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Al Alawi AM, Al Badi A, Al Huraizi A, Falhammar H. Magnesium: The recent research and developments. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2021; 96:193-218. [PMID: 34112353 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in the human body, which facilitates more than 300 enzymatic reactions. Magnesium is essential for nucleic material and protein synthesis, neuromuscular conduction, cardiac contractility, energy metabolism, and immune system function. Gastrointestinal system and kidneys closely regulate magnesium absorption and elimination to maintain adequate storage of magnesium. Magnesium deficiency has been linked to many diseases and poor health outcomes. Magnesium has also been proven to be an effective therapeutic agent in many diseases, such as bronchial asthma, cardiac arrhythmia, and pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M Al Alawi
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman; Oman Medical Specialty Board, Muscat, Oman.
| | | | - Aisha Al Huraizi
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Henrik Falhammar
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
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Maeoka Y, McCormick JA. NaCl cotransporter activity and Mg 2+ handling by the distal convoluted tubule. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F1043-F1053. [PMID: 33135481 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00463.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic disease Gitelman syndrome, knockout mice, and pharmacological blockade with thiazide diuretics have revealed that reduced activity of the NaCl cotransporter (NCC) promotes renal Mg2+ wasting. NCC is expressed along the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), and its activity determines Mg2+ entry into DCT cells through transient receptor potential channel subfamily M member 6 (TRPM6). Several other genetic forms of hypomagnesemia lower the drive for Mg2+ entry by inhibiting activity of basolateral Na+-K+-ATPase, and reduced NCC activity may do the same. Lower intracellular Mg2+ may promote further Mg2+ loss by directly decreasing activity of Na+-K+-ATPase. Lower intracellular Mg2+ may also lower Na+-K+-ATPase indirectly by downregulating NCC. Lower NCC activity also induces atrophy of DCT cells, decreasing the available number of TRPM6 channels. Conversely, a mouse model with increased NCC activity was recently shown to display normal Mg2+ handling. Moreover, recent studies have identified calcineurin and uromodulin (UMOD) as regulators of both NCC and Mg2+ handling by the DCT. Calcineurin inhibitors paradoxically cause hypomagnesemia in a state of NCC activation, but this may be related to direct effects on TRPM6 gene expression. In Umod-/- mice, the cause of hypomagnesemia may be partly due to both decreased NCC expression and lower TRPM6 expression on the cell surface. This mini-review discusses these new findings and the possible role of altered Na+ flux through NCC and ultimately Na+-K+-ATPase in Mg2+ reabsorption by the DCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Maeoka
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - James A McCormick
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Pariente-Pérez T, Aguilar-Alonso F, Solano JD, Vargas-Olvera C, Curiel-Muñiz P, Mendoza-Rodríguez CA, Tenorio-Hernández D, Ibarra-Rubio ME. Differential behavior of NF-κB, IκBα and EGFR during the renal carcinogenic process in an experimental model in vivo. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:3153-3164. [PMID: 32256811 PMCID: PMC7074249 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of cancer of the adult kidney. It is generally asymptomatic even at advanced stages, so opportune diagnosis is rare, making it almost impossible to study this cancer at its early stages. RCC tumors induced by ferric nitrilotriacetate (FeNTA) in rats histologically correspond to the human clear cell RCC subtype (ccRCC) and the exposure to this carcinogen during either one or two months leads to different early stages of neoplastic development. High levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as well as low levels of NF-κB inhibitor alpha (IκBα) are frequent in human RCC, but their status in FeNTA-induced tumors and their evolution along renal carcinogenesis is unclear. On this basis, in the present study NF-κB, IκBα and EGFR behavior was analyzed at different stages of the experimental renal carcinogenesis model. Similar to patients with RCC, neoplastic tissue showed high levels of p65, one of the predominant subunits of NF-κB in ccRCC and of EGFR (protein and mRNA), as well as a decrease in the levels of NF-κB's main inhibitor, IκBα, resulting in a classic oncogenic combination. Conversely, different responses were observed at early stages of carcinogenesis. After one month of FeNTA-exposure, NF-κB activity and EGFR levels augmented; but unexpectedly, IκBα also did. While after two months, NF-κB activity diminished, but EGFR and IκBα levels remained elevated. In conclusion, FeNTA-induced tumors and RCC human neoplasms are analogues regarding to the classic NF-κB, IκBα and EGFR behavior, and distinctive non-conventional combination of changes is developed at each early stage studied. The results obtained suggest that the dysregulation of the analyzed molecules could be related to different signaling pathways and therefore, to particular effects depending on the phase of the carcinogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telma Pariente-Pérez
- Biology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory F-225, National Autonomous University of Mexico, CDMX 04510, Mexico
| | - Francisco Aguilar-Alonso
- Biology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory F-225, National Autonomous University of Mexico, CDMX 04510, Mexico
| | - José Dolores Solano
- Biology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory F-225, National Autonomous University of Mexico, CDMX 04510, Mexico
| | - Chabetty Vargas-Olvera
- Biology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory F-225, National Autonomous University of Mexico, CDMX 04510, Mexico
| | - Patricia Curiel-Muñiz
- Biology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory F-225, National Autonomous University of Mexico, CDMX 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Daniela Tenorio-Hernández
- Biology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory F-225, National Autonomous University of Mexico, CDMX 04510, Mexico
| | - María Elena Ibarra-Rubio
