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Erbaş E, Celep NA, Tekiner D, Genç A, Gedikli S. Assessment of toxicological effects of favipiravir (T-705) on the lung tissue of rats: An experimental study. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23536. [PMID: 37942797 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to present new data on the side effects of favipiravir on healthy lung tissue and the respiratory system. In the study, two different durations (5 and 10 days) were preferred to determine the effect of favipiravir treatment due to clinical improvement rates of approximately 5 and 10 days during the use of favipiravir in COVID-19 patients. In addition, after 10 days of favipiravir treatment, animals were kept for 5 days without any treatment to determine the regeneration of lung tissues. Favipiravir was administered to rats by oral gavage at a daily dose of 200 mg/kg for 5 and 10 days, as in previous studies. At the end of the experiment, the histopathological and biochemical effects of favipiravir in the lung tissue were investigated. The data obtained from the study showed that favipiravir increased oxidative stress parameters, expression of apoptotic markers, and pro-inflammatory markers in lung tissue. Since malondialdehydes is an oxidant parameter, it increased in favipiravir-administered groups; It was determined that the antioxidant parameters glutathione, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase decreased. Other markers used in the analysis are Bcl-2, Bax, NF-κB, interleukin (IL)-6, Muc1, iNOS, P2X7R, IL-6 and caspase-3. The levels of Bax, caspase-3, NF-κB, IL-6, Muc1, and P2X7R were increased in the Fav-treated groups compared with the control. However, the levels of Bcl-2 decreased in the Fav-treated groups. The present study proves that favipiravir, widely used today, causes side effects in lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Erbaş
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Atatürk University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Nevra Aydemir Celep
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Atatürk University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
- Department of Pharmacology, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Deniz Tekiner
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Atatürk University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Aydın Genç
- Department of Biochemistry, Bingöl University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingöl, Turkey
| | - Semin Gedikli
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Atatürk University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
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2
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Campos-Gómez J, Fernandez Petty C, Mazur M, Tang L, Solomon GM, Joseph R, Li Q, Peabody Lever JE, Hussain SS, Harrod KS, Onuoha EE, Kim H, Rowe SM. Mucociliary clearance augmenting drugs block SARS-CoV-2 replication in human airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 324:L493-L506. [PMID: 36809189 PMCID: PMC10042606 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00285.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, is devastatingly impacting human health. A prominent component of COVID-19 is the infection and destruction of the ciliated respiratory cells, which perpetuates dissemination and disrupts protective mucociliary transport (MCT) function, an innate defense of the respiratory tract. Thus, drugs that augment MCT could improve the barrier function of the airway epithelium and reduce viral replication and, ultimately, COVID-19 outcomes. We tested five agents known to increase MCT through distinct mechanisms for activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection using a model of human respiratory epithelial cells terminally differentiated in an air/liquid interphase. Three of the five mucoactive compounds tested showed significant inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 replication. An archetype mucoactive agent, ARINA-1, blocked viral replication and therefore epithelial cell injury; thus, it was further studied using biochemical, genetic, and biophysical methods to ascertain the mechanism of action via the improvement of MCT. ARINA-1 antiviral activity was dependent on enhancing the MCT cellular response, since terminal differentiation, intact ciliary expression, and motion were required for ARINA-1-mediated anti-SARS-CoV2 protection. Ultimately, we showed that the improvement of cilia movement was caused by ARINA-1-mediated regulation of the redox state of the intracellular environment, which benefited MCT. Our study indicates that intact MCT reduces SARS-CoV-2 infection, and its pharmacologic activation may be effective as an anti-COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Campos-Gómez
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | | | - Marina Mazur
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Liping Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - George M Solomon
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Reny Joseph
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Jacelyn E Peabody Lever
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Shah Saddad Hussain
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Kevin S Harrod
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Ezinwanne E Onuoha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Harrison Kim
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Steven M Rowe
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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3
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Campos-Gomez J, Petty CF, Mazur M, Tang L, Solomon GM, Joseph R, Li Q, Lever JEP, Hussain S, Harrod K, Onuoha E, Kim H, Rowe SM. Mucociliary Clearance Augmenting Drugs Block SARS-Cov-2 Replication in Human Airway Epithelial Cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.30.526308. [PMID: 36778446 PMCID: PMC9915467 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.30.526308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, is devastatingly impacting human health. A prominent component of COVID-19 is the infection and destruction of the ciliated respiratory cells, which perpetuates dissemination and disrupts protective mucociliary transport (MCT) function, an innate defense of the respiratory tract. Thus, drugs that augment MCT could improve barrier function of the airway epithelium, reduce viral replication and, ultimately, COVID-19 outcomes. We tested five agents known to increase MCT through distinct mechanisms for activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection using a model of human respiratory epithelial cells terminally differentiated in an air/liquid interphase. Three of the five mucoactive compounds tested showed significant inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 replication. An archetype mucoactive agent, ARINA-1, blocked viral replication and therefore epithelial cell injury, thus, it was further studied using biochemical, genetic and biophysical methods to ascertain mechanism of action via improvement of MCT. ARINA-1 antiviral activity was dependent on enhancing the MCT cellular response, since terminal differentiation, intact ciliary expression and motion was required for ARINA-1-mediated anti-SARS-CoV2 protection. Ultimately, we showed that improvement of cilia movement was caused by ARINA-1-mediated regulation of the redox state of the intracellular environment, which benefited MCT. Our study indicates that Intact MCT reduces SARS-CoV-2 infection, and its pharmacologic activation may be effective as an anti-COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Campos-Gomez
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Marina Mazur
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Liping Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - George M. Solomon
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Reny Joseph
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jacelyn E. Peabody Lever
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shah Hussain
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kevin Harrod
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ezinwanne Onuoha
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Harrison Kim
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Steven M. Rowe
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Bleomycin-Induced Damage in Rat Lung: Protective Effect of Grape Seed and Skin Extract. Dose Response 2022; 20:15593258221131648. [PMID: 36246170 PMCID: PMC9558885 DOI: 10.1177/15593258221131648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bleomycin is an effective chemotherapeutic agent with main side effects
including lung fibrosis which limited its clinical use. The aim of this
study is to evaluate the protective effect of grape seed and skin extract
(GSSE) against bleomycin-induced oxidative damage and inflammation in rat
lung, by assessing respiratory index (RI), oxidative and nitrosative stress
(SOD and XO activity, NO), fibrotic mediators (hydroxyproline and collagen),
apoptosis (cytochrome C and LDH), inflammation (IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β1), and
histological disturbances. Methods Rats were pre-treated during three weeks with vehicle [ethanol 10% control]
or GSSE (4 g/kg) and then administered with a single dose of bleo (15 mg/kg
bw) at the 7th day. Results: Bleo disturbed lung function through the accumulation
of hydroxyproline and collagen, decreased SOD activity but increased XO
activity as well as GSH and NO levels. Bleo also increased the
pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β1, and pro-apoptotic
cytochrome C factor and induced severe histological alterations of lung
parenchyma. Interestingly GSSE pre-treatment efficiently counteracted most
of the bleo-induced lung tissue damages. Conclusion Data suggest that GSSE exerts anti-oxidant, ant-inflammatory, and
anti-fibrosis properties that could find potential application in the
protection against bleo-induced lung fibrosis.
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The Therapeutic Role of Exercise and Probiotics in Stressful Brain Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073610. [PMID: 35408972 PMCID: PMC8998860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been recognized as a contributing factor in aging and in the progression of multiple neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s dementia, ischemic stroke, and head and spinal cord injury. The increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, altered metal homeostasis, and compromised brain antioxidant defence. All these changes have been reported to directly affect synaptic activity and neurotransmission in neurons, leading to cognitive dysfunction. In this context two non-invasive strategies could be employed in an attempt to improve the aforementioned stressful brain status. In this regard, it has been shown that exercise could increase the resistance against oxidative stress, thus providing enhanced neuroprotection. Indeed, there is evidence suggesting that regular physical exercise diminishes BBB permeability as it reinforces antioxidative capacity, reduces oxidative stress, and has anti-inflammatory effects. However, the differential effects of different types of exercise (aerobic exhausted exercise, anaerobic exercise, or the combination of both types) and the duration of physical activity will be also addressed in this review as likely determinants of therapeutic efficacy. The second proposed strategy is related to the use of probiotics, which can also reduce some biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines, although their underlying mechanisms of action remain unclear. Moreover, various probiotics produce neuroactive molecules that directly or indirectly impact signalling in the brain. In this review, we will discuss how physical activity can be incorporated as a component of therapeutic strategies in oxidative stress-based neurological disorders along with the augmentation of probiotics intake.
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Jîtcă G, Ősz BE, Tero-Vescan A, Miklos AP, Rusz CM, Bătrînu MG, Vari CE. Positive Aspects of Oxidative Stress at Different Levels of the Human Body: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030572. [PMID: 35326222 PMCID: PMC8944834 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the subject of numerous studies, most of them focusing on the negative effects exerted at both molecular and cellular levels, ignoring the possible benefits of free radicals. More and more people admit to having heard of the term "oxidative stress", but few of them understand the meaning of it. We summarized and analyzed the published literature data in order to emphasize the importance and adaptation mechanisms of basal oxidative stress. This review aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying the positive effects of oxidative stress, highlighting these effects, as well as the risks for the population consuming higher doses than the recommended daily intake of antioxidants. The biological dose-response curve in oxidative stress is unpredictable as reactive species are clearly responsible for cellular degradation, whereas antioxidant therapies can alleviate senescence by maintaining redox balance; nevertheless, excessive doses of the latter can modify the redox balance of the cell, leading to a negative outcome. It can be stated that the presence of oxidative status or oxidative stress is a physiological condition with well-defined roles, yet these have been insufficiently researched and explored. The involvement of reactive oxygen species in the pathophysiology of some associated diseases is well-known and the involvement of antioxidant therapies in the processes of senescence, apoptosis, autophagy, and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis cannot be denied. All data in this review support the idea that oxidative stress is an undesirable phenomenon in high and long-term concentrations, but regular exposure is consistent with the hormetic theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Jîtcă
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.J.); (C.E.V.)
| | - Bianca E. Ősz
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.J.); (C.E.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Amelia Tero-Vescan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.T.-V.); (A.P.M.)
| | - Amalia Pușcaș Miklos
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.T.-V.); (A.P.M.)
| | - Carmen-Maria Rusz
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, I.O.S.U.D, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (C.-M.R.); (M.-G.B.)
| | - Mădălina-Georgiana Bătrînu
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, I.O.S.U.D, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (C.-M.R.); (M.-G.B.)
| | - Camil E. Vari
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.J.); (C.E.V.)
