either infused with either mouse or human recombinant renin and lysine (a blocker of proximal tubular protein reabsorption). Infusion of either form of renin together with lysine markedly increased urinary renin such that it was no longer different between nondiabetic and diabetic mice. Megalin mRNA was reduced in the kidney cortex of streptozotocin-treated mice (0.70±0.09 versus 1.01±0.04 in controls, P=0.01) consistent with impaired tubular reabsorption. In Ren1d-Cre;mT/mG with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, the distribution of renin lineage cells within the kidney was similar to nondiabetic renin-reporter mice. No evidence for migration of cells of renin linage to the collecting duct in diabetic mice could be found. Renin mRNA in microdissected collecting ducts from streptozotocin-treated mice, moreover, was not significantly different than in controls, whereas in kidney cortex, largely reflecting juxtaglomerular apparatus renin, it was significantly reduced. In conclusion, in urine from patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and DKD and from mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, renin is elevated. This cannot be attributed to production from cells of the renin lineage migrating to the collecting duct in a chronic hyperglycemic environment. Rather, the elevated levels of urinary renin found in DKD are best attributed to altered glomerular filteration and impaired proximal tubular reabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Tang
- From the Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL (J.T., J.W., M.Y., J.R., M.S., D.B.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (J.T., J.R., M.S., M.B.)
| | - Jan Wysocki
- From the Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL (J.T., J.W., M.Y., J.R., M.S., D.B.)
| | - Minghao Ye
- From the Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL (J.T., J.W., M.Y., J.R., M.S., D.B.)
| | - Patricia G Vallés
- Notti Pediatric Hospital School of Medicine, Mendoza, Argentina (P.G.V.)
| | - Johannes Rein
- From the Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL (J.T., J.W., M.Y., J.R., M.S., D.B.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (J.T., J.R., M.S., M.B.)
| | - Mina Shirazi
- From the Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL (J.T., J.W., M.Y., J.R., M.S., D.B.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (J.T., J.R., M.S., M.B.)
| | - Michael Bader
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (J.T., J.R., M.S., M.B.).,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Batlle
- From the Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL (J.T., J.W., M.Y., J.R., M.S., D.B.)
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17
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Changes in cell fate determine the regenerative and functional capacity of the developing kidney before and after release of obstruction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:2519-2545. [PMID: 30442812 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Congenital obstructive nephropathy is a major cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children. The contribution of changes in the identity of renal cells to the pathology of obstructive nephropathy is poorly understood. Using a partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (pUUO) model in genetically modified neonatal mice, we traced the fate of cells derived from the renal stroma, cap mesenchyme, ureteric bud (UB) epithelium, and podocytes using Foxd1Cre, Six2Cre, HoxB7Cre, and Podocyte.Cre mice respectively, crossed with double fluorescent reporter (membrane-targetted tandem dimer Tomato (mT)/membrane-targetted GFP (mG)) mice. Persistent obstruction leads to a significant loss of tubular epithelium, rarefaction of the renal vasculature, and decreased renal blood flow (RBF). In addition, Forkhead Box D1 (Foxd1)-derived pericytes significantly expanded in the interstitial space, acquiring a myofibroblast phenotype. Degeneration of Sine Oculis Homeobox Homolog 2 (Six2) and HoxB7-derived cells resulted in significant loss of glomeruli, nephron tubules, and collecting ducts. Surgical release of obstruction resulted in striking regeneration of tubules, arterioles, interstitium accompanied by an increase in blood flow to the level of sham animals. Contralateral kidneys with remarkable compensatory response to kidney injury showed an increase in density of arteriolar branches. Deciphering the mechanisms involved in kidney repair and regeneration post relief of obstruction has potential therapeutic implications for infants and children and the growing number of adults suffering from CKD.
