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Shao H, Li S. A new perspective on HIV: effects of HIV on brain-heart axis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1226782. [PMID: 37600062 PMCID: PMC10436320 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1226782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can cause damage to multiple systems within the body, and the interaction among these various organ systems means that pathological changes in one system can have repercussions on the functions of other systems. However, the current focus of treatment and research on HIV predominantly centers around individual systems without considering the comprehensive relationship among them. The central nervous system (CNS) and cardiovascular system play crucial roles in supporting human life, and their functions are closely intertwined. In this review, we examine the effects of HIV on the CNS, the resulting impact on the cardiovascular system, and the direct damage caused by HIV to the cardiovascular system to provide new perspectives on HIV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sijun Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China
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Qrareya AN, Wise NS, Hodges ER, Mahdi F, Stewart JA, Paris JJ. HIV-1 Tat Upregulates the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products and Superoxide Dismutase-2 in the Heart of Transgenic Mice. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102191. [PMID: 36298745 PMCID: PMC9607872 DOI: 10.3390/v14102191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disorder (CVD) is a common comorbidity in people living with HIV (PLWH). Although the underlying mechanisms are unknown, virotoxic HIV proteins, such as the trans-activator of transcription (Tat), likely contribute to CVD pathogenesis. Tat expression in mouse myocardium has been found to induce cardiac dysfunction and increase markers of endothelial toxicity. However, the role that Tat may play in the development of CVD pathogenesis is unclear. The capacity for Tat to impact cardiac function was assessed using AC16 human cardiomyocyte cells and adult male and female transgenic mice that conditionally expressed Tat [Tat(+)], or did not [Tat(-)]. In AC16 cardiomyocytes, Tat increased intracellular calcium. In Tat(+) mice, Tat expression was detected in both atrial and ventricular heart tissue. Tat(+) mice demonstrated an increased expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end products and superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD-2) in ventricular tissues compared to Tat(-) controls. No changes in SOD-1 or α-smooth muscle actin were observed. Despite Tat-mediated changes at the cellular level, no changes in echocardiographic measures were detected. Tat(+) mice had a greater proportion of ventricular mast cells and collagen; however, doxycycline exposure offset the latter effect. These data suggest that Tat exposure promotes cellular changes that can precede progression to CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa N. Qrareya
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Nason S. Wise
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Emmanuel R. Hodges
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - James A. Stewart
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
- Correspondence: (J.A.S.J.); (J.J.P.); Tel.: +1-662-915-2309 (J.A.S.J.); +1-662-915-3096 (J.J.P.)
| | - Jason J. Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
- Correspondence: (J.A.S.J.); (J.J.P.); Tel.: +1-662-915-2309 (J.A.S.J.); +1-662-915-3096 (J.J.P.)
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Kuznetsova AI, Gromov KB, Kireev DE, Shlykova AV, Lopatukhin AE, Kazennova EV, Lebedev AV, Tumanov AS, Kim KV, Bobkova MR. [Analysis of Tat protein characteristics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 sub-subtype A6 (Retroviridae: Orthoretrovirinae: Lentivirus: Human immunodeficiency virus-1)]. Vopr Virusol 2022; 66:452-464. [PMID: 35019252 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tat protein is a major factor of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) transcription regulation and has other activities. Tat is characterized by high variability, with some amino acid substitutions, including subtypespecific ones, being able to influence on its functionality. HIV type 1 (HIV-1) sub-subtype A6 is the most widespread in Russia. Previous studies of the polymorphisms in structural regions of the A6 variant have shown numerous characteristic features; however, Tat polymorphism in A6 has not been studied.Goals and tasks. The main goal of the work was to analyze the characteristics of Tat protein in HIV-1 A6 variant, that is, to identify substitutions characteristic for A6 and A1 variants, as well as to compare the frequency of mutations in functionally significant domains in sub-subtype A6 and subtype B. MATERIAL AND METHODS The nucleotide sequences of HIV-1 sub-subtypes A6, A1, A2, A3, A4, subtype B and the reference nucleotide sequence were obtained from the Los Alamos international database. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Q54H and Q60H were identified as characteristic substitutions. Essential differences in natural polymorphisms between sub-subtypes A6 and A1 have been demonstrated. In the CPP-region, there were detected mutations (R53K, Q54H, Q54P, R57G) which were more common in sub-subtype A6 than in subtype B. CONCLUSION Tat protein of sub-subtype A6 have some characteristics that make it possible to reliably distinguish it from other HIV-1 variants. Mutations identified in the CPP region could potentially alter the activity of Tat. The data obtained could form the basis for the drugs and vaccines development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Kuznetsova
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology FSBI «National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - K B Gromov
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology FSBI «National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya» of the Ministry of Health of Russia; FSBI «Central Research Institute for Epidemiology» of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - D E Kireev
- FSBI «Central Research Institute for Epidemiology» of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - A V Shlykova
- FSBI «Central Research Institute for Epidemiology» of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - A E Lopatukhin