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Zhang X, Shi Q, Xiong L, Shi S, Li Y, Wang Y, Zhang M. Clinical relevance of miR-423-5p levels in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2022; 77:100102. [PMID: 36162367 PMCID: PMC9513109 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2022.100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine changes in miRNAs expression profile of COPD patients. METHODS Thirty-six COPD patients as well as thirty-three healthy volunteers were recruited. Total RNAs were collected from the plasma of each participant. The differentially expressed miRNAs in COPD were screened from the GEO database. RT-qPCR was carried out to detect miRNA expression. RESULTS In total, 9 out of 55 miRNAs were expressed differentially in COPD patients. Confirmed by RT-qPCR validation, 6 miRNAs increased while 3 miRNAs decreased. Further analysis of miR-423-5p, which has not been reported in COPD, showed that AUC for the diagnosis of COPD was 0.9651, and miR-423-5p levels was inversely correlated with the duration of smoking. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that miR-423-5p is a potential marker for identifying COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Respiratory Department, ChongQing TongLiang People's Hospital, ChongQing, China
| | - Qing Shi
- Respiratory Department, ChongQing TongLiang People's Hospital, ChongQing, China
| | - Lu Xiong
- Respiratory Department, ChongQing TongLiang People's Hospital, ChongQing, China
| | - Shiye Shi
- Respiratory Department, ChongQing TongLiang People's Hospital, ChongQing, China
| | - Yong Li
- Respiratory Department, ChongQing TongLiang People's Hospital, ChongQing, China
| | - Yanhuan Wang
- Emergency Department, ChongQing TongLiang People's Hospital, ChongQing, China
| | - Mingchuan Zhang
- Respiratory Department, ChongQing TongLiang People's Hospital, ChongQing, China.
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Sellami M, Bragazzi N, Prince MS, Denham J, Elrayess M. Regular, Intense Exercise Training as a Healthy Aging Lifestyle Strategy: Preventing DNA Damage, Telomere Shortening and Adverse DNA Methylation Changes Over a Lifetime. Front Genet 2021; 12:652497. [PMID: 34421981 PMCID: PMC8379006 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.652497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training is one of the few therapeutic interventions that improves health span by delaying the onset of age-related diseases and preventing early death. The length of telomeres, the 5'-TTAGGG n -3' tandem repeats at the ends of mammalian chromosomes, is one of the main indicators of biological age. Telomeres undergo shortening with each cellular division. This subsequently leads to alterations in the expression of several genes that encode vital proteins with critical functions in many tissues throughout the body, and ultimately impacts cardiovascular, immune and muscle physiology. The sub-telomeric DNA is comprised of heavily methylated, heterochromatin. Methylation and histone acetylation are two of the most well-studied examples of the epigenetic modifications that occur on histone proteins. DNA methylation is the type of epigenetic modification that alters gene expression without modifying gene sequence. Although diet, genetic predisposition and a healthy lifestyle seem to alter DNA methylation and telomere length (TL), recent evidence suggests that training status or physical fitness are some of the major factors that control DNA structural modifications. In fact, TL is positively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity level (sedentary, active, moderately trained, or elite) and training intensity, but is shorter in over-trained athletes. Similarly, somatic cells are vulnerable to exercise-induced epigenetic modification, including DNA methylation. Exercise-training load, however, depends on intensity and volume (duration and frequency). Training load-dependent responses in genomic profiles could underpin the discordant physiological and physical responses to exercise. In the current review, we will discuss the role of various forms of exercise training in the regulation of DNA damage, TL and DNA methylation status in humans, to provide an update on the influence exercise training has on biological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Sellami
- Physical Education Department (PE), College of Education (CEdu), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nicola Bragazzi
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mohammad Shoaib Prince
- Physical Education Department (PE), College of Education (CEdu), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Division of Sports and Wellness, Department of Students Affairs, College of North Atlantic Qatar (CNAQ), Doha, Qatar
| | - Joshua Denham
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Valladares-Ide D, Bravo MJ, Carvajal A, Araneda OF, Tuesta M, Reyes A, Peñailillo R, Peñailillo L. Changes in pulmonary and plasma oxidative stress and inflammation following eccentric and concentric cycling in stable COPD patients. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1677-1688. [PMID: 33675423 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04652-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare pulmonary and plasma markers of oxidative stress and inflammation after concentric and eccentric cycling bouts in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS Ten patients with moderate COPD level (68.3 ± 9.1 years; forced expiratory volume in 1 s = 68.6 ± 20.4% of predicted) performed 30 min of moderate-intensity concentric (CONC-M: 50% maximum concentric cycling power output; POmax) and eccentric cycling (ECC-M: 50% POmax), and high-intensity eccentric cycling (ECC-H: 100% POmax) in a randomised order. Cardiometabolic demand was monitored during cycling. Indirect markers of muscle damage were assessed before, immediately after, 24 and 48 h after cycling (muscle strength, muscle soreness and creatine kinase activity). Plasma oxidative stress (malondialdehyde: MDA), antioxidant (glutathione peroxidase activity: GPx) and inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α) were measured before and 5 min after cycling. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples were collected before and 15 min after cycling and analysed for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitrites (NO2-) and pH. RESULTS Cardiometabolic demand was 40-50% lesser for ECC-M than CONC-M and ECC-H. Greater muscle damage was induced after ECC-H than ECC-M and CONC-M. MDA decreased immediately after CONC-M (- 28%), ECC-M (- 14%), and ECC-H (- 17%), while GPx remained unchanged. IL-6 increased only after ECC-H (28%), while TNF-α remained unchanged after exercise. Pulmonary H2O2, NO2- and pH remained unchanged after exercise. CONCLUSION These results suggest that only moderate muscle damage and inflammation were induced after high-intensity eccentric cycling, which did not induce pulmonary or plasmatic increases in markers of oxidative stress. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Trial registration number: DRKS00009755.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria José Bravo
- Exercise Science Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, School of Kinesiology, Universidad Finis Terrae, 1509 Pedro de Valdivia Av., Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana Carvajal
- Exercise Science Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, School of Kinesiology, Universidad Finis Terrae, 1509 Pedro de Valdivia Av., Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar F Araneda
- Laboratorio Integrativo de Biomecánica y Fisiologia del Esfuerzo (LIBFE), Escuela de Kinesiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Tuesta
- Escuela de Kinesiologia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Universidad Andres Bello, Vina del Mar, Chile
| | - Alvaro Reyes
- Escuela de Kinesiologia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Universidad Andres Bello, Vina del Mar, Chile
| | - Reyna Peñailillo
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Peñailillo
- Exercise Science Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, School of Kinesiology, Universidad Finis Terrae, 1509 Pedro de Valdivia Av., Providencia, Santiago, Chile.
