1
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Kuralay A, McDonough MC, Resch JM. Control of sodium appetite by hindbrain aldosterone-sensitive neurons. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 592:112323. [PMID: 38936597 PMCID: PMC11381173 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoids play a key role in hydromineral balance by regulating sodium retention and potassium wasting. Through favoring sodium, mineralocorticoids can cause hypertension from fluid overload under conditions of hyperaldosteronism, such as aldosterone-secreting tumors. An often-overlooked mechanism by which aldosterone functions to increase sodium is through stimulation of salt appetite. To drive sodium intake, aldosterone targets neurons in the hindbrain which uniquely express 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD2). This enzyme is a necessary precondition for aldosterone-sensing cells as it metabolizes glucocorticoids - preventing their activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor. In this review, we will consider the role of hindbrain HSD2 neurons in regulating sodium appetite by discussing HSD2 expression in the brain, regulation of hindbrain HSD2 neuron activity, and the circuitry mediating the effects of these aldosterone-sensitive neurons. Reducing the activity of hindbrain HSD2 neurons may be a viable strategy to reduce sodium intake and cardiovascular risk, particularly for conditions of hyperaldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kuralay
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Miriam C McDonough
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jon M Resch
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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2
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Baumer-Harrison C, Breza JM, Sumners C, Krause EG, de Kloet AD. Sodium Intake and Disease: Another Relationship to Consider. Nutrients 2023; 15:535. [PMID: 36771242 PMCID: PMC9921152 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium (Na+) is crucial for numerous homeostatic processes in the body and, consequentially, its levels are tightly regulated by multiple organ systems. Sodium is acquired from the diet, commonly in the form of NaCl (table salt), and substances that contain sodium taste salty and are innately palatable at concentrations that are advantageous to physiological homeostasis. The importance of sodium homeostasis is reflected by sodium appetite, an "all-hands-on-deck" response involving the brain, multiple peripheral organ systems, and endocrine factors, to increase sodium intake and replenish sodium levels in times of depletion. Visceral sensory information and endocrine signals are integrated by the brain to regulate sodium intake. Dysregulation of the systems involved can lead to sodium overconsumption, which numerous studies have considered causal for the development of diseases, such as hypertension. The purpose here is to consider the inverse-how disease impacts sodium intake, with a focus on stress-related and cardiometabolic diseases. Our proposition is that such diseases contribute to an increase in sodium intake, potentially eliciting a vicious cycle toward disease exacerbation. First, we describe the mechanism(s) that regulate each of these processes independently. Then, we highlight the points of overlap and integration of these processes. We propose that the analogous neural circuitry involved in regulating sodium intake and blood pressure, at least in part, underlies the reciprocal relationship between neural control of these functions. Finally, we conclude with a discussion on how stress-related and cardiometabolic diseases influence these circuitries to alter the consumption of sodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Baumer-Harrison
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Joseph M. Breza
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA
| | - Colin Sumners
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Eric G. Krause
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Annette D. de Kloet
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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3
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Palmer BF, Clegg DJ. Extrarenal Effects of Aldosterone on Potassium Homeostasis. KIDNEY360 2022; 3:561-568. [PMID: 35582177 PMCID: PMC9034816 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0006762021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The role of aldosterone in regulating K+ excretion in the distal nephron is well established in kidney physiology. In addition to effects on the kidney, aldosterone modulates K+ and Na+ transport in salivary fluid, sweat, airway epithelia, and colonic fluid. More controversial and less well defined is the role of aldosterone in determining the internal distribution of K+ across cell membranes in nontransporting epithelia. In vivo studies have been limited by the difficulty in accurately measuring overall K+ balance and factoring in both variability and secondary changes in acid-base balance, systemic hemodynamics, and other K+-regulatory factors such as hormones and adrenergic activity. Despite these limitations, the aggregate data support a contributory role of aldosterone along with insulin and catecholamines in the normal physiologic regulation of internal K+ distribution. The authors speculate differences in tissue sensitivity to aldosterone may also contribute to differential tissue response of cardiac and skeletal muscle to conditions of total body K+ depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biff F. Palmer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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4
