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Liang J, Liu Y. Animal Models of Kidney Disease: Challenges and Perspectives. KIDNEY360 2023; 4:1479-1493. [PMID: 37526653 PMCID: PMC10617803 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000000000000227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Kidney disease is highly prevalent and affects approximately 850 million people worldwide. It is also associated with high morbidity and mortality, and current therapies are incurable and often ineffective. Animal models are indispensable for understanding the pathophysiology of various kidney diseases and for preclinically testing novel remedies. In the last two decades, rodents continue to be the most used models for imitating human kidney diseases, largely because of the increasing availability of many unique genetically modified mice. Despite many limitations and pitfalls, animal models play an essential and irreplaceable role in gaining novel insights into the mechanisms, pathologies, and therapeutic targets of kidney disease. In this review, we highlight commonly used animal models of kidney diseases by focusing on experimental AKI, CKD, and diabetic kidney disease. We briefly summarize the pathological characteristics, advantages, and drawbacks of some widely used models. Emerging animal models such as mini pig, salamander, zebrafish, and drosophila, as well as human-derived kidney organoids and kidney-on-a-chip are also discussed. Undoubtedly, careful selection and utilization of appropriate animal models is of vital importance in deciphering the mechanisms underlying nephropathies and evaluating the efficacy of new treatment options. Such studies will provide a solid foundation for future diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of human kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Liang
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youhua Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, China
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Actin is associated with tissue injury in trauma patients and produces a hypercoagulable profile in vitro. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2020; 89:87-95. [PMID: 32574484 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While tissue injury provokes fibrinolysis shutdown in trauma, the mechanism remains elusive. Cellular death causes release of structural proteins, including actin and myosin, which may interact with clot formation and structure. We hypothesized that tissue injury is associated with high circulating actin and that actin produces a hypercoagulable profile with decreased fibrinolysis in vitro. METHODS Blood was collected from trauma activation patients at a single Level I trauma center for thrombelastography and proteomics. Proteomic analyses were performed through targeted liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry using isotope-labeled standards for quantification of actin and its endogenous inhibitor gelsolin. Based on the results, we added physiologic concentrations of cytoskeletal G-actin to whole blood from healthy volunteers and analyzed changes in thrombelastography, as well as to plasma and examined clot architecture using confocal microscopy of fluorescently labeled fibrinogen. RESULTS Overall, 108 trauma patients were included: majority (71%) men, median age of 32.7 years, 66% blunt mechanism, median New Injury Severity Score (NISS) of 41. Compared with patients without severe tissue injury (NISS < 15, n = 10), patients with severe tissue injury (NISS > 15, n = 98) had higher levels of circulating actin (0.0428 vs. 0.0301, p = 0.02). Further, there was a trend toward lower gelsolin levels in patients with fibrinolysis shutdown (0.1844 vs. 0.2052, p = 0.17) and tissue plasminogen activator resistance (0.1676 vs. 0.2188, p = 0.06).Ten healthy volunteers were included in the in vitro experiments (50% male; median age, 31.3 years). Actin significantly increased angle (40.0° to 52.9°, p = 0.002) and decreased fibrinolysis (percent clot lysis 30 minutes after reaching maximum amplitude, 4.0% to 1.6%; p = 0.002), provoking fibrinolytic shutdown in three patients. The addition of actin to control plasma decreased fiber resolvability of fibrin clots, monitored by microscopy, and decreased plasmin-mediated fibrinolysis. CONCLUSION Actin increases clot propagation and provokes fibrinolysis shutdown in vitro, through a mechanism of plasmin inhibition. High circulating levels of actin are present in trauma patients with severe tissue injury, suggesting actin contributes to fibrinolysis shutdown in the setting of tissue injury.
