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Yousef Yengej FA, Pou Casellas C, Ammerlaan CME, Olde Hanhof CJA, Dilmen E, Beumer J, Begthel H, Meeder EMG, Hoenderop JG, Rookmaaker MB, Verhaar MC, Clevers H. Tubuloid differentiation to model the human distal nephron and collecting duct in health and disease. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113614. [PMID: 38159278 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Organoid technology is rapidly gaining ground for studies on organ (patho)physiology. Tubuloids are long-term expanding organoids grown from adult kidney tissue or urine. The progenitor state of expanding tubuloids comes at the expense of differentiation. Here, we differentiate tubuloids to model the distal nephron and collecting ducts, essential functional parts of the kidney. Differentiation suppresses progenitor traits and upregulates genes required for function. A single-cell atlas reveals that differentiation predominantly generates thick ascending limb and principal cells. Differentiated human tubuloids express luminal NKCC2 and ENaC capable of diuretic-inhibitable electrolyte uptake and enable disease modeling as demonstrated by a lithium-induced tubulopathy model. Lithium causes hallmark AQP2 loss, induces proliferation, and upregulates inflammatory mediators, as seen in vivo. Lithium also suppresses electrolyte transport in multiple segments. In conclusion, this tubuloid model enables modeling of the human distal nephron and collecting duct in health and disease and provides opportunities to develop improved therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fjodor A Yousef Yengej
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carla Pou Casellas
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carola M E Ammerlaan
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte J A Olde Hanhof
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud Institute for Medical Innovation, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Emre Dilmen
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud Institute for Medical Innovation, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Joep Beumer
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research-KNAW, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Biology, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Harry Begthel
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research-KNAW, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elise M G Meeder
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Joost G Hoenderop
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud Institute for Medical Innovation, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten B Rookmaaker
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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2
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Liu M, Deng M, Luo Q, Sun P, Liang A, Li X, Luo X, Pan J, Zhang W, Mo M, Guo X, Dou X, Jia Z. Metabolic reprogramming of renal epithelial cells contributes to lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023:166765. [PMID: 37245528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Lithium, mainstay treatment for bipolar disorder, frequently causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) and renal injury. However, the detailed mechanism remains unclear. Here we used the analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics and metabolic intervention in a lithium-induced NDI model. Mice were treated with lithium chloride (40 mmol/kg chow) and rotenone (ROT, 100 ppm) in diet for 28 days. Transmission electron microscopy showed extensive mitochondrial structural abnormalities in whole nephron. ROT treatment markedly ameliorated lithium-induced NDI and mitochondrial structural abnormalities. Moreover, ROT attenuated the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential in line with the upregulation of mitochondrial genes in kidney. Metabolomics and transcriptomics data demonstrated that lithium activated galactose metabolism, glycolysis, and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. All these events were indicative of metabolic reprogramming in kidney cells. Importantly, ROT ameliorated metabolic reprogramming in NDI model. Based on transcriptomics analysis, we also found the activation of MAPK, mTOR and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways and impaired focal adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction and actin cytoskeleton in Li-NDI model were inhibited or attenuated by ROT treatment. Meanwhile, ROT administration inhibited the increase of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in NDI kidneys along with enhanced SOD2 expression. Finally, we observed that ROT partially restored reduced the reduced AQP2 and enhanced urinary sodium excretion along with the blockade of increased PGE2 output. Taken together, the current study demonstrates that mitochondrial abnormalities and metabolic reprogramming play a key role in lithium-induced NDI, as well as the dysregulated signaling pathways, thereby serving as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Southern Medical University Shunde Hospital, Foshan 528300, China; Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Mokan Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Southern Medical University Shunde Hospital, Foshan 528300, China
| | - Qimei Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Southern Medical University Shunde Hospital, Foshan 528300, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ailin Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Southern Medical University Shunde Hospital, Foshan 528300, China
| | - Xiulin Li
- Department of Nephrology, Southern Medical University Shunde Hospital, Foshan 528300, China
| | - Xiaojie Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Southern Medical University Shunde Hospital, Foshan 528300, China
| | - Jianyi Pan
- Department of Nephrology, Southern Medical University Shunde Hospital, Foshan 528300, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Southern Medical University Shunde Hospital, Foshan 528300, China
| | - Min Mo
- Department of Nephrology, Southern Medical University Shunde Hospital, Foshan 528300, China
| | - Xiangdong Guo
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianrui Dou
- Department of Nephrology, Southern Medical University Shunde Hospital, Foshan 528300, China.
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China.
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3
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Mehta PM, Gimenez G, Walker RJ, Slatter TL. Reduction of lithium induced interstitial fibrosis on co-administration with amiloride. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14598. [PMID: 36028651 PMCID: PMC9418221 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18825-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term administration of lithium is associated with chronic interstitial fibrosis that is partially reduced with exposure to amiloride. We examined potential pathways of how amiloride may reduce interstitial fibrosis. Amiloride was administered to a rat model of lithium induced interstitial fibrosis over a long term (6 months), as well as for short terms of 14 and 28 days. Kidney cortical tissue was subjected to RNA sequencing and microRNA expression analysis. Gene expression changes of interest were confirmed using immunohistochemistry on kidney tissue. Pathways identified by RNA sequencing of kidney tissue were related to 'promoting inflammation' for lithium and 'reducing inflammation' for amiloride. Validation of candidate genes found amiloride reduced inflammatory components induced by lithium including NF-κB/p65Ser536 and activated pAKTSer473, and increased p53 mediated regulatory function through increased p21 in damaged tubular epithelial cells. Amiloride also reduced the amount of Notch1 positive PDGFrβ pericytes and infiltrating CD3 cells in the interstitium. Thus, amiloride attenuates a multitude of pro-inflammatory components induced by lithium. This suggests amiloride could be repurposed as a possible anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic agent to prevent or reduce the development of chronic interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulomi M Mehta
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gregory Gimenez
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Robert J Walker
- Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tania L Slatter
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Inoue M, Nakai K, Mitsuiki K. Triamterene in lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: a case report. CEN Case Rep 2021; 10:64-68. [PMID: 32772236 PMCID: PMC7829309 DOI: 10.1007/s13730-020-00517-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a rare and difficult-to-treat condition. We describe the case of an 81-year-old woman with bipolar treated with lithium and no previous history of diabetes insipidus. She was hospitalized due to disturbance of consciousness and was diagnosed with, hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, and NDI. Parathyroidectomy was contraindicated and parathyroid hormone level was improved insufficiently after cinacalcet initiation, percutaneous ethanol injection therapy was performed for the enlarged parathyroid gland. After improvement in hypercalcemia and unsuccessful indapamide treatment, triamterene was administrated to control polyuria. Lithium is one of the indispensable maintenance treatment options for bipolar disorder, but it has the side effect of NDI. Lithium enters the collecting duct's principal cells mainly via the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) located on their apical membranes, ENaC shows high selectivity for both sodium and lithium, is upregulated by aldosterone, and inhibited by triamterene. To our knowledge, this is the first publication on triamterene use in lithium-induced NDI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Inoue
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis Center, Japanese Red Cross Fukuoka Hospital, 3-1-1 Ogusu, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8555, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nakai
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis Center, Japanese Red Cross Fukuoka Hospital, 3-1-1 Ogusu, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8555, Japan
| | - Koji Mitsuiki
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis Center, Japanese Red Cross Fukuoka Hospital, 3-1-1 Ogusu, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8555, Japan.