- FSBI «Central Research Institute for Epidemiology» of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - E V Kazennova
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology FSBI «National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - A V Lebedev
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology FSBI «National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - A S Tumanov
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology FSBI «National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - K V Kim
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology FSBI «National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - M R Bobkova
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology FSBI «National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
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Weber EA, Singh MV, Singh VB, Jackson JW, Ture SK, Suwunnakorn S, Morrell CN, Maggirwar SB. Novel Mechanism of Microvesicle Regulation by the Antiviral Protein Tetherin During HIV Infection. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e015998. [PMID: 32819189 PMCID: PMC7660781 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.015998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Microvesicles are cell membrane-derived vesicles that have been shown to augment inflammation. Specifically, monocyte-derived microvesicles (MDMVs), which can express the coagulation protein tissue factor, contribute to thrombus formation and cardiovascular disease. People living with HIV experience higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease and also exhibit increased levels of plasma microvesicles. The process of microvesicle release has striking similarity to budding of enveloped viruses. The surface protein tetherin inhibits viral budding by physically tethering budding virus particles to cells. Hence, we investigated the role of tetherin in regulating the release of MDMVs during HIV infection. Methods and Results The plasma of aviremic HIV-infected individuals had increased levels of tissue factor + MDMVs, as measured by flow cytometry, and correlated to reduced tetherin expression on monocytes. Superresolution confocal and electron microscopy showed that tetherin localized at the site of budding MDMVs. Mechanistic studies revealed that the exposure of monocytes to HIV-encoded Tat triggered tetherin loss and subsequent rise in MDMV production. Overexpression of tetherin in monocytes led to morphologic changes in the pseudopodia directly underneath the MDMVs. Further, tetherin knockout mice demonstrated a higher number of circulating MDMVs and less time to bleeding cessation. Conclusions Our studies define a novel regulatory mechanism of MDMV release through tetherin and explore its contribution to the procoagulatory state that is frequently observed in people with HIV. Such insights could lead to improved therapies for individuals infected with HIV and also for those with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Weber
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNY
| | - Meera V. Singh
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNY
| | - Vir B. Singh
- Department of Basic and Clinical SciencesAlbany College of Pharmacy and Health SciencesRochesterNY
| | - Joseph W. Jackson
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNY
| | - Sara K. Ture
- Aab Cardiovascular Research InstituteUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNY
| | - Sumanun Suwunnakorn
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNY
| | - Craig N. Morrell
- Aab Cardiovascular Research InstituteUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNY
| | - Sanjay B. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNY
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Liu J, Shah SK, Basu-Ray I, Garcia-Diaz J, Khalid K, Saeed M. QT prolongation in HIV-positive patients: Review article. Indian Heart J 2019; 71:434-439. [PMID: 32248914 PMCID: PMC7136325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2019.11.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antiretrovirals have immensely increased the average life expectancy of HIV-positive patients. However, the incidence of QT interval prolongation and other arrhythmias has also increased. Methods Pubmed and Google Scholar were searched for relevant literature published between 1990 and 2019. Results and discussion HIV-positive patients with high viral load, low CD4 count, chronic inflammation, and autonomic neuropathy can develop QT interval prolongation. Another factor prolonging QT interval includes exposure to the HIV transactivator protein, which inhibits hERG K (+) channels controlling IKr K (+) currents in cardiomyocytes. Protease inhibitors inhibiting the CYP3A4 enzyme can also lead to QT interval prolongation. QT interval prolongation can potentially be exacerbated by opioids, antipsychotics, antibiotics, and antifungals, the adjunct medications often used in HIV-positive patients. Hepatic insufficiency in seropositive patients on antiretrovirals may also increase the risk of QT interval prolongation. Conclusion Baseline and follow-up EKG in the susceptible population is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Sumit K Shah
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Indranill Basu-Ray
- Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA; St. Francis Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | | | - Kainat Khalid
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Mohammad Saeed
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
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Mechanisms of Arrhythmia and Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients With HIV Infection. Can J Cardiol 2018; 35:310-319. [PMID: 30825952 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term survival of HIV-infected patients has significantly improved with the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). As a consequence, cardiovascular diseases are now emerging as an important clinical problem in this population. Sudden cardiac death is the third leading cause of mortality in HIV patients. Twenty percent of patients with HIV who died of sudden cardiac death had previous cardiac arrhythmias including ventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and other unspecified rhythm disorders. This review presents a summary of HIV-related arrhythmias, associated risk factors specific to the HIV population, and underlying mechanisms. Compared with the general population, patients with HIV have several cardiac conditions and electrophysiological abnormalities. As a result, they have an increased risk of developing severe arrhythmias, that can lead to sudden cardiac death. Possible explanations may be related to non-ART polypharmacy, electrolyte imbalances, and use of substances observed in HIV-infected patients; many of these conditions are associated with alterations in cardiac electrical activity, increasing the risk of arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. However, clinical and experimental evidence has also revealed that cardiac arrhythmias occur in HIV-infected patients, even in the absence of drugs. This indicates that HIV itself can change the electrophysiological properties of the heart profoundly and cause cardiac arrhythmias and related sudden cardiac death. The current knowledge of the underlying mechanisms, as well as the emerging role of inflammation in these arrhythmias, are discussed here.
