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Ravizza T, Scheper M, Di Sapia R, Gorter J, Aronica E, Vezzani A. mTOR and neuroinflammation in epilepsy: implications for disease progression and treatment. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:334-350. [PMID: 38531962 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00805-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy remains a major health concern as anti-seizure medications frequently fail, and there is currently no treatment to stop or prevent epileptogenesis, the process underlying the onset and progression of epilepsy. The identification of the pathological processes underlying epileptogenesis is instrumental to the development of drugs that may prevent the generation of seizures or control pharmaco-resistant seizures, which affect about 30% of patients. mTOR signalling and neuroinflammation have been recognized as critical pathways that are activated in brain cells in epilepsy. They represent a potential node of biological convergence in structural epilepsies with either a genetic or an acquired aetiology. Interventional studies in animal models and clinical studies give strong support to the involvement of each pathway in epilepsy. In this Review, we focus on available knowledge about the pathophysiological features of mTOR signalling and the neuroinflammatory brain response, and their interactions, in epilepsy. We discuss mitigation strategies for each pathway that display therapeutic effects in experimental and clinical epilepsy. A deeper understanding of these interconnected molecular cascades could enhance our strategies for managing epilepsy. This could pave the way for new treatments to fill the gaps in the development of preventative or disease-modifying drugs, thus overcoming the limitations of current symptomatic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Ravizza
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Mirte Scheper
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rossella Di Sapia
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Jan Gorter
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands.
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milano, Italy.
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2
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Zhang T, Bai J, Chen G, Chen Z, Zeng S, Yang Y, Wu Z. 3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol induces apoptosis, barrier dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress by inhibiting mTORC1-dependent autophagy in porcine enterocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 384:110695. [PMID: 37659622 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-Ac-DON), an acetylated form of deoxynivalenol, is widely present in mycotoxin-contaminated food, feed as well as in other natural sources. Ingestion of 3-Ac-DON may result in intestinal dysfunction, leading to gut diseases in humans and animals. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of 3-Ac-DON in intestinal epithelial cytotoxicity remains unclear. In this study, intestinal porcine epithelial cell line 1 (IPEC-1) cells were treated with different concentrations of 3-Ac-DON for 12 h or 24 h, respectively. The results showed that 3-Ac-DON caused decreased cell viability, cell cycle arrest in G1 phase and depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential. Western blotting analysis showed that 3-Ac-DON significantly decreased the expression of tight junction proteins, inhibited autophagy and activated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in IPEC-1 cells (P < 0.05). Further investigation demonstrated that 3-Ac-DON caused apoptosis, ER stress and barrier dysfunction were reversed after co-treatment with the autophagy activator rapamycin (100 nM), indicating that autophagy plays a key role in the process of 3-Ac-DON-induced cell damage. In addition, we demonstrated that 3-Ac-DON inhibits the occurrence of autophagy mediated by mTORC1 protein. In conclusion, our research indicated that the mTORC1 protein and autophagy played a key role in the 3-Ac-DON-induced cytotoxic in IPEC-1 cells, which would provide new therapeutic targets and ideas for 3-Ac-DON-mediated intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guangye Chen
- SILC Besiness School, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zhaohui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shenming Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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3
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Zhou Y, Zhang A, Fang C, Yuan L, Shao A, Xu Y, Zhou D. Oxidative stress in pituitary neuroendocrine tumors: Affecting the tumor microenvironment and becoming a new target for pituitary neuroendocrine tumor therapy. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:2744-2759. [PMID: 37341156 PMCID: PMC10493678 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas (PAs), or pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs), are commonly found in the anterior pituitary gland. Although the majority of PitNETs are benign and stable, several tumors have malignant characteristics. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in the process of tumorigenesis and is composed of several types of cells. Various cells in the TME are significantly affected by oxidative stress. It has been reported that immunotherapeutic strategies have good effects in several cancers. However, the clinical potential of immunotherapies in PitNETs has not yet been fully discussed. Oxidative stress can regulate PitNET cells and immune cells in the TME, thus affecting the immune status of the TME of PitNETs. Therefore, modulation of oxidative stress-regulated immune cells using a combination of several agents and the immune system to suppress PitNETs is a promising therapeutic direction. In this review, we systematically analyzed the oxidative stress process within PitNET cells and various immune cells to elucidate the potential value of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical CollegeHeilongjiang University of Chinese MedicineHarbinChina