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Sung CC, Chen L, Limbutara K, Jung HJ, Gilmer GG, Yang CR, Lin SH, Khositseth S, Chou CL, Knepper MA. RNA-Seq and protein mass spectrometry in microdissected kidney tubules reveal signaling processes initiating lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Kidney Int 2019; 96:363-377. [PMID: 31146973 PMCID: PMC6650374 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lithium salts, used for treating bipolar disorder, frequently induce nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) thereby limiting therapeutic success. NDI is associated with loss of expression of the gene coding for the molecular water channel, aquaporin-2, in the renal collecting duct (CD). Here, we use systems biology methods in a well-established rat model of lithium-induced NDI to identify signaling pathways activated at the onset of polyuria. Using single-tubule RNA-Seq, full transcriptomes were determined in microdissected cortical collecting ducts (CCDs) of rats after 72 hours without or with initiation of lithium chloride administration. Transcriptome-wide changes in mRNA abundances were mapped to gene sets associated with curated canonical signaling pathways, showing evidence for activation of NF-κB signaling with induction of genes coding for multiple chemokines and most components of the Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I antigen-presenting complex. Administration of anti-inflammatory doses of dexamethasone to lithium chloride-treated rats countered the loss of aquaporin-2. RNA-Seq also confirmed prior evidence of a shift from quiescence into the cell cycle with arrest. Time course studies demonstrated an early (12 hour) increase in multiple immediate early response genes including several transcription factors. Protein mass spectrometry in microdissected CCDs provided corroborative evidence and identified decreased abundance of several anti-oxidant proteins. Thus, in the context of prior observations, our study can be best explained by a model in which lithium increases ERK activation leading to induction of NF-κB signaling and an inflammatory-like response that represses Aqp2 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chien Sung
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lihe Chen
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kavee Limbutara
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hyun Jun Jung
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gabrielle G Gilmer
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chin-Rang Yang
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shih-Hua Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sookkasem Khositseth
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Chung-Lin Chou
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark A Knepper
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Barnett LMA, Cummings BS. Nephrotoxicity and Renal Pathophysiology: A Contemporary Perspective. Toxicol Sci 2019; 164:379-390. [PMID: 29939355 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney consists of numerous cell types organized into the nephron, which is the basic functional unit of the kidney. Any stimuli that induce loss of these cells can induce kidney damage and renal failure. The cause of renal failure can be intrinsic or extrinsic. Extrinsic causes include cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, sepsis, and lung and liver failure. Intrinsic causes include glomerular nephritis, polycystic kidney disease, renal fibrosis, tubular cell death, and stones. The kidney plays a prominent role in mediating the toxicity of numerous drugs, environmental pollutants and natural substances. Drugs known to be nephrotoxic include several cancer therapeutics, drugs of abuse, antibiotics, and radiocontrast agents. Environmental pollutants known to target the kidney include cadmium, mercury, arsenic, lead, trichloroethylene, bromate, brominated-flame retardants, diglycolic acid, and ethylene glycol. Natural nephrotoxicants include aristolochic acids and mycotoxins such as ochratoxin, fumonisin B1, and citrinin. There are several common characteristics between mechanisms of renal failure induced by nephrotoxicants and extrinsic causes. This common ground exists primarily due to similarities in the molecular mechanisms mediating renal cell death. This review summarizes the current state of the field of nephrotoxicity. It emphasizes integrating our understanding of nephrotoxicity with pathological-induced renal failure. Such approaches are needed to address major questions in the field, which include the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of both acute and chronic renal failure, and the progression of acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian S Cummings
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program.,Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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Everything You Always Wanted to Know about β 3-AR * (* But Were Afraid to Ask). Cells 2019; 8:cells8040357. [PMID: 30995798 PMCID: PMC6523418 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The beta-3 adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) is by far the least studied isotype of the beta-adrenergic sub-family. Despite its study being long hampered by the lack of suitable animal and cellular models and inter-species differences, a substantial body of literature on the subject has built up in the last three decades and the physiology of β3-AR is unraveling quickly. As will become evident in this work, β3-AR is emerging as an appealing target for novel pharmacological approaches in several clinical areas involving metabolic, cardiovascular, urinary, and ocular disease. In this review, we will discuss the most recent advances regarding β3-AR signaling and function and summarize how these findings translate, or may do so, into current clinical practice highlighting β3-AR’s great potential as a novel therapeutic target in a wide range of human conditions.
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Zhang Y, Riquier-Brison A, Liu T, Huang Y, Carlson NG, Peti-Peterdi J, Kishore BK. Genetic Deletion of P2Y 2 Receptor Offers Long-Term (5 Months) Protection Against Lithium-Induced Polyuria, Natriuresis, Kaliuresis, and Collecting Duct Remodeling and Cell Proliferation. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1765. [PMID: 30618788 PMCID: PMC6304354 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lithium administration for the treatment of bipolar disorder leads to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), characterized by polyuria, natriuresis, kaliuresis, and collecting duct remodeling and cell proliferation among other features. Previously, using a 2-week lithium-induced NDI model, we reported that P2Y2 receptor (R) knockout mice are significantly resistant to polyuria, natriuresis, kaliuresis, and decrease in AQP2 protein abundance in the kidney relative to wild type mice. Here we show this protection is long-lasting, and is also associated with significant amelioration of lithium-induced collecting duct remodeling and cell proliferation. Age-matched wild type and knockout mice were fed regular (n = 5/genotype) or lithium-added (40 mmol/kg chow; n = 10/genotype) diet for 5 months and euthanized. Water intake, urine output and osmolality were monitored once in every month. Salt blocks were provided to mice on lithium-diet to prevent sodium loss. At the end of 5 months mice were euthanized and serum and kidney samples were analyzed. There was a steady increase in lithium-induced polyuria, natriuresis and kaliuresis in wild type mice over the 5-month period. Increases in these urinary parameters were very low in lithium-fed knockout mice, resulting in significantly widening differences between the wild type and knockout mice. Terminal AQP2 and NKCC2 protein abundances in the kidney were significantly higher in lithium-fed knockout vs. wild type mice. There were no significant differences in terminal serum lithium or sodium levels between the wild type and knockout mice. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that lithium-induced marked remodeling of collecting duct with significantly increased proportion of [H+]-ATPase-positive intercalated cells and decreased proportion of AQP2-positive principal cells in the wild type, but not in knockout mice. Lithium-induced collecting duct cell proliferation (indicated by Ki67 labeling), was significantly lower in knockout vs. wild type mice. This is the first piece of evidence that purinergic signaling is potentially involved in lithium-induced collecting duct remodeling and cell proliferation. Our results demonstrate that genetic deletion of P2Y2-R protects against the key structural and functional alterations in Li-induced NDI, and underscore the potential utility of targeting this receptor for the treatment of NDI in bipolar patients on chronic lithium therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Nephrology Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Anne Riquier-Brison
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tao Liu
- Nephrology Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Yufeng Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Noel G. Carlson
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Center on Aging, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - János Peti-Peterdi
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Bellamkonda K. Kishore
- Nephrology Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Center on Aging, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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Gabbi P, Nogueira V, Haupental F, Rodrigues FS, do Nascimento PS, Barbosa S, Arend J, Furian AF, Oliveira MS, Dos Santos ARS, Royes LFF, Fighera MR. Ammonia role in glial dysfunction in methylmalonic acidemia. Toxicol Lett 2018; 295:237-248. [PMID: 30008432 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hyperammonemia is a common finding in patients with methylmalonic acidemia. However, its contribution to methylmalonate (MMA)-induced neurotoxicity is poorly understood. The aim of this study was evaluate whether an acute metabolic damage to brain during the neonatal period may disrupt cerebral development, leading to neurodevelopmental disorders, as memory deficit. Mice received a single intracerebroventricular dose of MMA and/or NH4Cl, administered 12 hs after birth. The maze tests showed that MMA and NH4Cl injected animals (21 and 40 days old) exhibited deficit in the working memory test, but not in the reference memory test. Furthermore, MMA and NH4Cl increased the levels of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate (DCF), TNF-α, IL-1β in the cortex, hippocampus and striatum of mice. MMA and NH4Cl also increased glial proliferation in all structures. Since the treatment of MMA and ammonia increased cytokines levels, we suggested that it might be a consequence of the glial activation induced by the acid and ammonia, leading to delay in the developing brain and contributing to behavioral alterations. However, this hypothesis is speculative in nature and more studies are needed to clarify this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gabbi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Brazil; Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Departamento de Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, UFSM, Brazil; Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, UFSM, Brazil
| | - Viviane Nogueira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Brazil; Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Departamento de Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, UFSM, Brazil; Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, UFSM, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Haupental
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Brazil; Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Departamento de Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, UFSM, Brazil; Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, UFSM, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Silva Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Departamento de Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, UFSM, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Brazil; Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, UFSM, Brazil
| | - Patricia Severo do Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Laboratório de Histofisiologia Comparada, UFRGS, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Barbosa
- Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Laboratório de Histofisiologia Comparada, UFRGS, Brazil
| | - Josi Arend
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Brazil; Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Departamento de Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, UFSM, Brazil; Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, UFSM, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Furian
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Brazil
| | - Mauro Schneider Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Brazil
| | - Adair Roberto Soares Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Brazil; Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Departamento de Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, UFSM, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Brazil
| | - Michele Rechia Fighera
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Brazil; Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Departamento de Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, UFSM, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Brazil; Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, UFSM, Brazil.