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Tan RZ, Zhong X, Li JC, Zhang YW, Yan Y, Liao Y, Wen D, Diao H, Wang L, Shen HC. An optimized 5/6 nephrectomy mouse model based on unilateral kidney ligation and its application in renal fibrosis research. Ren Fail 2019; 41:555-566. [PMID: 31234688 PMCID: PMC6598497 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2019.1627220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
5/6 Nephrectomy (PNx) on rat and mouse mimics renal failure after loss of kidney function in human, and it has been widely used in CKD researches. However, existing methods for PNx model construction present high mortality of animals after modeling due to hemorrhage and infection in or after surgery. Here, we report a novel and highly efficient PNx modeling method to simulate conventional 5/6 nephrectomy, which significantly reduced the mortality of animals and simplified the modeling procedures. In this novel modeling method, we directly ligated the upper and lower poles of left kidney after removal the right kidney 1 week later (l-PNx), which leads to necrosis of ligated upper and lower poles of the kidney and mimics the conventional 5/6 nephrectomy (c-PNx). After modeling 4 and 12 weeks, the serum creatinine, BUN and proteinuria levels were strongly increased in both c-PNx and l-PNx model. Importantly, compared with the c-PNx, l-PNx model present more severe renal fibrosis estimated by Masson staining, IHC and western blotting. The results showed that the protein levels of α-SMA were significantly increased in the kidney of c-PNx and l-PNx models, but more increase was found in l-PNx model. It is noteworthy that, compared with c-PNx model, the survival rate of l-PNx model was markedly increased. In summary, we established a novel and efficient 5/6 nephrectomy model, which can mimic conventional 5/6 nephrectomy to construct a renal fibrosis and renal failure mouse model, that is conducive to mechanism and treatment researches of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Zhi Tan
- a Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China
| | - Xia Zhong
- a Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China
| | - Jian-Chun Li
- a Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China
| | - Yu-Wei Zhang
- a Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China
| | - Ying Yan
- a Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China
| | - Yuan Liao
- a Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China
| | - Dan Wen
- a Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China
| | - Hui Diao
- a Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China
| | - Li Wang
- a Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China
| | - Hong-Chun Shen
- a Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China.,b College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China.,c Depertment of Nephrology , Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China
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4
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Chronic kidney disease-associated cardiovascular disease: scope and limitations of animal models. Cardiovasc Endocrinol 2017; 6:120-127. [PMID: 31646129 DOI: 10.1097/xce.0000000000000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a heterogeneous range of disorders affecting up to 11% of the world's population. The majority of patients with CKD die of cardiovascular disease (CVD) before progressing to end-stage renal disease. CKD patients have an increased risk of atherosclerotic disease as well as a unique cardiovascular phenotype. There remains no clear aetiology for these issues and a better understanding of the pathophysiology of CKD-associated CVD is urgently needed. Although nonanimal studies can provide insights into the nature of disease, the whole-organism nature of CKD-associated CVD means that high-quality animal models, at least for the immediate future, are likely to remain a key tool in improving our understanding in this area. We will discuss the methods used to induce renal impairment in rodents and the methods available to assess cardiovascular phenotype and in each case describe the applicability to humans.