- Biology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory F-225, National Autonomous University of Mexico, CDMX 04510, Mexico
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Epidermal growth factor and its influencing variables in healthy children and adults. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211212. [PMID: 30677083 PMCID: PMC6345470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objective Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates cell proliferation and differentiation after binding to its receptor. Next to its role in magnesium homeostasis, EGF disturbances have been described in oncology, diabetes and autism spectrum disorders. The aim of this study was to determine EGF serum and urine values for both healthy children and adults. Next, we investigated the relation between several variables and urinary and serum EGF concentrations. Methods Both healthy adults (n = 50) and children (n = 78) were included. Serum and urinary EGF concentrations were measured with ELISA technology. Results Serum EGF was inversely correlated with age (r = —0.873; p<0.001) and positively correlated with serum magnesium (r = 0.597; p<0.001). The urinary EGF was also inversely correlated with age (r = -0.855; p<0.001). In adults and children older than 13 years of age, the urinary EGF significantly differed between sexes (p = 0.001). Urinary EGF was positively correlated with serum magnesium (r = 0.583; p<0.001) and creatinine clearance (r = 0.524; p<0.001) and negatively correlated with the fractional excretion of magnesium (r = 0.248; p = 0.014). In a multivariate model, age and serum magnesium remained independently related to serum EGF while age, serum EGF and serum magnesium remained independently related to urinary EGF. Conclusions This study provides valuable insights in urinary and serum EGF patterns in healthy subjects. By systematically correcting EGF for body surface, significant correlations with age, gender and magnesium were observed.
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Manabe A, Furukawa C, Hasegawa H, Matsunaga T, Endo S, Ikari A. Upregulation of transient receptor potential melastatin 6 channel expression by rosiglitazone and all‐
trans
‐retinoic acid in erlotinib‐treated renal tubular epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8951-8962. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Manabe
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University Gifu Japan
| | - Chisa Furukawa
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University Gifu Japan
| | - Hajime Hasegawa
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University Saitama Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University Gifu Japan
| | - Satoshi Endo
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University Gifu Japan
| | - Akira Ikari
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University Gifu Japan
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Soo JYC, Jansen J, Masereeuw R, Little MH. Advances in predictive in vitro models of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018; 14:378-393. [PMID: 29626199 PMCID: PMC6013592 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-018-0003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In vitro screens for nephrotoxicity are currently poorly predictive of toxicity in humans. Although the functional proteins that are expressed by nephron tubules and mediate drug susceptibility are well known, current in vitro cellular models poorly replicate both the morphology and the function of kidney tubules and therefore fail to demonstrate injury responses to drugs that would be nephrotoxic in vivo. Advances in protocols to enable the directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into multiple renal cell types and the development of microfluidic and 3D culture systems have opened a range of potential new platforms for evaluating drug nephrotoxicity. Many of the new in vitro culture systems have been characterized by the expression and function of transporters, enzymes, and other functional proteins that are expressed by the kidney and have been implicated in drug-induced renal injury. In vitro platforms that express these proteins and exhibit molecular biomarkers that have been used as readouts of injury demonstrate improved functional maturity compared with static 2D cultures and represent an opportunity to model injury to renal cell types that have hitherto received little attention. As nephrotoxicity screening platforms become more physiologically relevant, they will facilitate the development of safer drugs and improved clinical management of nephrotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Y-C Soo
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jitske Jansen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Melissa H Little
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Longitudinal Study of the Role of Epidermal Growth Factor on the Fractional Excretion of Magnesium in Children: Effect of Calcineurin Inhibitors. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060677. [PMID: 29861470 PMCID: PMC6024309 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It was shown in animal models and adults that the epidermal growth factor (EGF) is involved in the pathophysiology of calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) induced renal magnesium loss. In children, however, the exact mechanism remains unclear, which was set as the purpose of the present study. METHODS Children with nephrotic syndrome and renal transplant children treated with CNI (n = 50) and non-CNI treated children (n = 46) were included in this study. Urine and serum samples were collected at three time points to determine magnesium, creatinine, and EGF. The magnesium intake was calculated from a food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS Serum Mg2+ and urinary EGF/creatinine were significantly lower in the CNI treated children, with significantly more CNI-treated children developing hypomagnesaemia. In the latter patients, the fractional excretion of magnesium (FE Mg2+) was significantly higher. Urinary EGF, age, renal function, and serum magnesium were independent predictors of the FE Mg2+. Only 29% of the children reached the recommended daily intake of magnesium. The magnesium intake did not differ between hypomagnesemic and normomagnesemic patients and was not a predictor of the FE Mg2+. CONCLUSIONS In CNI-treated children who developed hypomagnesemia, the FE Mg2+ was increased. The urinary EGF concentration, age, and renal function are independent predictors of the FE Mg2+.