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Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: A growing multi-tasking family. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 526:111210. [PMID: 33607268 PMCID: PMC8108011 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review briefly addresses the history of the discovery and elucidation of the three cloned 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD) enzymes in the human, 11βHSD1, 11βHSD2 and 11βHSD3, an NADP+-dependent dehydrogenase also called the 11βHSD1-like dehydrogenase (11βHSD1L), as well as evidence for yet identified 11βHSDs. Attention is devoted to more recently described aspects of this multi-functional family. The importance of 11βHSD substrates other than glucocorticoids including bile acids, 7-keto sterols, neurosteroids, and xenobiotics is discussed, along with examples of pathology when functions of these multi-tasking enzymes are disrupted. 11βHSDs modulate the intracellular concentration of glucocorticoids, thereby regulating the activation of the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors, and 7β-27-hydroxycholesterol, an agonist of the retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγ). Key functions of this nuclear transcription factor include regulation of immune cell differentiation, cytokine production and inflammation at the cell level. 11βHSD1 expression and/or glucocorticoid reductase activity are inappropriately increased with age and in obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Potential causes for disappointing results of the clinical trials of selective inhibitors of 11βHSD1 in the treatment of these disorders are discussed, as well as the potential for more targeted use of inhibitors of 11βHSD1 and 11βHSD2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jackson, MS, USA; Medicine (Endocrinology), Jackson, MS, USA; University of Mississippi Medical Center and G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center(3), Jackson, MS, USA
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5
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Murillo-de-Ozores AR, Rodríguez-Gama A, Carbajal-Contreras H, Gamba G, Castañeda-Bueno M. WNK4 kinase: from structure to physiology. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F378-F403. [PMID: 33491560 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00634.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With no lysine kinase-4 (WNK4) belongs to a serine-threonine kinase family characterized by the atypical positioning of its catalytic lysine. Despite the fact that WNK4 has been found in many tissues, the majority of its study has revolved around its function in the kidney, specifically as a positive regulator of the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron. This is explained by the description of gain-of-function mutations in the gene encoding WNK4 that causes familial hyperkalemic hypertension. This disease is mainly driven by increased downstream activation of the Ste20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich kinase/oxidative stress responsive kinase-1-NCC pathway, which increases salt reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and indirectly impairs renal K+ secretion. Here, we review the large volume of information that has accumulated about different aspects of WNK4 function. We first review the knowledge on WNK4 structure and enumerate the functional domains and motifs that have been characterized. Then, we discuss WNK4 physiological functions based on the information obtained from in vitro studies and from a diverse set of genetically modified mouse models with altered WNK4 function. We then review in vitro and in vivo evidence on the different levels of regulation of WNK4. Finally, we go through the evidence that has suggested how different physiological conditions act through WNK4 to modulate NCC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Rafael Murillo-de-Ozores
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Héctor Carbajal-Contreras
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Combined Studies Program in Medicine MD/PhD (PECEM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Combined Studies Program in Medicine MD/PhD (PECEM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Combined Studies Program in Medicine MD/PhD (PECEM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico, Mexico
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6
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Ivy JR, Jones NK, Costello HM, Mansley MK, Peltz TS, Flatman PW, Bailey MA. Glucocorticoid receptor activation stimulates the sodium-chloride cotransporter and influences the diurnal rhythm of its phosphorylation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1536-F1548. [PMID: 31588796 PMCID: PMC6962506 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00372.