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Coagulation Factors in the Interstitial Space. Protein Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/9781315374307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Shi J, Liu N, Xiao Y, Takei Y, Yasue M, Suzuki Y, Hou Z, Ohno H, Yamada M, Fuchi N, Oshida K, Miyamoto Y, Tsujimoto G, Hirasawa A. The Effects of a Selective CK2 Inhibitor on Anti-glomerular Basement Membrane Glomerulonephritis in Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 38:1345-51. [PMID: 26328489 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 ("casein kinase II") is a protein serine/threonine kinase that plays critical roles in biological processes such as cell growth, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. So far, we have identified that one catalytic isozyme of CK2, CK2α, is over-expressed in the kidney during the progression of glomerulonephritis (GN). Moreover, we have shown that in vivo inhibition of CK2 by administration of CK2 inhibitors was effective in the treatment of experimental GN. Hence the development of potent CK2 inhibitors should be considered in therapeutic strategies for GN. In the present study we identified compound 13, a pyrazine derivative, as a potent CK2 inhibitor. By performing enzyme kinetics analysis in vitro, we characterized the inhibition of compound 13 toward each CK2 catalytic isozyme. Furthermore, in vivo, we demonstrated that compound 13 is effective in attenuating proteinuria, decreasing the enhanced level of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, and ameliorating glomerular crescent formation in an experimental GN rat model. On the other hand, cellular apoptosis was detected in the rat testis following administration of compound 13. This study provides clues for new strategies for developing applicable compounds into CK2-targeted GN treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Shi
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
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Liu N, Shi J, Xiao Y, Yasue M, Takei Y, Sanefuji H, Tsujimoto G, Hirasawa A. Effects of a Tricaprylin Emulsion on Anti-glomerular Basement Membrane Glomerulonephritis in Rats: In Vivo and in Silico Studies. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:1175-84. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Misato Yasue
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Yoshinori Takei
- Department of Nanobio Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | | | - Gozoh Tsujimoto
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Akira Hirasawa
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
- Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences, Tokyo Women’s Medical University
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Zhao JJ, Wang XB, Luan Y, Liu JL, Liu L, Jia HY. Association of human leukocyte antigen gene polymorphism and mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis in a large population-based study. Biomed Rep 2014; 1:751-756. [PMID: 24649023 DOI: 10.3892/br.2013.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene polymorphism and clinical phenotypes of patients with mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MsPGN). The genotyping of HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-DRB1 alleles was detected in 1,536 consecutive MsPGN patients during the previous five years and 2,027 age- and gender-matched healthy individuals by using the polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific primers method. The clinical and pathological data of the patients were collected and the genotype frequencies (GF) and odds ratio (OR) were analyzed. The allele frequencies of HLA-A*23, A*25, B*15, B*40, B*53 and DRB1*18 were significantly higher in MsPGN patients than in the controls (P<0.05). These alleles were considered as the suspected susceptibility genes (SSG) for MsPGN. Of note, results of the follow-up survey study demonstrated poorer prognosis of patients with SSG than those without SSG. On the other hand, the frequencies of A*32, A*33, B*50, B*58, B*60, B*71, DRB1*16 were lower in MsPGN patients than in the controls (P<0.05). However, the alleles A*20, A*22, A*35, A*36, A*38, B*21, B*73 and B*78 were not expressed in MsPGN patients. HLA gene polymorphism is associated with hereditary susceptibility to MsPGN. Therefore, there might be corresponding susceptibility and protective genes associated with MsPGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jie Zhao
- Clinical Molecular Biology Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Xi-Bing Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Maternal and Child Health Care Service Center of Zaozhuang, Shandong 277102, P.R. China
| | - Yun Luan
- Central Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Li Liu
- Clinical Molecular Biology Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Ling Liu
- Clinical Molecular Biology Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Ying Jia
- Department of Scientific Research, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