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Hureau TJ, Weavil JC, Sidhu SK, Thurston TS, Reese VR, Zhao J, Nelson AD, Birgenheier NM, Richardson RS, Amann M. Ascorbate attenuates cycling exercise-induced neuromuscular fatigue but fails to improve exertional dyspnea and exercise tolerance in COPD. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:69-79. [PMID: 33151775 PMCID: PMC7944926 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00611.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of intravenous ascorbate (VitC) administration on exercise-induced redox balance, inflammation, exertional dyspnea, neuromuscular fatigue, and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Eight COPD patients completed constant-load cycling (∼80% of peak power output, 83 ± 10 W) to task failure after intravenous VitC (2 g) or saline (placebo, PL) infusion. All participants repeated the shorter of the two exercise trials (isotime) with the other infusate. Quadriceps fatigue was determined by pre- to postexercise changes in quadriceps twitch torque (ΔQtw, electrical femoral nerve stimulation). Corticospinal excitability before, during, and after exercise was assessed by changes in motor evoked potentials triggered by transcranial magnetic stimulation. VitC increased superoxide dismutase (marker for endogenous antioxidant capacity) by 129% and mitigated C-reactive protein (marker for inflammation) in the plasma during exercise but failed to alter the exercise-induced increase in lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) and free radicals [electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-spectroscopy]. Although VitC did, indeed, decrease neuromuscular fatigue (ΔQtw: PL -29 ± 5%, VitC -23 ± 6%, P < 0.05), there was no impact on corticospinal excitability and time to task failure (∼8 min, P = 0.8). Interestingly, in terms of pulmonary limitations to exercise, VitC had no effect on perceived exertional dyspnea (∼8.5/10) and its determinants, including oxygen saturation ([Formula: see text]) (∼92%) and respiratory muscle work (∼650 cmH2O·s·min-1) (P > 0.3). Thus, although VitC facilitated indicators for antioxidant capacity, diminished inflammatory markers, and improved neuromuscular fatigue resistance, it failed to improve exertional dyspnea and cycling exercise tolerance in patients with COPD. As dyspnea is recognized to limit exercise tolerance in COPD, the otherwise beneficial effects of VitC may have been impacted by this unaltered sensation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We investigated the effect of intravenous vitamin C on redox balance, exertional dyspnea, neuromuscular fatigue, and exercise tolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Acute vitamin C administration increased superoxide dismutase (marker of antioxidant capacity) and attenuated fatigue development but failed to improve exertional dyspnea and exercise tolerance. These findings suggest that a compromised redox balance plays a critical role in the development of fatigue in COPD but also highlight the significance of exertional dyspnea as an important symptom limiting the patients' exercise tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Hureau
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- EA 3072 Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Joshua C Weavil
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Simranjit K Sidhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Taylor S Thurston
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Van R Reese
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jia Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ashley D Nelson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Russell S Richardson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Markus Amann
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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11
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Beyond urate lowering: Analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of allopurinol. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2020; 50:444-450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Siciliano G, Chico L, Lo Gerfo A, Simoncini C, Schirinzi E, Ricci G. Exercise-Related Oxidative Stress as Mechanism to Fight Physical Dysfunction in Neuromuscular Disorders. Front Physiol 2020; 11:451. [PMID: 32508674 PMCID: PMC7251329 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) are a group of often severely disabling disorders characterized by dysfunction in one of the main constituents of the motor unit, the cardinal anatomic-functional structure behind force and movement production. Irrespective of the different pathogenic mechanisms specifically underlying these disease conditions genetically determined or acquired, and the related molecular pathways involved in doing that, oxidative stress has often been shown to play a relevant role within the chain of events that induce or at least modulate the clinical manifestations of these disorders. Due to such a putative relevance of the imbalance of redox status occurring in contractile machinery and/or its neural drive in NMDs, physical exercise appears as one of the most important conditions able to positively interfere along an ideal axis, going from a deranged metabolic cell homeostasis in motor unit components to the reduced motor performance profile exhibited by the patient in everyday life. If so, it comes out that it would be important to identify a proper training program, suitable for load and type of exercise that is able to improve motor performance in adaptation and response to such a homeostatic imbalance. This review therefore analyzes the role of different exercise trainings on oxidative stress mechanisms, both in healthy and in NMDs, also including preclinical studies, to elucidate at which extent these can be useful to counteract muscle impairment associated to the disease, with the final aim of improving physical functions and quality of life of NMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Siciliano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Chico
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Annalisa Lo Gerfo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Costanza Simoncini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Erika Schirinzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Ricci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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13
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da Silva Araújo NP, de Matos NA, Leticia Antunes Mota S, Farias de Souza AB, Dantas Cangussú S, Cunha Alvim de Menezes R, Silva Bezerra F. Quercetin Attenuates Acute Lung Injury Caused by Cigarette Smoke Both In Vitro and In Vivo. COPD 2020; 17:205-214. [PMID: 32237913 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2020.1749253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is highly toxic and is a major risk factor for airway inflammation, oxidative stress, and decline in lung function-the starting points for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Quercetin is a potent dietary antioxidant that displays anti-inflammatory activities. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of quercetin on reducing the redox imbalance and inflammation induced by short-term cigarette smoke exposure. In vitro, 25 and 50 μM quercetin attenuated the effects of cigarette smoke extract (increased generation of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide) on J774A.1 cells (macrophages). We further examined the effects of quercetin in vivo. Male C57Bl/6 mice that received 10 mg/kg/day of quercetin via orogastric gavage before exposure to five days of cigarette smoke demonstrated reduced levels of leukocyte, oxidative stress, histological pattern changes of pulmonary parenchyma, and lung function alterations compared to the group that did not receive quercetin. These results suggest that quercetin may be an effective adjuvant for treating the effects of cigarette smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Pereira da Silva Araújo
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Natália Alves de Matos
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Suianne Leticia Antunes Mota
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences and NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Farias de Souza
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Dantas Cangussú
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cunha Alvim de Menezes
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Frank Silva Bezerra
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
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14
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Yarizadh H, Shab-Bidar S, Zamani B, Vanani AN, Baharlooi H, Djafarian K. The Effect of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 39:457-468. [PMID: 32154768 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2019.1661804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence of previous experimental studies indicated that L-Carnitine positively ameliorates muscle damage. However, findings from trials vary substantially across studies. Therefore, current meta-analysis aimed to examine the effects of L-Carnitine supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage. An electronic search of the online literature databases (Medline (PubMed), Scopus and Google Scholar) was performed up to November 2018. Either a fixed-effects model or a random-effects model (Diasorin-Liard) was used in order to estimate the effects size. Cochran's Q test and I2 tests were used to assess the heterogeneity among the studies. Funnel plot and Egger's regression test were also employed in order to assess the publication bias. Of 604 studies, seven eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in this meta-analysis. Pooled data from seven studies showed that L-Carnitine resulted in significant improvements in muscle soreness (MS) at the five follow-up time points (0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours (h)) compared to placebo. Also, pooled data indicated that L-Carnitine significantly reduced creatine kinase (CK), myoglobin (Mb), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels at one follow-up period (24 h). However, no effects have been observed beyond this period. Our outcomes indicate that L-Carnitine supplementation improves delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and markers of muscle damage. Further research is needed to clarify impacts of L-Carnitine on DOMS after different types of mechanical or chemical damages.Key teaching pointsThe effect of L-Carnitine supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage has come under scrutiny over many years.This systematic review and meta-analyses study investigated the effects of L-Carnitine supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage.Overall, summary results indicate that L-Carnitine supplementation improves muscle soreness and markers of muscle damage (CK, LDH, and Mb).Overall, L-carnitine supplementation ameliorated muscle damage only in resistance training groups and untrained population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Yarizadh
- Students' Scientific Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Community Nutrition Department, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Community Nutrition Department, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Zamani
- Community Nutrition Department, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Nazary Vanani
- Community Nutrition Department, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hussein Baharlooi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kurosh Djafarian
- Clinical Nutrition Department, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Kelley EE. Diminishing Inflammation by Reducing Oxidant Generation: Nitrated Fatty Acid-Mediated Inactivation of Xanthine Oxidoreductase. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1127:59-65. [PMID: 31140171 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11488-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) has proven beneficial in a plethora of inflammatory disease processes due to a net reduction in pro-inflammatory oxidants and secondary nitrating species. Electrophilic nitrated fatty acid derivatives, such as nitro-oleic acid (OA-NO2) are also noted to display a broad spectrum of anti-inflammatory effects via interaction with critical signaling pathways. An alternative process in which nitrated fatty acids may extend anti-inflammatory actions is via inactivation of XOR, a process that is more effective than allo/oxypurinol-mediated inhibition. Herein, we describe the molecular aspects of nitrated fatty acid-associated inactivation of XOR, identify specificity via structure function relationships and discuss XOR as a crucial component of the anti-inflammatory portfolio of nitrated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Kelley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Adaptive Homeostasis has been defined as, "The transient expansion or contraction of the homeostatic range in response to exposure to sub-toxic, non-damaging, signaling molecules or events, or the removal or cessation of such molecules or events." (Davies, 2016). I propose that one of the most significant examples of adaptive homeostasis may be the adaptation of the cardiovascular system to exercise training. In particular, endurance type training involves the generation of increased levels of free radicals such as ubisemiquinone, superoxide, nitric oxide, and other (non-radical) reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), in a repetitive manner, typically several times per week. As long as the training intensity and duration are sub-maximal and not exhaustive these reactive species do not cause damage, but rather activate signal transduction pathways to induce mitochondrial biogenesis-the foundation of increased exercise endurance. Particularly important are the NFκB and Nrf2 signal transduction pathways which respond to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generated during exercise. As with other examples of adaptive homeostasis the effects are transient, lasting only as long as the training is maintained. Unfortunately, the ability to adapt to exercise training declines with age, perhaps as a result of impaired Nrf2 and NFκB signaling, as does adaptive homeostasis capacity in general. Since this is an Hypothesis/Theory Paper and not a review, I have not tried to provide a comprehensive discussion of all the literature relating to exercise adaptation and the cardiovascular system. Rather, I have attempted to develop the Hypothesis or Theory that adaptive homeostasis is the foundation for adaptation of the cardiovascular system to exercise training, largely based on work from my own laboratory, that of close collaborators, and that of key contributors over a period of almost 40 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin J. A. Davies
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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17
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Lakhdar R, Rabinovich RA. Can muscle protein metabolism be specifically targeted by nutritional support and exercise training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:S1377-S1389. [PMID: 29928520 PMCID: PMC5989103 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.05.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) associates with several extra-pulmonary effects. Muscle dysfunction and wasting is one of the most prominent extra-pulmonary effects and contributes to exercise limitation and health related quality of life (HRQoL), morbidity as well as mortality. The loss of muscle mass is characterised by an impaired balance between protein synthesis (anabolism) and protein breakdown (catabolism) which relates to nutritional disturbances, muscle disuse and the presence of a systemic inflammation, among other factors. Current approaches to reverse skeletal muscle dysfunction and wasting attain only modest improvements. The development of new therapeutic strategies aiming at improving skeletal muscle dysfunction and wasting are needed. This requires a better understanding of the underlying molecular pathways responsible for these abnormalities. In this review we update recent research on protein metabolism, nutritional depletion as well as physical (in)activity in relation to muscle wasting and dysfunction in patients with COPD. We also discuss the role of nutritional supplementation and exercise training as strategies to re-establish the disrupted balance of protein metabolism in the muscle of patients with COPD. Future areas of research and clinical practice directions are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi Lakhdar
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Roberto A. Rabinovich
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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18
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Asimakos A, Toumpanakis D, Karatza MH, Vasileiou S, Katsaounou P, Mastora Z, Vassilakopoulos T. Immune cell response to strenuous resistive breathing: comparison with whole body exercise and the effects of antioxidants. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2018; 13:529-545. [PMID: 29445271 PMCID: PMC5808692 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s154533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/hypothesis Whole body exercise (WBE) changes lymphocyte subset percentages in peripheral blood. Resistive breathing, a hallmark of diseases of airway obstruction, is a form of exercise for the inspiratory muscles. Strenuous muscle contractions induce oxidative stress that may mediate immune alterations following exercise. We hypothesized that inspiratory resistive breathing (IRB) alters peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and that oxidative stress mediates lymphocyte subpopulation alterations following both WBE and IRB. Patients and methods Six healthy nonathletes performed two WBE and two IRB sessions for 45 minutes at 70% of VO2 maximum and 70% of maximum inspiratory pressure (Pimax), respectively, before and after the administration of antioxidants (vitamins E, A, and C for 75 days, allopurinol for 30 days, and N-acetylcysteine for 3 days). Blood was drawn at baseline, at the end of each session, and 2 hours into recovery. Lymphocyte subsets were determined by flow cytometry. Results Before antioxidant supplementation at both WBE end and IRB end, the natural killer cell percentage increased, the T helper cell (CD3+ CD4+) percentage was reduced, and the CD4/CD8 ratio was depressed, a response which was abolished by antioxidants only after IRB. Furthermore, at IRB end, antioxidants promoted CD8+ CD38+ and blunted cytotoxic T-cell percentage increase. CD8+ CD45RA+ cell percentage changes were blunted after antioxidant supplementation in both WBE and IRB. Conclusion We conclude that IRB produces (as WBE) changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and that oxidative stress is a major stimulus predominantly for IRB-induced lymphocyte subset alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Asimakos