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18
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Ruhnke L, Sradnick J, Al-Mekhlafi M, Gerlach M, Gembardt F, Hohenstein B, Todorov VT, Hugo C. Progenitor Renin Lineage Cells are not involved in the regeneration of glomerular endothelial cells during experimental renal thrombotic microangiopathy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196752. [PMID: 29771991 PMCID: PMC5957372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (EC) frequently undergo primary or secondary injury during kidney disease such as thrombotic microangiopathy or glomerulonephritis. Renin Lineage Cells (RLCs) serve as a progenitor cell niche after glomerular damage in the adult kidney. However, it is not clear whether RLCs also contribute to endothelial replenishment in the glomerulus following endothelial injury. Therefore, we investigated the role of RLCs as a potential progenitor niche for glomerular endothelial regeneration. We used an inducible tet-on triple-transgenic reporter strain mRen-rtTAm2/LC1/LacZ to pulse-label the renin-producing RLCs in adult mice. Unilateral kidney EC damage (EC model) was induced by renal artery perfusion with concanavalin/anti-concanavalin. In this model glomerular EC injury and depletion developed within 1 day while regeneration occurred after 7 days. LacZ-labelled RLCs were restricted to the juxtaglomerular compartment of the afferent arterioles at baseline conditions. In contrast, during the regenerative phase of the EC model (day 7) a subset of LacZ-tagged RLCs migrated to the glomerular tuft. Intraglomerular RLCs did not express renin anymore and did not stain for glomerular endothelial or podocyte cell markers, but for the mesangial cell markers α8-integrin and PDGFRβ. Accordingly, we found pronounced mesangial cell damage parallel to the endothelial injury induced by the EC model. These results demonstrated that in our EC model RLCs are not involved in endothelial regeneration. Rather, recruitment of RLCs seems to be specific for the repair of the concomitantly damaged mesangium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Ruhnke
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan Sradnick
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, Germany
| | - Moath Al-Mekhlafi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Gerlach
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, Germany
| | - Florian Gembardt
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernd Hohenstein
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vladimir T. Todorov
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail: (CH); (VTT)
| | - Christian Hugo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail: (CH); (VTT)
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19
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Yoo KH, Yim HE, Bae ES, Hong YS. Capillary rarefaction and altered renal development: the imbalance between pro- and anti-angiogenic factors in response to angiotensin II inhibition in the developing rat kidney. J Mol Histol 2018; 49:219-228. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-018-9762-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Abstract
An accumulating body of evidence suggests that renin-expressing cells have developed throughout evolution as a mechanism to preserve blood pressure and fluid volume homeostasis as well as to counteract a number of homeostatic and immunological threats. In the developing embryo, renin precursor cells emerge in multiple tissues, where they differentiate into a variety of cell types. The function of those precursors and their progeny is beginning to be unravelled. In the developing kidney, renin-expressing cells control the morphogenesis and branching of the renal arterial tree. The cells do not seem to fully differentiate but instead retain a degree of developmental plasticity or molecular memory, which enables them to regenerate injured glomeruli or to alter their phenotype to control blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis. In haematopoietic tissues, renin-expressing cells might regulate bone marrow differentiation and participate in a circulating leukocyte renin-angiotensin system, which acts as a defence mechanism against infections or tissue injury. Furthermore, renin-expressing cells have an intricate lineage and functional relationship with erythropoietin-producing cells and are therefore central to two endocrine systems - the renin-angiotensin and erythropoietin systems - that sustain life by controlling fluid volume and composition, perfusion pressure and oxygen delivery to tissues. However, loss of the homeostatic control of these systems following dysregulation of renin-expressing cells can be detrimental, with serious pathological events.
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21
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Bueters RRG, Jeronimus-Klaasen A, Brüggemann RJM, van den Heuvel LP, Schreuder MF. Early postnatal gentamicin and ceftazidime treatment in normal and food restricted neonatal wistar rats: Implications for kidney development. Birth Defects Res 2017; 109:1228-1235. [PMID: 28696058 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to two-thirds of premature born neonates are treated for infections with aminoglycosides such as gentamicin. Although acute toxicities are well described, there is uncertainty on developmental changes after treatment of premature born neonates. We studied the effect of gentamicin and ceftazidime on kidney development in the rat. Additionally, we evaluated the modulating effect of extrauterine growth restriction. METHODS On postnatal day (PND) 2, Wistar rats were cross-fostered into normal sized litters (12 pups) or large litters (20 pups) to create normal food (NF) or food restricted (FR) litters to simulate growth restriction and dosed daily intraperitoneally with placebo, 4 mg/kg of gentamicin or 50 mg/kg ceftazidime until PND 8. Gentamicin pharmacokinetics were studied in a separate group of animals. Kidneys were weighed. Renal expression of 18 developmental genes was evaluated by quantitative PCR on PND 8. On PND 35, glomerular number was assessed by stereology and glomerular generations were counted. RESULTS Food restricted litters showed 22% less body weight compared with controls by day 35 (p < 0.001), 1.4- to 1.5-fold down regulation of Renin, Oat1, and Agtr1a (p < 0.05) expression and a 12% reduction in glomerular numbers (mean 30841 vs. 35187, p < 0.001), whereas glomerular generation count was unaffected. Gentamicin pharmacokinetic parameters were found to be in a human clinical range (mean maximum concentration in plasma of 4.88 mg/L and mean area under the plasma-concentration time curve up to the last measured concentration after 4 hr of 10.71 mg.h/L for sexes combined) and all endpoints were unaffected. Ceftazidime reduced Renin expression by 1.7-fold (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our experiments showed that gentamicin at clinical levels did not disturb kidney development, ceftazidime can affect Renin expression, and extrauterine growth restriction impairs kidney development, but did not modulate potential drug toxicity. Birth Defects Research 109:1228-1235, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud R G Bueters
