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Tenstad O, Christakou E, Hodneland Nilsson L, Gausdal G, Micklem D, Kursula P, Lorens JB, Reed RK. In vivo turnover and biodistribution of soluble AXL: implications for biomarker development. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16141. [PMID: 38997436 PMCID: PMC11245488 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66665-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Soluble biomarkers are paramount to personalized medicine. However, the in vivo turnover and biodistribution of soluble proteins is seldom characterized. The cleaved extracellular domain of the AXL receptor (sAXL) is a prognostic biomarker in several diseases and a predictive marker of AXL targeting agents. Plasma sAXL reflects a balance between production in tissues with lymphatic transport into the circulation and removal from blood by degradation or excretion. It is unclear how this transport cycle affects plasma sAXL levels that are the metric for biomarker development. Radiolabeled mouse sAxl was monitored after intravenous injection to measure degradation and urinary excretion of sAxl, and after intradermal injection to mimic tissue or tumor production. sAxl was rapidly taken-up and degraded by the liver and kidney cortex. Surprisingly, intact sAxl was detectable in urine, indicating passage through the glomerular filter and a unique sampling opportunity. The structure of sAxl showed an elongated, flexible molecule with a length of 18 nm and a thickness of only 3 nm, allowing passage through the glomerulus and excretion into the urine. Intradermally injected sAxl passed through local and distant lymph nodes, followed by uptake in liver and kidney cortex. Low levels of sAxl were seen in the plasma, consistent with an extended transit time from local tissue to circulation. The rapid plasma clearance of sAxl suggests that steady-state levels in blood will sensitively and dynamically reflect the rate of production of sAxl in the tissues but will be influenced by perturbations of liver and kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav Tenstad
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies Vei 91, 5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eleni Christakou
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies Vei 91, 5009, Bergen, Norway
- BerGenBio ASA, 5009, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Petri Kursula
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies Vei 91, 5009, Bergen, Norway
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - James B Lorens
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies Vei 91, 5009, Bergen, Norway.
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Norwegian Centre of Excellence, University of Bergen, 5021, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Rolf K Reed
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies Vei 91, 5009, Bergen, Norway
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2
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Strasser P, Montsch B, Weiss S, Sami H, Kugler C, Hager S, Schueffl H, Mader R, Brüggemann O, Kowol CR, Ogris M, Heffeter P, Teasdale I. Degradable Bottlebrush Polypeptides and the Impact of their Architecture on Cell Uptake, Pharmacokinetics, and Biodistribution In Vivo. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300767. [PMID: 36843221 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bottlebrush polymers are highly promising as unimolecular nanomedicines due to their unique control over the critical parameters of size, shape and chemical function. However, since they are prepared from biopersistent carbon backbones, most known bottlebrush polymers are non-degradable and thus unsuitable for systemic therapeutic administration. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of novel poly(organo)phosphazene-g-poly(α-glutamate) (PPz-g-PGA) bottlebrush polymers with exceptional control over their structure and molecular dimensions (Dh ≈ 15-50 nm). These single macromolecules show outstanding aqueous solubility, ultra-high multivalency and biodegradability, making them ideal as nanomedicines. While well-established in polymer therapeutics, it has hitherto not been possible to prepare defined single macromolecules of PGA in these nanosized dimensions. A direct correlation was observed between the macromolecular dimensions of the bottlebrush polymers and their intracellular uptake in CT26 colon cancer cells. Furthermore, the bottlebrush macromolecular structure visibly enhanced the pharmacokinetics by reducing renal clearance and extending plasma half-lives. Real-time analysis of the biodistribution dynamics showed architecture-driven organ distribution and enhanced tumor accumulation. This work, therefore, introduces a robust, controlled synthesis route to bottlebrush polypeptides, overcoming limitations of current polymer-based nanomedicines and, in doing so, offers valuable insights into the influence of architecture on the in vivo performance of nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Strasser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Bianca Montsch
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Silvia Weiss
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Cancer Therapeutics (MMCT), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Haider Sami
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Cancer Therapeutics (MMCT), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Christoph Kugler