- GP Livanos and M Simou Laboratories, Thorax Foundation.,Critical Care Department and Pulmonary Unit, Evangelismos Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
| | - Dimitrios Toumpanakis
- GP Livanos and M Simou Laboratories, Thorax Foundation.,Critical Care Department and Pulmonary Unit, Evangelismos Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
| | | | | | - Paraskevi Katsaounou
- GP Livanos and M Simou Laboratories, Thorax Foundation.,Critical Care Department and Pulmonary Unit, Evangelismos Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
| | - Zafeiria Mastora
- GP Livanos and M Simou Laboratories, Thorax Foundation.,Critical Care Department and Pulmonary Unit, Evangelismos Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
| | - Theodoros Vassilakopoulos
- GP Livanos and M Simou Laboratories, Thorax Foundation.,Critical Care Department and Pulmonary Unit, Evangelismos Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.,3rd Department of Critical Care Medicine, Evgenideion Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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19
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Leelarungrayub J, Pinkaew D, Puntumetakul R, Klaphajone J. Effects of a simple prototype respiratory muscle trainer on respiratory muscle strength, quality of life and dyspnea, and oxidative stress in COPD patients: a preliminary study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2017; 12:1415-1425. [PMID: 28553094 PMCID: PMC5440008 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s131062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of a simple prototype device for training respiratory muscles in lung function, respiratory muscle strength, walking capacity, quality of life (QOL), dyspnea, and oxidative stress in patients with COPD. Methods Thirty COPD patients with moderate severity of the disease were randomized into three groups: control (n=10, 6 males and 4 females), standard training (n=10, 4 males and 6 females), and prototype device (n=10, 5 males and 5 females). Respiratory muscle strength (maximal inspiratory pressure [PImax] and maximal expiratory pressure [PEmax]), lung function (forced vital capacity [FVC], percentage of FVC, forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1], percentage of FEV1 [FEV1%], and FEV1/FVC), 6-minute walking distance (6MWD), QOL, and oxidative stress markers (total antioxidant capacity [TAC]), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO) were evaluated before and after 6 weeks of training. Moreover, dyspnea scores were assessed before; during week 2, 4, and 6 of training; and at rest after training. Results All parameters between the groups had no statistical difference before training, and no statistical change in the control group after week 6. FVC, FEV1/FVC, PImax, PEmax, QOL, MDA, and NO showed significant changes after 6 weeks of training with either the standard or prototype device, compared to pre-training. FEV1, FEV1%, 6MWD, TAC, and GSH data did not change statistically. Furthermore, the results of significant changes in all parameters were not statistically different between training groups using the standard and prototype device. The peak dyspnea scores increased significantly in week 4 and 6 when applying the standard or prototype device, and then lowered significantly at rest after 6 weeks of training, compared to pre-training. Conclusion This study proposes that a simple prototype device can be used clinically in COPD patients as a standard device to train respiratory muscles, improving lung function and QOL, as well as involving MDA and NO levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirakrit Leelarungrayub
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai
| | - Decha Pinkaew
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai
| | - Rungthip Puntumetakul
- Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen
| | - Jakkrit Klaphajone
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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20
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Dowman LM, McDonald CF, Bozinovski S, Vlahos R, Gillies R, Pouniotis D, Hill CJ, Goh NS, Holland AE. Greater endurance capacity and improved dyspnoea with acute oxygen supplementation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients without resting hypoxaemia. Respirology 2017; 22:957-964. [DOI: 10.1111/resp.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leona M. Dowman
- Discipline of Physiotherapy; La Trobe University, Alfred Centre; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine; Austin Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep; Austin Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Physiotherapy; Austin Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Christine F. McDonald
- Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine; Austin Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep; Austin Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Medicine; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences; RMIT University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences; RMIT University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Rebecca Gillies
- Discipline of Physiotherapy; La Trobe University, Alfred Centre; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep; Austin Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Dodie Pouniotis
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep; Austin Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences; RMIT University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Catherine J. Hill
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep; Austin Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Physiotherapy; Austin Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Nicole S.L. Goh
- Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine; Austin Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep; Austin Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Anne E Holland
- Discipline of Physiotherapy; La Trobe University, Alfred Centre; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep; Austin Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Physiotherapy; Alfred Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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21
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Kim YH, Lee SH. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species regulate fungal protease-induced inflammatory responses. Toxicology 2017; 378:86-94. [PMID: 28087464 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that fungal infections are a main cause of respiratory tract diseases, such as asthma, bronchopneumonia, intoxication, and invasive fungal disease. Fungi such as Aspergillus and Candida species have become increasingly important pathogens as the global climate changes. Accordingly, in this study, we evaluated the toxicological potential of Aspergillus protease in the lower respiratory tract. Exposure of Aspergillus protease to A549 cells induced upregulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 mRNAs and increased production of interleukin (IL)-8 and MCP-1 protein through enhanced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and activator protein (AP)-1. Furthermore, the mitochondrial ROS scavenger Mito-TEMPO, which inhibited MAPK and AP-1, significantly reduced MCP-1 and IL-1β mRNA expression and reduced HL-60 cell migration through the suppression of MCP-1 and IL-8 protein secretion. Thus, our results demonstrated that mitochondria were an important source of Aspergillus protease-stimulated ROS and that regulation of mitochondrial ROS modulated inflammatory responses by preventing activation of MAPK and AP-1 in A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hee Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Biomedical Research Center, KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Korean Medicine Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyo Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Biomedical Research Center, KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Kovacs L, Su Y. Redox-Dependent Calpain Signaling in Airway and Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling in COPD. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 967:139-160. [PMID: 29047085 PMCID: PMC7036267 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The calcium-dependent cytosolic, neutral, thiol endopeptidases, calpains, perform limited cleavage of their substrates thereby irreversibly changing their functions. Calpains have been shown to be involved in several physiological processes such as cell motility, proliferation, cell cycle, signal transduction, and apoptosis. Overactivation of calpain or mutations in the calpain genes contribute to a number of pathological conditions including neurodegenerative disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and lung diseases. High concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) originated from cigarette smoke or released by numerous cell types such as activated inflammatory cells and other respiratory cells cause oxidative and nitrosative stress contributing to the pathogenesis of COPD. RONS and calpain play important roles in the development of airway and pulmonary vascular remodeling in COPD. Published data show that increased RONS production is associated with increased calpain activation and/or elevated calpain protein level, leading to epithelial or endothelial barrier dysfunction, neovascularization, lung inflammation, increased smooth muscle cell proliferation, and deposition of extracellular matrix protein. Further investigation of the redox-dependent calpain signaling may provide future targets for the prevention and treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Kovacs
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yunchao Su
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Research Service, Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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Sahin K, Pala R, Tuzcu M, Ozdemir O, Orhan C, Sahin N, Juturu V. Curcumin prevents muscle damage by regulating NF-κB and Nrf2 pathways and improves performance: an in vivo model. J Inflamm Res 2016; 9:147-54. [PMID: 27621662 PMCID: PMC5010171 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s110873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Exercise (Ex) increases reactive oxygen species and impairs antioxidant defense systems. Recent data suggest that curcumin (CW) possesses peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activity and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of CW supplementation on Ex performance, endurance, and changes in serum and muscle proteins in rats after exhaustive Ex. Materials and methods Twenty-eight (28) male Wistar rats (age: 8 weeks and body weight: 180±20 g) were divided into four treatment groups: 1) control (C; no Ex), 2) C + CW (no Ex + CW), 3) C + Ex, and 4) C + Ex + CW (Ex + CW). CW was administered as 100 mg/kg CurcuWin®, providing 20 mg of curcuminoids daily for 6 weeks. A motor-driven rodent treadmill was used to carry out the Ex protocols. During a 5-day period, animals in chronic Ex groups were put through different regimens: day 1, 10 m/min for 10 minutes; day 2, 20 m/min for 10 minutes; day 3, 25 m/min for 10 minutes; day 4, 25 m/min for 20 minutes; and day 5, 25 m/min for 30 minutes. Animals were exercised at 25 m/min for 45 min/d for 5 d/wk for 6 weeks. Blood and muscle samples were analyzed for muscle markers, oxidative stress, and antioxidant markers. Results Lactate and muscle malondialdehyde levels decreased in the CW-treated groups (P<0.0001). However, activities of antioxidant enzyme levels increased in the CW-treated groups. Run to exhaustion (minutes) improved in the CW-treated groups. Muscle nuclear factor-κB (P<0.05) and heat shock protein 70 (P<0.05) levels were much lowered in the CW treated group followed by Ex group. In addition, muscle inhibitors of kappa B, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha, thioredoxin-1, sirtuin 1, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2, and glucose transporter 4 protein levels in the Ex + CW group were higher than those in the control and Ex groups (P<0.05). Conclusion This study suggests that novel CW has the potential to help prevent muscle damage by regulating the nuclear factor-κB and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 pathways and improve the performance and nutritional values of CW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazim Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Ragip Pala
- Department of Movement and Training Science
| | - Mehmet Tuzcu
- Department of Biology, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | | | - Cemal Orhan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Nurhan Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Vijaya Juturu
- OmniActive Health Technologies Inc., Morristown, NJ, USA
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Fallica J, Varela L, Johnston L, Kim B, Serebreni L, Wang L, Damarla M, Kolb TM, Hassoun PM, Damico R. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor: A Novel Inhibitor of Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase 1-p38-Xanthine Oxidoreductase-Dependent Cigarette Smoke-Induced Apoptosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 54:504-14. [PMID: 26390063 PMCID: PMC4821049 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0403oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure is the leading cause of emphysema. CS mediates pathologic emphysematous remodeling of the lung via apoptosis of lung parenchymal cells resulting in enlargement of the airspaces, loss of the capillary bed, and diminished surface area for gas exchange. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pleiotropic cytokine, is reduced both in a preclinical model of CS-induced emphysema and in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, particularly those with the most severe disease and emphysematous phenotype. MIF functions to antagonize CS-induced DNA damage, p53-dependent apoptosis of pulmonary endothelial cells (EndoCs) and resultant emphysematous tissue remodeling. Using primary alveolar EndoCs and a mouse model of CS-induced lung damage, we investigated the capacity and molecular mechanism(s) by which MIF modifies oxidant injury. Here, we demonstrate that both the activity of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), a superoxide-generating enzyme obligatory for CS-induced DNA damage and EndoC apoptosis, and superoxide concentrations are increased after CS exposure in the absence of MIF. Both XOR hyperactivation and apoptosis in the absence of MIF occurred via a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase family member, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), was necessary for CS-induced p38 activation and EndoC apoptosis. MIF was sufficient to directly suppress ASK1 enzymatic activity. Taken together, MIF suppresses CS-mediated cytotoxicity in the lung, in part by antagonizing ASK1-p38-XOR-dependent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Fallica
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and
- Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lidenys Varela
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Laura Johnston
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Bo Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Leonid Serebreni
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Lan Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Mahendra Damarla
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Todd M. Kolb
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Paul M. Hassoun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Rachel Damico
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and
- Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Active paraplegics are protected against exercise-induced oxidative damage through the induction of antioxidant enzymes. Spinal Cord 2016; 54:830-837. [PMID: 26882488 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. OBJECTIVES Exercise improves functional capacity in spinal cord injury (SCI). However, exhaustive exercise, especially when sporadic, is linked to the production of reactive oxygen species that may have a detrimental effect on SCI. We aimed to study the effect of a single bout of exhaustive exercise on systemic oxidative stress parameters and on the expression of antioxidant enzymes in individuals with paraplegia. SETTING The study was conducted in the Physical Therapy department and the Physical Education and Sports department of the University of Valencia. METHODS Sixteen paraplegic subjects were submitted to a graded exercise test (GET) until volitional exhaustion. They were divided into active or non-active groups. Blood samples were drawn immediately, 1 and 2 h after the GET. We determined plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonylation as markers of oxidative damage. Antioxidant gene expression (catalase and glutathione peroxidase-GPx) was determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS We found a significant increase in plasma MDA and protein carbonyls immediately after the GET (P<0.05). This increment correlated significantly with the lactate levels. Active paraplegics showed lower levels of exercise-induced oxidative damage (P<0.05) and higher exercise-induced catalase (P<0.01) and GPx (P<0.05) gene expression after the GET. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that exercise training may be useful in SCI patients to develop systemic antioxidant defenses that may protect them against exercise-induced oxidative damage.