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Aziz MM, Eid NI, Nada AS, Amin NED, Ain-Shoka AA. Possible protective effect of the algae spirulina against nephrotoxicity induced by cyclosporine A and/or gamma radiation in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:9060-9070. [PMID: 29333572 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the possible protective role of the algae spirulina (Sp) against nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress which are the main secondary effects induced by the immunosuppressant drug CSA and/or ionizing radiation. In this study, male rats were given Sp (1 g/kg) either for 15 days before irradiation (6.5 Gy) or 5 days before and 10 days concomitant with CSA (25 mg/kg). Markers used to assess renal injury included serum creatinine, urea, glucose, albumin, protein, and lipid profile as well as kidney content of reduced glutathione (GSH); lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)); nitrite and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. In addition, some trace elements (Zn and Mg) were estimated in kidney. Apoptosis was assessed by immunohistochemical estimation of caspase-3 expression in addition to histopathological examination. Results revealed that gamma radiation and/or CSA induced elevation in urea, creatinine, lipids, and glucose while decreasing albumin and protein levels. There was a noticeable increase in kidney content of GSH, TBARS, and nitrite. Meanwhile, profound decrease in kidney SOD activity was observed. Treatment with Sp significantly reversed the changes induced by CSA and/or gamma radiation in renal function tests. Spirulina also ameliorated kidney oxidative stress through decreasing GSH, TBARS, and nitrite kidney content while increasing SOD activity. Histopathological examination further confirmed Sp protective efficacy. Moreover, kidney caspase-3 expression that was triggered by CSA and/or gamma radiation was decreased. In conclusion, spirulina can be regarded as a promising renoprotective natural agent against renal injury induced by CSA and/or gamma radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha M Aziz
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, PO Box 29, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Nihad I Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Nada
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, PO Box 29, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nour El-Din Amin
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, PO Box 29, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Afaf A Ain-Shoka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Aldosterone, SGK1, and ion channels in the kidney. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:173-183. [PMID: 29352074 PMCID: PMC5817097 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hyperaldosteronism, a common cause of hypertension, is strongly connected to Na+, K+, and Mg2+ dysregulation. Owing to its steroidal structure, aldosterone is an active transcriptional modifier when bound to the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in cells expressing the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2, such as those comprising the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron (ASDN). One such up-regulated protein, the ubiquitous serum and glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1), has the capacity to modulate the surface expression and function of many classes of renal ion channels, including those that transport Na+ (ENaC), K+ (ROMK/BK), Ca2+ (TRPV4/5/6), Mg2+ (TRPM7/6), and Cl− (ClC-K, CFTR). Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which ASDN expressed channels are up-regulated by SGK1, while highlighting newly discovered pathways connecting aldosterone to nonselective cation channels that are permeable to Mg2+ (TRPM7) or Ca2+ (TRPV4).
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Magnesium attenuates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by regulating the expression of renal transporters. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 811:191-198. [PMID: 28529140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin (CDDP)-induced nephrotoxicity (CIN) is one of the most serious toxicities caused by this potent antitumor agent. It has been reported that Mg premedication attenuates CIN in clinical trials; however, the mechanism underlying its nephroprotection is not fully understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether Mg administration affects CDDP accumulation by regulating the expression level of renal transporters. Rats were divided into control, Mg (40mg/kg) alone, 2.5mg/kg CDDP with (20 and 40mg/kg) and without Mg, 5mg/kg CDDP groups. These substances were administered on the same day and 7 days later their kidneys were removed. The expression levels of renal transporters and platinum (Pt) accumulation were analyzed. The serum creatinine level was significantly increased by CDDP administration and treatment with Mg significantly ameliorated such elevation. The expressions of the renal organic cation transporter 2 (rOct2) and renal multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (rMate1) were downregulated and upregulated, respectively following co-administration with Mg, which significantly reduced the renal Pt accumulation in the 2.5mg/kg CDDP-treated group. Moreover, Mg dose-dependently downregulated rOct2, not affecting rMate expression, resulting in the attenuation of CIN. Mg co-administration protected the downregulation of the transient receptor potential subfamily Melastatin 6 (rTrpm6), but not the epidermal growth factor (rEgf), as a result, Mg co-injection attenuated CDDP-induced hypomagnesemia. In conclusion, Mg co-administration reduced Pt accumulation by regulating the expression of the renal transporters, rOct2 and rMate1 and, thereby, attenuated CIN.