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule contributes importantly to sodium balance and blood pressure (BP) regulation. NCC phosphorylation determines transport activity and has a diurnal rhythm influenced by glucocorticoids. Disturbing this rhythm induces “nondipping” BP, an abnormality that increases cardiovascular risk. The receptor through which glucocorticoids regulate NCC is not known. In this study, we found that acute administration of corticosterone to male C57BL6 mice doubled NCC phosphorylation without affecting total NCC abundance in both adrenalectomized and adrenal-intact mice. Corticosterone also increased the whole kidney expression of canonical clock genes: period circadian protein homolog 1 (Per1), Per2, cryptochrome 1, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1. In adrenal-intact mice, chronic blockade of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) with RU486 did not change total NCC but prevented corticosterone-induced NCC phosphorylation and activation of clock genes. Blockade of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) with spironolactone reduced the total pool of NCC but did not affect stimulation by corticosterone. The diurnal rhythm of NCC phosphorylation, measured at 6-h intervals, was blunted by chronic GR blockade, and a similar dampening of diurnal variation was seen in GR heterozygous null mice. These effects on NCC phosphorylation did not reflect altered rhythmicity of plasma corticosterone or serum and glucocorticoid-induced kinase 1 activity. Both mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids emerge as regulators of NCC, acting via distinct receptor pathways. MR activation provides maintenance of the NCC protein pool; GR activation dynamically regulates NCC phosphorylation and establishes the diurnal rhythm of NCC activity. This study has implications for circadian BP homeostasis, particularly in individuals with abnormal glucocorticoid signaling as is found in chronic stress and corticosteroid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ruth Ivy
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie K Jones
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah M Costello
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Morag K Mansley
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Theresa S Peltz
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter W Flatman
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A Bailey
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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7
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Drake KA, Fessler AR, Carroll TJ. Methods for renal lineage tracing: In vivo and beyond. Methods Cell Biol 2019; 154:121-143. [PMID: 31493814 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lineage tracing has resulted in fundamental discoveries in kidney development and disease and remains a powerful technique to study mechanisms of organogenesis, homeostasis, and repair/regeneration. Following decades of research on the cellular and molecular regulation of renal organogenesis, the kidney has become one of the most well-characterized organs, resulting in exciting advancements in pluripotent stem cell differentiation, tissue bioengineering, and the potential for developing novel regenerative therapies for kidney disease. Lineage tracing, or the labeling of progeny cells arising from a single cell or group of cells, allows for spatial and temporal analyses of dynamic in vivo and in vitro processes. As lineage tracing techniques expand across disciplines of developmental biology, stem cell biology, and regenerative medicine, careful experimental design and interpretation, along with an understanding of the basic principles and technical limitations, are essential for utilizing genetically complex lineage tracing models to further understand kidney development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri A Drake
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Alicia R Fessler
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Thomas J Carroll
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
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8
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Aldosterone-sensitive HSD2 neurons in mice. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 224:387-417. [PMID: 30343334 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sodium deficiency elevates aldosterone, which in addition to epithelial tissues acts on the brain to promote dysphoric symptoms and salt intake. Aldosterone boosts the activity of neurons that express 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD2), a hallmark of aldosterone-sensitive cells. To better characterize these neurons, we combine immunolabeling and in situ hybridization with fate mapping and Cre-conditional axon tracing in mice. Many cells throughout the brain have a developmental history of Hsd11b2 expression, but in the adult brain one small brainstem region with a leaky blood-brain barrier contains HSD2 neurons. These neurons express Hsd11b2, Nr3c2 (mineralocorticoid receptor), Agtr1a (angiotensin receptor), Slc17a6 (vesicular glutamate transporter 2), Phox2b, and Nxph4; many also express Cartpt or Lmx1b. No HSD2 neurons express cholinergic, monoaminergic, or several other neuropeptidergic markers. Their axons project to the parabrachial complex (PB), where they intermingle with AgRP-immunoreactive axons to form dense terminal fields overlapping FoxP2 neurons in the central lateral subnucleus (PBcL) and pre-locus coeruleus (pLC). Their axons also extend to the forebrain, intermingling with AgRP- and CGRP-immunoreactive axons to form dense terminals surrounding GABAergic neurons in the ventrolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTvL). Sparse axons target the periaqueductal gray, ventral tegmental area, lateral hypothalamic area, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, and central nucleus of the amygdala. Dual retrograde tracing revealed that largely separate HSD2 neurons project to pLC/PB or BSTvL. This projection pattern raises the possibility that a subset of HSD2 neurons promotes the dysphoric, anorexic, and anhedonic symptoms of hyperaldosteronism via AgRP-inhibited relay neurons in PB.