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Kelley EE. Dispelling dogma and misconceptions regarding the most pharmacologically targetable source of reactive species in inflammatory disease, xanthine oxidoreductase. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1193-207. [PMID: 25995007 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1523-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), the molybdoflavin enzyme responsible for the terminal steps of purine degradation in humans, is also recognized as a significant source of reactive species contributory to inflammatory disease. In animal models and clinical studies, inhibition of XOR has resulted in diminution of symptoms and enhancement of function in a number of pathologies including heart failure, diabetes, sickle cell anemia, hypertension and ischemia-reperfusion injury. For decades, XOR involvement in pathologic processes has been established by salutary outcomes attained from treatment with the XOR inhibitor allopurinol. This has served to frame a working dogma that elevation of XOR-specific activity is associated with enhanced rates of reactive species generation that mediate negative outcomes. While adherence to this narrowly focused practice of designating elevated XOR activity to be "bad" has produced some benefit, it has also led to significant underdevelopment of the processes mediating XOR regulation, identification of alternative reactants and products as well as micro-environmental factors that alter enzymatic activity. This is exemplified by recent reports: (1) identifying XOR as a nitrite reductase and thus a source of beneficial nitric oxide ((•)NO) under in vivo conditions similar to those where XOR inhibition has been assumed an optimal treatment choice, (2) describing XOR-derived uric acid (UA) as a critical pro-inflammatory mediator in vascular and metabolic disease and (3) ascribing an antioxidant/protective role for XOR-derived UA. When taken together, these proposed and countervailing functions of XOR affirm the need for a more comprehensive evaluation of product formation as well as the factors that govern product identity. As such, this review will critically evaluate XOR-catalyzed oxidant, (•)NO and UA formation as well as identify factors that mediate their production, inhibition and the resultant impact on inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Kelley
- Department of Anesthesiology and Vascular Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, W1357 BST, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA,
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Kim BS, Serebreni L, Fallica J, Hamdan O, Wang L, Johnston L, Kolb T, Damarla M, Damico R, Hassoun PM. Cyclin-dependent kinase five mediates activation of lung xanthine oxidoreductase in response to hypoxia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124189. [PMID: 25831123 PMCID: PMC4382197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is involved in oxidative metabolism of purines and is a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). As such, XOR has been implicated in oxidant-mediated injury in multiple cardiopulmonary diseases. XOR enzyme activity is regulated, in part, via a phosphorylation-dependent, post-translational mechanism, although the kinase(s) responsible for such hyperactivation are unknown. Methods and Results Using an in silico approach, we identified a cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) consensus motif adjacent to the XOR flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) binding domain. CDK5 is a proline-directed serine/threonine kinase historically linked to neural development and injury. We tested the hypothesis that CDK5 and its activators are mediators of hypoxia-induced hyperactivation of XOR in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (EC) and the intact murine lung. Using complementary molecular and pharmacologic approaches, we demonstrated that hypoxia significantly increased CDK5 activity in EC. This was coincident with increased expression of the CDK5 activators, cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activator 1 (CDK5r1 or p35/p25), and decreased expression of the CDK5 inhibitory peptide, p10. Expression of p35/p25 was necessary for XOR hyperactivation. Further, CDK5 physically associated with XOR and was necessary and sufficient for XOR phosphorylation and hyperactivation both in vitro and in vivo. XOR hyperactivation required the target threonine (T222) within the CDK5-consensus motif. Conclusions and Significance These results indicate that p35/CDK5-mediated phosphorylation of T222 is required for hypoxia-induced XOR hyperactivation in the lung. Recognizing the contribution of XOR to oxidative injury in cardiopulmonary disease, these observations identify p35/CDK5 as novel regulators of XOR and potential modifiers of ROS-mediated injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo S. Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States of America
| | - Leonid Serebreni
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Fallica
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States of America
| | - Omar Hamdan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States of America
| | - Lan Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States of America
| | - Laura Johnston
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States of America
| | - Todd Kolb
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States of America
| | - Mahendra Damarla
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States of America
| | - Rachel Damico
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States of America
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Hassoun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nemoto K, Oh-Ishi S, Itoh M, Saito T, Ichiwata T. Urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine is a potential indicator for estimating pulmonary rehabilitation-induced oxidative stress in COPD patients. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2015; 233:197-204. [PMID: 25018154 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.233.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the most common chronic lung disease and is an important cause of morbidity worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) improves the oxidant/antioxidant imbalance, exercise capacity and health-related quality of life (HRQL) in patients with different stages of COPD. Eighteen stable COPD patients participated in 8-week PR; the exercise intensity was set at 70% of the VO2 peak. Subjects were divided into 2 groups: moderate to severe (stages II/III: n = 12) and very severe COPD with FEV1 < 30% predicted (stage IV: n = 6). In patients at stages II/III, PR improved exercise capacity (6-minute walking test: 431.2 ± 26.6 vs. 489.1 ± 26.5 m, P < 0.01 and shuttle walking test: 329.2 ± 41.4 vs. 378.2 ± 41.5 m, P < 0.01) and HRQL, whereas no significant change was observed in erythrocyte lipid peroxidation and urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, a marker for DNA damage. In contrast, PR for stage IV patients did not improve exercise capacity and HRQL, but significantly increased urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (14.5 ± 1.7 vs. 24.3 ± 2.6 ng/mg Cr, P < 0.05). In both groups, erythrocyte antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase) did not change significantly after PR. Thus, urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine is a useful indicator for the PR-induced oxidative stress in COPD patients. In conclusion, appropriate exercise program in COPD patients can improve exercise capacity and HRQL without further increase of oxidative stress. However, PR for very severe COPD patients enhanced exercise-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Nemoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center
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Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common chronic illnesses in the world. The disease encompasses emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and small airway obstruction and can be caused by environmental exposures, primarily cigarette smoking. Since only a small subset of smokers develop COPD, it is believed that host factors interact with the environment to increase the propensity to develop disease. The major pathogenic factors causing disease include infection and inflammation, protease and antiprotease imbalance, and oxidative stress overwhelming antioxidant defenses. In this review, we will discuss the major environmental and host sources for oxidative stress; discuss how oxidative stress regulates chronic bronchitis; review the latest information on genetic predisposition to COPD, specifically focusing on oxidant/antioxidant imbalance; and review future antioxidant therapeutic options for COPD. The complexity of COPD will necessitate a multi-target therapeutic approach. It is likely that antioxidant supplementation and dietary antioxidants will have a place in these future combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard M Fischer
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Judith A Voynow
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Richmond at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andrew J Ghio
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Sanchis-Gomar F, Pareja-Galeano H, Perez-Quilis C, Santos-Lozano A, Fiuza-Luces C, Garatachea N, Lippi G, Lucia A. Effects of allopurinol on exercise-induced muscle damage: new therapeutic approaches? Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:3-13. [PMID: 25181966 PMCID: PMC4255256 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-014-0543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intensive muscular activity can trigger oxidative stress, and free radicals may hence be generated by working skeletal muscle. The role of the enzyme xanthine oxidase as a generating source of free radicals is well documented and therefore is involved in the skeletal muscle damage as well as in the potential transient cardiovascular damage induced by high-intensity physical exercise. Allopurinol is a purine hypoxanthine-based structural analog and a well-known inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. The administration of the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol may hence be regarded as promising, safe, and an economic strategy to decrease transient skeletal muscle damage (as well as heart damage, when occurring) in top-level athletes when administered before a competition or a particularly high-intensity training session. Although continuous administration of allopurinol in high-level athletes is not recommended due to its possible role in hampering training-induced adaptations, the drug might be useful in non-athletes. Exertional rhabdomyolysis is the most common form of rhabdomyolysis and affects individuals participating in a type of intense exercise to which they are not accustomed. This condition can cause exercise-related myoglobinuria, thus increasing the risk of acute renal failure and is also associated with sickle cell trait. In this manuscript, we have reviewed the recent evidence about the effects of allopurinol on exercise-induced muscle damage. More research is needed to determine whether allopurinol may be useful for preventing not only exertional rhabdomyolysis and acute renal damage but also skeletal muscle wasting in critical illness as well as in immobilized, bedridden, sarcopenic or cachectic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sanchis-Gomar
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez, 15, Valencia, 46010, Spain,
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Maltais F, Decramer M, Casaburi R, Barreiro E, Burelle Y, Debigaré R, Dekhuijzen PNR, Franssen F, Gayan-Ramirez G, Gea J, Gosker HR, Gosselink R, Hayot M, Hussain SNA, Janssens W, Polkey MI, Roca J, Saey D, Schols AMWJ, Spruit MA, Steiner M, Taivassalo T, Troosters T, Vogiatzis I, Wagner PD. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: update on limb muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:e15-62. [PMID: 24787074 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201402-0373st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 704] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limb muscle dysfunction is prevalent in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and it has important clinical implications, such as reduced exercise tolerance, quality of life, and even survival. Since the previous American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) statement on limb muscle dysfunction, important progress has been made on the characterization of this problem and on our understanding of its pathophysiology and clinical implications. PURPOSE The purpose of this document is to update the 1999 ATS/ERS statement on limb muscle dysfunction in COPD. METHODS An interdisciplinary committee of experts from the ATS and ERS Pulmonary Rehabilitation and Clinical Problems assemblies determined that the scope of this document should be limited to limb muscles. Committee members conducted focused reviews of the literature on several topics. A librarian also performed a literature search. An ATS methodologist provided advice to the committee, ensuring that the methodological approach was consistent with ATS standards. RESULTS We identified important advances in our understanding of the extent and nature of the structural alterations in limb muscles in patients with COPD. Since the last update, landmark studies were published on the mechanisms of development of limb muscle dysfunction in COPD and on the treatment of this condition. We now have a better understanding of the clinical implications of limb muscle dysfunction. Although exercise training is the most potent intervention to address this condition, other therapies, such as neuromuscular electrical stimulation, are emerging. Assessment of limb muscle function can identify patients who are at increased risk of poor clinical outcomes, such as exercise intolerance and premature mortality. CONCLUSIONS Limb muscle dysfunction is a key systemic consequence of COPD. However, there are still important gaps in our knowledge about the mechanisms of development of this problem. Strategies for early detection and specific treatments for this condition are also needed.