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Davis J, Desmond M, Berk M. Lithium and nephrotoxicity: Unravelling the complex pathophysiological threads of the lightest metal. Nephrology (Carlton) 2018; 23:897-903. [DOI: 10.1111/nep.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Davis
- Department of Renal MedicineUniversity Hospital Geelong Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - Michael Desmond
- Department of Renal MedicineUniversity Hospital Geelong Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research CentreSchool of Medicine, Barwon Health Geelong Victoria Australia
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The Department of Psychiatry and The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
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Himmel NJ, Wang Y, Rodriguez DA, Sun MA, Blount MA. Chronic lithium treatment induces novel patterns of pendrin localization and expression. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F313-F322. [PMID: 29667915 PMCID: PMC6139525 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00065.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged lithium treatment is associated with various renal side effects and is known to induce inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) remodeling. In animals treated with lithium, the fraction of intercalated cells (ICs), which are responsible for acid-base homeostasis, increases compared with renal principal cells (PCs). To investigate the intricacies of lithium-induced IMCD remodeling, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a lithium-enriched diet for 0,1, 2, 3, 6, 9, or 12 wk. Urine osmolality was decreased at 1 wk, and from 2 to 12 wk, animals were severely polyuric. After 6 wk of lithium treatment, approximately one-quarter of the cells in the initial IMCD expressed vacuolar H+-ATPase, an IC marker. These cells were localized in portions of the inner medulla, where ICs are not normally found. Pendrin, a Cl-/[Formula: see text] exchanger, is normally expressed only in two IC subtypes found in the convoluted tubule, the cortical collecting duct, and the connecting tubule. At 6 wk of lithium treatment, we observed various patterns of pendrin localization and expression in the rat IMCD, including a novel phenotype wherein pendrin was coexpressed with aquaporin-4. These observations collectively suggest that renal IMCD cell plasticity may play an important role in lithium-induced IMCD remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J Himmel
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yirong Wang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Daniel A Rodriguez
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael A Sun
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mitsi A Blount
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
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12
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Yang KT, Wang F, Lu X, Peng K, Yang T, David Symons J. The soluble (Pro) renin receptor does not influence lithium-induced diabetes insipidus but does provoke beiging of white adipose tissue in mice. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:e13410. [PMID: 29138356 PMCID: PMC5688772 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier we reported that the recombinant soluble (pro) renin receptor sPRR-His upregulates renal aquoporin-2 (AQP2) expression, and attenuates polyuria associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) induced by vasopressin type 2 receptor (V2R) antagonism. Patients that receive lithium therapy develop polyuria associated NDI that might be secondary to downregulation of renal AQP2. We hypothesized that sPRR-His attenuates indices of NDI associated with lithium treatment. Eight-week-old male C57/BL6 mice consumed chow supplemented with LiCl (40 mmol/kg diets) for 14 days. For the last 7 days mice received either sPRR-His [30 μg/(kg day), i.v.; sPRR] or vehicle (Veh) via minipump. Control (Con) mice consumed standard chow for 14 days. Compared to Con mice, 14-d LiCl treatment elevated water intake and urine volume, and decreased urine osmolality, regardless of sPRR-His or Veh administration. These data indicate that sPRR-His treatment does not attenuate indices of NDI evoked by lithium. Unexpectedly, epididymal fat mass was lower, adipocyte UCP1 mRNA and protein expression were higher, and multilocular lipid morphology was enhanced, in LiCl-fed mice treated with sPRR-His versus vehicle. The beiging of white adipose tissue is a novel metabolic benefit of manipulating the sPRR in the context of lithium-induced NDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohan Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kexin Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - J David Symons
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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13
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Parrish AR. Matrix Metalloproteinases in Kidney Disease: Role in Pathogenesis and Potential as a Therapeutic Target. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 148:31-65. [PMID: 28662825 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are large family of proteinases. In addition to a fundamental role in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix, they also cleave a number of cell surface proteins and are involved in multiple cellular processes. MMP activity is regulated via numerous mechanisms, including inhibition by endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Similar to MMPs, a role for TIMPs has been established in multiple cell signaling pathways. Aberrant expression of MMPs and TIMPS in renal pathophysiology has long been recognized, and with the generation of specific knockout mice, the mechanistic role of several MMPs and TIMPs is becoming more understood and has revealed both pathogenic and protective roles. This chapter will focus on the expression and localization of MMPs and TIMPs in the kidney, as well as summarizing the current information linking these proteins to acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. In addition, we will summarize studies suggesting that MMPs and TIMPs may be biomarkers of renal dysfunction and represent novel therapeutic targets to attenuate kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Parrish
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.
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Poulsen SB, Kristensen TB, Brooks HL, Kohan DE, Rieg T, Fenton RA. Role of adenylyl cyclase 6 in the development of lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e91042. [PMID: 28405619 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric patients treated with lithium (Li+) may develop nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). Although the etiology of Li+-induced NDI (Li-NDI) is poorly understood, it occurs partially due to reduced aquaporin-2 (AQP2) expression in the kidney collecting ducts. A mechanism postulated for this is that Li+ inhibits adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity, leading to decreased cAMP, reduced AQP2 abundance, and less membrane targeting. We hypothesized that Li-NDI would not develop in mice lacking AC6. Whole-body AC6 knockout (AC6-/-) mice and potentially novel connecting tubule/principal cell-specific AC6 knockout (AC6loxloxCre) mice had approximately 50% lower urine osmolality and doubled water intake under baseline conditions compared with controls. Dietary Li+ administration increased water intake and reduced urine osmolality in control, AC6-/-, and AC6loxloxCre mice. Consistent with AC6-/- mice, medullary AQP2 and pS256-AQP2 abundances were lower in AC6loxloxCre mice compared with controls under standard conditions, and levels were further reduced after Li+ administration. AC6loxloxCre and control mice had a similar increase in the numbers of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells in response to Li+. However, AC6loxloxCre mice had a higher number of H+-ATPase B1 subunit-positive cells under standard conditions and after Li+ administration. Collectively, AC6 has a minor role in Li-NDI development but may be important for determining the intercalated cell-to-principal cell ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Brandt Poulsen
- InterPrET Center, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Heddwen L Brooks
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Donald E Kohan
- Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Timo Rieg
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert A Fenton
- InterPrET Center, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Rützler M, Rojek A, Damgaard MV, Andreasen A, Fenton RA, Nielsen S. Temporal deletion of Aqp11 in mice is linked to the severity of cyst-like disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 312:F343-F351. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00065.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin 11 (AQP11) is a channel protein with unknown biological function that is expressed in multiple tissues, including the kidney proximal tubule (PT) epithelium. Constitutive deletion of Aqp11 in mice ( Aqp11−/−) results in early postnatal vacuolization in the PT and development of apparent cysts at 2 wk of age. Electron microscopy of adult Aqp11 −/− mouse PT cells revealed a dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum. These changes may cause renal failure and premature death. This study examined 1) whether postnatal deletion of Aqp11 affects PT injury and cyst formation, 2) the temporal role of Aqp11 deletion on cyst development, and 3) the nature of apparent cysts. Tamoxifen-inducible Aqp11−/− mice were generated (Ti- Aqp11−/−). Deletion of Aqp11 at postnatal days (P) P2, P4, P6, P8, and P12 was investigated. Deranged renal development, especially in kidney cortex, PT cell vacuolization, and apparent tubular cysts developed only in mice where Aqp11 gene disruption was induced until P8. Aqp11 gene deletion from P12 onward did not result in a clear deficiency in renal development, PT injury, or cyst formation. Intraperitoneal injection of biotinylated-dextran (10 kDa) into adult mice resulted in extensive endocytic dextran uptake in both cystic Aqp11−/− and control PT epithelium, respectively. This suggests that apparent cysts are not membrane-enclosed structures but represent PT dilations. We conclude that Aqp11 −/− mice develop cyst-like dilated proximal tubules without documented cysts at time of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rützler
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; and
| | - Aleksandra Rojek
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; and
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mads Vammen Damgaard
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; and
| | - Arne Andreasen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Nielsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; and
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Renal Fibrosis mRNA Classifier: Validation in Experimental Lithium-Induced Interstitial Fibrosis in the Rat Kidney. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168240. [PMID: 28002484 PMCID: PMC5176284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of fibrosis is of paramount clinical importance. A human fibrosis classifier based on metzincins and related genes (MARGS) was described previously. In this investigation, expression changes of MARGS genes were explored and evaluated to examine whether the MARGS-based algorithm has any diagnostic value in a rat model of lithium nephropathy. Male Wistar rats (n = 12) were divided into 2 groups (n = 6). One group was given a diet containing lithium (40 mmol/kg food for 7 days, followed by 60mmol/kg food for the rest of the experimental period), while a control group (n = 6) was fed a normal diet. After six months, animals were sacrificed and the renal cortex and medulla of both kidneys removed for analysis. Gene expression changes were analysed using 24 GeneChip® Affymetrix Rat Exon 1.0 ST arrays. Statistically relevant genes (p-value<0.05, fold change>1.5, t-test) were further examined. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), CD44, and nephroblastoma overexpressed gene (NOV) were overexpressed in the medulla and cortex of lithium-fed rats compared to the control group. TGFβ2 was overrepresented in the cortex of lithium-fed animals 1.5-fold, and 1.3-fold in the medulla of the same animals. In Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), both the medulla and cortex of lithium-fed animals showed an enrichment of the MARGS, TGFβ network, and extracellular matrix (ECM) gene sets, while the cortex expression signature was enriched in additional fibrosis-related-genes and the medulla was also enriched in immune response pathways. Importantly, the MARGS-based fibrosis classifier was able to classify all samples correctly. Immunohistochemistry and qPCR confirmed the up-regulation of NOV, CD44, and TGFβ2. The MARGS classifier represents a cross-organ and cross-species classifier of fibrotic conditions and may help to design a test to diagnose and to monitor fibrosis. The results also provide evidence for a common pathway in the pathogenesis of fibrosis.