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Sumi A, Yamanaka-Hanada N, Bai F, Makino T, Mizukami H, Ono T. Roles of coagulation pathway and factor Xa in the progression of diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:824-30. [PMID: 21628879 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The active type of coagulation factor X (factor Xa) activates various cell-types through protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). We previously reported that a factor Xa inhibitor could suppress Thy-1 nephritis. Considering that fibrin deposition is observed in diabetic nephropathy as well as in glomerulonephritis, this study examined the roles of the coagulation pathway and factor Xa in the development of diabetic nephropathy using type 2 diabetic model mice. Diabetic (db/db) and normoglycemic (m+/m+) mice were immunohistochemically evaluated for their expression/deposition of PAR2, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, fibrin, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, and CD31 at week 20. Significantly greater numbers of PAR2-positive cells and larger amounts of fibronectin, and collagen IV depositions were observed in the glomeruli of db/db mice than those in m+/m+ mice. Next, expression of PAR2 versus deposition of collagen IV and fibronectin was compared between week 20 and week 30, and the number of PAR2-positive cells in the glomeruli decreased in contrast with the increased accumulation of ECM proteins. In an intervention study, fondaparinux, a factor Xa inhibitor, was subcutaneously administered for ten weeks from week 10 to 20. Fondaparinux treatment significantly suppressed urinary protein, glomerular hypertrophy, fibrin deposition, expression of connective tissue growth factor, and ECM proteins deposition together with CD31-positive capillaries. These results suggest that coagulation pathway and glomerular PAR2 expression are upregulated in the early phase of diabetes, together with the increase of profibrotic cytokines expression, ECM proteins deposition and CD-31-positive vessels. Factor Xa inhibition may ameliorate glomerular neoangiogenesis and ECM accumulation in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Sumi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan
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10
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Li F, Wang CH, Wang JG, Thai T, Boysen G, Xu L, Turner AL, Wolberg AS, Mackman N, Maeda N, Takahashi N. Elevated tissue factor expression contributes to exacerbated diabetic nephropathy in mice lacking eNOS fed a high fat diet. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:2122-32. [PMID: 20626618 PMCID: PMC5744483 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human eNOS (NOS3) polymorphisms that lower its expression are associated with advanced diabetic nephropathy (DN), and the lack of eNOS accelerates DN in diabetic mice. Diabetes is associated with fibrin deposition. Lack of nitric oxide and fatty acids stimulates the NF-kB pathway, which increases tissue factor (TF). OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that TF contributes to the severity of DN in the diabetic eNOS(-/-) mice fed a high-fat diet (HF). METHODS We made eNOS(-/-) and wild-type mice diabetic with streptozotocin. Half of them were placed on HF. RESULTS Blood glucose levels were not affected by either the diet or eNOS genotype. Lack of eNOS in the diabetic mice increased urinary albumin excretion, glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and glomerular basement membrane thickness. HF by itself did not affect DN in the wild-type mice, but significantly enhanced DN in eNOS(-/-) mice. More than half of diabetic eNOS(-/-) mice on HF died prematurely with signs of thrombotic complications. Diabetic kidneys contained fibrin and TF, and their levels were increased by the lack of eNOS and by HF in an additive fashion. The HF diet increased the kidney expression of inflammatory genes. The increase in TF preceded DN, and administration of an anti-mouse TF antibody to diabetic mice reduced the expression of inflammatory genes. CONCLUSION Together, these data indicate a causal link between TF and the exacerbation of DN in eNOS(-/-) mice. The condition is significantly worsened by enhanced inflammatory responses to an HF diet via TF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
| | - Chih-Hong Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
| | - Jian-Guo Wang
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
| | - Tiffany Thai
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
| | - Gunnar Boysen
- Center of Environmental Health and Susceptibility, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
| | - Longquan Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
| | - Adam L Turner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
| | - Alisa S. Wolberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
| | - Nobuyo Maeda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
- Tohoku University, Graduate Schools of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicine, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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Abstract
Chronic kidney diseases result from recurrent or progressive injuries in glomeruli, tubules, interstitium and/or vasculature. In order to study pathogenesis, mechanisms and effects of interventions, many animal models have been developed, including spontaneous, genetic and induced models. However, these models do not exactly simulate human diseases, and most of them are strain, gender or age dependent. We review key information on various rodent models of chronic kidney diseases.