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Saburi M, Kohashi S, Kato J, Koda Y, Sakurai M, Toyama T, Kikuchi T, Karigane D, Yuda S, Yamane Y, Hashida R, Abe R, Nakazato T, Hirahashi J, Ogata M, Okamoto S, Mori T. Effects of calcineurin inhibitors on sodium excretion in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Int J Hematol 2017; 106:431-435. [PMID: 28516402 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-017-2253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Calcineurin inhibitors (CIs) such as cyclosporine A (CSA) and tacrolimus often cause renal dysfunction, resulting in increased serum creatinine, hyperkalemia, and hyperuricemia. However, the effects of CIs on sodium excretion have not been fully elucidated. We retrospectively evaluated the effects of CI administration on sodium excretion in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Fifty consecutive recipients each of allogeneic HSCT receiving either CSA or tacrolimus (100 patients in total) with available data for weekly fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) for a 4-week period after transplantation were enrolled in this retrospective analysis. No significant differences in patient characteristics were observed between CSA and tacrolimus groups except for the type of donor. FENa was significantly higher at the 3rd (1.25 ± 0.80) and 4th weeks (1.53 ± 1.06) after transplantation as compared with that at the 1st week (0.93 ± 0.51; P < 0.01, P < 0.001, respectively) in the tacrolimus group, but not at any time point in the CSA group. In addition, FENa was significantly higher in the tacrolimus group than the CSA group at the 4th week (1.53 ± 1.06 vs. 1.13 ± 0.80; P < 0.05). These results suggest that tacrolimus increases sodium excretion after allogeneic HSCT, and that this effect is minimal with CSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuho Saburi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Sumiko Kohashi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jun Kato
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuya Koda
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Sakurai
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takaaki Toyama
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Taku Kikuchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Daiki Karigane
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Sayako Yuda
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamane
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Risa Hashida
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ryohei Abe
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nakazato
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Junichi Hirahashi
- Department of General Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Ogata
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Okamoto
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takehiko Mori
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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Furukawa C, Fujii N, Manabe A, Matsunaga T, Endo S, Hasegawa H, Ito Y, Yamaguchi M, Yamazaki Y, Ikari A. Up-Regulation of Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 6 Channel Expression by Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in the Presence of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2841-2850. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chisa Furukawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry; Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; Gifu Japan
| | - Naoko Fujii
- Laboratory of Biochemistry; Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; Gifu Japan
| | - Aya Manabe
- Laboratory of Biochemistry; Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; Gifu Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Biochemistry; Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; Gifu Japan
| | - Satoshi Endo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry; Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; Gifu Japan
| | - Hajime Hasegawa
- Saitama Medical Center; Saitama Medical University; Saitama Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ito
- Department of Pharmacy; Gifu University Hospital; Gifu Japan
| | - Masahiko Yamaguchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamazaki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Akira Ikari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry; Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; Gifu Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Magnesium (Mg) imbalances are frequently overlooked. Hypermagnesemia usually occurs in preeclamptic women after Mg therapy or in end-stage renal disease patients, whereas hypomagnesemia is more common with a prevalence of up to 15% in the general population. Increasing evidence points toward a role for mild-to-moderate chronic hypomagnesemia in the pathogenesis of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS The kidneys are the major regulator of total body Mg homeostasis. Over the last decade, the identification of the responsible genes in rare genetic disorders has enhanced our understanding of how the kidney handles Mg. The different genetic disorders and medications contributing to abnormal Mg homeostasis are reviewed. SUMMARY As dysfunctional Mg homeostasis contributes to the development of many common human disorders, serum Mg deserves closer monitoring. Hypomagnesemic patients may be asymptomatic or may have mild symptoms. In severe hypomagnesemia, patients may present with neurological symptoms such as seizures, spasms, or cramps. Renal symptoms include nephrocalcinosis and impaired renal function. Most conditions affect tubular Mg reabsorption by disturbing the lumen-positive potential in the thick ascending limb or the negative membrane potential in the distal convoluted tubule.