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Effect of the Zataria multiflora on systemic inflammation of experimental animals model of COPD. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:802189. [PMID: 25013803 PMCID: PMC4071971 DOI: 10.1155/2014/802189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Zataria multiflora (Z. multiflora) on systemic inflammation in guinea pigs model of COPD were examined. Control animals, COPD (induced by exposing animals to cigarette smoke), COPD + drinking water containing three concentrations of the extract of Z. multiflora, and COPD + dexamethasone were studied (n = 6 for each group). Serum levels of IL-8 and malondialdehyde (MDA), total blood WBC (P < 0.01 for all cases), and eosinophil counts (P < 0.05) were higher and weight changes (P < 0.05) were lower in the COPD group compared to controls. IL-8 level (P < 0.001) and weight changes (P < 0.01 to P < 0.001) in all treated groups with Z. multiflora and total WBC number and MDA level in treated groups with two higher concentrations of the extract and lymphocytes percentage (P < 0.05) in the highest concentration of Z. multiflora and dexamethasone (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) were significantly improved compared to the COPD group. Results showed a preventive effect of hydroethanolic extract from Z. multiflora on all measured parameters in animals model of COPD which was comparable or even higher (in the highest concentration) compared to the effect of dexamethasone at the concentration used.
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Rossman MJ, Groot HJ, Reese V, Zhao J, Amann M, Richardson RS. Oxidative stress and COPD: the effect of oral antioxidants on skeletal muscle fatigue. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 45:1235-43. [PMID: 23299763 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182846d7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxidative stress may contribute to exercise intolerance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study sought to determine the effect of an acute oral antioxidant cocktail (AOC, vitamins C and E, and alpha-lipoic acid) on skeletal muscle function during dynamic quadriceps exercise in COPD. METHODS Ten patients with COPD performed knee extensor exercise to exhaustion and isotime trials after either the AOC or placebo (PL). Pre- to postexercise changes in quadriceps maximal voluntary contractions and potentiated twitch forces (Q(tw,pot)) quantified quadriceps fatigue. RESULTS Under PL conditions, the plasma electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy signal was inversely correlated with the forced expiratory volume in 1 s to forced vital capacity ratio (FEV1/FVC), an index of lung dysfunction (r = -0.61, P = 0.02), and maximal voluntary contraction force (r = -0.56, P = 0.04). AOC consumption increased plasma ascorbate levels (10.1 ± 2.2 to 24.1 ± 3.8 μg · mL(-1), P < 0.05) and attenuated the area under the curve of the EPR spectroscopy free radical signal (11.6 ± 3.7 to 4.8 ± 2.2 AU, P < 0.05), but it did not alter the endurance time or quadriceps fatigue. The ability of the AOC to decrease the EPR spectroscopy signal, however, was prominent in those with high basal free radicals (n = 5, PL, 19.7 ± 5.8, to AOC, 5.8 ± 4.5 AU; P < 0.05) with minimal effects in those with low levels (n = 5, PL, 1.6 ± 0.5, to AOC, 3.4 ± 1.1 AU). DISCUSSION These data document a relation between directly measured free radicals and lung dysfunction and the ability of the AOC to decrease oxidative stress in COPD. Acute amelioration of free radicals, however, does not appear to affect dynamic quadriceps exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Rossman
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E Whalen VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
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Xanthine oxidoreductase-catalyzed reactive species generation: A process in critical need of reevaluation. Redox Biol 2013; 1:353-8. [PMID: 24024171 PMCID: PMC3757702 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 30 years have passed since the discovery of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) as a critical source of reactive species in ischemia/reperfusion injury. Since then, numerous inflammatory disease processes have been associated with elevated XOR activity and allied reactive species formation solidifying the ideology that enhancement of XOR activity equates to negative clinical outcomes. However, recent evidence may shatter this paradigm by describing a nitrate/nitrite reductase capacity for XOR whereby XOR may be considered a crucial source of beneficial (•)NO under ischemic/hypoxic/acidic conditions; settings similar to those that limit the functional capacity of nitric oxide synthase. Herein, we review XOR-catalyzed reactive species generation and identify key microenvironmental factors whose interplay impacts the identity of the reactive species (oxidants vs. (•)NO) produced. In doing so, we redefine existing dogma and shed new light on an enzyme that has weathered the evolutionary process not as gadfly but a crucial component in the maintenance of homeostasis.
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Key Words
- Free radicals
- GAGs, glycosaminoglycans
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- Hypoxia
- I/R, ischemia/reperfusion
- Inflammation
- NOS, nitric oxide synthase
- Nitric oxide
- Nitrite
- O2•−, superoxide
- Oxygen tension
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- XDH, xanthine dehydrogenase
- XO, xanthine oxidase
- XOR, xanthine oxidoreductase)
- Xanthine oxidoreductase
- •NO, nitric oxide
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Abstract
Muscle dysfunction often occurs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and may involve both respiratory and locomotor (peripheral) muscles. The loss of strength and/or endurance in the former can lead to ventilatory insufficiency, whereas in the latter it limits exercise capacity and activities of daily life. Muscle dysfunction is the consequence of complex interactions between local and systemic factors, frequently coexisting in COPD patients. Pulmonary hyperinflation along with the increase in work of breathing that occur in COPD appear as the main contributing factors to respiratory muscle dysfunction. By contrast, deconditioning seems to play a key role in peripheral muscle dysfunction. However, additional systemic factors, including tobacco smoking, systemic inflammation, exercise, exacerbations, nutritional and gas exchange abnormalities, anabolic insufficiency, comorbidities and drugs, can also influence the function of both respiratory and peripheral muscles, by inducing modifications in their local microenvironment. Under all these circumstances, protein metabolism imbalance, oxidative stress, inflammatory events, as well as muscle injury may occur, determining the final structure and modulating the function of different muscle groups. Respiratory muscles show signs of injury as well as an increase in several elements involved in aerobic metabolism (proportion of type I fibers, capillary density, and aerobic enzyme activity) whereas limb muscles exhibit a loss of the same elements, injury, and a reduction in fiber size. In the present review we examine the current state of the art of the pathophysiology of muscle dysfunction in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Gea
- Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), ISCIII, Bunyola, Spain
| | - Alvar Agustí
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), ISCIII, Bunyola, Spain
- Servei de Pneumologia, Institut del Tòrax. Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
- Fundació Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (FISIB), Mallorca, Spain
| | - Josep Roca
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), ISCIII, Bunyola, Spain
- Servei de Pneumologia, Institut del Tòrax. Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
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Puente-Maestu L, Lázaro A, Humanes B. Metabolic derangements in COPD muscle dysfunction. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:1282-90. [PMID: 23288549 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00815.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial muscle alterations are common in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and manifest mainly as decreased oxidative capacity and excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The significant loss of oxidative capacity observed in the quadriceps of COPD patients is mainly due to reduced mitochondrial content in the fibers, a finding consistent with the characteristic loss of type I fibers observed in that muscle. Decreased oxidative capacity does not directly limit maximum performance; however, it is associated with increased lactate production at lower exercise intensity and reduced endurance. Since type I fiber atrophy does not occur in respiratory muscles, the loss of such fibers in the quadriceps could be to the result of disuse. In contrast, excessive production of ROS and oxidative stress are observed in both the respiratory muscles and the quadriceps of COPD patients. The causes of increased ROS production are not clear, and a number of different mechanisms can play a role. Several mitochondrial alterations in the quadriceps of COPD patients are similar to those observed in diabetic patients, thus suggesting a role for muscle alterations in this comorbidity. Amino acid metabolism is also altered. Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α mRNA is low in the quadriceps of COPD patients, which could also be a consequence of type I fiber loss; nevertheless, its response to exercise is not altered. Patterns of muscle cytochrome oxidase gene activation after training differ between COPD patients and healthy subjects, and the profile is consistent with hypoxic stress, even in nonhypoxic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Puente-Maestu
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
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Assessment of a standardized ROS production profile in humans by electron paramagnetic resonance. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:973927. [PMID: 22900129 PMCID: PMC3412105 DOI: 10.1155/2012/973927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the growing interest in the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in health and disease, reliable quantitative noninvasive methods for the assessment of oxidative stress in humans are still lacking. EPR technique, coupled to a specific spin probe (CMH: 1-hydroxy-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine) is here presented as the method of choice to gain a direct measurement of ROS in biological fluids and tissues. The study aimed at demonstrating that, differently from currently available “a posteriori” assays of ROS-induced damage by means of biomolecules (e.g., proteins and lipids) spin-trapping EPR provides direct evidence of the “instantaneous” presence of radical species in the sample and, as signal areas are proportional to the number of excited electron spins, lead to absolute concentration levels. Using a recently developed bench top continuous wave system (e-scan EPR scanner, Bruker) dealing with very low ROS concentration levels in small (50 μL) samples, we successfully monitored rapid ROS production changes in peripheral blood of athletes after controlled exercise and sedentary subjects after antioxidant supplementation. The correlation between EPR results and data obtained by various enzymatic assays (e.g., protein carbonyls and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) was determined too. Synthetically, our method allows reliable, quick, noninvasive quantitative determination of ROS in human peripheral blood.