- Health Management CenterTongde Hospital of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Anke Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Chaoyou Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ling Yuan
- School of Public Health, School of MedicineShanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yuanzhi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, School of MedicineFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Danyang Zhou
- Health Management CenterTongde Hospital of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
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4
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Nyimanu D, Behm C, Choudhury S, Yu ASL. The role of claudin-2 in kidney function and dysfunction. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1437-1445. [PMID: 37387353 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Claudin-2 is a tight junction protein expressed in leaky epithelia where it forms paracellular pores permeable to cations and water. The paracellular pore formed by claudin-2 is important in energy-efficient cation and water transport in the proximal tubules of the kidneys. Mounting evidence now suggests that claudin-2 may modulate cellular processes often altered in disease, including cellular proliferation. Also, dysregulation of claudin-2 expression has been linked to various diseases, including kidney stone disease and renal cell carcinoma. However, the mechanisms linking altered claudin-2 expression and function to disease are poorly understood and require further investigation. The aim of this review is to discuss the current understanding of the role of claudin-2 in kidney function and dysfunction. We provide a general overview of the claudins and their organization in the tight junction, the expression, and function of claudin-2 in the kidney, and the evolving evidence for its role in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duuamene Nyimanu
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, U.S.A
| | - Christine Behm
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, U.S.A
| | - Sonali Choudhury
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, U.S.A
| | - Alan S L Yu
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, U.S.A
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Camel Milk Mitigates Cyclosporine-Induced Renal Damage in Rats: Targeting p38/ERK/JNK MAPKs, NF-κB, and Matrix Metalloproteinases. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10050442. [PMID: 34067576 PMCID: PMC8156933 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Renal damage is a devastating adverse effect for cyclosporine; a widely used immunosuppressant drug. The present work examined the potential of camel milk, a natural agent with marked anti-inflammatory/antioxidant properties, to attenuate cyclosporine-induced renal injury. The kidney tissue was examined with the aid of Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, biochemical assays, including colorimetric and ELISA kits. The present findings revealed that camel milk (10 mL/kg/day; for 3 weeks by gavage) significantly lowered serum creatinine, BUN, and KIM-1 renal dysfunction markers. Mechanistically, camel milk inhibited renal inflammation, as seen by significant decrease of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18) and extracellular degradation signals (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and enhanced the generation of the anti-inflammatory IL-10. Moreover, it inhibited the upstream pro-inflammatory p38/ERK/JNK MAPK pathway by lowering the phosphorylation of the 3 subfamilies of MAPKs (p38 MAPK, JNK1/2, and ERK1/2). Furthermore, camel milk curbed the NF-κB pathway activation by downregulating the protein expression of activated NF-κBp65, p-NF-κBp65, and p-IκBα proteins. Additionally, camel milk inhibited renal oxidative stress by lowering the MPO activity and augmenting the reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio and total antioxidant capacity. These findings propose that camel milk may be a promising agent that inhibits cyclosporine-triggered renal inflammation via curtailing the p38/ERK/JNK MAPK and NF-κB pathways, matrix metalloproteinases, and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Venugopal S, Anwer S, Szászi K. Claudin-2: Roles beyond Permeability Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225655. [PMID: 31726679 PMCID: PMC6888627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudin-2 is expressed in the tight junctions of leaky epithelia, where it forms cation-selective and water permeable paracellular channels. Its abundance is under fine control by a complex signaling network that affects both its synthesis and turnover in response to various environmental inputs. Claudin-2 expression is dysregulated in many pathologies including cancer, inflammation, and fibrosis. Claudin-2 has a key role in energy-efficient ion and water transport in the proximal tubules of the kidneys and in the gut. Importantly, strong evidence now also supports a role for this protein as a modulator of vital cellular events relevant to diseases. Signaling pathways that are overactivated in diseases can alter claudin-2 expression, and a good correlation exists between disease stage and claudin-2 abundance. Further, loss- and gain-of-function studies showed that primary changes in claudin-2 expression impact vital cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, and cell fate determination. These effects appear to be mediated by alterations in key signaling pathways. The specific mechanisms linking claudin-2 to these changes remain poorly understood, but adapters binding to the intracellular portion of claudin-2 may play a key role. Thus, dysregulation of claudin-2 may contribute to the generation, maintenance, and/or progression of diseases through both permeability-dependent and -independent mechanisms. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the properties, regulation, and functions of claudin-2, with a special emphasis on its signal-modulating effects and possible role in diseases.