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Takayanagi K, Shimizu T, Tayama Y, Ikari A, Anzai N, Iwashita T, Asakura J, Hayashi K, Mitarai T, Hasegawa H. Downregulation of transient receptor potential M6 channels as a cause of hypermagnesiuric hypomagnesemia in obese type 2 diabetic rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F1386-97. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00593.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the expression profile of Mg2+-transporting molecules in obese diabetic rats as a cause of hypermagnesiuric hypomagnesemia, which is involved in the development of insulin resistance, hypertension, and coronary diseases. Kidneys were obtained from male Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) and Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) obese diabetic rats at the ages of 16, 24, and 34 wk. Expression profiles were studied by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry together with measurements of urine Mg2+excretion. Urine Mg2+excretion was increased in 24-wk-old OLETF rats and hypomagnesemia was apparent in 34-wk-old OLETF rats but not in LETO rats (urine Mg2+excretion: 0.16 ± 0.01 μg·min−1·g body wt−1in 24-wk-old LETO rats and 0.28 ± 0.01 μg·min−1·g body wt−1in 24-wk-old OLETF rats). Gene expression of transient receptor potential (TRP)M6 was downregulated (85.5 ± 5.6% in 34-wk-old LETO rats and 63.0 ± 3.5% in 34-wk-old OLETF rats) concomitant with Na+-Cl−cotransporter downregulation, whereas the expression of claudin-16 in tight junctions of the thick ascending limb of Henle was not different. The results of the semiquantitative analysis of immunohistochemistry were consistent with these findings (TRPM6: 0.49 ± 0.04% in 16-wk-old LETO rats, 0.10 ± 0.01% in 16-wk-old OLETF rats, 0.52 ± 0.03% in 24-wk-old LETO rats, 0.10 ± 0.01% in 24-wk-old OLETF rats, 0.48 ± 0.02% in 34-wk-old LETO rats, and 0.12 ± 0.02% in 34-wk-old OLETF rats). Gene expression of fibrosis-related proinflammatory cytokines as well as histological changes showed that the hypermagnesiuria-related molecular changes and tubulointerstitial nephropathy developed independently. TRPM6, located principally in distal convoluted tubules, appears to be a susceptible molecule that causes hypermagnesiuric hypomagnesemia as a tubulointerstitial nephropathy-independent altered tubular function in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Takayanagi
- Ishikawa Kinenkai Kawagoe Ekimae Clinic, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Taisuke Shimizu
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tayama
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akira Ikari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; and
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Iwashita
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Juko Asakura
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keitaro Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mitarai
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hajime Hasegawa
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
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de Baaij JHF, Hoenderop JGJ, Bindels RJM. Magnesium in man: implications for health and disease. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:1-46. [PMID: 25540137 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 880] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg(2+)) is an essential ion to the human body, playing an instrumental role in supporting and sustaining health and life. As the second most abundant intracellular cation after potassium, it is involved in over 600 enzymatic reactions including energy metabolism and protein synthesis. Although Mg(2+) availability has been proven to be disturbed during several clinical situations, serum Mg(2+) values are not generally determined in patients. This review aims to provide an overview of the function of Mg(2+) in human health and disease. In short, Mg(2+) plays an important physiological role particularly in the brain, heart, and skeletal muscles. Moreover, Mg(2+) supplementation has been shown to be beneficial in treatment of, among others, preeclampsia, migraine, depression, coronary artery disease, and asthma. Over the last decade, several hereditary forms of hypomagnesemia have been deciphered, including mutations in transient receptor potential melastatin type 6 (TRPM6), claudin 16, and cyclin M2 (CNNM2). Recently, mutations in Mg(2+) transporter 1 (MagT1) were linked to T-cell deficiency underlining the important role of Mg(2+) in cell viability. Moreover, hypomagnesemia can be the consequence of the use of certain types of drugs, such as diuretics, epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, calcineurin inhibitors, and proton pump inhibitors. This review provides an extensive and comprehensive overview of Mg(2+) research over the last few decades, focusing on the regulation of Mg(2+) homeostasis in the intestine, kidney, and bone and disturbances which may result in hypomagnesemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen H F de Baaij
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René J M Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The tight control of blood magnesium (Mg) levels is of central importance for numerous physiological processes. A persistent low Mg status (hypomagnesemia) is associated with severe health risks and is involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, asthma, and heart and vascular diseases. The current view has expanded significantly as a result of the identification of novel genes and regulatory pathways involved in hypomagnesemic disorders. This review aims to give an up-to-date overview of transient receptor potential melastatin 6 (TRPM6) regulation and its role in the maintenance of Mg homeostasis. RECENT FINDINGS The epithelial Mg channel TRPM6 is considered to be the Mg entry pathway in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney, where it functions as gatekeeper for controlling the body's Mg balance. Various factors and hormones contribute not only to the function, but also to the dysregulation of TRPM6, which has a substantial impact on renal Mg handling. Recent genetic and molecular studies have further elucidated the signaling processes of epithelial Mg transport, including their effect on the expression and function of TRPM6. SUMMARY Knowledge of TRPM6 functioning is of vital importance to decipher its role in Mg handling and will, in particular, provide a molecular basis for achieving a better understanding of Mg mal(re)absorption and hence systemic Mg balance.