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9
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Raleigh DR, Sever N, Choksi PK, Sigg MA, Hines KM, Thompson BM, Elnatan D, Jaishankar P, Bisignano P, Garcia-Gonzalo FR, Krup AL, Eberl M, Byrne EFX, Siebold C, Wong SY, Renslo AR, Grabe M, McDonald JG, Xu L, Beachy PA, Reiter JF. Cilia-Associated Oxysterols Activate Smoothened. Mol Cell 2018; 72:316-327.e5. [PMID: 30340023 PMCID: PMC6503851 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are required for Smoothened to transduce vertebrate Hedgehog signals, but how Smoothened accumulates in cilia and is activated is incompletely understood. Here, we identify cilia-associated oxysterols that promote Smoothened accumulation in cilia and activate the Hedgehog pathway. Our data reveal that cilia-associated oxysterols bind to two distinct Smoothened domains to modulate Smoothened accumulation in cilia and tune the intensity of Hedgehog pathway activation. We find that the oxysterol synthase HSD11β2 participates in the production of Smoothened-activating oxysterols and promotes Hedgehog pathway activity. Inhibiting oxysterol biosynthesis impedes oncogenic Hedgehog pathway activation and attenuates the growth of Hedgehog pathway-associated medulloblastoma, suggesting that targeted inhibition of Smoothened-activating oxysterol production may be therapeutically useful for patients with Hedgehog-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Raleigh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Navdar Sever
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pervinder K Choksi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Monika Abedin Sigg
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kelly M Hines
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bonne M Thompson
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Elnatan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Priyadarshini Jaishankar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paola Bisignano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Francesc R Garcia-Gonzalo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexis Leigh Krup
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Markus Eberl
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eamon F X Byrne
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sunny Y Wong
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Grabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Philip A Beachy
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Urology and Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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10
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Gasparini S, Melo MR, Andrade-Franzé GMF, Geerling JC, Menani JV, Colombari E. Aldosterone infusion into the 4th ventricle produces sodium appetite with baroreflex attenuation independent of renal or blood pressure changes. Brain Res 2018; 1698:70-80. [PMID: 29928872 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aldosterone infusion into the 4th ventricle (4th V), upstream the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), produces strong 0.3 M NaCl intake. In the present study, we investigated whether aldosterone infusion into the 4th V activates HSD2 neurons, changes renal excretion, or alters blood pressure and cardiovascular reflexes. Chronic infusion of aldosterone (100 ng/h) into the 4th V increased daily 0.3 M NaCl intake (up to 44 ± 10, vs. vehicle: 5.6 ± 3.4 ml/24 h) and also c-Fos expression in HSD2 neurons in the NTS and in non-HSD2 neurons in the NTS. Natriuresis, diuresis and positive sodium balance were present in rats that ingested 0.3 M NaCl, however, renal excretion was not modified by 4th V aldosterone in rats that had no access to NaCl. 4th V aldosterone also reduced baroreflex sensitivity (-2.8 ± 0.5, vs. vehicle: -5.1 ± 0.9 bpm/mmHg) in animals that had sodium available, without changing blood pressure. The results suggest that sodium intake induced by aldosterone infused into the 4th V is associated with activation of NTS neurons, among them the HSD2 neurons. Aldosterone infused into the 4th V in association with sodium intake also impairs baroreflex sensitivity, without changing arterial pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gasparini
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; Departament of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - M R Melo
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - G M F Andrade-Franzé
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - J C Geerling
- Departament of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J V Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - E Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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11