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Liu C, Fujino M, Zhu S, Isaka Y, Ito H, Takahashi K, Nakajima M, Tanaka T, Zhu P, Li X. 5-ALA/SFC enhances HO-1 expression through the MAPK/Nrf2 antioxidant pathway and attenuates murine tubular epithelial cell apoptosis. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:1928-1938. [PMID: 31495071 PMCID: PMC6823284 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a common immunosuppressant, but its use is limited as it can cause chronic kidney injury. Oxidative stress and apoptosis play a key role in CsA-induced nephrotoxicity. This study investigated the protective effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid and iron (5-ALA/SFC) on CsA-induced injury in murine proximal tubular epithelial cells (mProx24). 5-ALA/SFC significantly inhibited apoptosis in CsA-treated mProx24 cells with increases in heme oxygenase (HO)-1, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and p38, and Erk-1/2 phosphorylation. Moreover, 5-ALA/SFC suppressed production of reactive oxygen species in CsA-exposed cells and inhibition of HO-1 suppressed the protective effects of 5-ALA/SFC. In summary, 5-ALA/SFC may have potential for development into a treatment for the anti-nephrotoxic/apoptotic effects of CsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Liu
- Division of Transplantation ImmunologyNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| | - Masayuki Fujino
- Division of Transplantation ImmunologyNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
- AIDS Research CenterNational Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Shuoji Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular InstituteGuangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangdong Provincial People's HospitalGuangzhouChina
| | - Yoshitaka Isaka
- Department of NephrologyOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineJapan
| | | | | | | | | | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular InstituteGuangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangdong Provincial People's HospitalGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiao‐Kang Li
- Division of Transplantation ImmunologyNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
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8
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Mechanism of cyclosporine A nephrotoxicity: Oxidative stress, autophagy, and signalings. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:889-907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Bilal S, Jaggi S, Janosevic D, Shah N, Teymour S, Voronina A, Watari J, Axis J, Amsler K. ZO-1 protein is required for hydrogen peroxide to increase MDCK cell paracellular permeability in an ERK 1/2-dependent manner. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C422-C431. [PMID: 29874107 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00185.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) increases paracellular permeability of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, but the mechanism mediating this effect remains unclear. Treatment of MDCK cells with H2O2 activated ERK 1/2. Inhibition of ERK 1/2 activation blocked the ability of H2O2 to increase paracellular permeability. Knockdown of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) protein but not occludin eliminated the ability of H2O2 to increase paracellular permeability. H2O2 treatment did not, however, affect the total cell content or contents of the Triton X-100-soluble and -insoluble fractions for occludin, ZO-1, or ZO-2. H2O2 treatment decreased the number of F-actin stress fibers in the basal portion of the cells. Similar to wild-type MDCK cells, H2O2 increased ERK 1/2 activation in ZO-1 knockdown and occludin knockdown cells. Inhibition of ERK 1/2 activation blocked the increase in paracellular permeability in occludin knockdown cells. ZO-1 knockdown cell paracellular permeability was regulated by PP1, an src inhibitor, indicating that the loss of response to H2O2 was not a general loss of the ability to regulate the paracellular barrier. Inhibition of myosin ATPase activity with blebbistatin increased paracellular permeability in ZO-1 knockdown cells but not in wild-type MDCK cells. H2O2 treatment sensitized wild-type MDCK cells to inhibition of myosin ATPase. Knockdown of TOCA-1 protein, which promotes formation of local branched actin networks, reproduced the effects of ZO-1 protein knockdown. These results demonstrate that H2O2 increases MDCK cell paracellular permeability through activation of ERK 1/2. This H2O2 action requires ZO-1 protein and TOCA-1 protein, suggesting involvement of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Bilal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York
| | - Shirin Jaggi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York
| | - Danielle Janosevic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York
| | - Nikita Shah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York
| | - Shereen Teymour
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York
| | - Angelina Voronina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York
| | - Jessica Watari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York
| | - Josephine Axis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York
| | - Kurt Amsler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York
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Tacrolimus-induced nephrotoxicity in mice is associated with microRNA deregulation. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1539-1550. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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11
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Amoozadeh Y, Dan Q, Anwer S, Huang HH, Barbieri V, Waheed F, Maishan M, Szászi K. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Increases Claudin-1, 4, and 7 Expression in Tubular Cells: Role in Permeability Changes. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2210-2220. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Amoozadeh
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital; Ontario Canada
| | - Qinghong Dan
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital; Ontario Canada
| | - Shaista Anwer
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital; Ontario Canada
| | - Hsiao Han Huang
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital; Ontario Canada
| | - Vanessa Barbieri
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital; Ontario Canada
| | - Faiza Waheed
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital; Ontario Canada
| | - Mazharul Maishan
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital; Ontario Canada
- Department of Physiology; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
| | - Katalin Szászi
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital; Ontario Canada
- Department of Surgery; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
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Zhang C, Yan J, Xiao Y, Shen Y, Wang J, Ge W, Chen Y. Inhibition of Autophagic Degradation Process Contributes to Claudin-2 Expression Increase and Epithelial Tight Junction Dysfunction in TNF-α Treated Cell Monolayers. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010157. [PMID: 28106723 PMCID: PMC5297790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junction dysfunction plays a vital role in some chronic inflammatory diseases. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), act as important factors in intestinal epithelial tight junction dysfunction during inflammatory conditions. Autophagy has also been shown to be crucial in tight junction function and claudin-2 expression, but whether autophagy has an effect on the change of claudin-2 expression and tight junction function induced by TNF-α is still unknown. To answer this question, we examined the expression of claudin-2 protein, transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), and permeability of cell monolayers, autophagy flux change, and lysosomal pH after TNF-α with or without PP242 treatment. Our study showed that claudin-2 expression, intestinal permeability, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B II (LC3B-II) and sequestosome 1 (P62) expression largely increased while TER values decreased in TNF-α treated cell monolayers. Further research using 3-methyladenine (3-MA), bafilomycin A1, and ad-mCherry-GFP-LC3B adenovirus demonstrated that LC3B-II increase induced by TNF-α was attributed to the inhibition of autophagic degradation. Moreover, both qualitative and quantitative method confirmed the increase of lysosomal pH, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor PP242 treatment relieved this elevation. Moreover, PP242 treatment also alleviated the change of autophagy flux, TER, and claudin-2 expression induced by TNF-α. Therefore, we conclude that increase of claudin-2 levels and intestinal epithelial tight junction dysfunction are partly caused by the inhibition of autophagic degradation in TNF-α treated cell monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Junkai Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yongtao Xiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yujie Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Jiazheng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Wensong Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yingwei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai 200092, China.