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Cancer Therapeutics (MMCT), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Sonja Hager
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Hemma Schueffl
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Robert Mader
- Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Christian R Kowol
- Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Manfred Ogris
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Cancer Therapeutics (MMCT), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, 4040, Austria
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3
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Fletcher EP, Sahre M, Hon YY, Balakrishnan A, Zhou L, Sun Q, Wang J, Maxfield K, Naik R, Huang SM, Wang YMC. Impact of Organ Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics of Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins. AAPS J 2023; 25:54. [PMID: 37231199 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00819-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidneys and liver are major organs involved in eliminating small-molecule drugs from the body. Characterization of the effects of renal impairment (RI) and hepatic impairment (HI) on pharmacokinetics (PK) have informed dosing in patients with these organ impairments. However, the knowledge about the impact of organ impairment on therapeutic peptides and proteins is still evolving. In this study, we reviewed how often therapeutic peptides and proteins were assessed for the effect of RI and HI on PK, the findings, and the resulting labeling recommendations. RI effects were reported in labeling for 30 (57%) peptides and 98 (39%) proteins and HI effects for 20 (38%) peptides and 55 (22%) proteins. Dose adjustments were recommended for RI in 11 of the 30 (37%) peptides and 10 of the 98 (10%) proteins and for HI in 7 of the 20 (35%) peptides and 3 of the 55 (5%) proteins. Additional actionable labeling includes risk mitigation strategies; for example, some product labels have recommended avoid use or monitor toxicities in patients with HI. Over time, there is an increasing structural diversity of therapeutic peptides and proteins, including the use of non-natural amino acids and conjugation technologies, which suggests a potential need for reassessing the need to evaluate the effect of RI and HI. Herein, we discuss scientific considerations for weighing the risk of PK alteration due to RI or HI for peptide and protein products. We briefly discuss other organs that may affect the PK of peptides and proteins administered via other delivery routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elimika Pfuma Fletcher
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Martina Sahre
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Yuen Yi Hon
- Office of Rare Diseases, Pediatrics, Urologic and Reproductive Medicine, Office of New Drug, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Anand Balakrishnan
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Lin Zhou
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Qin Sun
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Kimberly Maxfield
- Office of Therapeutic Biologics and Biosimilars, Office of New Drug, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Raajan Naik
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Shiew Mei Huang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Yow-Ming C Wang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA.
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Punyaratabandhu N, Dechadilok P, Triampo W, Katavetin P. Hydrodynamic model for renal microvascular filtration: Effects of physiological and hemodynamic changes on glomerular size-selectivity. Microcirculation 2022; 29:e12779. [PMID: 35879876 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The first step in renal urine formation is ultrafiltration across the glomerular barrier. The change in its nanostructure has been associated with nephrotic syndromes. Effects of physiological and hemodynamic factor alterations associated with diabetic nephropathy (DN) on glomerular permselectivity are examined through a mathematical model employing low-Reynolds-number hydrodynamics and hindered transport theory. METHODS Glomerular capillaries are represented as networks of cylindrical tubes with multilayered walls. Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) is a fibrous medium with bimodal fiber sizes. Epithelial slit fiber spacing follows a lognormal distribution based on reported electron micrographs with the highest resolution. Endothelial fenestrae are filled with fibers the size of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Effects of fiber-macromolecule steric and hydrodynamic interactions are included. Focusing on diabetic nephropathy, the physiological and hemodynamic factors employed in the computation are those reported for healthy humans and patients with early-but-overt diabetic nephropathy. The macromolecule concentration is obtained as a finite element solution of the convection-diffusion equation. RESULTS Computed sieving coefficients averaged along the capillary length agree well with ficoll sieving coefficients from studies in humans for most solute radii. GBM thickening and the loss of the slit diaphragm hardly affect glomerular permselectivity. GAG volume fraction reduction in the endothelial fenestrae, however, significantly increases macromolecule filtration. Increased renal plasma flow rate (RPF), glomerular hypertension, and reduction of lumen osmotic pressure cause a slight sieving coefficient decrease. These effects are amplified by an increased macromolecule size. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that glomerular hypertension and the reduction in the oncotic pressure decreases glomerular macromolecule filtration. Reduction of RPF and changes in the glomerular barrier structure associated with DN, however, increase the solute sieving. Damage to GAGs caused by hyperglycemia is likely to be the most prominent factor affecting glomerular size-selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Panadda Dechadilok