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Qiu W, Che N, Feng X, Xia M, Wang H, Zhao D, Wang Y. Apoptosis of glomerular mesangial cells induced by sublytic C5b-9 complexes in rats with Thy-1 nephritis is dependent on Gadd45 gamma upregulation. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:3251-66. [PMID: 19882653 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The complement C5b-9 complexes can result in cell apoptosis, but the mechanism of sublytic C5b-9-mediated glomerular mesangial cell (GMC) apoptosis in Thy-1 nephritis (Thy-1N) remains largely unclear. The Gadd45 gene is involved in the cellular response to DNA damage and can promote cell apoptosis. In this study, both Gadd45 gamma expression patterns and pathologic changes of renal tissue were examined in rat Thy-1N. Both Gadd45 gamma expression and GMC apoptosis were significantly decreased in Thy-1N rats upon the depletion of complement with cobra venom factor. Our in vitro studies showed that Gadd45 gamma over-expression increased sublytic C5b-9-induced GMC apoptosis, while Gadd45 gamma gene knockdown by siRNA greatly reduced GMC apoptosis. Moreover, Gadd45 gamma gene silencing in vivo markedly inhibited the pathologic changes in the renal tissue of Thy-1N rats. These data suggest that Gadd45 gamma gene expression is involved in regulating GMC apoptosis mediated by sublytic C5b-9 in Thy-1N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Qiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
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13
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Saito H, Kitamoto M, Kato K, Liu N, Kitamura H, Uemura K, Nogaki F, Takeda T, Mori N, Ono T. Tissue Factor and Factor V Involvement in Rat Peritoneal Fibrosis. Perit Dial Int 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080902900320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Fibrin deposition on the peritoneum has been frequently observed in peritoneal fibrosis induced by long-term peritoneal dialysis. The present study was conducted to clarify the contribution of factor Xa through tissue factor and factor V expression in peritoneal fibrosis. Methods Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected with chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) every day. For the interventional study, the factor Xa inhibitor fondaparinux was subcutaneously administered. After 28 days of CG injection, peritoneal specimens were examined by immunohistochemical analyses and in situ hybridization. Results The peritoneal submesothelial compact zone was observed to be markedly thicker in the CG-injected groups than in the normal group, and that thickness was dose dependent. Immunohistochemical study revealed massive fibrin, fibronectin, and type IV collagen depositions in the CG-injected groups, which was markedly higher than that in the normal group. Macrophage infiltration and staining for tissue factor, factor V, factor X, and protease-activated receptor-2 were intense in the CG-injected groups and negative/trace in the normal group. Tissue factor and factor V mRNAs were abundant in cells in the thickened peritoneum. A double-labeling experiment revealed that tissue factor was observed mainly in macrophages, and factor V was abundantly distributed in the fibrotic tissue together with macrophages. Fondaparinux treatment decreased the thickness of submesothelial fibrotic tissue, and size and number of CD31-positive vessels. Conclusion These results suggest that expression of tissue factor and factor V in infiltrated macrophages, together with factor X deposition, may progress angiogenesis and accumulation of extracellular matrix components, partly via profibrotic and procoagulant mechanisms in the peritoneum after inflammatory stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Saito
- Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Masayuki Kitamoto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Kozue Kato
- Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Ning Liu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Hisayo Kitamura
- Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Kazuhide Uemura
- Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Fumiaki Nogaki
- Division of Nephrology, Shimada Municipal Hospital, Shizuoka
| | | | - Noriko Mori
- Division of Nephrology, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiko Ono
- Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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Abstract
Animal models of renal disease have provided valuable insights into the pathogenesis of acute and chronic kidney disease. Extension of these models to the mouse has become an increasingly important with the development of gene knockout and transgenic animals. In this review we discuss a range of models that can be used to mimic the mechanisms of human renal disease. While not perfect, the careful and ethical use of these models offers the opportunity to examine individual mechanisms in an accelerated time frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim D Hewitson
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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15
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The effect of intravesical instillation of antifibrinolytic agents on bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment of superficial bladder cancer: a pilot study. J Urol 2008; 179:1307-11; discussion 1311-2. [PMID: 18289576 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We determined whether intravesical instillation of antifibrinolytic agents could improve the antitumor effect of bacillus Calmette-Guerin. We also investigated the impact of these antifibrinolytic agents on the dose of bacillus Calmette-Guerin required for a therapeutic effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this randomized, prospective, double-blind, controlled pilot study 257 patients with superficial bladder cancer were randomized into groups A through E. They received 100 to 120 mg intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus 100 mg para-aminomethylbenzoic acid, 50 to 60 mg bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus 100 mg para-aminomethylbenzoic acid, 100 to 120 mg bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus 2.0 gm epsilon aminocaproic acid, 50 to 60 mg bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus 2.0 gm epsilon aminocaproic acid and 100 to 120 mg bacillus Calmette-Guerin alone, respectively. Prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time of each patient were determined at 2 hours after instillation, and adverse events were evaluated. Tumor recurrence was assessed every 3 months postoperatively by cystoscopy. Median followup was 26.0, 25.0, 24.5, 25.0 and 25.5 months, respectively. RESULTS No significant change in prothrombin time or activated partial thromboplastin time was observed, and analysis showed no significant difference in prothrombin time or activated partial thromboplastin time among groups A through E (p = 0.693, 0.756). Recurrence rates at a minimum of median 2 years were 10.6%, 11.1%, 10.0%, 9.3% and 31.8% in groups A through E, respectively. The log rank test showed that recurrence-free probability was statistically different comparing groups A, B, C and D with group E, respectively (p = 0.023, 0.037, 0.031 and 0.020), while pairwise comparisons among groups A, B, C and D showed no significant differences (each p >0.05). The rate of serious adverse events in groups A through E was 9.6%, 3.9%, 15.7%, 5.9% and 13.5%, respectively. However, the differences were not significant (p = 0.222). CONCLUSIONS Intravesical instillation of para-aminomethylbenzoic acid or epsilon aminocaproic acid is a more effective and safer method to improve the bacillus Calmette-Guerin antitumor effect, and can reduce the dose of bacillus Calmette-Guerin with the same effect as the full dose.