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Jiang Y, Chai L, Fasae MB, Bai Y. The role of HIV Tat protein in HIV-related cardiovascular diseases. J Transl Med 2018; 16:121. [PMID: 29739413 PMCID: PMC5941636 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a major global public health issue. HIV-related cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV positive patients. HIV Tat is a regulatory protein encoded by tat gene of HIV-1, which not only promotes the transcription of HIV, but it is also involved in the pathogenesis of HIV-related complications. This review is aimed at summarizing the current understanding of Tat in HIV-related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine- Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lu Chai
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine- Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Moyondafoluwa Blessing Fasae
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine- Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yunlong Bai
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine- Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. .,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China.
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Brailoiu E, McGuire M, Shuler SA, Deliu E, Barr JL, Abood ME, Brailoiu GC. Modulation of cardiac vagal tone by bradykinin acting on nucleus ambiguus. Neuroscience 2017; 365:23-32. [PMID: 28951324 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bradykinin (BK), a component of the kallikrein-kininogen-kinin system exerts multiple effects via B1 and B2 receptor activation. In the cardiovascular system, bradykinin has cardioprotective and vasodilator properties. We investigated the effect of BK on cardiac-projecting neurons of nucleus ambiguus, a key site for the parasympathetic cardiac regulation. BK produced a dose-dependent increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. Pretreatment with HOE140, a B2 receptor antagonist, but not with R715, a B1 receptor antagonist, abolished the response to BK. A selective B2 receptor agonist, but not a B1 receptor agonist, elicited an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ similarly to BK. Inhibition of N-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels with ω-conotoxin GVIA had no effect on the Ca2+ signal produced by BK, while pretreatment with ω-conotoxin MVIIC, a blocker of P/Q-type of Ca2+ channels, significantly diminished the effect of BK. Pretreatment with xestospongin C and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, antagonists of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors, abolished the response to BK. Inhibition of ryanodine receptors reduced the BK-induced Ca2+ increase, while disruption of lysosomal Ca2+ stores with bafilomycin A1 did not affect the response. BK produced a dose-dependent depolarization of nucleus ambiguus neurons, which was prevented by the B2 receptor antagonist. In vivo studies indicate that microinjection of BK into nucleus ambiguus elicited bradycardia in conscious rats via B2 receptors. In summary, in cardiac vagal neurons of nucleus ambiguus, BK activates B2 receptors promoting Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum, and membrane depolarization; these effects are translated in vivo by bradycardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Brailoiu
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Matthew McGuire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Shadaria A Shuler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Elena Deliu
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Barr
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Mary E Abood
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - G Cristina Brailoiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 infection and drug abuse are frequently co-morbid and their association greatly increases the severity of HIV-1-induced neuropathology. While nucleus accumbens (NAcc) function is severely perturbed by drugs of abuse, little is known about how HIV-1 infection affects NAcc. METHODS We used calcium and voltage imaging to investigate the effect of HIV-1 trans-activator of transcription (Tat) on rat NAcc. Based on previous neuronal studies, we hypothesized that Tat modulates intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis of NAcc neurons. RESULTS We provide evidence that Tat triggers a Ca2+ signaling cascade in NAcc medium spiny neurons (MSN) expressing D1-like dopamine receptors leading to neuronal depolarization. Firstly, Tat induced inositol 1,4,5-trisphsophate (IP3) receptor-mediated Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum, followed by Ca2+ and Na+ influx via transient receptor potential canonical channels. The influx of cations depolarizes the membrane promoting additional Ca2+ entry through voltage-gated P/Q-type Ca2+ channels and opening of tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na+ channels. By activating this mechanism, Tat elicits a feed-forward depolarization increasing the excitability of D1-phosphatidylinositol-linked NAcc MSN. We previously found that cocaine targets NAcc neurons directly (independent of the inhibition of dopamine transporter) only when IP3-generating mechanisms are concomitantly initiated. When tested here, cocaine produced a dose-dependent potentiation of the effect of Tat on cytosolic Ca2+. CONCLUSION We describe for the first time a HIV-1 Tat-triggered Ca2+ signaling in MSN of NAcc involving TRPC and depolarization and a potentiation of the effect of Tat by cocaine, which may be relevant for the reward axis in cocaine-abusing HIV-1-positive patients.