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wannapong Triampo
- Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics CHE, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pisut Katavetin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Comper WD, Vuchkova J, McCarthy KJ. New insights into proteinuria/albuminuria. Front Physiol 2022; 13:991756. [PMID: 36225307 PMCID: PMC9548894 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.991756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fractional clearance of proteins as measured in healthy human subjects increases 10,000–100,000- fold when studied in nephrotic patients. This remarkable increase cannot be accounted for by extracellular biophysical mechanisms centered at the glomerular filtration barrier. Rather, it is the nephron and its combination of filtration and cellular uptake that can provide a plausible explanation of these fractional clearance changes. The nephron has two regions that critically determine the level proteinuria/albuminuria. Glomerular filtration of plasma proteins is primarily a size selective event that is basically unchanged in acquired and genetic kidney disease. The glomerular concepts of ‘charge selectivity’ and of ‘large pores’, previously used to explain proteinuria, are now recognized to be flawed and non-existent. Filtered proteins then encounter downstream two protein receptors of the Park and Maack type associated with the proximal tubular cell. The high capacity receptor is thought to retrieve the majority of filtered proteins and return them to the blood supply. Inhibition/saturation of this pathway in kidney disease may create the nephrotic condition and hypoproteinemia/hypoalbuminemia. Inhibitors of this pathway (possibly podocyte derived) are still to be identified. A relatively small proportion of the filtered protein is directed towards a high affinity, low capacity receptor that guides the protein to undergo lysosomal degradation. Proteinuria in normoproteinemic states is derived by inhibition of this pathway, such as in diabetes. The combination of glomerular sieving, and the degradation and retrieval pathways can quantitatively account for the changes in fractional clearance of proteins in the nephrotic condition. Finally, the general retrieval of filtered protein by the proximal tubular cell focuses on the teleological importance of this cell as this retrieval represents the third pillar of retrieval that this cell participates in (it also retrieves water and salt).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne D. Comper
- Salaqua Diagnostics Inc, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Wayne D. Comper,
| | | | - Kevin J. McCarthy
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
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6
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Advancements in nanomedicines for the detection and treatment of diabetic kidney disease. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOSYSTEMS 2022; 6:100047. [PMID: 36824160 PMCID: PMC9934479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2022.100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the diabetic kidneys, morbidities such as accelerated ageing, hypertension and hyperglycaemia create a pro-inflammatory microenvironment characterised by extensive fibrogenesis. Radiological techniques are not yet optimised generating inconsistent and non-reproducible data. The gold standard procedure to assess renal fibrosis is kidney biopsy, followed by histopathological assessment. However, this method is risky, invasive, subjective and examines less than 0.01% of kidney tissue resulting in diagnostic errors. As such, less than 10% of patients undergo kidney biopsy, limiting the accuracy of the current diabetic kidney disease (DKD) staging method. Standard treatments suppress the renin-angiotensin system to control hypertension and use of pharmaceuticals aimed at controlling diabetes have shown promise but can cause hypoglycaemia, diuresis and malnutrition as a result of low caloric intake. New approaches to both diagnosis and treatment are required. Nanoparticles (NPs) are an attractive candidate for managing DKD due to their ability to act as theranostic tools that can carry drugs and enhance image contrast. NP-based point-of-care systems can provide physiological information previously considered unattainable and provide control over the rate and location of drug release. Here we discuss the use of nanotechnology in renal disease, its application to both the treatment and diagnosis of DKD. Finally, we propose a new method of NP-based DKD classification that overcomes the current systems limitations.