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Abstract
The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is a short nephron segment, interposed between the macula densa and collecting duct. Even though it is short, it plays a key role in regulating extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte homeostasis. DCT cells are rich in mitochondria, and possess the highest density of Na+/K+-ATPase along the nephron, where it is expressed on the highly amplified basolateral membranes. DCT cells are largely water impermeable, and reabsorb sodium and chloride across the apical membrane via electroneurtral pathways. Prominent among this is the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter, target of widely used diuretic drugs. These cells also play a key role in magnesium reabsorption, which occurs predominantly, via a transient receptor potential channel (TRPM6). Human genetic diseases in which DCT function is perturbed have provided critical insights into the physiological role of the DCT, and how transport is regulated. These include Familial Hyperkalemic Hypertension, the salt-wasting diseases Gitelman syndrome and EAST syndrome, and hereditary hypomagnesemias. The DCT is also established as an important target for the hormones angiotensin II and aldosterone; it also appears to respond to sympathetic-nerve stimulation and changes in plasma potassium. Here, we discuss what is currently known about DCT physiology. Early studies that determined transport rates of ions by the DCT are described, as are the channels and transporters expressed along the DCT with the advent of molecular cloning. Regulation of expression and activity of these channels and transporters is also described; particular emphasis is placed on the contribution of genetic forms of DCT dysregulation to our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A McCormick
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Oregon Health & Science University, & VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States
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Heylen M, Ruyssers NE, De Man JG, Timmermans JP, Pelckmans PA, Moreels TG, De Winter BY. Worm proteins of Schistosoma mansoni reduce the severity of experimental chronic colitis in mice by suppressing colonic proinflammatory immune responses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110002. [PMID: 25313594 PMCID: PMC4196959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although helminthic therapy as a possible new option to treat inflammatory bowel disease is a well-established concept by now, the search for immunomodulatory helminth-derived compounds and their mechanisms of action is still ongoing. We investigated the therapeutic potential and the underlying immunological mechanisms of Schistosoma mansoni soluble worm proteins (SmSWP) in an adoptive T cell transfer mouse model of chronic colitis. Both a curative and a preventive treatment protocol were included in this study. The curative administration of SmSWP (started when colitis was established), resulted in a significant improvement of the clinical disease score, colonoscopy, macroscopic and microscopic inflammation score, colon length and myeloperoxidase activity. The therapeutic potential of the preventive SmSWP treatment (started before colitis was established), was less pronounced compared with the curative SmSWP treatment but still resulted in an improved clinical disease score, body weight loss, colon length and microscopic inflammation score. Both the curative and preventive SmSWP treatment downregulated the mRNA expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-17A and upregulated the mRNA expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 in the colon at the end of the experiment. This colonic immunomodulatory effect of SmSWP could not be confirmed at the protein level. Moreover, the effect of SmSWP appeared to be a local colonic phenomenon, since the flow cytometric T cell characterization of the mesenteric lymph nodes and the cytokine measurements in the serum did not reveal any effect of SmSWP treatment. In conclusion, SmSWP treatment reduced the severity of colitis in the adoptive transfer mouse model via the suppression of proinflammatory cytokines and the induction of an anti-inflammatory response in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe Heylen
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nathalie E. Ruyssers
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joris G. De Man
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paul A. Pelckmans
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp University Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tom G. Moreels
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp University Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Y. De Winter
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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20
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Pham PCT, Pham PAT, Pham SV, Pham PTT, Pham PMT, Pham PTT. Hypomagnesemia: a clinical perspective. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2014; 7:219-30. [PMID: 24966690 PMCID: PMC4062555 DOI: 10.2147/ijnrd.s42054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although magnesium is involved in a wide spectrum of vital functions in normal human physiology, the significance of hypomagnesemia and necessity for its treatment are under-recognized and underappreciated in clinical practice. In the current review, we first present an overview of the clinical significance of hypomagnesemia and normal magnesium metabolism, with a focus on renal magnesium handling. Subsequently, we review the literature for both congenital and acquired hypomagnesemic conditions that affect the various steps in normal magnesium metabolism. Finally, we present an approach to the routine evaluation and suggested management of hypomagnesemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phuong-Anh T Pham
- Veterans Administration Central California Health Care System, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Son V Pham
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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21
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Zeng F, Harris RC. Epidermal growth factor, from gene organization to bedside. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 28:2-11. [PMID: 24513230 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In 1962, epidermal growth factor (EGF) was discovered by Dr. Stanley Cohen while studying nerve growth factor (NGF). It was soon recognized that EGF is the prototypical member of a family of peptide growth factors that activate the EGF receptors, and that the EGF/EGF receptor signaling pathway plays important roles in proliferation, differentiation and migration of a variety of cell types, especially in epithelial cells. After the basic characterization of EGF function in the first decade or so after its discovery, the studies related to EGF and its signaling pathway have extended to a broad range of investigations concerning its biological and pathophysiological roles in development and in human diseases. In this review, we briefly describe the gene organization and tissue distribution of EGF, with emphasis on its biological and pathological roles in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Zeng
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Raymond C Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, United States.