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Gherghina FL, Tica AA, Deliu E, Abood ME, Brailoiu GC, Brailoiu E. Effects of VPAC1 activation in nucleus ambiguus neurons. Brain Res 2017; 1657:297-303. [PMID: 28043808 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its G protein-coupled receptors, PAC1, VPAC1 and VPAC2 form a system involved in a variety of biological processes. Although some sympathetic stimulatory effects of this system have been reported, its central cardiovascular regulatory properties are poorly characterized. VPAC1 receptors are expressed in the nucleus ambiguus (nAmb), a key center controlling cardiac parasympathetic tone. In this study, we report that selective VPAC1 activation in rhodamine-labeled cardiac vagal preganglionic neurons of the rat nAmb produces inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-mediated Ca2+ mobilization, membrane depolarization and activation of P/Q-type Ca2+ channels. In vivo, this pathway converges onto transient reduction in heart rate of conscious rats. Therefore we demonstrate a VPAC1-dependent mechanism in the central parasympathetic regulation of the heart rate, adding to the complexity of PACAP-mediated cardiovascular modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrei Adrian Tica
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
| | - Elena Deliu
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Mary E Abood
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - G Cristina Brailoiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Eugen Brailoiu
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Khodr CE, Chen L, Dave S, Al-Harthi L, Hu XT. Combined chronic blockade of hyper-active L-type calcium channels and NMDA receptors ameliorates HIV-1 associated hyper-excitability of mPFC pyramidal neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 94:85-94. [PMID: 27326669 PMCID: PMC4983475 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection induces neurological and neuropsychological deficits, which are associated with dysregulation of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and other vulnerable brain regions. We evaluated the impact of HIV infection in the mPFC and the therapeutic potential of targeting over-active voltage-gated L-type Ca(2+) channels (L-channel) and NMDA receptors (NMDAR), as modeled in HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rats. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording was used to assess the membrane properties and voltage-sensitive Ca(2+) potentials (Ca(2+) influx) in mPFC pyramidal neurons. Neurons from HIV-1 Tg rats displayed reduced rheobase, spike amplitude and inwardly-rectifying K(+) influx, increased numbers of action potentials, and a trend of aberrant firing compared to those from non-Tg control rats. Neuronal hyper-excitation was associated with abnormally-enhanced Ca(2+) influx (independent of NMDAR), which was eliminated by acute L-channel blockade. Combined chronic blockade of over-active L-channels and NMDARs with open-channel blockers abolished HIV effects on spiking, aberrant firing and Ca(2+) potential half-amplitude duration, though not the reduced inward rectification. In contrast, individual chronic blockade of over-active L-channels or NMDARs did not alleviate HIV-induced mPFC hyper-excitability. These studies demonstrate that HIV alters mPFC neuronal activity by dysregulating membrane excitability and Ca(2+) influx through the L-channels. This renders these neurons more susceptible and vulnerable to excitatory stimuli, and could contribute to HIV-associated neuropathogenesis. Combined targeting of over-active L-channels/NMDARs alleviates HIV-induced dysfunction of mPFC pyramidal neurons, emphasizing a potential novel therapeutic strategy that may effectively decrease HIV-induced Ca(2+) dysregulation in the mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Khodr
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Sonya Dave
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Lena Al-Harthi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Xiu-Ti Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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12
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Idris NS, Cheung MMH, Grobbee DE, Burgner D, Kurniati N, Djer MM, Uiterwaal CSPM. Effects of paediatric HIV infection on electrical conduction of the heart. Open Heart 2016; 3:e000340. [PMID: 27042320 PMCID: PMC4800758 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2015-000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effects of HIV infection in children on heart electrical conduction, particularly to delineate the effects of HIV infection from treatment. Methods On a 12-lead ECG, available for 37 antiretroviral therapy (ART) naïve, 42 ART-exposed vertically-acquired HIV-infected and 50 healthy children in Jakarta, Indonesia, we measured cardiac conduction parameters: PR, QRS, and QTc (corrected using Bazett's formula) intervals. The associations between HIV infection/treatment