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17
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Sex-specific effects of LiCl treatment on preservation of renal function and extended life-span in murine models of SLE: perspective on insights into the potential basis for survivorship in NZB/W female mice. Biol Sex Differ 2016; 7:31. [PMID: 27354902 PMCID: PMC4924261 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-016-0085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable research effort has been invested in attempting to understand immune dysregulation leading to autoimmunity and target organ damage. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), patients can develop a systemic disease with a number of organs involved. One of the major target organs is the kidney, but patients vary in the progression of the end-organ targeting of this organ. Some patients develop glomerulonephritis only, while others develop rapidly progressive end organ failure. In murine models of SLE, renal involvement can also occur. Studies performed over the past several years have indicated that treatment with LiCl of females, but not males of the NZB/W model, at an early age during the onset of disease, can prevent development of end-stage renal disease in a significant percentage of the animals. While on Li treatment, up to 80 % of the females can exhibit long-term survival with evidence of mild glomerulonephritis which does not progress to renal failure in spite of on-going autoimmunity. Stopping the treatment led to a reactivation of the disease and renal failure. Li treatment of other murine models of SLE was less effective and decreased survivorship in male BxSB mice, exhibited little effect on male MRL-lpr mice, and only modestly improved survivorship in female MRL-lpr mice. This perspective piece discusses the findings of several related studies which support the concept that protecting target organs such as the kidney, even in the face of continued immune insults and some inflammation, can lead to prolonged survival with retention of organ function. Some possible mechanisms for the effectiveness of Li treatment in this context are also discussed. However, the detailed mechanistic basis for the sex-specific effects of LiCl treatment particularly in the NZB/W model remains to be elucidated. Elucidating such details may provide important clues for development of effective treatment for patients with SLE, ~90 % of which are females.
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18
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Molecular mechanisms in lithium-associated renal disease: a systematic review. Int Urol Nephrol 2016; 48:1843-1853. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-016-1352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Procino G, Carmosino M, Milano S, Dal Monte M, Schena G, Mastrodonato M, Gerbino A, Bagnoli P, Svelto M. β3 adrenergic receptor in the kidney may be a new player in sympathetic regulation of renal function. Kidney Int 2016; 90:555-67. [PMID: 27206969 PMCID: PMC4996630 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To date, the study of the sympathetic regulation of renal function has been restricted to the important contribution of β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors (ARs). Here we investigate the expression and the possible physiologic role of β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) in mouse kidney. The β3-AR is expressed in most of the nephron segments that also express the type 2 vasopressin receptor (AVPR2), including the thick ascending limb and the cortical and outer medullary collecting duct. Ex vivo experiments in mouse kidney tubules showed that β3-AR stimulation with the selective agonist BRL37344 increased intracellular cAMP levels and promoted 2 key processes in the urine concentrating mechanism. These are accumulation of the water channel aquaporin 2 at the apical plasma membrane in the collecting duct and activation of the Na-K-2Cl symporter in the thick ascending limb. Both effects were prevented by the β3-AR antagonist L748,337 or by the protein kinase A inhibitor H89. Interestingly, genetic inactivation of β3-AR in mice was associated with significantly increased urine excretion of water, sodium, potassium, and chloride. Stimulation of β3-AR significantly reduced urine excretion of water and the same electrolytes. Moreover, BRL37344 promoted a potent antidiuretic effect in AVPR2-null mice. Thus, our findings are of potential physiologic importance as they uncover the antidiuretic effect of β3-AR stimulation in the kidney. Hence, β3-AR agonism might be useful to bypass AVPR2-inactivating mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Procino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
| | - Monica Carmosino
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Serena Milano
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Giorgia Schena
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Gerbino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Bagnoli
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Svelto
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy; Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, Bari, Italy; National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, Italy
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20
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The Authors Reply:. Kidney Int 2015; 87:862-3. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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de Groot T, Alsady M, Jaklofsky M, Otte-Höller I, Baumgarten R, Giles RH, Deen PMT. Lithium causes G2 arrest of renal principal cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:501-10. [PMID: 24408872 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013090988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasopressin-regulated expression and insertion of aquaporin-2 channels in the luminal membrane of renal principal cells is essential for urine concentration. Lithium affects urine concentrating ability, and approximately 20% of patients treated with lithium develop nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), a disorder characterized by polyuria and polydipsia. Lithium-induced NDI is caused by aquaporin-2 downregulation and a reduced ratio of principal/intercalated cells, yet lithium induces principal cell proliferation. Here, we studied how lithium-induced principal cell proliferation can lead to a reduced ratio of principal/intercalated cells using two-dimensional and three-dimensional polarized cultures of mouse renal collecting duct cells and mice treated with clinically relevant lithium concentrations. DNA image cytometry and immunoblotting revealed that lithium initiated proliferation of mouse renal collecting duct cells but also increased the G2/S ratio, indicating G2/M phase arrest. In mice, treatment with lithium for 4, 7, 10, or 13 days led to features of NDI and an increase in the number of principal cells expressing PCNA in the papilla. Remarkably, 30%-40% of the PCNA-positive principal cells also expressed pHistone-H3, a late G2/M phase marker detected in approximately 20% of cells during undisturbed proliferation. Our data reveal that lithium treatment initiates proliferation of renal principal cells but that a significant percentage of these cells are arrested in the late G2 phase, which explains the reduced principal/intercalated cell ratio and may identify the molecular pathway underlying the development of lithium-induced renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theun de Groot
- Department of Physiology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, and
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Gao Y, Romero-Aleshire MJ, Cai Q, Price TJ, Brooks HL. Rapamycin inhibition of mTORC1 reverses lithium-induced proliferation of renal collecting duct cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F1201-8. [PMID: 23884148 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00153.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is the most common renal side effect in patients undergoing lithium therapy for bipolar affective disorders. Approximately 2 million US patients take lithium of whom ∼50% will have altered renal function and develop NDI (2, 37). Lithium-induced NDI is a defect in the urinary concentrating mechanism. Lithium therapy also leads to proliferation and abundant renal cysts (microcysts), commonly in the collecting ducts of the cortico-medullary region. The mTOR pathway integrates nutrient and mitogen signals to control cell proliferation and cell growth (size) via the mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1). To address our hypothesis that mTOR activation may be responsible for lithium-induced proliferation of collecting ducts, we fed mice lithium chronically and assessed mTORC1 signaling in the renal medulla. We demonstrate that mTOR signaling is activated in the renal collecting ducts of lithium-treated mice; lithium increased the phosphorylation of rS6 (Ser240/Ser244), p-TSC2 (Thr1462), and p-mTOR (Ser2448). Consistent with our hypothesis, treatment with rapamycin, an allosteric inhibitor of mTOR, reversed lithium-induced proliferation of medullary collecting duct cells and reduced levels of p-rS6 and p-mTOR. Medullary levels of p-GSK3β were increased in the renal medullas of lithium-treated mice and remained elevated following rapamycin treatment. However, mTOR inhibition did not improve lithium-induced NDI and did not restore the expression of collecting duct proteins aquaporin-2 or UT-A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Dept. of Physiology, College of Medicine, Univ. of Arizona, MRB, 1656 E Mabel St., Tucson, AZ 85724-5218.