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Bian ZM, Elner SG, Elner VM. Thrombin-induced VEGF expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48:2738-46. [PMID: 17525207 PMCID: PMC2128055 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of thrombin and thrombin in combination with other proangiogenic factors on VEGF expression in hRPE cells. METHODS hRPE cells were stimulated with thrombin TNF-alpha, monocytes, and TGF-beta2. After stimulation, conditioned medium and lysed cells were subjected to ELISA, Western blot analysis, immunocytochemistry, and RT-PCR analyses. Inhibitors specific for various signal transduction pathways were used to determine the signaling pathways involved. RESULTS Treatment of RPE cells with thrombin resulted in dose- and time-dependent increases in VEGF mRNA levels and protein production. hRPE VEGF expression is predominantly protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 dependent. Approximately 80% of thrombin-induced VEGF secretion was abrogated by inhibitors of MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK), p38, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase C (PKC), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Analyses of VEGF protein production and mRNA synthesis revealed that VEGF induction by thrombin plus TNF-alpha or coculture with monocytes was additive, whereas that by co-incubation with TGF-beta2 was synergistic. The costimulated VEGF production by TGF-beta2 plus thrombin was an average of three times higher than the sum of that induced by each agent alone. Furthermore, BAPTA [bis-(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid], a calcium chelator, blocked the VEGF secretion induced by thrombin and thrombin plus TGF-beta2 by 65% and 20%, respectively, but had no effect on that induced by TGF-beta2 alone. CONCLUSIONS Thrombin alone and in combination with TNF-alpha, monocytes, and TGF-beta2 potently stimulated VEGF expression in hRPE cells via multiple signaling pathways. The thrombin-induced calcium mobilization may play an important permissive role in maximizing TGF-beta2-induced VEGF expression in RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Mei Bian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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Liu N, Mori N, Iehara N, Uemura K, Fukastu A, Kita T, Matsuda M, Ono T. Soluble fibrin formation in the mesangial area of IgA nephropathy. Clin Exp Nephrol 2007; 11:71-6. [PMID: 17385002 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-006-0457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrin monomer and its derivatives in blood are found in an early stage of thrombosis. When they are produced in blood, they form complexes with fibrinogen, and they exist as soluble complexes named soluble fibrin (SF). As final insoluble products, cross-linked fibrin (XFb) is often observed in mesangial areas in active types of human glomerulonephritis. To clarify the mechanisms of mesangial SF production and its relationship to XFb deposition in IgA nephropathy (IgAN), an immunohistochemical study was conducted. METHODS Nineteen patients with IgAN were studied. XFb was detected in renal biopsy specimens using anti-d-dimer antibody combined with plasmin exposure. SF was detected with a monoclonal antibody (IF-43), and factor V was detected with a specific rabbit antibody. The relationships of SF staining to the disease activity index, XFb deposition, and factor V staining was evaluated. RESULTS XFb, factor V, and SF were observed in the mesangium in 14, 11, and 8, respectively, of a total of 19 specimens. SF had frequent staining in the proliferating areas, showing a significant relationship to XFb or factor V (P < 0.05). Furthermore, XFb, factor V, and SF depositions were markedly correlated with disease activity (P < 0.001 in each case). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that SF is formed in the mesangial area in active IgA nephropathy accompanied by mesangial proliferation, in particular, in its early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Liu N, Shimizu S, Ito-Ihara T, Takagi K, Kita T, Ono T. Angiotensin II receptor blockade ameliorates mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis in rats through suppression of CTGF and PAI-1, independently of the coagulation system. Nephron Clin Pract 2006; 105:e65-74. [PMID: 17199095 DOI: 10.1159/000098321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously we observed that the coagulation system promotes matrix protein accumulation through transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression in rat mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (MsPGN). Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are known to suppress matrix accumulation in experimental MsPGN. In the present study, we investigated whether ARB suppresses MsPGN through inhibition of these profibrotic cytokines, and in relation to coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. METHODS MsPGN was induced in Wistar rats by intravenous injection of anti-Thy-1.1 monoclonal antibody, OX-7. As an ARB, olmesartan was orally administered in rat feed from the day of OX-7 injection (day 0) to day 8, when rats were sacrificed and kidney specimens were collected. The degrees of cellular proliferation, matrix production, coagulation factors, and inhibitory factor of fibrinolysis were evaluated. RESULTS Although blood pressure did not change in the normal, disease control, or treatment groups, the amount of urinary protein was significantly decreased in the ARB-treated groups, compared with the disease control group (p < 0.05). alpha-Smooth muscle actin expression was suppressed significantly in the treatment groups (p < 0.001). Blue-staining areas of trichrome, the number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)- or ED-1-positive cells, fibronectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in glomeruli significantly decreased in the treatment groups (p < 0.05, respectively); however, fibrin-related antigen and factor V depositions were not suppressed in the treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the ARB drug would ameliorate MsPGN in vivo, at least partly through CTGF and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 suppression, and independently of the local coagulation system in glomeruli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shizuoka, Japan
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Tanaka M, Arai H, Liu N, Nogaki F, Nomura K, Kasuno K, Oida E, Kita T, Ono T. Role of coagulation factor Xa and protease-activated receptor 2 in human mesangial cell proliferation. Kidney Int 2005; 67:2123-33. [PMID: 15882255 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrin deposition and mesangial cell proliferation are frequently observed in the active type of mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis. Coagulation factors, such as factor V and factor Xa are colocalized with fibrin in the mesangial areas in active type of IgA nephropathy with mesangial cell proliferation. In this study, therefore, we studied the role of factor Xa and its receptor, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in mesangial cell proliferation and fibrin deposition, and examined ant-proliferative effects of a specific factor Xa inhibitor, DX-9065a, in cultured human mesangial cells. METHODS To examine the effect of DX-9065a on the factor Xa-induced proliferation of cultured human mesangial cells, we measured thymidine incorporation and cell numbers. We also examined the effect of DX-9065a on extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) activation and fibrin production induced by factor Xa in human mesangial cells. RESULTS Factor Xa increased [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation and cell numbers in a dose-dependent manner in mesangial cells, which was inhibited by DX-9065a. DX-9065a also suppressed factor Xa-triggered fibrin deposition on mesangial cell surface. Factor Xa induced the activation of ERK in mesangial cells and this activation was also completely inhibited by DX-9065a, but not inhibited by PAR1 antagonist. Factor Xa-induced cell proliferation and ERK activation were inhibited by PD98059. CONCLUSION There results suggest that factor Xa can induce mesangial cell proliferation through the activation of ERK via PAR2 in mesangial cells and that PAR2 may play a crucial role in the cell proliferation induced by factor Xa. Our results implicate that DX-9065a may be a promising agent to regulate proliferation of mesangial cellss and inhibit the coagulation process in mesangium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Tanaka
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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