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Resch JM, Fenselau H, Madara JC, Wu C, Campbell JN, Lyubetskaya A, Dawes BA, Tsai LT, Li MM, Livneh Y, Ke Q, Kang PM, Fejes-Tóth G, Náray-Fejes-Tóth A, Geerling JC, Lowell BB. Aldosterone-Sensing Neurons in the NTS Exhibit State-Dependent Pacemaker Activity and Drive Sodium Appetite via Synergy with Angiotensin II Signaling. Neuron 2017; 96:190-206.e7. [PMID: 28957668 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sodium deficiency increases angiotensin II (ATII) and aldosterone, which synergistically stimulate sodium retention and consumption. Recently, ATII-responsive neurons in the subfornical organ (SFO) and aldosterone-sensitive neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTSHSD2 neurons) were shown to drive sodium appetite. Here we investigate the basis for NTSHSD2 neuron activation, identify the circuit by which NTSHSD2 neurons drive appetite, and uncover an interaction between the NTSHSD2 circuit and ATII signaling. NTSHSD2 neurons respond to sodium deficiency with spontaneous pacemaker-like activity-the consequence of "cardiac" HCN and Nav1.5 channels. Remarkably, NTSHSD2 neurons are necessary for sodium appetite, and with concurrent ATII signaling their activity is sufficient to produce rapid consumption. Importantly, NTSHSD2 neurons stimulate appetite via projections to the vlBNST, which is also the effector site for ATII-responsive SFO neurons. The interaction between angiotensin signaling and NTSHSD2 neurons provides a neuronal context for the long-standing "synergy hypothesis" of sodium appetite regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon M Resch
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Henning Fenselau
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Joseph C Madara
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Chen Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - John N Campbell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Anna Lyubetskaya
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Brian A Dawes
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Linus T Tsai
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Monica M Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yoav Livneh
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Qingen Ke
- Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Peter M Kang
- Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Géza Fejes-Tóth
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA
| | - Anikó Náray-Fejes-Tóth
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA
| | - Joel C Geerling
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Bradford B Lowell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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12
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Hunter RW, Ivy JR, Flatman PW, Kenyon CJ, Craigie E, Mullins LJ, Bailey MA, Mullins JJ. Hypertrophy in the Distal Convoluted Tubule of an 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 Knockout Model. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26:1537-48. [PMID: 25349206 PMCID: PMC4483573 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013060634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Na(+) transport in the renal distal convoluted tubule (DCT) by the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) is a major determinant of total body Na(+) and BP. NCC-mediated transport is stimulated by aldosterone, the dominant regulator of chronic Na(+) homeostasis, but the mechanism is controversial. Transport may also be affected by epithelial remodeling, which occurs in the DCT in response to chronic perturbations in electrolyte homeostasis. Hsd11b2(-/-) mice, which lack the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11βHSD2) and thus exhibit the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess, provided an ideal model in which to investigate the potential for DCT hypertrophy to contribute to Na(+) retention in a hypertensive condition. The DCTs of Hsd11b2(-/-) mice exhibited hypertrophy and hyperplasia and the kidneys expressed higher levels of total and phosphorylated NCC compared with those of wild-type mice. However, the striking structural and molecular phenotypes were not associated with an increase in the natriuretic effect of thiazide. In wild-type mice, Hsd11b2 mRNA was detected in some tubule segments expressing Slc12a3, but 11βHSD2 and NCC did not colocalize at the protein level. Thus, the phosphorylation status of NCC may not necessarily equate to its activity in vivo, and the structural remodeling of the DCT in the knockout mouse may not be a direct consequence of aberrant corticosteroid signaling in DCT cells. These observations suggest that the conventional concept of mineralocorticoid signaling in the DCT should be revised to recognize the complexity of NCC regulation by corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Hunter
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science and
| | - Jessica R Ivy
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science and
| | - Peter W Flatman
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eilidh Craigie
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science and
| | - Linda J Mullins
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science and
| | | | - John J Mullins
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science and
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13
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Ma T, Lopez-Aguiar AGN, Li A, Lu Y, Sekula D, Nattie EE, Freemantle S, Dmitrovsky E. Mice lacking G0S2 are lean and cold-tolerant. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:643-50. [PMID: 24556704 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.28251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