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Preclinical Development & Safety, Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Annelies Jeronimus-Klaasen
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Roger J M Brüggemann
- Department of pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Health Science, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Lambertus P van den Heuvel
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michiel F Schreuder
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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22
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Gonzalez AA, Zamora L, Reyes-Martinez C, Salinas-Parra N, Roldan N, Cuevas CA, Figueroa S, Gonzalez-Vergara A, Prieto MC. (Pro)renin receptor activation increases profibrotic markers and fibroblast-like phenotype through MAPK-dependent ROS formation in mouse renal collecting duct cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:1134-1144. [PMID: 28696542 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggested that activation of the PRR upregulates profibrotic markers through reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation; however, the exact mechanisms have not been investigated in CD cells. We hypothesized that activation of the PRR increases the expression of profibrotic markers through MAPK-dependent ROS formation in CD cells. Mouse renal CD cell line (M-1) was treated with recombinant prorenin plus ROS or MAPK inhibitors and PRR-shRNA to evaluate their effect on the expression of profibrotic markers. PRR immunostaining revealed plasma membrane and intracellular localization. Recombinant prorenin increases ROS formation (6.0 ± 0.5 vs 3.9 ± 0.1 nmol/L DCF/μg total protein, P < .05) and expression of profibrotic markers CTGF (149 ± 12%, P < .05), α-SMA (160 ± 20%, P < .05), and PAI-I (153 ± 13%, P < .05) at 10-8 mol/L. Recombinant prorenin-induced phospho ERK 1/2 (p44 and p42) at 10-8 and 10-6 mol/L after 20 minutes. Prorenin-dependent ROS formation and augmentation of profibrotic factors were blunted by ROS scavengers (trolox, p-coumaric acid, ascorbic acid), the MEK inhibitor PD98059 and PRR transfections with PRR-shRNA. No effects were observed in the presence of antioxidants alone. Prorenin-induced upregulation of collagen I and fibronectin was blunted by ROS scavenging or MEK inhibition independently. PRR-shRNA partially prevented this induction. After 24 hours prorenin treatment M-1 cells undergo to epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype, however MEK inhibitor PD98059 and PRR knockdown prevented this effect. These results suggest that PRR might have a significant role in tubular damage during conditions of high prorenin-renin secretion in the CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis A Gonzalez
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Leonardo Zamora
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | | | - Nicolas Salinas-Parra
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Nicole Roldan
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Catherina A Cuevas
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Stefanny Figueroa
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Alex Gonzalez-Vergara
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Minolfa C Prieto
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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23
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Hickmann L, Steglich A, Gerlach M, Al-Mekhlafi M, Sradnick J, Lachmann P, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA, Hohenstein B, Hugo C, Todorov VT. Persistent and inducible neogenesis repopulates progenitor renin lineage cells in the kidney. Kidney Int 2017; 92:1419-1432. [PMID: 28688581 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Renin lineage cells (RLCs) serve as a progenitor cell reservoir during nephrogenesis and after renal injury. The maintenance mechanisms of the RLC pool are still poorly understood. Since RLCs were also identified as a progenitor cell population in bone marrow we first considered that these may be their source in the kidney. However, transplantation experiments in adult mice demonstrated that bone marrow-derived cells do not give rise to RLCs in the kidney indicating their non-hematopoietic origin. Therefore we tested whether RLCs develop in the kidney through neogenesis (de novo differentiation) from cells that have never expressed renin before. We used a murine model to track neogenesis of RLCs by flow cytometry, histochemistry, and intravital kidney imaging. During nephrogenesis RLCs first appear at e14, form a distinct population at e16, and expand to reach a steady state level of 8-10% of all kidney cells in adulthood. De novo differentiated RLCs persist as a clearly detectable population through embryogenesis until at least eight months after birth. Pharmacologic stimulation of renin production with enalapril or glomerular injury induced the rate of RLC neogenesis in the adult mouse kidney by 14% or more than three-fold, respectively. Thus, the renal RLC niche is constantly filled by local de novo differentiation. This process could be stimulated consequently representing a new potential target to beneficially influence repair and regeneration after kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Hickmann
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Steglich
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Gerlach
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Moath Al-Mekhlafi
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan Sradnick