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7
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Comper WD. Commentary: The Glomerular Endothelium Restricts Albumin Filtration. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:861566. [PMID: 35295597 PMCID: PMC8919079 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.861566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Yao C, Chen Y, Zhao M, Wang S, Wu B, Yang Y, Yin D, Yu P, Zhang H, Zhang F. A Bright, Renal‐Clearable NIR‐II Brush Macromolecular Probe with Long Blood Circulation Time for Kidney Disease Bioimaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenzhi Yao
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Mengyao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Shangfeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yiwei Yang
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Dongrui Yin
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Hongxin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
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Yao C, Chen Y, Zhao M, Wang S, Wu B, Yang Y, Yin D, Yu P, Zhang H, Zhang F. A Bright, Renal-Clearable NIR-II Brush Macromolecular Probe with Long Blood Circulation Time for Kidney Disease Bioimaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114273. [PMID: 34850517 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of kidney disease is of vital importance due to its current prevalence worldwide. Fluorescence imaging, especially in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II) has been regarded as a promising technique for the early diagnosis of kidney disease due to the superior resolution and sensitivity. However, the reported NIR-II organic renal-clearable probes are hampered by their low brightness (ϵmax Φf>1000 nm <10 M-1 cm-1 ) and limited blood circulation time (t1/2 <2 h), which impede the targeted imaging performance. Herein, we develop the aza-boron-dipyrromethene (aza-BODIPY) brush macromolecular probes (Fudan BDIPY Probes (FBP 912)) with high brightness (ϵmax Φf>1000 nm ≈60 M-1 cm-1 ), which is about 10-fold higher than that of previously reported NIR-II renal-clearable organic probes. FBP 912 exhibits an average diameter of ≈4 nm and high renal clearance efficiency (≈65 % excretion through the kidney within 12 h), showing superior performance for non-invasively diagnosis of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIR) earlier than clinical serum-based protocols. Additionally, the high molecular weight polymer brush enables FBP 912 with prolonged circulation time (t1/2 ≈6.1 h) and higher brightness than traditional PEGylated renal-clearable control fluorophores (t1/2 <2 h), facilitating for 4T1 tumor passive targeted imaging and renal cell carcinoma active targeted imaging with higher signal-to-noise ratio and extended retention time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenzhi Yao
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Mengyao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shangfeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yiwei Yang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Dongrui Yin
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hongxin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Renal Nano-drug delivery for acute kidney Injury: Current status and future perspectives. J Control Release 2022; 343:237-254. [PMID: 35085695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes considerable morbidity and mortality, particularly in the case of post-cardiac infarction or kidney transplantation; however, the site-specific accumulation of small molecule reno-protective agents for AKI has often proved ineffective due to dynamic fluid and solute excretion and non-selectivity, which impedes therapeutic efficacy. This article reviews the current status and future trajectories of renal nanomedicine research for AKI management from pharmacological and clinical perspectives, with a particular focus on appraising nanosized drug carrier (NDC) use for the delivery of reno-protective agents of different pharmacological classes and the effectiveness of NDCs in improving renal tissue targeting selectivity and efficacy of said agents. This review reveals the critical shift in the role of the small molecule reno-protective agents in AKI pharmacotherapy - from prophylaxis to treatment - when using NDCs for delivery to the kidney. We also highlight the need to identify the accumulation sites of NDCs carrying reno-protective agents in renal tissues during in vivo assessments and detail the less-explored pharmacological classes of reno-protective agents whose efficacies may be improved via NDC-based delivery. We conclude the paper by outlining the challenges and future perspectives of NDC-based reno-protective agent delivery for better clinical management of AKI.
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11
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Ballermann BJ, Nyström J, Haraldsson B. The Glomerular Endothelium Restricts Albumin Filtration. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:766689. [PMID: 34912827 PMCID: PMC8667033 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.766689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory activation and/or dysfunction of the glomerular endothelium triggers proteinuria in many systemic and localized vascular disorders. Among them are the thrombotic microangiopathies, many forms of glomerulonephritis, and acute inflammatory episodes like sepsis and COVID-19 illness. Another example is the chronic endothelial dysfunction that develops in cardiovascular disease and in metabolic disorders like diabetes. While the glomerular endothelium is a porous sieve that filters prodigious amounts of water and small solutes, it also bars the bulk of albumin and large plasma proteins from passing into the glomerular filtrate. This endothelial barrier function is ascribed predominantly to the endothelial glycocalyx with its endothelial surface layer, that together form a relatively thick, mucinous coat composed of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycolipids, sialomucins and other glycoproteins, as well as secreted and circulating proteins. The glycocalyx/endothelial surface layer not only covers the glomerular endothelium; it extends into the endothelial fenestrae. Some glycocalyx components span or are attached to the apical endothelial cell plasma membrane and form the formal glycocalyx. Other components, including small proteoglycans and circulating proteins like albumin and orosomucoid, form the endothelial surface layer and are bound to the glycocalyx due to weak intermolecular interactions. Indeed, bound plasma albumin is a major constituent of the endothelial surface layer and contributes to its barrier function. A role for glomerular endothelial cells in the barrier of the glomerular capillary wall to protein filtration has been demonstrated by many elegant studies. However, it can only be fully understood in the context of other components, including the glomerular basement membrane, the podocytes and reabsorption of proteins by tubule epithelial cells. Discovery of the precise mechanisms that lead to glycocalyx/endothelial surface layer disruption within glomerular capillaries will hopefully lead to pharmacological interventions that specifically target this important structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny Nyström