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22
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Ledeganck KJ, De Winter BY, Van den Driessche A, Jürgens A, Bosmans JL, Couttenye MM, Verpooten GA. Magnesium loss in cyclosporine-treated patients is related to renal epidermal growth factor downregulation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 29:1097-102. [PMID: 24353324 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclosporine (CsA) treatment is associated with hypomagnesaemia due to a renal Mg(2+) leak. In animal studies a role for the Mg(2+) channel TRPM6 localized in the distal convoluted tubule and stimulated by epidermal growth factor (EGF) is suggested. We hypothesize that CsA-induced hypomagnesaemia is due to a renal magnesium leak, also in patients, resulting from a downregulation of the renal EGF production, thereby inhibiting the activation of TRPM6. METHODS Renal transplant patients treated with CsA (n = 55) and 35 chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients were included. At three time points, with an interval of at least 1 month, blood and urine samples were taken to determine creatinine, Mg(2+), sodium and EGF. RESULTS Serum Mg(2+) was significantly lower in the CsA group versus the CKD group with significantly more CsA-treated patients developing hypomagnesaemia. Although the fractional excretion (FE) Mg(2+) did not differ significantly between the two groups, subanalysis of the patients with hypomagnesaemia showed a significantly higher FE Mg(2+) in CsA-treated patients compared with CKD patients (P = 0.05). The urinary EGF excretion was significantly decreased in the CsA group and was a predictor of the FE Mg(2+) in the two groups. Serum sodium was significantly decreased in the CsA group simultaneously with an increased FE Na(+). CONCLUSIONS In CsA-treated patients, the association of a low urinary EGF excretion and a decreased renal Mg(2+) reabsorption is in accordance with in vitro and animal studies. In the whole study population, log urinary EGF excretion is an independent predictor of the FE Mg(2+), supporting the role of EGF in magnesium reabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien J Ledeganck
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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23
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Moes AD, van der Lubbe N, Zietse R, Loffing J, Hoorn EJ. The sodium chloride cotransporter SLC12A3: new roles in sodium, potassium, and blood pressure regulation. Pflugers Arch 2013; 466:107-18. [PMID: 24310820 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1407-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SLC12A3 encodes the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC), which is primarily expressed in the kidney, but also in intestine and bone. In the kidney, NCC is located in the apical plasma membrane of epithelial cells in the distal convoluted tubule. Although NCC reabsorbs only 5 to 10% of filtered sodium, it is important for the fine-tuning of renal sodium excretion in response to various hormonal and non-hormonal stimuli. Several new roles for NCC in the regulation of sodium, potassium, and blood pressure have been unraveled recently. For example, the recent discoveries that NCC is activated by angiotensin II but inhibited by dietary potassium shed light on how the kidney handles sodium during hypovolemia (high angiotensin II) and hyperkalemia. The additive effect of angiotensin II and aldosterone maximizes sodium reabsorption during hypovolemia, whereas the inhibitory effect of potassium on NCC increases delivery of sodium to the potassium-secreting portion of the nephron. In addition, great steps have been made in unraveling the molecular machinery that controls NCC. This complex network consists of kinases and ubiquitinases, including WNKs, SGK1, SPAK, Nedd4-2, Cullin-3, and Kelch-like 3. The pathophysiological significance of this network is illustrated by the fact that modification of each individual protein in the network changes NCC activity and results in salt-dependent hypotension or hypertension. This review aims to summarize these new insights in an integrated manner while identifying unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur D Moes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Room H-438, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Kaplinsky C, Alon US. Magnesium homeostasis and hypomagnesemia in children with malignancy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:734-40. [PMID: 23303583 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hypomagnesemia is not uncommon among children with malignancies. It is especially seen in association with certain medications and can be further complicated by the presence of diarrhea and malnutrition. Severe hypomagnesemia may cause disturbances in the neuromuscular and cardiovascular systems. All patients with hypomagnesemia should be supplemented with the mineral, and urgent treatment is indicated when serum magnesium decreases below 1.0 mg/dl, a level under which symptoms may develop. This review addresses the essentials of magnesium physiology, and pathophysiology of hypomagnesemia, its etiologies, clinical manifestations and ways to treat it, with an emphasis on the child with hematologic/oncologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaim Kaplinsky