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Lachmann
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - R Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Bernd Hohenstein
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Hugo
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Vladimir T Todorov
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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24
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Oka M, Medrano S, Sequeira-Lόpez MLS, Gómez RA. Chronic Stimulation of Renin Cells Leads to Vascular Pathology. Hypertension 2017; 70:119-128. [PMID: 28533331 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Experimental or spontaneous genomic mutations of the renin-angiotensin system or its pharmacological inhibition in early life leads to renal abnormalities, including poorly developed renal medulla, papillary atrophy, hydronephrosis, inability to concentrate the urine, polyuria, polydipsia, renal failure, and anemia. At the core of such complex phenotype is the presence of unique vascular abnormalities: the renal arterioles do not branch or elongate properly and they have disorganized, concentric hypertrophy. This lesion has been puzzling because it is often found in hypertensive individuals whereas mutant or pharmacologically inhibited animals are hypotensive. Remarkably, when renin cells are ablated with diphtheria toxin, the vascular hypertrophy does not occur, suggesting that renin cells per se may contribute to the vascular disease. To test this hypothesis, on a Ren1c-/- background, we generated mutant mice with reporter expression (Ren1c-/-;Ren1c-Cre;R26R.mTmG and Ren1c-/-;Ren1c-Cre;R26R.LacZ) to trace the fate of reninnull cells. To assess whether reninnull cells maintain their renin promoter active, we used Ren1c-/-;Ren1c-YFP mice that transcribe YFP (yellow fluorescent protein) directed by the renin promoter. We also followed the expression of Akr1b7 and miR-330-5p, markers of cells programmed for the renin phenotype. Contrary to what we expected, reninnull cells did not die or disappear. Instead, they survived, increased in number along the renal arterial tree, and maintained an active molecular memory of the myoepitheliod renin phenotype. Furthermore, null cells of the renin lineage occupied the walls of the arteries and arterioles in a chaotic, directionless pattern directly contributing to the concentric arterial hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Oka
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Silvia Medrano
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | | | - R Ariel Gómez
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
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25
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Rider SA, Christian HC, Mullins LJ, Howarth AR, MacRae CA, Mullins JJ. Zebrafish mesonephric renin cells are functionally conserved and comprise two distinct morphological populations. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 312:F778-F790. [PMID: 28179256 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00608.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish provide an excellent model in which to assess the role of the renin-angiotensin system in renal development, injury, and repair. In contrast to mammals, zebrafish kidney organogenesis terminates with the mesonephros. Despite this, the basic functional structure of the nephron is conserved across vertebrates. The relevance of teleosts for studies relating to the regulation of the renin-angiotensin system was established by assessing the phenotype and functional regulation of renin-expressing cells in zebrafish. Transgenic fluorescent reporters for renin (ren), smooth muscle actin (acta2), and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (pdgfrb) were studied to determine the phenotype and secretory ultrastructure of perivascular renin-expressing cells. Whole kidney ren transcription responded to altered salinity, pharmacological renin-angiotensin system inhibition, and renal injury. Mesonephric ren-expressing cells occupied niches at the preglomerular arteries and afferent arterioles, forming intermittent epithelioid-like multicellular clusters exhibiting a granular secretory ultrastructure. In contrast, renin cells of the efferent arterioles were thin bodied and lacked secretory granules. Renin cells expressed the perivascular cell markers acta2 and pdgfrb Transcriptional responses of ren to physiological challenge support the presence of a functional renin-angiotensin system and are consistent with the production of active renin. The reparative capability of the zebrafish kidney was harnessed to demonstrate that ren transcription is a marker for renal injury and repair. Our studies demonstrate substantive conservation of renin regulation across vertebrates, and ultrastructural studies of renin cells reveal at least two distinct morphologies of mesonephric perivascular ren-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien A Rider
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom;
| | - Helen C Christian
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Linda J Mullins
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia R Howarth
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Calum A MacRae
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John J Mullins
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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26
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Gomez RA, Sequeira-Lopez MLS. Novel Functions of Renin Precursors in Homeostasis and Disease. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 31:25-33. [PMID: 26661526 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00039.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renin progenitors appear early and are found in multiple tissues throughout the embryo. Besides their well known role in blood pressure and fluid homeostasis, renin progenitors participate in tissue morphogenesis, repair, and regeneration, and may integrate immune and endocrine responses. In the bone marrow, renin cells offer clues to understand normal and neoplastic hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ariel Gomez
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Child Health Research Center, Charlottesville, Virginia
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