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Börje Haraldsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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12
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Šimek M, Nešporová K, Kocurková A, Foglová T, Ambrožová G, Velebný V, Kubala L, Hermannová M. How the molecular weight affects the in vivo fate of exogenous hyaluronan delivered intravenously: A stable-isotope labelling strategy. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 263:117927. [PMID: 33858586 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is inconsistent information regarding the size effects of exogenously given hyaluronan on its in vivo fate. The data are often biased by the poor quality of hyaluronan and non-ideal labelling strategies used for resolving exogenous/endogenous hyaluronan, which only monitor the label and not hyaluronan itself. To overcome these drawbacks and establish the pharmacokinetics of intravenous hyaluronan in relation to its Mw, 13C-labelled HA of five Mws from 13.6-1562 kDa was prepared and administered to mice at doses 25-50 mg kg-1. The elimination efficiency increased with decreasing Mw. Low Mw hyaluronan was rapidly eliminated as small hyaluronan fragments in urine, while high Mw hyaluronan exhibited saturable kinetics and complete metabolization within 48 h. All tested Mws exhibited a similar uptake by liver cells and metabolization into activated sugars. 13C-labelling combined with LC-MS provides an excellent approach to elucidating in vivo fate and biological activities of hyaluronan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matěj Šimek
- Contipro a.s., Dolní Dobrouč 401, 56102, Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Anna Kocurková
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Foglová
- Contipro a.s., Dolní Dobrouč 401, 56102, Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriela Ambrožová
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Velebný
- Contipro a.s., Dolní Dobrouč 401, 56102, Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Kubala
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Valsecchi L, Galdini A, Gabellini D, Dell'Antonio G, Galbiati S, Fanecco A, Vigano' I, Smid M, Bernardi R, Maestroni S, Baelde HJ, Zerbini G. Renal dysfunction and podocyturia in pre-eclampsia may be explained by increased urinary VEGF. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 37:1109-1117. [PMID: 33950200 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfab175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia has a major impact on renal function as shown by the development of proteinuria and podocyturia. How the systemic, Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1)-driven inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) activity detected in preeclampsia directly affects renal function remains unknown. Aim of the study was to clarify whether a non-canonical, renal centered escape from VEGF inhibition in case of preeclamptic pregnancy might have a direct impact on the renal function. METHODS We evaluated plasma and urinary VEGF and placental growth factor (PlGF), plasma sFlt-1 and carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), albuminuria and podocyturia in 18 women with uncomplicated pregnancy, 21 with preeclampsia and 18 non pregnant. The three groups were matched for age and the pregnant groups also for gestational age at enrollment. RESULTS Plasma VEGF was reduced in uncomplicated (p = 0.001) and preeclamptic (p = 0.0003) pregnancies when compared to controls. In uncomplicated pregnancy the dysfunction was balanced by an increase (p = 0.009) of plasma PlGF. Increased (p = 0.0001) plasma CAIX in preeclampsia was in line with hypoxia. Preeclampsia resulted in a paradoxical increase (p = 0.0004) of urinary excretion of VEGF. Urinary concentrations of VEGF and podocytes were correlated to each other (r2 = 0.48, p < 0.0005) but also to plasma sFlt-1 (r2 = 0.56, p < 0.0001 and r2 = 0.23, p = 0.03 respectively). CONCLUSIONS In case of preeclampsia, the systemic VEGF inhibition brings the kidney, possibly the podocyte, to increase the VEGF synthesis. The mechanisms leading to local VEGF overproduction or the overproduced VEGF itself are reasonably involved in the pathogenesis of podocyturia and, as a consequence, of renal dysfunction in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Valsecchi
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Galdini
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Gabellini
- Complications of Diabetes Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Galbiati
- Complications of Diabetes Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Fanecco
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Vigano'
- Complications of Diabetes Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Smid
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Bernardi
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Maestroni
- Complications of Diabetes Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Hans J Baelde
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gianpaolo Zerbini
- Complications of Diabetes Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Chen Z, Peng H, Zhang C. Advances in kidney-targeted drug delivery systems. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119679. [PMID: 32717283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The management and treatment of kidney diseases currently have caused a huge global burden. Although the application of nanotechnology for the therapy of kidney diseases is still at an early stages, it has profound potential of development. More and more nano-based drug delivery systems provide novel solutions for the treatment of kidney diseases. This article summarizes the physiological and anatomical properties of the kidney and the biological and physicochemical characters of drug delivery systems, which affects the ability of drug to target the kidney, and highlights the prospects, opportunities, and challenges of nanotechnology in the therapy of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Campus of Harbin Medical University, 1 Xinyang Rd, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Haisheng Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Campus of Harbin Medical University, 1 Xinyang Rd, Daqing 163319, China.
| | - Changmei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Campus of Harbin Medical University, 1 Xinyang Rd, Daqing 163319, China.