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13
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Wang K, Jin X, Chen Y, Song Z, Jiang X, Hu F, Conlon MA, Topping DL. Polyphenol-Rich Propolis Extracts Strengthen Intestinal Barrier Function by Activating AMPK and ERK Signaling. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8050272. [PMID: 27164138 PMCID: PMC4882685 DOI: 10.3390/nu8050272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis has abundant polyphenolic constituents and is used widely as a health/functional food. Here, we investigated the effects of polyphenol-rich propolis extracts (PPE) on intestinal barrier function in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells, as well as in rats. In Caco-2 cells, PPE increased transepithelial electrical resistance and decreased lucifer yellow flux. PPE-treated cells showed increased expression of the tight junction (TJ) loci occludin and zona occludens (ZO)-1. Confocal microscopy showed organized expressions in proteins related to TJ assembly, i.e., occludin and ZO-1, in response to PPE. Furthermore, PPE led to the activation of AMPK, ERK1/2, p38, and Akt. Using selective inhibitors, we found that the positive effects of PPE on barrier function were abolished in cells in which AMPK and ERK1/2 signaling were inhibited. Moreover, rats fed a diet supplemented with PPE (0.3% in the diet) exhibited increased colonic epithelium ZO-1 expression. Overall, these data suggest that PPE strengthens intestinal barrier function by activating AMPK and ERK signaling and provide novel insights into the potential application of propolis for human gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
| | - Xiaolu Jin
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yifan Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Zehe Song
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xiasen Jiang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Fuliang Hu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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van Vliet EA, Otte WM, Wadman WJ, Aronica E, Kooij G, de Vries HE, Dijkhuizen RM, Gorter JA. Blood-brain barrier leakage after status epilepticus in rapamycin-treated rats II: Potential mechanisms. Epilepsia 2015; 57:70-8. [PMID: 26691741 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage may play a pro-epileptogenic role after status epilepticus. In the accompanying contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) study we showed that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor rapamycin reduced BBB leakage and seizure activity during the chronic epileptic phase. Given rapamycin's role in growth and immune response, the potential therapeutic effects of rapamycin after status epilepticus with emphasis on brain inflammation and brain vasculature were investigated. METHODS Seven weeks after kainic acid-induced status epilepticus, rats were perfusion fixed and (immuno)histochemistry was performed using several glial and vascular markers. In addition, an in vitro model for the human BBB was used to determine the effects of rapamycin on transendothelial electrical resistance as a measure for BBB integrity. RESULTS (Immuno)histochemistry showed that local blood vessel density, activated microglia, and astrogliosis were reduced in rapamycin-treated rats compared to vehicle-treated rats. In vitro studies showed that rapamycin could attenuate TNFα-induced endothelial barrier breakdown. SIGNIFICANCE These data suggest that rapamycin improves BBB function during the chronic epileptic phase by a reduction of local brain inflammation and blood vessel density that can contribute to a milder form of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin A van Vliet
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem M Otte
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wytse J Wadman
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs Kooij
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rick M Dijkhuizen
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A Gorter
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Amoozadeh Y, Dan Q, Xiao J, Waheed F, Szászi K. Tumor necrosis factor-α induces a biphasic change in claudin-2 expression in tubular epithelial cells: role in barrier functions. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 309:C38-50. [PMID: 25948735 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00388.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pathogenic factor in acute and chronic kidney disease. TNF-α is known to alter expression of epithelial tight junction (TJ) proteins; however, the underlying mechanisms and the impact of this effect on epithelial functions remain poorly defined. Here we describe a novel biphasic effect of TNF-α on TJ protein expression. In LLC-PK1 tubular cells, short-term (1-6 h) TNF-α treatment selectively elevated the expression of the channel-forming TJ protein claudin-2. In contrast, prolonged (>8 h) TNF-α treatment caused a marked downregulation in claudin-2 and an increase in claudin-1, -4, and -7. The early increase and the late decrease in claudin-2 expression involved distinct mechanisms. TNF-α slowed claudin-2 degradation through ERK, causing the early increase. This increase was also mediated by the EGF receptor and RhoA and Rho kinase. In contrast, prolonged TNF-α treatment reduced claudin-2 mRNA levels and promoter activity independent from these signaling pathways. Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing measurements revealed that TNF-α also exerted a biphasic effect on transepithelial resistance (TER) with an initial decrease and a late increase. Thus there was a good temporal correlation between TNF-α-induced claudin-2 protein and TER changes. Indeed, silencing experiments showed that the late TER increase was at least in part caused by reduced claudin-2 expression. Surprisingly, however, claudin-2 silencing did not prevent the early TER drop. Taken together, the TNF-α-induced changes in claudin-2 levels might contribute to TER changes and could also play a role in newly described functions of claudin-2 such as proliferation regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Amoozadeh