G 0/G 1 switch gene 2 (G0S2) is a protein that was first identified in a search for lymphocyte G 0/G 1 switch genes. A direct role for G0S2 in cell cycle regulation has proven elusive. Yet, there is prior evidence for G0S2 functioning in tumor suppression, immune regulation and lipolysis. To explore definitively G0S2 functions, mice lacking G0S2 were generated and characterized. G0S2(-/-) mice were born at a Mendelian ratio and were phenotypically normal, with the exception of a possible lactation defect. G0S2(-/-) female mice carried viable pups to term, but could not typically sustain them beyond 48 h. G0S2 is shown here to be most highly expressed in adipose tissue. It is also expressed in liver, skeletal muscle, lung, ventricles of the heart, and components of the kidney. G0S2 loss significantly decreased relative body weight gain as compared with wild-type (WT) (G0S2(+/+)) mice, with a significant decrease in gonadal fat pad weight and a significant increase in serum glycerol levels. This decreased relative body weight gain is not associated with a significant decrease in food intake or increase in activity of G0S2(-/-) mice. In fact, G0S2(-/-) mice were significantly less active at night than G0S2(+/+) mice. When fed with a high fat diet (45% fat diet), G0S2 loss did not prevent diet-induced obesity in mice. Intriguingly, G0S2 loss improved acute cold tolerance, augmenting expression of genes involved in thermogenesis. In summary, in vivo roles for G0S2 were found in lactation, energy balance, and thermogenesis. This study provides a basis for tumor suppressive effects of G0S2 by regulating lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA
| | | | - Aihua Li
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Yun Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA
| | - David Sekula
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Eugene E Nattie
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Sarah Freemantle
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Ethan Dmitrovsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA; Department of Medicine; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center; Lebanon, NH USA
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14
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Busch AM, Galimberti F, Nehls KE, Roengvoraphoj M, Sekula D, Li B, Guo Y, Direnzo J, Fiering SN, Spinella MJ, Robbins DJ, Memoli VA, Freemantle SJ, Dmitrovsky E. All-trans-retinoic acid antagonizes the Hedgehog pathway by inducing patched. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:463-72. [PMID: 24496080 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.27821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Male germ cell tumors (GCTs) are a model for a curable solid tumor. GCTs can differentiate into mature teratomas. Embryonal carcinomas (ECs) represent the stem cell compartment of GCTs and are the malignant counterpart to embryonic stem (ES) cells. GCTs and EC cells are useful to investigate differentiation therapy and chemotherapy response. This study explored mechanistic interactions between all-trans-retinoic acid (RA), which induces differentiation of EC and ES cells, and the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway, a regulator of self-renewal and proliferation. RA was found to induce mRNA and protein expression of Patched 1 (Ptch1), the Hh ligand receptor and negative regulator of this pathway. PTCH1 is also a target gene of Hh signaling through Smoothened (Smo) activation. Yet, this observed RA-mediated Ptch1 induction was independent of Smo. It occurred despite co-treatment with RA and Smo inhibitors. Retinoid induction of Ptch1 also occurred in other RA-responsive cancer cell lines and in normal ES cells. Notably, this enhanced Ptch1 expression was preceded by induction of the homeobox transcription factor Meis1, a direct RA target. Direct interaction between Meis1 and Ptch1 was confirmed using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. To establish the translational relevance of this work, Ptch1 expression was shown to be deregulated in human ECs relative to mature teratoma and the normal seminiferous tubule. Taken together, these findings reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism through which RA can inhibit the Hh pathway via Ptch1 induction. Engaging this pathway is a new way to repress the Hh pathway that can be translated into the cancer clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Busch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Fabrizio Galimberti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA
| | | | - Monic Roengvoraphoj
- Department of Medicine; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center; Lebanon, NH USA
| | - David Sekula
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Bin Li
- Molecular Oncology Program; Department of Surgery; Miller School of Medicine; University of Miami; Miami, FL USA
| | - Yongli Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA
| | - James Direnzo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center; Lebanon, NH USA
| | - Steven N Fiering
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center; Lebanon, NH USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA; Department of Genetics; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Michael J Spinella
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center; Lebanon, NH USA
| | - David J Robbins
- Molecular Oncology Program; Department of Surgery; Miller School of Medicine; University of Miami; Miami, FL USA
| | - Vincent A Memoli
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center; Lebanon, NH USA; Department of Pathology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Sarah J Freemantle
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Ethan Dmitrovsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA; Department of Medicine; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center; Lebanon, NH USA