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Ledeganck KJ, Boulet GA, Bogers JJ, Verpooten GA, De Winter BY. The TRPM6/EGF pathway is downregulated in a rat model of cisplatin nephrotoxicity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57016. [PMID: 23457647 PMCID: PMC3574071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin-induced hypomagnesemia is described in humans and rats, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Recent studies have shown that epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates Mg2+ re-absorption in the distal convoluted tubule via the Mg2+ channel TRPM6. This study investigates the role of TRPM Mg2+ channels, claudines, and EGF in the Mg2+ homeostasis in a rat model of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Wistar rats were given 2.5 mg/kg cisplatin per week for 3 weeks and were euthanized 4 or 9 weeks after the first administration. The cisplatin treatment significantly increased the fractional excretion of Mg2+. Real-time RT-PCR and/or Western blots were performed to assess the renal expression TRPM6, TRPM7, claudin-16, claudin-19, EGF, EGF receptor (EGFR) and EGFR-pathway components. The renal mRNA expression of TRPM6 and EGF showed a significant decrease after cisplatin treatment, while the TRPM7, claudin-16 and EGFR expressions remained stable. The claudin-19 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated after cisplatin treatment. Western blotting confirmed the mRNA expression data for the claudins, but an showed upregulation of EGFR only at week 9. The role of the EGFR pathway, involving Pi3-AKT-Rac1, in cisplatin-induced nephropathy, could not be substantiated in further detail. This study shows that cisplatin treatment results in EGF and TRPM6 downregulation in the rat kidney, causing renal Mg2+ loss. Our results are in line with the hypothesis that EGF influences the renal expression or activation of TRPM6 and plays a significant role in Mg2+ loss in medication-induced nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien J. Ledeganck
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gaëlle A. Boulet
- Applied Molecular Biology Research Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johannes J. Bogers
- Applied Molecular Biology Research Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gert A. Verpooten
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Nephrology-Hypertension, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Y. De Winter
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Hess MW, Hoenderop JGJ, Bindels RJM, Drenth JPH. Systematic review: hypomagnesaemia induced by proton pump inhibition. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36:405-13. [PMID: 22762246 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a mainstay therapy for all gastric acid-related diseases. Clinical concerns arise from a small but growing number of case reports presenting PPI-induced hypomagnesaemia (PPIH) as a consequence of long-term PPI use. Current opinion is that reduced intestinal magnesium absorption might be involved, but nothing is known on the molecular mechanism underlying PPIH. AIM To investigate whether or not PPIH is a true, long-term drug-class effect of all PPIs and to scrutinise a possible role of comorbidity in its aetiology. Therefore, the primary objective in particular was to investigate serum magnesium dynamics in trials drug withdrawal and re-challenge. The secondary objective was to profile the 'patient at risk'. METHODS We reviewed systematically all currently available case reports on the subject and performed a statistical analysis on extracted data. RESULTS Proton pump inhibitor-induced hypomagnesaemia PPIH is a drug-class effect and occurred after 5.5 years (median) of PPI use, onset was broad and ranged from 14 days to 13 years. Discontinuation of PPIs resulted in fast recovery from PPIH in 4 days and re-challenge led to reoccurrence within 4 days. Histamine-2-receptor antagonists were the preferable replacement therapy in PPIH and prevented reoccurrence of hypomagnesaemia. In PPIH no specific risk profile was identified that was linked to the hypomagnesaemia. CONCLUSIONS The cases of PPIH show severe symptoms of magnesium depletion and identification of its causation was only possible through withdrawal of the PPI. Clinical awareness of PPIH is key to avoid putting patients at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Hess
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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27
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Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+) balance is tightly regulated by the concerted actions of the intestine, bone and kidneys. This balance can be disturbed by a broad variety of drugs. Diuretics, modulators of the EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), proton pump inhibitors, antimicrobials, calcineurin inhibitors and cytostatics may all cause hypomagnesaemia, potentially leading to tetany, seizures and cardiac arrhythmias. Conversely, high doses of Mg2+ salts, frequently administered as an antacid or a laxative, may lead to hypermagnesaemia causing various cardiovascular and neuromuscular abnormalities. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of these medications on Mg2+ balance will indicate ways of prevention and treatment of these adverse effects and could potentially provide more insight into Mg2+ homoeostasis.
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Farooqi AA, Javeed MK, Javed Z, Riaz AM, Mukhtar S, Minhaj S, Abbas S, Bhatti S. TRPM channels: same ballpark, different players, and different rules in immunogenetics. Immunogenetics 2011; 63:773-87. [PMID: 21932052 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0570-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels belong to a large family of cation channels and are the "border guards" predominantly localized to the plasma membrane. Research over the years has considerably and highly developed the knowledge of expression and functional aspects of the TRPM channels. A closer look at the channel dynamics has dismantled undeniable substantiation for multifaceted roles for TRPM channel-mediated extracellular Ca(2+) influx in several physiological and pathophysiological functions. Given the wealth of literature unfolding the multiple roles of TRP channels in physiology in a very extensive range of different mammalian tissues, this review confines itself to the literature describing the multiple roles of TRPM channels in diabetes, smooth muscle cell regulation, immunological responses, and emerging aspects of cancer. We also focus on differential activities of TRPM channels after post-transcriptional and post-translational processing and their exquisite roles at various cellular and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
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