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qinghong Dan
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jenny Xiao
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faiza Waheed
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katalin Szászi
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Chen J, Zmijewska A, Zhi D, Mannon RB. Cyclosporine-mediated allograft fibrosis is associated with micro-RNA-21 through AKT signaling. Transpl Int 2014; 28:232-45. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Chen
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - Anna Zmijewska
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - Degui Zhi
- Department of Biostatistics; School of Public Health; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - Roslyn B. Mannon
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
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Wilmes A, Aschauer L, Limonciel A, Pfaller W, Jennings P. Evidence for a role of claudin 2 as a proximal tubular stress responsive paracellular water channel. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 279:163-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Szaszi K, Amoozadeh Y. New Insights into Functions, Regulation, and Pathological Roles of Tight Junctions in Kidney Tubular Epithelium. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 308:205-71. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800097-7.00006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Bethunaickan R, Berthier CC, Zhang W, Kretzler M, Davidson A. Comparative transcriptional profiling of 3 murine models of SLE nephritis reveals both unique and shared regulatory networks. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77489. [PMID: 24167575 PMCID: PMC3805607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To define shared and unique features of SLE nephritis in mouse models of proliferative and glomerulosclerotic renal disease. Methods Perfused kidneys from NZB/W F1, NZW/BXSB and NZM2410 mice were harvested before and after nephritis onset. Affymetrix based gene expression profiles of kidney RNA were analyzed using Genomatix Pathway Systems and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. Gene expression patterns were confirmed using real-time PCR. Results 955, 1168 and 755 genes were regulated in the kidneys of nephritic NZB/W F1, NZM2410 and NZW/BXSB mice respectively. 263 genes were regulated concordantly in all three strains reflecting immune cell infiltration, endothelial cell activation, complement activation, cytokine signaling, tissue remodeling and hypoxia. STAT3 was the top associated transcription factor, having a binding site in the gene promoter of 60/263 regulated genes. The two strains with proliferative nephritis shared a macrophage/DC infiltration and activation signature. NZB/W and NZM2410 mice shared a mitochondrial dysfunction signature. Dominant T cell and plasma cell signatures in NZB/W mice reflected lymphoid aggregates; this was the only strain with regulatory T cell infiltrates. NZW/BXSB mice manifested tubular regeneration and NZM2410 mice had the most metabolic stress and manifested loss of nephrin, indicating podocyte loss. Conclusions These findings identify shared inflammatory mechanisms of SLE nephritis that can be therapeutically targeted. Nevertheless, the heterogeneity of effector mechanisms suggests that individualized therapy might need to be based on biopsy findings. Some common mechanisms are shared with non-immune–mediated renal diseases, suggesting that strategies to prevent tissue hypoxia and remodeling may be useful in SLE nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramalingam Bethunaickan
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Celine C. Berthier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Anne Davidson
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hu YJ, Wang YD, Tan FQ, Yang WX. Regulation of paracellular permeability: factors and mechanisms. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6123-42. [PMID: 24062072 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2724-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial permeability is composed of transcellular permeability and paracellular permeability. Paracellular permeability is controlled by tight junctions (TJs). Claudins and occludin are two major transmembrane proteins in TJs, which directly determine the paracellular permeability to different ions or large molecules. Intracellular signaling pathways including Rho/Rho-associated protein kinase, protein kinase Cs, and mitogen-activated protein kinase, modulate the TJ proteins to affect paracellular permeability in response for diverse stimuli. Cytokines, growth factors and hormones in organism can regulate the paracellular permeability via signaling pathway. The transcellular transporters such as Na-K-ATPase, Na(+)-coupled transporters and chloride channels, can interact with paracellular transport and regulate the TJs. In this review, we summarized the factors affecting paracellular permeability and new progressions of the related mechanism in recent studies, and pointed out further research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jun Hu
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China
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Kinsner-Ovaskainen A, Prieto P, Stanzel S, Kopp-Schneider A. Selection of test methods to be included in a testing strategy to predict acute oral toxicity: an approach based on statistical analysis of data collected in phase 1 of the ACuteTox project. Toxicol In Vitro 2012. [PMID: 23178337 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