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Reconsidering Garth Robinson: fluid flow and the glomerular filtration barrier. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2020; 29:273-279. [PMID: 32235269 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this review is to present recent models of the filtration barrier that may suggest mechanism-based treatments for proteinuric renal disease. The vast majority of renal failure occurs in diseases of glomerular proteinuria. The physiology of the filtration barrier remains incompletely understood, preventing invention of mechanism-based therapies. Research is currently dominated by molecular biology approaches to the kidney instead of engineering-based filtration and transport models. RECENT FINDINGS Reexamination of two older paradigms (basement membrane and slit diaphragm) and critical analysis of newer models may provide mechanistic insight to guide further research. We expand on our theory of podocyte-basement membrane mechanical interactions and speculate on mechanisms of action of the leading treatment for proteinuria, angiotensin blockade. SUMMARY Treatment of proteinuria remains largely empiric and based on inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, with additional benefit from statins and vitamin D. Improved definition of transport phenomena in the capillary wall may suggest rational design of new interventions.
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Study of the interaction between a novel, protein-stabilizing dipeptide and Interferon-alpha-2a by construction of a Markov state model from molecular dynamics simulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 149:105-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bakoush O, Lubbad L, Öberg CM, Hammad FT. Effect of diabetes mellitus on the recovery of changes in renal functions and glomerular permeability following reversible 24-hour unilateral ureteral obstruction. J Diabetes 2019; 11:674-683. [PMID: 30592154 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following reversal of short periods of ureteral obstruction (UO), glomerular and tubular renal dysfunction recovers with time. Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects glomerular function; thus, the ability of diabetic kidneys to recover from UO may be impaired. This study investigated the effects of long-term DM on the recovery of glomerular and tubular function, as well as permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB), after unilateral UO (UUO) reversal. METHODS Diabetes mellitus was induced in Wistar rats by intraperitoneal streptozotocin. All diabetic and age-matched control rats underwent reversible 24-hour left UUO. The renal function of both kidneys was measured using clearance techniques 3 hours and 7 and 30 days after UUO reversal. Glomerular permeability was assessed by measuring the glomerular sieving coefficients for fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated Ficoll (molecular radius: 20-90 Å). RESULTS Unilateral UO induced transient changes in the size selectivity of GFB small pores. However, the size selectivity function of large pores had not returned to baseline even 30 days after UUO reversal. Diabetes mellitus caused exaggerated early alterations in glomerular hemodynamic and tubular function, as well as size selectivity dysfunction of both small and large pores. At 30 days after UUO reversal, despite glomerular hemodynamic and tubular function and the size selectivity of small pores returning to normal in both diabetic and non-diabetic rats, the residual size selectivity dysfunction of large pores was more severe in diabetic rats. CONCLUSION Unilateral UO caused long-term dysfunction in the size selectivity of large pores of the GFB. In addition, DM significantly exaggerated this dysfunction, indicating a more ominous outcome in diabetic kidneys following UUO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omran Bakoush
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Loay Lubbad
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Carl M Öberg
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fayez T Hammad
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Della Ventura B, Gelzo M, Battista E, Alabastri A, Schirato A, Castaldo G, Corso G, Gentile F, Velotta R. Biosensor for Point-of-Care Analysis of Immunoglobulins in Urine by Metal Enhanced Fluorescence from Gold Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:3753-3762. [PMID: 30609355 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b20501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors are easy-to-use and cost-effective devices that are emerging as an attractive tool, not only in settling diagnosis or in disease monitoring, but also in mass screening tests, a timely topic that impacts on daily life of the whole society. Nanotechnologies lend themselves to the development of highly sensitive devices whose realization has become a very interdisciplinary topic. Relying on the enhancement of the fluorescence signal detected at the surface of patterned gold nanoparticles, we report the behavior of an analytical device in detecting immunoglobulins in real urine samples that shows a limit of detection of approximately 8 μg/L and a linear range of 10-100 μg/L well below the detection limit of nephelometric method, which is the reference method for this analysis. These performances have been reached thanks to an effective surface functionalization technique and can be improved even more if superydrophobic features of the substrate we produce will be exploited. Since the analyte recognition is realized by antibodies the specificity is very high and, in fact, no interference has been detected by other compounds also present in the real urine samples. The device has been assessed on serum samples by comparing IgG concentrations values obtained by the biosensor with those provided by a nephelometer. In this step we found that our approach allows the analysis of the whole blood without any pretreatment; moreover, it is inherently extendable to the analysis of most biochemical markers in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolomeo Della Ventura