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Kishore BK, Ecelbarger CM. Lithium: a versatile tool for understanding renal physiology. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 304:F1139-49. [PMID: 23408166 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00718.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
By virtue of its unique interactions with kidney cells, lithium became an important research tool in renal physiology and pathophysiology. Investigators have uncovered the intricate relationships of lithium with the vasopressin and aldosterone systems, and the membrane channels or transporters regulated by them. While doing so, their work has also led to 1) questioning the role of adenylyl cyclase activity and prostaglandins in lithium-induced suppression of aquaporin-2 gene transcription; 2) unraveling the role of purinergic signaling in lithium-induced polyuria; and 3) highlighting the importance of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). Lithium-induced remodeling of the collecting duct has the potential to shed new light on collecting duct remodeling in disease conditions, such as diabetes insipidus. The finding that lithium inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) has opened an avenue for studies on the role of GSK3β in urinary concentration, and GSK isoforms in renal development. Finally, proteomic and metabolomic profiling of the kidney and urine in rats treated with lithium is providing insights into how the kidney adapts its metabolism in conditions such as acquired NDI and the multifactorial nature of lithium-induced NDI. This review provides state-of-the-art knowledge of lithium as a versatile tool for understanding the molecular physiology of the kidney, and a comprehensive view of how this tool is challenging some of our long-standing concepts in renal physiology, often with paradigm shifts, and presenting paradoxical situations in renal pathophysiology. In addition, this review points to future directions in research where lithium can lead the renal community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bellamkonda K Kishore
- Nephrology Research (151M) VA SLC Health Care System, 500 Foothill Dr, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA.
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Jia Z, Wang H, Yang T. Mice lacking mPGES-1 are resistant to lithium-induced polyuria. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 297:F1689-96. [PMID: 19692487 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00117.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 activity is required for the development of lithium-induced polyuria. However, the involvement of a specific, terminal prostaglandin (PG) isomerase has not been evaluated. The present study was undertaken to assess lithium-induced polyuria in mice deficient in microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1). A 2-wk administration of LiCl (4 mmol.kg(-1).day(-1) ip) in mPGES-1 +/+ mice led to a marked polyuria with hyposmotic urine. This was associated with elevated renal mPGES-1 protein expression and increased urine PGE(2) excretion. In contrast, mPGES-1 -/- mice were largely resistant to lithium-induced polyuria and a urine concentrating defect, accompanied by nearly complete blockade of high urine PGE(2) and cAMP output. Immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative (q) RT-PCR consistently detected a significant decrease in aquaporin-2 (AQP2) protein expression in both the renal cortex and medulla of lithium-treated +/+ mice. This decrease was significantly attenuated in the -/- mice. qRT-PCR detected similar patterns of changes in AQP2 mRNA in the medulla but not in the cortex. Similarly, the total protein abundance of the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2) in the medulla but not in the cortex of the +/+ mice was significantly reduced by lithium treatment. In contrast, the dowregulation of renal medullary NKCC2 expression was significantly attenuated in the -/- mice. We conclude that mPGES-1-derived PGE(2) mediates lithium-induced polyuria likely via inhibition of AQP2 and NKCC2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanjun Jia
- Univ. of Utah and VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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25
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Abstract
Lithium is widely used to treat bipolar disorder. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is the most common adverse effect of lithium and occurs in up to 40% of patients. Renal lithium toxicity is characterized by increased water and sodium diuresis, which can result in mild dehydration, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis and renal tubular acidosis. The concentrating defect and natriuretic effect develop within weeks of lithium initiation. After years of lithium exposure, full-blown nephropathy can develop, which is characterized by decreased glomerular filtration rate and chronic kidney disease. Here, we review the clinical and experimental evidence that the principal cell of the collecting duct is the primary target for the nephrotoxic effects of lithium, and that these effects are characterized by dysregulation of aquaporin 2. This dysregulation is believed to occur as a result of the accumulation of cytotoxic concentrations of lithium, which enters via the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) on the apical membrane and leads to the inhibition of signaling pathways that involve glycogen synthase kinase type 3beta. Experimental and clinical evidence demonstrates the efficacy of the ENaC inhibitor amiloride for the treatment of lithium-induced NDI; however, whether this agent can prevent the long-term adverse effects of lithium is not yet known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Grünfeld
- Department of Nephrology, Necker Hospital, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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26
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Kasuya J, Kaas G, Kitamoto T. Effects of lithium chloride on the gene expression profiles in Drosophila heads. Neurosci Res 2009; 64:413-20. [PMID: 19410610 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To gain insight into the basic neurobiological processes regulated by lithium--an effective drug for bipolar disorder--we used Affymetrix Genome Arrays to examine lithium-induced changes in genome-wide gene expression profiles of head mRNA from the genetic model organism Drosophila melanogaster. First, to identify the individual genes whose transcript levels are most significantly altered by lithium, we analyzed the microarray data with stringent criteria (fold change>2; p<0.001) and evaluated the results by RT-PCR. This analysis identified 12 genes that encode proteins with various biological functions, including an enzyme responsible for amino acid metabolism and a putative amino acid transporter. Second, to uncover the biological pathways involved in lithium's action in the nervous system, we used less stringent criteria (fold change>1.2; FDR<0.05) and assigned the identified 66 lithium-responsive genes to biological pathways using DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery). The gene ontology categories most significantly affected by lithium were amino acid metabolic processes. Taken together, these data suggest that amino acid metabolism is important for lithium's actions in the nervous system, and lay a foundation for future functional studies of lithium-responsive neurobiological processes using the versatile molecular and genetic tools that are available in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Kasuya
- Department of Anesthesia, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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27
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Kortenoeven MLA, Li Y, Shaw S, Gaeggeler HP, Rossier BC, Wetzels JFM, Deen PMT. Amiloride blocks lithium entry through the sodium channel thereby attenuating the resultant nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Kidney Int 2009; 76:44-53. [PMID: 19367330 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2009.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lithium therapy frequently induces nephrogenic diabetes insipidus; amiloride appears to prevent its occurrence in some clinical cases. Amiloride blocks the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) located in the apical membrane of principal cells; hence one possibility is that ENaC is the main entry site for lithium and the beneficial effect of amiloride may be through inhibiting lithium entry. Using a mouse collecting duct cell line, we found that vasopressin caused an increase in Aquaporin 2 (AQP2) expression which was reduced by clinically relevant lithium concentrations similar to what is seen with in vivo models of this disease. Further amiloride or benzamil administration prevented this lithium-induced downregulation of AQP2. Amiloride reduced transcellular lithium transport, intracellular lithium concentration, and lithium-induced inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta. Treatment of rats with lithium downregulated AQP2 expression, reduced the principal-to-intercalated cell ratio, and caused polyuria, while simultaneous administration of amiloride attenuated all these changes. These results show that ENaC is the major entry site for lithium in principal cells both in vitro and in vivo. Blocking lithium entry with amiloride attenuates lithium-induced diabetes insipidus, thus providing a rationale for its use in treating this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen L A Kortenoeven
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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28
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Schliebe N, Strotmann R, Busse K, Mitschke D, Biebermann H, Schomburg L, Köhrle J, Bär J, Römpler H, Wess J, Schöneberg T, Sangkuhl K. V2 vasopressin receptor deficiency causes changes in expression and function of renal and hypothalamic components involved in electrolyte and water homeostasis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295:F1177-90. [PMID: 18715941 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00465.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyuria, hypernatremia, and hypovolemia are the major clinical signs of inherited nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). Hypernatremia is commonly considered a secondary sign caused by the net loss of water due to insufficient insertion of aquaporin-2 water channels into the apical membrane of the collecting duct cells. In the present study, we employed transcriptome-wide expression analysis to study gene expression in V2 vasopressin receptor (Avpr2)-deficient mice, an animal model for X-linked NDI. Gene expression changes in NDI mice indicate increased proximal tubular sodium reabsorption. Expression of several key genes including Na+-K+-ATPase and carbonic anhydrases was increased at the mRNA levels and accompanied by enhanced enzyme activities. In addition, altered expression was also observed for components of the eicosanoid and thyroid hormone pathways, including cyclooxygenases and deiodinases, in both kidney and hypothalamus. These effects are likely to contribute to the clinical NDI phenotype. Finally, our data highlight the involvement of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in NDI pathophysiology and provide clues to explain the effectiveness of diuretics and indomethacin in the treatment of NDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Schliebe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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29