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15
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Busillo JM, Cidlowski JA. The five Rs of glucocorticoid action during inflammation: ready, reinforce, repress, resolve, and restore. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:109-19. [PMID: 23312823 PMCID: PMC3667973 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are essential for maintaining homeostasis and regulate a wide variety of physiological processes. Therapeutically, synthetic glucocorticoids are widely prescribed for the treatment of inflammation, autoimmune disorders, and malignancies of lymphoid origin. In this review we examine emerging evidence highlighting both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids on both the innate and adaptive immune systems. We incorporate these findings into the more traditional anti-inflammatory role attributed to glucocorticoids, and propose how the two seemingly disparate processes seamlessly work together to resolve cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli. These ideas provide a framework by which glucocorticoids ready and reinforce the innate immune system, and repress the adaptive immune system, to help to resolve inflammation and restore homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Busillo
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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16
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Furstenberger C, Vuorinen A, Da Cunha T, Kratschmar DV, Saugy M, Schuster D, Odermatt A. The Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Fluoxymesterone Inhibits 11 -Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 2-Dependent Glucocorticoid Inactivation. Toxicol Sci 2012; 126:353-61. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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17
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Wyrwoll CS, Holmes MC, Seckl JR. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases and the brain: from zero to hero, a decade of progress. Front Neuroendocrinol 2011; 32:265-86. [PMID: 21144857 PMCID: PMC3149101 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids have profound effects on brain development and adult CNS function. Excess or insufficient glucocorticoids cause myriad abnormalities from development to ageing. The actions of glucocorticoids within cells are determined not only by blood steroid levels and target cell receptor density, but also by intracellular metabolism by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSD). 11β-HSD1 regenerates active glucocorticoids from their inactive 11-keto derivatives and is widely expressed throughout the adult CNS. Elevated hippocampal and neocortical 11β-HSD1 is observed with ageing and causes cognitive decline; its deficiency prevents the emergence of cognitive defects with age. Conversely, 11β-HSD2 is a dehydrogenase, inactivating glucocorticoids. The major central effects of 11β-HSD2 occur in development, as expression of 11β-HSD2 is high in fetal brain and placenta. Deficient feto-placental 11β-HSD2 results in a life-long phenotype of anxiety and cardiometabolic disorders, consistent with early life glucocorticoid programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin S Wyrwoll
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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18
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Abstract
Pharmacological and physiological phenomena suggest that cells somewhere inside the central nervous system are responsive to aldosterone. Here, we present the fundamental physiological limitations for aldosterone action in the brain, including its limited blood-brain barrier penetration and its substantial competition from glucocorticoids. Recently, a small group of neurons with unusual sensitivity to circulating aldosterone were identified in the nucleus of the solitary tract. We review the discovery and characterization of these neurons, which express the enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, and consider alternative proposals regarding sites and mechanisms for mineralocorticoid action within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel C Geerling
- Dept. of Anatomy and Neurobiology-Box 8108, Washington Univ. School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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19
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Rubera I, Hummler E, Beermann F. Transgenic mice and their impact on kidney research. Pflugers Arch 2008; 458:211-22. [PMID: 19084992 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-008-0624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The kidney is a key organ in the maintenance of ion and fluid homeostasis and specific transport systems localized along the nephron guarantee this function. Due to its large functional heterogeneity, experiments on the whole organ level cannot be easily performed, and thus more refined tools are needed, like for example the development of specific recombination systems to gain knowledge on the physiological role of single proteins implicated in ion transport. This review introduces the transgenic technology developed over the past decades, and then focuses on recent strategies for generating kidney-specific gene targeting, over-expression, and gene ablation in mice, that will help to understand the physiological role of proteins implicated in salt and water balance in the kidney.