- Dipartimento di Fisica Ettore Pancini , Università di Napoli Federico II , Via Cintia, 26 Ed. 6 , 80126 Napoli , Italy
| | - Monica Gelzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche , Università di Napoli Federico II , Via Pansini 5 , 80131 Napoli , Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie avanzate s.c. a r.l., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486 , 80145 Napoli , Italy
| | - Edmondo Battista
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale sui Biomateriali , Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , Ple Tecchio 80 , 80125 Napoli , Italy
| | - Alessandro Alabastri
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Andrea Schirato
- Dipartimento di Fisica , Politecnico di Milano , Piazza L. da Vinci 32 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castaldo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche , Università di Napoli Federico II , Via Pansini 5 , 80131 Napoli , Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie avanzate s.c. a r.l., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486 , 80145 Napoli , Italy
| | - Gaetano Corso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale , Università di Foggia , 70122 Viale Pinto , Foggia , Italy
| | - Francesco Gentile
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e Tecnologie dell'Informazione , Università di Napoli Federico II , via Claudio 21 , 80125 Napoli , Italy
| | - Raffaele Velotta
- Dipartimento di Fisica Ettore Pancini , Università di Napoli Federico II , Via Cintia, 26 Ed. 6 , 80126 Napoli , Italy
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Babut M, Labadie P, Simonnet-Laprade C, Munoz G, Roger MC, Ferrari BJD, Budzinski H, Sivade E. Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl compounds in freshwater fish from the Rhône River: Influence of fish size, diet, prey contamination and biotransformation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:38-47. [PMID: 28654807 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pools of aquatic plants and benthic invertebrates were collected along with 47 individuals from three cyprinid fish species (Barbus barbus, Gobio gobio, Rutilus rutilus) at a site in the Rhône River (France). Carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios (δ13C and δ15N) and a wide range of per- and poly-fluorinated chemicals (PFASs) were analysed in all samples. The sum of PFAS concentrations (ΣPFAS) increased from aquatic plants to fish dorsal muscles; molecular profiles were dominated by C9-C13 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), while perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) were detected in all samples at lower concentrations. ΣPFAS and especially ΣPFCAs were higher in barbels (B. barbus) than in other species, while roaches (R. rutilus) were less contaminated by PFOS than barbels and gudgeons (G. gobio). Gudgeons accumulated significantly higher FOSA concentrations. Young (small) barbels displayed significantly higher PFOS, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) concentrations than did large specimens; conversely, perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA) concentrations were significantly higher in large barbels. Multiple linear regressions were performed on the whole set of fish samples with size, mass and isotopic ratios as explicative variables, and several single compounds as explained variables. Regardless of the compound, the regressions did not explain much of the contamination variability. However, adding species as a qualitative variable, i.e. performing analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) improved the fit greatly, while adding sex did not. Diet (i.e. δ13C and δ15N) was the main factor explaining interspecific differences. Biotransformation was assessed by comparing concentration ratios of PFOS or FOSA to their precursors in the food-web compartments. These ratios increased from invertebrates to fish, and differed among fish species, suggesting that biotransformation occurred but was species-specific. Biomagnification factor calculations showed that C11-C13 PFCAs, PFOS and FOSA were apparently biomagnified in barbels and gudgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Babut
- Irstea, UR MALY, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 rue de la Doua, BP 32108, 69616 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Pierre Labadie
- Université de Bordeaux, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), UMR 5805 CNRS, Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l'environnement (LPTC), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France; CNRS, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), UMR 5805 CNRS, Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l'environnement (LPTC), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Caroline Simonnet-Laprade