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Bedford JJ, Weggery S, Ellis G, McDonald FJ, Joyce PR, Leader JP, Walker RJ. Lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: renal effects of amiloride. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3:1324-31. [PMID: 18596116 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.01640408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Polyuria, polydipsia, and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus have been associated with use of psychotropic medications, especially lithium. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS The impact of psychotropic medications on urinary concentrating ability and urinary aquaporin 2 (AQP2) excretion was investigated after overnight fluid deprivation, and over 6 h after 40 microg of desmopressin (dDAVP), in patients on lithium (n = 45), compared with those on alternate psychotropic medications (n = 42). RESULTS Those not on lithium demonstrated normal urinary concentrating ability (958 +/- 51 mOsm/kg) and increased urinary excretion of AQP2 (98 +/- 21 fmol/micromol creatinine) and cAMP (410 +/- 15 pmol/micromol creatinine). Participants taking lithium were divided into tertiles according to urinary concentrating ability: normal, >750 mOsm/kg; partial nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), 750 to 300 mOsm/kg; full NDI, <300 mOsm/kg. Urinary AQP2 concentrations were 70.9 +/- 13.6 fmol/micromol creatinine (normal), 76.5 +/- 10.4 fmol/micromol creatinine (partial NDI), and 27.3 fmol/micromol creatinine (full NDI). Impaired urinary concentrating ability and reduced urinary AQP2, cAMP excretion correlated with duration of lithium therapy. Other psychotropic agents did not impair urinary concentrating ability. Eleven patients on lithium were enrolled in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial investigating the actions of amiloride (10 mg daily for 6 wk) on dDAVP-stimulated urinary concentrating ability and AQP2 excretion. Amiloride increased maximal urinary osmolality and AQP2 excretion. CONCLUSIONS By inference, amiloride-induced reduction of lithium uptake in the principal cells of the collecting duct improves responsiveness to AVP-stimulated translocation of AQP2 to the apical membrane of the principal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Bedford
- Department of Medical & Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
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30
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Bedford JJ, Leader JP, Jing R, Walker LJ, Klein JD, Sands JM, Walker RJ. Amiloride restores renal medullary osmolytes in lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 294:F812-20. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00554.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), alterations in renal medullary osmolyte concentrations have been assumed but never investigated. Amiloride can modify lithium-induced NDI, but the impact of amiloride in lithium-induced NDI on renal medullary osmolytes, aquaporins, and urea transporters is unknown and is the basis of this study. Rats fed lithium (60 mmol/kg dry food) over 4 wk developed NDI. Urine osmolality fell to 287 ± 19 mosmol/kgH2O (controls 1,211 ± 90 mosmol/kgH2O). Organic osmolytes in the renal medulla showed significant decreases compared with controls [inositol 221 ± 35 to 85 ± 10 mmol/kg protein; sorbitol 35 ± 9 to 3 ± 1 mmol/kg protein; glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) 352 ± 80 to 91 ± 20 mmol/kg protein; and glycine betaine 69 ± 11 to 38 ± 38 mmol/kg protein]. Medullary urea content fell from 2,868 ± 624 to 480 ± 117 mmol/kg protein. Concurrent administration of amiloride (0.2 mmol/l) in the drinking water restored urine osmolality (1,132 ± 154 mosmol/kgH2O), and reduced urine volume. Medullary osmolyte content were restored to control values (inositol, 232 ± 12; sorbitol 32 ± 6; GPC, 244 ± 26; glycine betaine, 84 ± 5 mmol/kg protein). Medullary urea rose to 2,122 ± 305 mmol/kg protein. Reduced AQP2, AQP3, and urea transporter (UT-A1) expression was significantly reversed following amiloride therapy. Data presented here provide further understanding of how amiloride may substantially restore the lithium-induced impaired renal concentrating mechanism.
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31
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Fröhlich O, Aggarwal D, Klein JD, Kent KJ, Yang Y, Gunn RB, Sands JM. Stimulation of UT-A1-mediated transepithelial urea flux in MDCK cells by lithium. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 294:F518-24. [PMID: 18171999 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00349.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-epithelial tracer urea flux across Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells permanently expressing the urea transporter UT-A1 is stimulated by agents that activate the cAMP signaling pathway, such as vasopressin or forskolin, thus mimicking the activation of urea permeability in the inner medullary collecting duct in the presence of vasopressin. Here, we report that UT-A1-mediated urea flux is also activated two-to-threefold over background by exposing the cells to media containing LiCl. This is in contrast to reports on cortical and medullary collecting duct tubules where acute and chronic exposure to lithium (Li) suppresses the osmotic water permeability, which is also regulated by cAMP levels. The Li concentration dependence of urea flux activation was linear up to 150 mM Li. Li activated only from the basolateral side where its effect was inhibited by amiloride, presumably because Li entered the cells through a basolateral Na-H exchanger. Li and IBMX, which also weakly activated urea flux, greatly augmented each others' stimulatory effect on urea flux. However, cellular cAMP levels did not rise commensurately with urea fluxes, and even though Li augments the activation by forskolin, it greatly inhibits the forskolin-induced formation of cAMP. These results suggest that the effect of Li in this MDCK model of renal cells does not involve cAMP or at least utilizes an additional signaling pathway independent of cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Fröhlich
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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32
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Deciphering the lithium transcriptome: Microarray profiling of lithium-modulated gene expression in human neuronal cells. Neuroscience 2008; 151:1184-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2007] [Revised: 10/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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33
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Uawithya P, Pisitkun T, Ruttenberg BE, Knepper MA. Transcriptional profiling of native inner medullary collecting duct cells from rat kidney. Physiol Genomics 2007; 32:229-53. [PMID: 17956998 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00201.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasopressin acts on the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) in the kidney to regulate water and urea transport. To obtain a "parts list" of gene products expressed in the IMCD, we carried out mRNA profiling of freshly isolated rat IMCD cells using Affymetrix Rat 230 2.0 microarrays with approximately 31,000 features; 7,913 annotated transcripts were found to be expressed above background in the IMCD cells. We have created a new online database (the "IMCD Transcriptome Database;" http://dir.nhlbi.nih.gov/papers/lkem/imcdtr/) to make the results publicly accessible. Among the 30 transcripts with the greatest signals on the arrays were 3 water channels: aquaporin-2, aquaporin-3, and aquaporin-4, all of which have been reported to be targets for regulation by vasopressin. In addition, the transcript with the greatest signal among members of the solute carrier family of genes was the UT-A urea transporter (Slc14a2), which is also regulated by vasopressin. The V2 vasopressin receptor was strongly expressed, but the V1a and V1b vasopressin receptors did not produce signals above background. Among the 200 protein kinases expressed, the serum-glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (Sgk1) had the greatest signal intensity in the IMCD. WNK1 and WNK4 were also expressed in the IMCD with a relatively high signal intensity, as was protein kinase A (beta-catalytic subunit). In addition, a large number of transcripts corresponding to A kinase anchoring proteins and 14-3-3 proteins (phospho-S/T-binding proteins) were expressed. Altogether, the results combine with proteomics studies of the IMCD to provide a framework for modeling complex interaction networks responsible for vasopressin action in collecting duct cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panapat Uawithya
- Laboratory of Kidney and Electrolyte Metabolism, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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34
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Cai Q, McReynolds MR, Keck M, Greer KA, Hoying JB, Brooks HL. Vasopressin receptor subtype 2 activation increases cell proliferation in the renal medulla of AQP1 null mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293:F1858-64. [PMID: 17913837 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00068.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin (AQP) 1 null mice have a defect in the renal concentrating gradient because of their inability to generate a hyperosmotic medullary interstitium. To determine the effect of vasopressin on renal medullary gene expression, in the absence of high local osmolarity, we infused 1-deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin (dDAVP), a V(2) receptor (V(2)R)-specific agonist, in AQP1 null mice for 7 days. cDNA microarray analysis was performed on the renal medullary tissue, and 5,140 genes of the possible 12,000 genes on the array were included in the analysis. In the renal medulla of AQP1 null mice, 245 transcripts were identified as increased by dDAVP infusion and 200 transcripts as decreased (1.5-fold or more). Quantitative real-time PCR measurements confirmed the increases seen for cyclin D1, early growth response gene 1, and activating transcription factor 3, genes associated with changes in cell cycle/growth. Changes in mRNA expression were correlated with changes in protein expression by semiquantitative immunoblotting; cyclin D1 and ATF3 were increased significantly in abundance following dDAVP infusion in the renal medulla of AQP1 null mice (161 and 461%, respectively). A significant increase in proliferation of medullary collecting ducts cells, following V(2)R activation, was identified by proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry; colocalization studies with AQP2 indicated that the increase in proliferation was primarily observed in principal cells of the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD). V(2)R activation, via dDAVP, increased AQP2 and AQP3 protein abundance in the cortical collecting ducts of AQP1 null mice. However, V(2)R activation did not increase AQP2 protein abundance in the IMCD of AQP1 null mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists
- Aquaporin 1/genetics
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- DNA, Complementary/biosynthesis