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Puente-Maestu L, Tejedor A, Lázaro A, de Miguel J, Alvarez-Sala L, González-Aragoneses F, Simón C, Agustí A. Site of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production in skeletal muscle of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its relationship with exercise oxidative stress. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:358-62. [PMID: 22493009 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0382oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise triggers skeletal muscle oxidative stress in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The objective of this research was to study the specific sites of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in mitochondria isolated from skeletal muscle of patients with COPD and its relationship with local oxidative stress induced by exercise. Vastus lateralis biopsies were obtained in 16 patients with COPD (66 ± 10 yr; FEV(1), 54 ± 12% ref) and in 14 control subjects with normal lung function who required surgery because of lung cancer (65 ± 7 yr; FEV(1), 91 ± 14% ref) at rest and after exercise. In these biopsies we isolated mitochondria and mitochondrial membrane fragments and determined in vitro mitochondrial oxygen consumption (Mit$$\stackrel{.}{\hbox{ V }}$$o(2)) and ROS production before and after inhibition of complex I (rotenone), complex II (stigmatellin), and complex III (antimycin-A). We related the in vitro ROS production during state 3 respiration), which mostly corresponds to the mitochondria respiratory state during exercise, with skeletal muscle oxidative stress after exercise, as measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances.State 3 Mit$$\stackrel{.}{\hbox{ V }}$$o(2) was similar in patients with COPD and control subjects (191 ± 27 versus 229 ± 46 nmol/min/mg; P = 0.058), whereas H(2)O(2) production was higher in the former (147 ± 39 versus 51 ± 8 pmol/mg/h; P < 0.001). The addition of complexI, II, and III inhibitors identify complex III as the main site of H(2)O(2) release by mitochondria in patients with COPD and in control subjects. The mitochondrial production of H(2)O(2) in state 3 respiration was related (r = 0.69; P < 0.001) to postexercise muscle thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels. Our results show that complex III is the main site of the enhanced mitochondrial H(2)O(2) production that occurs in skeletal muscle of patients with COPD, and the latter appears to contribute to muscle oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Puente-Maestu
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. c/ Doctor Ezquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain.
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Olek RA, Safranow K, Jakubowska K, Olszewska M, Chlubek D, Laskowski R. Allopurinol intake does not modify the slow component of V(.)O(2) kinetics and oxidative stress induced by severe intensity exercise. Physiol Res 2011; 61:89-96. [PMID: 22188105 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that allopurinol ingestion modifies the slow component of V(.)O(2) kinetics and changes plasma oxidative stress markers during severe intensity exercise. Six recreationally active male subjects were randomly assigned to receive a single dose of allopurinol (300 mg) or a placebo in a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design, with at least 7 days washout period between the two conditions. Two hours following allopurinol or placebo intake, subjects completed a 6-min bout of cycle exercise with the power output corresponding to 75 % V(.)O(2)max. Blood samples were taken prior to commencing the exercise and then 5 minutes upon completion. Allopurinol intake caused increase in resting xanthine and hypoxanthine plasma concentrations, however it did not affect the slow component of oxygen uptake during exercise. Exercise elevated plasma inosine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine. Moreover, exercise induced a decrease in total antioxidant status, and sulfhydryl groups. However, no interaction treatment x time has been observed. Short term severe intensity exercise induces oxidative stress, but xanthine oxidase inhibition does not modify either the kinetics of oxygen consumption or reactive oxygen species overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Olek
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
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40
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Fisher-Wellman K, Bell HK, Bloomer RJ. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense mechanisms linked to exercise during cardiopulmonary and metabolic disorders. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2011; 2:43-51. [PMID: 20046644 PMCID: PMC2763230 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.2.1.7732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathophysiology of multiple human diseases, in addition to the aging process. Although various stimuli exist, acute exercise is known to induce a transient increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), evident by several reports of increased oxidative damage following acute bouts of aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Although the results are somewhat mixed and appear disease dependent, individuals with chronic disease experience an exacerbation in oxidative stress following acute exercise when compared to healthy individuals. However, this increased oxidant stress may serve as a necessary “signal” for the upregulation in antioxidant defenses, thereby providing protection against subsequent exposure to prooxidant environments within susceptible individuals. Here we present studies related to both acute exercise-induced oxidative stress in those with disease, in addition to studies focused on adaptations resulting from increased RONS exposure associated with chronic exercise training in persons with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Fisher-Wellman
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, USA
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41
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Effects of exercise induced oxidative stress on glutathione levels in Parkinson's disease on and off medication. J Neurol 2010; 257:1648-53. [PMID: 20461398 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-010-5584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Resting plasma glutathione (GSH) levels are lower in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) than any other neurological condition. Medications used to treat PD have also been shown to further decrease this depletion. Acute exercise has been shown to be an effective tool to produce oxidative stress in other populations as reflected in lowering levels of GSH. The purpose of this study was to determine how PD responds to acute exercise stress and how medication affects these responses. Fourteen men with PD and 14 men without PD underwent an exercise stress test. Subjects with PD performed the test once off PD medication (PD-Off-med) for 12 h then again 1 week later on PD medication (PD-On-med). GSH and glutathione disulfide (GSSG), were collected via blood draws at rest and after peak exercise along with peak VO(2). At rest and at peak exercise GSH levels and the GSH:GSSG ratio were significantly lower in the PD-On-med and PD-Off-med as compared to controls. GSSG levels were significantly higher in both medication conditions at rest and peak exercise compared to controls. When comparing PD-On-med vs. PD-Off-med at rest and peak exercise, the PD-On-med had lower GSH levels, a lower GSH:GSSG ratio and higher GSSG levels. VO(2) correlated positively with GSH levels. Subjects with PD have lower plasma GSH levels than healthy controls at rest and at peak exercise.
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Rabinovich RA, Vilaró J. Structural and functional changes of peripheral muscles in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2010; 16:123-33. [PMID: 20071991 PMCID: PMC2920417 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0b013e328336438d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to identify new advances in our understanding of skeletal muscle dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have confirmed the relevance of muscle dysfunction as an independent prognosis factor in COPD. Animal studies have shed light on the molecular mechanisms governing skeletal muscle hypertrophy/atrophy. Recent evidence in patients with COPD highlighted the contribution of protein breakdown and mitochondrial dysfunction as pathogenic mechanisms leading to muscle dysfunction in these patients. SUMMARY COPD is a debilitating disease impacting negatively on health status and the functional capacity of patients. COPD goes beyond the lungs and incurs significant systemic effects among which muscle dysfunction/wasting is one of the most important. Muscle dysfunction is a prominent contributor to exercise limitation, healthcare utilization and an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality. Gaining more insight into the molecular mechanisms leading to muscle dysfunction/wasting is key for the development of new and tailored therapeutic strategies to tackle skeletal muscle dysfunction/wasting in COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Rabinovich
- ELEGI Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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The potential for xanthine oxidase inhibition in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol 2009; 2009:282059. [PMID: 20029618 PMCID: PMC2790135 DOI: 10.1155/2009/282059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a now a wealth of epidemiological, animal, and clinical data to suggest the benefits of uric acid reduction and hxanthine oxidase inhibition in prevention of vascular disease. This review discusses the available epidemiological, preclinical, and clinical data and considers arguments for and against a role for serum uric acid in common cardiovascular disorders. It concludes that large scale trials with clinical endpoints are justified to address this important question and to define whether use of drugs such as allopurinol should be a routine part of preventative strategies.