status and ECG intervals were evaluated using general linear modelling with further adjustment for potential confounders or intermediary variables. Findings are presented as (adjusted) mean differences between each of the two HIV groups and healthy children. Results Although not exceeding the clinical threshold for long QT (QTc >460 ms for girls and >440 ms for boys) compared to healthy children, mean QTc intervals were longer in ART-naïve (difference 18.2 ms, 95% CI 7.0 to 29.3) and, to greater extent, in ART-exposed HIV-infected children (difference 28.9 ms, 19.3 to 38.5). Following adjustment for RR interval, age and height, prolongation of PR interval was seen only in ART-naïve HIV-infected children (difference 12.9 ms, 2.4 to 23.3). Cardiac mass/function, high-sensitive C reactive protein, cholesterol and glycated haemoglobin levels, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, or postnatal parental smoking exposure did not affect these associations. No difference in the QRS interval was observed between groups. Conclusions Prolongation of the QTc interval occurs in ART-naïve HIV-infected children and, to a greater extent, in the ART-exposed children, whereas a longer PR interval appears to be seen only among ART-naïve HIV-infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikmah S Idris
- Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia-Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Department of Child Health, Jakarta, Indonesia; Julius Global Health, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, the University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael M H Cheung
- Department of Paediatrics , University of Melbourne, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Royal Children's Hospital , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Diederick E Grobbee
- Julius Global Health , Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, the University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - David Burgner
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nia Kurniati
- Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia-Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Department of Child Health, Jakarta , Indonesia
| | - Mulyadi M Djer
- Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia-Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Department of Child Health, Jakarta , Indonesia
| | - Cuno S P M Uiterwaal
- Julius Global Health , Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, the University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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Altmann JB, Yan G, Meeks JF, Abood ME, Brailoiu E, Brailoiu GC. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-mediated effects on cytosolic calcium and nanomechanics in brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Neurochem 2015; 133:629-39. [PMID: 25703621 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is a relatively recently identified non-nuclear estrogen receptor, expressed in several tissues, including brain and blood vessels. The mechanisms elicited by GPER activation in brain microvascular endothelial cells are incompletely understood. The purpose of this work was to assess the effects of GPER activation on cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration, [Ca(2+)](i), nitric oxide production, membrane potential and cell nanomechanics in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (RBMVEC). Extracellular but not intracellular administration of G-1, a selective GPER agonist, or extracellular administration of 17-β-estradiol and tamoxifen, increased [Ca(2+)](i) in RBMVEC. The effect of G-1 on [Ca(2+)](i) was abolished in Ca(2+) -free saline or in the presence of a L-type Ca(2+) channel blocker. G-1 increased nitric oxide production in RBMVEC; the effect was prevented by NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester. G-1 elicited membrane hyperpolarization that was abolished by the antagonists of small and intermediate-conductance Ca(2+) -activated K(+) channels, apamin, and charibdotoxin. GPER-mediated responses were sensitive to G-36, a GPER antagonist. In addition, atomic force microscopy studies revealed that G-1 increased the modulus of elasticity, indicative of cytoskeletal changes and increase in RBMVEC stiffness. Our results unravel the mechanisms underlying GPER-mediated effects in RBMVEC with implications for the effect of estrogen on cerebral microvasculature. Activation of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (RBMVEC) increases [Ca(2+)](i) by promoting Ca(2+) influx. The increase in [Ca(2+)](i) leads to membrane hyperpolarization, nitric oxide (NO) production, and to cytoskeletal changes and increased cell stiffness. Our results unravel the mechanisms underlying GPER-mediated effects in RBMVEC with implications for the effect of estrogen on cerebral microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B Altmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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