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- Deamino Arginine Vasopressin/pharmacology
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Kidney Medulla/cytology
- Kidney Medulla/drug effects
- Kidney Tubules, Collecting/cytology
- Kidney Tubules, Collecting/drug effects
- Kidney Tubules, Collecting/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Osmolar Concentration
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/physiology
- RNA/biosynthesis
- RNA/genetics
- Receptors, Vasopressin/physiology
- Renal Agents/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cai
- Dept. of Physiology, College of Medicine, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5051, USA
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35
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Rojek AM, Skowronski MT, Füchtbauer EM, Füchtbauer AC, Fenton RA, Agre P, Frøkiær J, Nielsen S. Defective glycerol metabolism in aquaporin 9 (AQP9) knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:3609-14. [PMID: 17360690 PMCID: PMC1805577 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610894104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-9 (AQP9) is an aquaglyceroporin membrane channel shown biophysically to conduct water, glycerol, and other small solutes. Because the physiological role/s of AQP9 remain undefined and the expression sites of AQP9 remain incomplete and conflicting, we generated AQP9 knockout mice. In the absence of physiological stress, knockout mice did not display any visible behavioral or severe physical abnormalities. Immunohistochemical analyses using multiple antibodies revealed AQP9 specific labeling in hepatocytes, epididymis, vas deferens, and in epidermis of wild type mice, but a complete absence of labeling in AQP9(-/-) mice. In brain, no detectable labeling was observed. Compared with control mice, plasma levels of glycerol and triglycerides were markedly increased in AQP9(-/-) mice, whereas glucose, urea, free fatty acids, alkaline phosphatase, and cholesterol were not significantly different. Oral administration of glycerol to fasted mice resulted in an acute rise in blood glucose levels in both AQP9(-/-) and AQP9(+/-) mice, revealing no defect in utilization of exogenous glycerol as a gluconeogenic substrate and indicating a high gluconeogenic capacity in nonhepatic organs. Obese Lepr(db)/Lepr(db) AQP9(-/-) and obese Lepr(db)/Lepr(db) AQP9(+/-) mice showed similar body weight, whereas the glycerol levels in obese Lepr(db)/Lepr(db) AQP9(-/-) mice were dramatically increased. Consistent with a role of AQP9 in hepatic uptake of glycerol, blood glucose levels were significantly reduced in Lepr(db)/Lepr(db) AQP9(-/-) mice compared with Lepr(db)/Lepr(db) AQP9(+/-) in response to 3 h of fasting. Thus, AQP9 is important for hepatic glycerol metabolism and may play a role in glycerol and glucose metabolism in diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M. Rojek
- *The Water and Salt Research Center, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mariusz T. Skowronski
- *The Water and Salt Research Center, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | - Robert A. Fenton
- *The Water and Salt Research Center, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter Agre
- Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC 3701, Durham, NC 27710; and
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Jørgen Frøkiær
- *The Water and Salt Research Center, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Søren Nielsen
- *The Water and Salt Research Center, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
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36
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Ma SK, Nam KI, Kim SW, Bae EH, Choi KC, Lee J. Increased Renal Expression of Aquaporin-3 in Rats Inhibited Type 2 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase. Kidney Blood Press Res 2007; 30:8-14. [PMID: 17213730 DOI: 10.1159/000098435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate whether the regulation of aquaporin (AQP) channels is altered by inhibition of type 2 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11betaHSD2). METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with glycyrrhizic acid (GA, 2 g/l drinking water) for 7 days. The expression of AQP2 and AQP3 was determined in the kidney by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. The expression of Gsalpha and type VI adenylyl cyclase, and the activity of adenylyl cyclase were also determined. RESULTS Following the GA treatment, the expression of 11betaHSD2 was significantly decreased in the kidney. The expression of AQP3 was increased, while that of AQP2 remained unchanged. Plasma renin activity and serum aldosterone levels were decreased. Plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels were comparable between the groups. Neither the forskolin-stimulated cAMP generation nor the expression of Gsalpha and type VI adenylyl cyclase was altered significantly. CONCLUSION A decreased expression of 11betaHSD2 may result in an upregulation of AQP3, in which AVP/cAMP-dependent mechanisms are unlikely to be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Kwon Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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37
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Catania JM, Chen G, Parrish AR. Role of matrix metalloproteinases in renal pathophysiologies. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 292:F905-11. [PMID: 17190907 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00421.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of proteinases that remodel extracellular matrix (ECM) components and cleave a number of cell surface proteins. MMP activity is regulated via a number of mechanisms, including inhibition by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Originally thought to cleave only ECM proteins, MMP substrates are now known to include signaling molecules (growth factor receptors) and cell adhesion molecules. Recent data suggest a role for MMPs in a number of renal pathophysiologies, both acute and chronic. This review will focus on the expression and localization of MMPs and TIMPs in the kidney, as well as summarizing the current information linking these proteins to acute kidney injury, glomerulosclerosis/tubulointerstitial fibrosis, chronic allograft nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease, and renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Catania
- Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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38
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Robben JH, Knoers NVAM, Deen PMT. Cell biological aspects of the vasopressin type-2 receptor and aquaporin 2 water channel in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 291:F257-70. [PMID: 16825342 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00491.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the renal collecting duct, water reabsorption is regulated by the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin (AVP). Binding of this hormone to the vasopressin V2 receptor (V2R) leads to insertion of aquaporin-2 (AQP2) water channels in the apical membrane, thereby allowing water reabsorption from the pro-urine to the interstitium. The disorder nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is characterized by the kidney's inability to concentrate pro-urine in response to AVP, which is mostly acquired due to electrolyte disturbances or lithium therapy. Alternatively, NDI is inherited in an X-linked or autosomal fashion due to mutations in the genes encoding V2R or AQP2, respectively. This review describes the current knowledge of the cell biological causes of NDI and how these defects may explain the patients' phenotypes. Also, the increased understanding of these cellular defects in NDI has opened exciting initiatives in the development of novel therapies for NDI, which are extensively discussed in this review.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Aquaporin 2/genetics
- Aquaporin 2/physiology
- DNA/genetics
- Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic/etiology
- Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic/genetics
- Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic/physiopathology
- Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic/therapy
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/etiology
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/genetics
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/physiopathology
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/therapy
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation/genetics
- Mutation/physiology
- Receptors, Vasopressin/genetics
- Receptors, Vasopressin/physiology
- Vasopressins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris H Robben
- Department of Physiology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Christensen BM, Kim YH, Kwon TH, Nielsen S. Lithium treatment induces a marked proliferation of primarily principal cells in rat kidney inner medullary collecting duct. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 291:F39-48. [PMID: 16434572 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00383.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium (Li) treatment for 4 wk has previously been shown to increase the fraction of intercalated cells in parallel with a decrease in the fraction of principal cells in the kidney collecting duct (Christensen BM, Marples D, Kim YH, Wang W, Frøkiær J, and Nielsen S. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 286: C952–C964, 2004; Kim YH, Kwon TH, Christensen BM, Nielsen J, Wall SM, Madsen KM, Frøkiær J, and Nielsen S. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 285: F1244–F1257, 2003). To study how early this fractional change starts, the origin of the cells and the possible mechanism behind the changes, we did time course studies in rats subjected to different durations of Li treatment (i.e., for 4, 10, and 15 days). Increased urine output was already observed at day 4 of Li treatment with decreased AQP2 levels although not statistically significant. At days 10 and 15, both a significant polyuria and downregulation in AQP2 expression were observed. At day 10, the density of H+-ATPase-positive cells was increased in the IMCD of Li-treated rats and this was further pronounced at day 15. Some of the H+-ATPase-positive cells did not costain with Cl−/HCO3−exchanger AE1, indicating that they were not fully differentiated to type A IC. By double labeling for either H+-ATPase and proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) or for AQP4 and PCNA, we found that proliferation mainly occurred in proximal IMCD cells at day 4 and it increased toward the middle part of the IMCD in response to prolonged Li treatment. Most cells expressing PCNA were stained with AQP4 but not with H+-ATPase. Triple-labeling for H+-ATPase, AQP4, and PCNA showed a subset of cells negative for all three proteins or only positive for PCNA. In contrast, a 4-wk recovery period after 4 wk of Li treatment reversed the enhanced proliferative rate to the control levels. In conclusion, the Li-induced increase in the density of intercalated cells is associated with a high proliferative rate of principal cells in the IM-1 and IM-2 rather than a selective proliferation of intercalated cells as expected. This is likely to contribute to the remodeling of the collecting duct after Li treatment.