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44
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Kim HC, Mofarrahi M, Hussain SNA. Skeletal muscle dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2009; 3:637-58. [PMID: 19281080 PMCID: PMC2650609 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s4480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating disease characterized by inflammation-induced airflow limitation and parenchymal destruction. In addition to pulmonary manifestations, patients with COPD develop systemic problems, including skeletal muscle and other organ-specific dysfunctions, nutritional abnormalities, weight loss, and adverse psychological responses. Patients with COPD often complain of dyspnea on exertion, reduced exercise capacity, and develop a progressive decline in lung function with increasing age. These symptoms have been attributed to increases in the work of breathing and in impairments in gas exchange that result from airflow limitation and dynamic hyperinflation. However, there is mounting evidence to suggest that skeletal muscle dysfunction, independent of lung function, contributes significantly to reduced exercise capacity and poor quality of life in these patients. Limb and ventilatory skeletal muscle dysfunction in COPD patients has been attributed to a myriad of factors, including the presence of low grade systemic inflammatory processes, nutritional depletion, corticosteroid medications, chronic inactivity, age, hypoxemia, smoking, oxidative and nitrosative stresses, protein degradation and changes in vascular density. This review briefly summarizes the contribution of these factors to overall skeletal muscle dysfunction in patients with COPD, with particular attention paid to the latest advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Cheol Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
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45
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Fisher-Wellman K, Bloomer RJ. Acute exercise and oxidative stress: a 30 year history. DYNAMIC MEDICINE : DM 2009; 8:1. [PMID: 19144121 PMCID: PMC2642810 DOI: 10.1186/1476-5918-8-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The topic of exercise-induced oxidative stress has received considerable attention in recent years, with close to 300 original investigations published since the early work of Dillard and colleagues in 1978. Single bouts of aerobic and anaerobic exercise can induce an acute state of oxidative stress. This is indicated by an increased presence of oxidized molecules in a variety of tissues. Exercise mode, intensity, and duration, as well as the subject population tested, all can impact the extent of oxidation. Moreover, the use of antioxidant supplements can impact the findings. Although a single bout of exercise often leads to an acute oxidative stress, in accordance with the principle of hormesis, such an increase appears necessary to allow for an up-regulation in endogenous antioxidant defenses. This review presents a comprehensive summary of original investigations focused on exercise-induced oxidative stress. This should provide the reader with a well-documented account of the research done within this area of science over the past 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Fisher-Wellman
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Health and Sport Sciences, The University of Memphis, 161F Elma Neal Roane Fieldhouse, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Richard J Bloomer
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Health and Sport Sciences, The University of Memphis, 161F Elma Neal Roane Fieldhouse, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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Nikolaidis MG, Jamurtas AZ, Paschalis V, Fatouros IG, Koutedakis Y, Kouretas D. The effect of muscle-damaging exercise on blood and skeletal muscle oxidative stress: magnitude and time-course considerations. Sports Med 2008; 38:579-606. [PMID: 18557660 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200838070-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to present the effects of acute muscle-damaging exercise on oxidative stress/damage of animal and human tissues using a quantitative approach and focusing on the time-course of exercise effects. The reviewed studies employed eccentric contractions on a dynamometer or downhill running. The statistical power of each study to detect a 20% or 40% post-exercise change compared with pre-exercise value in each oxidative stress/damage biomarker was calculated. Muscle-damaging exercise can increase free radical levels and augment oxidation of lipids, proteins, glutathione and possibly DNA in the blood. In contrast, the effect of muscle-damaging exercise on concentration of antioxidants in the blood, except for glutathione, was little. Muscle-damaging exercise induces oxidative stress/damage in skeletal muscle, even though this is not fully supported by the original statistical analysis of some studies. In contrast, muscle-damaging exercise does not appear to affect--at least to similar extent as the oxidative stress/damage markers--the levels of antioxidants in skeletal muscle. Based on the rather limited data available, the oxidative stress response of skeletal muscle to exercise was generally independent of muscle fibre type. Most of the changes in oxidative stress/damage appeared and were sustained for days after muscle-damaging exercise. The major part of the delayed oxidative stress/damage production that follows muscle-damaging exercise probably comes from phagocytic cells that are activated and recruited to the site of the initial damage. A point that emerged and potentially explains much of the lack of consensus among studies is the low statistical power of many of them. In summary, muscle-damaging exercise can increase oxidative stress/damage in blood and skeletal muscle of rats and humans that may persist for and/or appear several days after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Institute of Human Performance and Rehabilitation, Center for Research and Technology-Thessaly, Trikala, Greece.
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Gehlen H, Oey L, Rohn K, Bilzer T, Stadler P. Pulmonary dysfunction and skeletal muscle changes in horses with RAO. J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22:1014-21. [PMID: 18498323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pulmonary diseases (recurrent airway obstruction [RAO]) have been reported to alter skeletal muscle cells in humans. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a potential relationship between pulmonary and muscle variables in horses with a clinical diagnosis of RAO. Muscle biopsies from healthy horses and from horses with RAO were investigated and the relationship between the severity of lung disease and the degree of muscular changes was determined. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that chronic pulmonary disease can lead to changes of the skeletal muscle in horses. ANIMALS Fifteen healthy horses (control) and 50 horses with RAO were examined. METHODS In a prospective clinical trial, a complete lung examination was performed in all horses. In all horses, muscle enzyme activity at rest and after exercise and muscle biopsies from the M. gluteus medius were examined. RESULTS None of the horses had clinical or histologic signs of primary or neurogenic myopathies. According to the clinical, endoscopic, and radiographic findings and with a scoring system, the horses with RAO were grouped according to the severity of pulmonary findings (15 horses mild, 24 horses moderate, 11 horses severe RAO). Pathologic changes of the skeletal muscle (fiber atrophy or fiber hypertrophy, myofibrillar degeneration, hyperplasia of mitochondria, and ragged-red-like fibers) were identified in most horses with RAO but in only a few individual control horses. In addition, a marked depletion of muscle glycogen storage was evident in the RAO horses but not in the control group. Other pathologic changes of skeletal muscle such as centralized nuclei and regenerating fibers were rare, but were more frequent in horses with lung diseases than in the control group. The degree of muscle cell changes was also graded with a scoring system and correlated with the severity of pulmonary disease (r= 0.55). CONCLUSION Chronic pulmonary disease in horses is associated with structural changes in skeletal muscle. CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Because chronic pulmonary disease may affect muscles, early and effective therapy may prevent these changes. This finding could be of clinical importance but requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gehlen
- Equine Clinic, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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EPR studies on the superoxide-scavenging capacity of the nutraceutical resveratrol. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 313:187-94. [PMID: 18409032 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9756-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene), a polyphenolic compound found in mulberries, grapes, and red wine, has received considerable attention because of its apparent protective effects against various degenerative diseases due to its potential antioxidant activities. However, direct evidence for the superoxide-scavenging capacity of resveratrol is lacking in literature. In this study, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy in combination with 5-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-5-methylpyrroline-N-oxide (DEPMPO)-spin trapping technique was utilized to determine the ability of resveratrol in scavenging superoxide anions generated from both potassium superoxide and the xanthine oxidase/xanthine system. We have demonstrated here for the first time that the presence of resveratrol resulted in decreased formation of DEPMPO-superoxide adduct (DEPMPO-OOH) in both the potassium superoxide and xanthine oxidase/xanthine systems, indicating that resveratrol could directly scavenge superoxide anions. The inhibition of DEPMPO-OOH in the xanthine oxidase/xanthine system, however, was found to be much potent as compared to that observed in potassium superoxide system. It was further shown that resveratrol could also directly inhibit xanthine oxidase activity as assessed by oxygen consumption and formation of uric acid. Taken together, the dual role of resveratrol in directly scavenging superoxide and inhibiting its generation via xanthine oxidase reported in this study may explain, at least in part, the protective role of this compound against oxidative injury in various disease processes.
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Wijnhoven HJH, Heunks LMA, Geraedts MCP, Hafmans T, Viña JR, Dekhuijzen PNR. Oxidative and nitrosative stress in the diaphragm of patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2008; 1:173-9. [PMID: 18046894 PMCID: PMC2706611 DOI: 10.2147/copd.2006.1.2.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
COPD is associated with an increased load on the diaphragm. Since chronic muscle loading results in changes in antioxidant capacity and formation of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species, we hypothesized that COPD has a similar effect on the diaphragm, which is related to the severity of COPD. Catalase activity was determined spectrophotometrically. Levels of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE)-protein adducts and 3-nitrotyrosine (NT) formation were measured using western blotting. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography. We found that catalase activity was ~89% higher in the diaphragm of severe COPD patients (FEV1 37 ± 5% predicted) compared with non-COPD patients. MDA levels, a marker for lipid peroxidation, were significantly lower in the diaphragm of COPD patients compared with non-COPD patients, whereas the level of HNE-protein adducts was equal in both groups. NT formation was not different between groups. However, increasing hyperinflation and NT formation were inversely correlated. These results indicate that in COPD the diaphragm adapts to a higher work load by increasing catalase activity, resulting in a reduction in oxidative damage to lipids and tyrosine nitration of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke J H Wijnhoven
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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Chowdhury P, Walker A. A cell-based approach to study changes in the pancreas following nicotine exposure in an animal model of injury. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2008; 393:547-55. [PMID: 18204935 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-007-0267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking is a recognized risk factor for the induction of pancreatic diseases and is suspected to play a major role in the development of pancreatic cancer in smokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was designed to characterize the mechanisms of nicotine-induced injury to the pancreas. AR42Jcells, a stable mutant pancreatic tumor cell line, was chosen for the study because of its stability in culture media and also because of its known secretory capacity, which is like that of a normal pancreatic acinar cell. It is hypothesized that nicotine-induced effects on the pancreas are triggered by oxidative stress induced in pancreatic acinar cell via oxidative stress signaling pathways. RESULTS The results from our study showed that, in vitro, nicotine induced generation of oxygen free radicals measured as malondialdehyde, an end product of lipid peroxidation. Treatment of AR42J cells with nicotine induced p-ERK 1/2 activation as confirmed by Western blot and immunofluorescence imaging of cytoplasmic localization of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signals. Nicotine enhanced AR42J cell proliferation and cholecystokinin-stimulated amylase release in AR42J cells. These effects of nicotine were confirmed by simultaneous studies conducted on the same cells by hydrogen peroxide, a known oxidative biomarker. Allopurinol, a XOD inhibitor, suppressed these effects induced by nicotine and H(2)O(2) with the exception that cholecystokinin-stimulated amylase release by H(2)O(2) remained unaltered when AR42J cells were preincubated with allopurinol. These results suggest that nicotine-induced effects on pancreatic acinar cells were associated with generation of oxyradical mediated via the XOD pathway. The results have a direct impact on cell proliferation, MAPK signaling, and acinar cell function. CONCLUSION We conclude that nicotine induces oxidative stress in pancreatic acinar cells and that these events trigger pathophysiological changes in the pancreas, leading to increased cell proliferation and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parimal Chowdhury
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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