More than 50 different in vitro and in silico methods assessing specific organ- and system-toxicity, such as haemato-, neuro-, nephro- and hepatotoxicity, as well as intestinal absorption, distribution and metabolism, have been used in the first phase of the ACuteTox project to test a common set of 57 chemicals. This paper describes the methods used for statistical evaluation of concentration-response data collected for each of the endpoint assays, and for the development of a testing strategy applicable for acute toxicity classification of chemicals based on the achieved results of the concentration-response analysis. A final list of in vitro test methods considered to be promising candidates for building blocks of the testing strategy is presented. Only these selected test methods were further investigated in the prevalidation phase of the project. The test methods were chosen according to their reproducibility and reliability and most importantly, according to their potential to classify chemicals into the official acute oral toxicity categories of the EU Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) Regulation. The potential of the test methods to correctly classify the chemicals was assessed by Classification and Regression Trees (CART) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kinsner-Ovaskainen
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Via Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
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Petecchia L, Sabatini F, Usai C, Caci E, Varesio L, Rossi GA. Cytokines induce tight junction disassembly in airway cells via an EGFR-dependent MAPK/ERK1/2-pathway. J Transl Med 2012; 92:1140-8. [PMID: 22584669 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial barrier permeability is altered in inflammatory respiratory disorders by a variety of noxious agents through modifications of the epithelial cell structure that possibly involve tight junction (TJ) organization. To evaluate in vitro whether pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of respiratory disorders could alter TJ organization and epithelial barrier integrity, and to characterize the signal transduction pathway involved Calu-3 airway epithelial cells were exposed to TNF-a, IL-4 and IFN-g to assess changes in: (a) TJ assembly, that is, occludin and zonula occludens (ZO)-1 expression and localization, evaluated by confocal microscopy; (b) apoptotic activity, quantified using terminal transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling staining; (c) epithelial barrier integrity, detected as transmembrane electrical resistance and expressed as G(T) values; (d) epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-dependent mitogenactivated protein (MAP) kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation, assessed by western blotting. Exposure to cytokines for 48 h induced a noticeable downregulation of the TJ transmembrane proteins. The degree ZO-1 and occludin colocalization was 62±2% in control cultures and significantly decreased in the presence of TNF-a (47±3%), IL-4 (43±1%) and INF-g (35±3%). Although no apoptosis induction was detected following exposure to cytokines, changes in the epithelial barrier integrity were observed, with a significant enhancement in paracellular conductance. G(T) values were, respectively, 1.030±0.0, 1.300±0.04, 1.260±0.020 and 2.220±0.015 (mS/cm²)1000 in control cultures and in those exposed to TNF-a, IFN-g and IL-4. The involvement of EGFR-dependent MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway in cytokine-induced damage was demonstrated by a significant increase in threonine/tyrosine phosphorylation of ERK1/2, already detectable after 5 min incubation. All these cytokine-induced changes were markedly prevented when Calu-3 cells were cultured in the presence of an EGFR inhibitor (AG1478, 1 μM) or a MAP kinase inhibitor (U0126, 25 μM). In conclusion, cytokine-induced epithelial injury includes TJ disassembly and epithelial barrier permeability alteration and involves the EGFR-dependent MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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van Vliet EA, Forte G, Holtman L, den Burger JCG, Sinjewel A, de Vries HE, Aronica E, Gorter JA. Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin reduces epileptogenesis and blood-brain barrier leakage but not microglia activation. Epilepsia 2012; 53:1254-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Sirolimus enhances cyclosporine a-induced cytotoxicity in human renal glomerular mesangial cells. J Transplant 2012; 2012:980910. [PMID: 22315658 PMCID: PMC3270447 DOI: 10.1155/2012/980910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is an ever increasing problem worldwide. However the mechanisms underlying disease progression are not fully elucidated. This work addressed nephrotoxicity induced by the immunosuppressive agents' cyclosporine A (CsA) and sirolimus (SRL). Nephrotoxicity is the major limiting factor in long term use of CsA. SRL causes less nephrotoxicity than CsA. Therefore investigations into the differential effects of these agents may identify potential mechanisms of nephrotoxicity and means to prevent ESRD induced by therapeutic drugs. Using ELISA, Western blotting, quantitative PCR and a reporter gene assay we detailed the differential effects of CsA and SRL in human renal mesangial cells. CsA treatment increased profibrotic TGF-β1 secretion in human mesangial cells whereas SRL did not, indicating a role for TGF-β in CsA toxicity. However we observed a synergistic nephrotoxic effect when CsA and SRL were co-administered. These synergistic alterations may have been due to an increase in CTGF which was not evident when the immunosuppressive drugs were used alone. The CsA/SRL combination therapy significantly enhanced Smad signalling and altered the extracellular matrix regulator matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). Inhibition of the ERK 1/2 pathway, attenuated these CsA/SRL induced alterations indicating a potentially significant role for this pathway.