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Rojek A, Füchtbauer EM, Kwon TH, Frøkiær J, Nielsen S. Severe urinary concentrating defect in renal collecting duct-selective AQP2 conditional-knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:6037-42. [PMID: 16581908 PMCID: PMC1421336 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0511324103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-2 (AQP2) is the predominant vasopressin-regulated water channel in kidney connecting tubule (CNT) and collecting duct (CD) and is essential for renal regulation of body water balance. However, the relative role of AQP2 to urinary concentration in the CNT and CD segments is unknown. To examine this directly, transgenic mice expressing AQP2 selectively in CNT but lacking AQP2 expression in CD (AQP2-CD-KO) and mice lacking AQP2 globally (AQP2-total-KO) were generated by exploiting the Cre/loxP technology. LoxP sites were inserted into AQP2 introns 2 and 3, and transgenic mice were bred with strains expressing Cre recombinase under the control of CD-specific Hoxb7- or global EIIa promoter. Mice lacking AQP2 globally died postnatally (days 5-12). AQP2-CD-KO mice were viable to adulthood and showed decreased body weight, 10-fold increased urine production (0.96 +/- 0.11 vs. 0.10 +/- 0.01 ml/g of body weight), and decreased urinary osmolality (170 +/- 19 vs. 1,630 +/- 135 milliosmoles/kg of H(2)O). Immunohistochemical staining of AQP2-CD-KO kidneys (n = 12) revealed sustained, strong AQP2 expression in CNT cells, whereas >95% of CD principal cells were completely AQP2-negative. Water deprivation for 3 hours caused only marginal decreased urine output (87 +/- 7% of levels when mice had free water access; P = 0.04) with no change in urine osmolality, revealing an absence of compensatory mechanisms. These results demonstrate that AQP2 in CNT is sufficient for postnatal survival and that AQP2 in CD is essential for regulation of body water balance and cannot be compensated for by other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tae-Hwan Kwon
- *Water and Salt Research Center
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 700-422, Korea; and
| | - Jørgen Frøkiær
- *Water and Salt Research Center
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Aarhus University Hospital-Skejby, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Søren Nielsen
- *Water and Salt Research Center
- Institute of Anatomy, and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Water and Salt Research Center, Building 233/234, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. E-mail:
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Choudhury D, Ahmed Z. Drug-associated renal dysfunction and injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:80-91. [PMID: 16932399 DOI: 10.1038/ncpneph0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/26/2005] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Renal dysfunction and injury secondary to medications are common, and can present as subtle injury and/or overt renal failure. Some drugs perturb renal perfusion and induce loss of filtration capacity. Others directly injure vascular, tubular, glomerular and interstitial cells, such that specific loss of renal function leads to clinical findings, including microangiopathy, Fanconi syndrome, acute tubular necrosis, acute interstitial nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, obstruction, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, electrolyte abnormalities and chronic renal failure. Understanding the mechanisms involved, and recognizing the clinical presentations of renal dysfunction arising from use of commonly prescribed medications, are important if injury is to be detected early and prevented. This article reviews the clinical features and basic processes underlying renal injury related to the use of common drugs.
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Yang B, Zhao D, Qian L, Verkman AS. Mouse model of inducible nephrogenic diabetes insipidus produced by floxed aquaporin-2 gene deletion. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 291:F465-72. [PMID: 16434568 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00494.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic mouse models of defective urinary concentrating ability produced by deletion of various membrane transport or receptor proteins, including aquaporin-2 (AQP2), are associated with neonatal mortality from polyuria. Here, we report an inducible mouse model of AQP2 gene deletion with severe polyuria in adult mice. LoxP sequences were inserted into introns 1 and 2 in the mouse AQP2 gene by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Mating of germ-line AQP2-loxP mice with tamoxifen-inducible Cre-expressing mice produced offspring with inducible homozygous Cre-AQP2-loxP, which had a normal phenotype. Tamoxifen injections over 10 days resulted in AQP2 gene excision, with undetectable full-length AQP2 transcript in kidney and a >95% reduction in immunoreactive AQP2 protein. Urine osmolality decreased from approximately 2,000 to <500 mosmol/kgH(2)O after 4-5 days, with urine output increasing from 2 to 25 ml/day. Urine osmolality did not increase after water deprivation. Interestingly, AQP3 protein expression in the collecting duct was increased by about fivefold after AQP2 gene excision. Mild renal damage was seen after 6 wk of polyuria, with collecting duct dilatation, yet normal creatinine clearance and serum chemistries. These results establish the first adult model of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) caused by AQP2 deficiency, with daily urine output comparable to body weight, although remarkable preservation of renal function compared with non-inducible NDI models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoxue Yang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0521, USA.
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Abstract
In the kidney aquaporin-2 (AQP2) provides a target for hormonal regulation of water transport by vasopressin. Short-term control of water permeability occurs via vesicular trafficking of AQP2 and long-term control through changes in the abundance of AQP2 and AQP3 water channels. Defective AQP2 trafficking causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, a condition characterized by the kidney inability to produce concentrated urine because of the insensitivity of the distal nephron to vasopressin. AQP2 is redistributed to the apical membrane of collecting duct cells through activation of a cAMP signaling cascade initiated by the binding of vasopressin to its V2-receptor. Protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of AQP2 has been proposed to be essential in regulating AQP2-containing vesicle exocytosis. Cessation of the stimulus is followed by endocytosis of the AQP2 proteins exposed on the plasma membrane and their recycling to the original stores, in which they are retained. Soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion factor attachment protein receptors (SNARE) and actin cytoskeleton organization regulated by small GTPase of the Rho family were also proved to be essential for AQP2 trafficking. Data for functional involvement of the SNARE vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 in AQP2 targeting has recently been provided. Changes in AQP2 expression/trafficking are of particular importance in pathological conditions characterized by both dilutional and concentrating defects. One of these conditions, hypercalciuria, has shown to be associated with alteration of AQP2 urinary excretion. More precisely, recent data support the hypothesis that, in vivo external calcium, through activation of calcium-sensing receptors, modulates the expression/trafficking of AQP2. Together these findings underscore the importance of AQP2 in kidney pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Valenti
- Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University of Bari, Italy.
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Abstract
The identification, characterization, and mutational analysis of three different genes-the arginine vasopressin gene (AVP), the arginine vasopressin receptor 2 gene (AVPR2), and the vasopressin-sensitive water channel gene (aquaporin 2 [AQP2])-provide the basis for understanding of three different hereditary forms of "pure" diabetes insipidus: Neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus, X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), and non-X-linked NDI, respectively. It is clinically useful to distinguish two types of hereditary NDI: A "pure" type characterized by loss of water only and a complex type characterized by loss of water and ions. Patients who have congenital NDI and bear mutations in the AVPR2 or AQP2 genes have a "pure" NDI phenotype with loss of water but normal conservation of sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium. Patients who bear inactivating mutations in genes (SLC12A1, KCNJ1, CLCNKB, CLCNKA and CLCNKB in combination, or BSND) that encode the membrane proteins of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle have a complex polyuro-polydipsic syndrome with loss of water, sodium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and potassium. These advances provide diagnostic and clinical tools for physicians who care for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mary Fujiwara
- Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, 5400 Boulevard Gouin Ouest, Montréal, Québec, H4J 1C5 Canada
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