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20
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Gross KL, Cidlowski JA. Tissue-specific glucocorticoid action: a family affair. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2008; 19:331-9. [PMID: 18805703 PMCID: PMC2720031 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids exert a wide variety of physiological and pathological responses, most of which are mediated by the ubiquitously expressed glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The glucocorticoid response varies among individuals, as well as within tissues from the same individual, and this phenomenon can be partially explained through understanding the process of generating bioavailable ligand and the molecular heterogeneity of GR. This review focuses on the recent advances in our understanding of prereceptor ligand metabolism, GR subtypes and GR polymorphisms. Furthermore, we evaluate the impact of tissue- and individual-specific diversity in the glucocorticoid pathway on human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Gross
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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21
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Kohan DE. Progress in gene targeting: using mutant mice to study renal function and disease. Kidney Int 2008; 74:427-37. [PMID: 18418351 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Genetic engineering in mice has provided much information about gene function in renal health and disease. This knowledge has largely come from conventional transgenic approaches. Recently, methods have been developed to control the cell type, timing and reversibility of target gene expression. Advances in identifying promoters conferring renal cell-specific gene regulation in vivo have greatly facilitated interpretation of gene targeting studies. Site-specific recombinases have permitted cell-specific knockout of genes; Cre is the preeminent recombinase, but recent progress with other recombinases, include Flp and PhiC31, will likely increase the usefulness of this class of enzymes. Temporally regulated gene expression, particularly using doxycycline- and tamoxifen-inducible systems, holds great promise for avoiding developmental effects of gene mutations as well as facilitating comparison of the same animal's phenotype before and after gene modification. RNA interference is undergoing tremendous growth and has great potential for achieving gene knockdown quickly and reversibly. To date, however, the utility of these systems in modifying renal function in transgenic mice remains unproven. Finally, new gene targeting tools are in development that may substantially simplify generation of transgenic animals. This review discusses the state-of-the-art in gene targeting in the kidney, reviewing function, indications and limitations of the molecular biologic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Kohan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
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22
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Viengchareun S, Le Menuet D, Martinerie L, Munier M, Pascual-Le Tallec L, Lombès M. The mineralocorticoid receptor: insights into its molecular and (patho)physiological biology. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2007; 5:e012. [PMID: 18174920 PMCID: PMC2121322 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.05012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed tremendous progress in the understanding of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), its molecular mechanism of action, and its implications for physiology and pathophysiology. After the initial cloning of MR, and identification of its gene structure and promoters, it now appears as a major actor in protein-protein interaction networks. The role of transcriptional coregulators and the determinants of mineralocorticoid selectivity have been elucidated. Targeted oncogenesis and transgenic mouse models have identified unexpected sites of MR expression and novel roles for MR in non-epithelial tissues. These experimental approaches have contributed to the generation of new cell lines for the characterization of aldosterone signaling pathways, and have also facilitated a better understanding of MR physiology in the heart, vasculature, brain and adipose tissues. This review describes the structure, molecular mechanism of action and transcriptional regulation mediated by MR, emphasizing the most recent developments at the cellular and molecular level. Finally, through insights obtained from mouse models and human disease, its role in physiology and pathophysiology will be reviewed. Future investigations of MR biology should lead to new therapeutic strategies, modulating cell-specific actions in the management of cardiovascular disease, neuroprotection, mineralocorticoid resistance, and metabolic disorders.
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Geerling JC, Loewy AD. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 vs. transgene: discrepant loci of expression in the adult brain. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293:F440-1; author reply F442-3. [PMID: 17616576 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00517.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Náray-Fejes-Tóth A, Fejes-Tóth G. Reply to Geerling and Loewy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00211.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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