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O’Connell S, Tuite N, Slattery C, Ryan MP, McMorrow T. Cyclosporine A–Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Renal Mesangial Cells: A Role for ERK 1/2 MAPK Signaling. Toxicol Sci 2011; 126:101-13. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Martin-Martin N, Slattery C, McMorrow T, Ryan MP. TGF-β1 mediates sirolimus and cyclosporine A-induced alteration of barrier function in renal epithelial cells via a noncanonical ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 301:F1281-92. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00188.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunosuppressant drugs cyclosporine A (CsA) and sirolimus (SRL) used in combination demonstrated beneficial effects in organ transplantation, but this combination can also result in increased adverse effects. We previously showed that not only CsA treatment but also its combination with SRL decreased paracellular permeability in renal proximal tubular cells by modification of the tight junction proteins, claudins, through ERK1/2 signaling pathway. In this present study, evidence is presented that not only CsA but also the combination of CsA/SRL may have adverse effects on the barrier function of renal proximal cells, at least in part, through the expression of the cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. CsA treatment upregulated TGF-β1 gene expression and this upregulation was enhanced when CsA and SRL were applied together. Addition of TGF-β1 (5 ng/ml) altered the barrier function with increased transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and claudin-1 expression. Use of a TGF-β1-blocking antibody or blockage of TGF-β1 receptor kinase activity with SD208 prevented the CsA- and CsA/SRL-induced increase in TER. No evidence was found in the present studies to indicate that CsA or CsA/SRL treatment activated the TGF-β1 Smad canonical signaling pathway, whereas addition of TGF-β1 (5 ng/ml) did activate the Smad pathway. Addition of the ERK1/2 signaling inhibitor U0126 was able to prevent the TGF-β1-mediated increase in TER and claudin expression. It is most likely that the CsA- and CsA/SRL-induced increases in TGF-β1 expression may not be sufficient to trigger the Smad pathway but however may trigger other TGF-β1 receptor-mediated signaling including the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Martin-Martin
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Craig Slattery
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tara McMorrow
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael P. Ryan
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Martin-Martin N, Dan Q, Amoozadeh Y, Waheed F, McMorrow T, Ryan MP, Szászi K. RhoA and Rho kinase mediate cyclosporine A and sirolimus-induced barrier tightening in renal proximal tubular cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 44:178-88. [PMID: 22062948 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The regulation and maintenance of the paracellular transport in renal tubular epithelia is vital for kidney functions. Combination of the immunosuppressant drugs cyclosporine A (CsA) and sirolimus (SRL) exerts powerful immunosuppression, but also causes nephrotoxicity. We have previously shown that CsA and SRL elevate transepithelial resistance (TER) in kidney tubular cells partly through MEK/ERK1/2. In this work we examined the hypothesis that the RhoA pathway may also be mediating effects of CsA and SRL. We show that CsA and the CsA/SRL combination activated RhoA, induced cofilin phosphorylation and promoted stress fiber generation. The Rho kinase (ROK) inhibitor, Y27632, prevented CsA and CsA/SRL-induced cofilin phosphorylation and actin remodelling, reduced the TER increase and prevented the rise in claudin-7 levels caused by the drugs. Expression of the exchange factor GEF-H1/lfc was elevated in cells treated with CsA and CsA/SRL. GEF-H1 silencing inhibited RhoA activation by ≈50%, and potently reduced cofilin phosphorylation and stress fiber formation induced by CsA and CsA/SRL. However, GEF-H1 downregulation did not prevent the TER change. Thus the Rho/Rho kinase pathway was involved in mediating CsA and CsA/SRL-induced cytoskeleton rearrangement and TER changes via claudin-7 expression. Our data however point to differential regulation of Rho activation involved in central cytoskeleton remodelling, that is GEF-H1-dependent and junctional permeability that does not require GEF-H1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Martin-Martin
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Iwayama H, Sakamoto T, Nawa A, Ueda N. Crosstalk between Smad and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases for the Regulation of Apoptosis in Cyclosporine A- Induced Renal Tubular Injury. NEPHRON EXTRA 2011; 1:178-89. [PMID: 22470391 PMCID: PMC3290860 DOI: 10.1159/000333014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background/Aims It remains elusive whether there is a crosstalk between Smad and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and whether it regulates cyclosporine A (CyA)-induced apoptosis in renal proximal tubular cells (RPTCs). Methods The effect of CyA on nuclear translocation of Smad2/3 and MAPKs (measured by Western blotting or immunofluorescence) and apoptosis (determined by Hoechst 33258 staining) was examined in HK-2 cells. Results CyA induced apoptosis at 24 h and nuclear translocation of phosphorylated (p)-Smad2/3 at 3 h, which was continued till 24 h. CyA enhanced the expression of p-ERK at 1 h, which was continued till 24 h, and of p-p38MAPK at 1–6 h, which returned to control level at 12 h. CyA did not affect JNK. An inhibitor of ERK, PD98059, prevented CyA-induced nuclear translocation of Smad2/3 and apoptosis. An inhibitor of p38MAPK, SB202190, deteriorated CyA-induced nuclear translocation of p-Smad2/3. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) activated ERK and p38MAPK but not JNK. EGF-induced activation of MAPKs ameliorated CyA-induced nuclear translocation of p-Smad2/3 and apoptosis. Inhibition of p38MAPK but not of ERK abolished the protective effect of EGF on CyA-induced nuclear translocation of p-Smad2/3 and apoptosis. Conclusion Crosstalk between R-Smad and p38MAPK/ERK, but not JNK differentially regulates apoptosis in CyA-induced RPTC injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Iwayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Ikari A, Takiguchi A, Atomi K, Sato T, Sugatani J. Decrease in claudin-2 expression enhances cell migration in renal epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:1471-8. [PMID: 20717932 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Migration of renal epithelial cells increases after renal tubular damage, but its mechanism has not been clarified in detail. Hyperosmotic stress increased a cellular injury concomitant with a decrease in mRNA and protein expression of claudin-2 in renal tubular epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. We hypothesized that claudin-2 is involved in the regulation of cell migration. To knockdown claudin-2 expression, we made the cells expressing doxycycline-inducible claudin-2 shRNA vector. Claudin-2 knockdown affected neither the endogenous expression levels of claudin-1, -3, -4, and -7 nor the Triton X-100 solubility of these claudins. Transepithelial electrical resistance was increased by claudin-2 knockdown without affecting permeability to FITC-dextran (4,000 Da). BrdU incorporation assay and cell counting revealed that cell proliferation and viability are unaffected by claudin-2 knockdown. In the wound-healing assay, the recovery rate of wound area was increased by claudin-2 knockdown. The mRNA expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were increased by claudin-2 knockdown. A selective MMP-9 inhibitor suppressed cell migration in the claudin-2 knockdown cells. Hyperosmotic stress increased the expression and activity of MMP-9, which were inhibited by claudin-2 overexpression. These results suggest that the decrease in claudin-2 expression enhances cell migration mediated by the increase in the expression and activity of MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ikari
- Department of Pharmaco-Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Liu M, Yang X, Fan J, Zhang R, Wu J, Zeng Y, Nie J, Yu X. Altered tight junctions and fence function in NRK-52E cells induced by aristolochic acid. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 31:32-41. [PMID: 21558304 DOI: 10.1177/0960327111407645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Jinjin Fan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Youjia Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Nie
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Identification of novel indicators of cyclosporine A nephrotoxicity in a CD-1 mouse model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 252:201-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Lechner J, Hekl D, Gatt H, Voelp M, Seppi T. Monitoring of the dynamics of epithelial dome formation using a novel culture chamber for long-term continuous live-cell imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 763:169-178. [PMID: 21874451 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-191-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial tissue guarantees proper performance of many organs, e.g., the kidneys, the gastrointestinal organs, and endocrine glands. Epithelial layers are responsible for the formation and maintenance of separate compartments with distinct solute composition. This is achieved by epithelial layers forming a barrier between the two compartments and concomitantly allowing site-directed transepithelial transport, uptake or secretion of electrolytes, energy substrates, proteins, and other solutes.Research on epithelial tissue functions has highly profited from the establishment of tissue culture technologies allowing to cultivate primary epithelial cells or established epithelial cell lines. A property of transporting epithelia cultured in vitro that has long been noted is the formation of the so-called domes on solid growth supports, which represent fluid filled blisters between the solid growth surface and the cell layer. Formation of domes is regarded as a sign of active transport processes and an intact epithelial barrier function due to functional tight junctional cell-cell contacts. A novel methodology for long-term live-cell light microscopy is described in the present article, which allows the monitoring of the dynamic nature of structures, such as epithelial domes over days to weeks of tissue culture ("under the microscope").
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Lechner
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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