- Université de Bordeaux, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), UMR 5805 CNRS, Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l'environnement (LPTC), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Université de Bordeaux, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), UMR 5805 CNRS, Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l'environnement (LPTC), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Marie-Claude Roger
- Irstea, UR MALY, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 rue de la Doua, BP 32108, 69616 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Benoit J D Ferrari
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, Eawag/EPFL, EPFL ENAC IIE-GE, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- Université de Bordeaux, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), UMR 5805 CNRS, Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l'environnement (LPTC), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France; CNRS, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), UMR 5805 CNRS, Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l'environnement (LPTC), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Eve Sivade
- Rhone-Mediterranean and Corsica Water Agency, 2-4 allée de Lodz, 69363 Lyon, France
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Hydrodynamic Radii of Ranibizumab, Aflibercept and Bevacizumab Measured by Time-Resolved Phosphorescence Anisotropy. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2025-32. [PMID: 27225494 PMCID: PMC4942501 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1940-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure the hydrodynamic radii of intravitreal anti-VEGF drugs ranibizumab, aflibercept and bevacizumab with μs time-resolved phosphorescence anisotropy. METHODS Ruthenium-based dye Ru(bpy)2(mcbpy - O - Su - ester)(PF6)2, whose lifetime of several hundred nanoseconds is comparable to the rotational correlation time of these drugs in buffer, was used as a label. The hydrodynamic radii were calculated from the rotational correlation times of the Ru(bpy)2(mcbpy - O - Su - ester)(PF6)2-labelled drugs obtained with time-resolved phosphorescence anisotropy measurements in buffer/glycerol solutions of varying viscosity. RESULTS The measured radii of 2.76±0.04 nm for ranibizumab, 3.70±0.03 nm for aflibercept and 4.58±0.01 nm for bevacizumab agree with calculations based on molecular weight and other experimental measurements. CONCLUSIONS Time-resolved phosphorescence anisotropy is a relatively simple and straightforward method that allows experimental measurement of the hydrodynamic radius of individual proteins, and is superior to theoretical calculations which cannot give the required accuracy for a particular protein.
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Arvedson T, O'Kelly J, Yang BB. Design Rationale and Development Approach for Pegfilgrastim as a Long-Acting Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor. BioDrugs 2015; 29:185-98. [PMID: 25998211 PMCID: PMC4488452 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-015-0127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Filgrastim, a recombinant methionyl human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) (r-metHuG-CSF), is efficacious in stimulating neutrophil production and maturation to prevent febrile neutropenia (FN) in response to chemotherapy. Because of its relatively short circulating half-life, daily filgrastim injections are required to stimulate neutrophil recovery. In an effort to develop a long-acting form of filgrastim that was as safe and efficacious as filgrastim but had a longer in vivo residence time, a number of strategies were considered. Ultimately, fusion of filgrastim to polyethylene glycol (PEG) was selected. Following extensive analysis of conjugation chemistries as well as in vitro and in vivo characterization of a panel of PEGylated proteins, a construct containing a 20 kDa PEG moiety covalently conjugated to the N-terminus of filgrastim was chosen for advancement as pegfilgrastim. Pegfilgrastim is primarily cleared by neutrophils and neutrophil precursors (rather than the kidneys), meaning that clearance from the circulation is self-regulating and pegfilgrastim is eliminated only after neutrophils start to recover. Importantly, addition of PEG did not alter the mechanism of action and safety profile compared to filgrastim. Clinical evaluation revealed that a single 6 mg dose effectively reduces the duration of neutropenia and risk of FN in patients receiving chemotherapy. This work demonstrates the benefit of using PEGylation to generate pegfilgrastim, which allows for once-per-chemotherapy cycle administration while maintaining similar safety and efficacy profiles as those for multiple daily administration of filgrastim. Approaches that may provide advances for therapeutic agonists of G-CSF receptor are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Arvedson
- Amgen Inc., 14-1-B, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320-1799, USA,
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Axelsson J, Rippe A, Rippe B. mTOR inhibition with temsirolimus causes acute increases in glomerular permeability, but inhibits the dynamic permeability actions of puromycin aminonucleoside. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F1056-64. [PMID: 25740597 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00632.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTORi) can produce de novo proteinuria in kidney transplant patients. On the other hand, mTORi has been shown to suppress disease progression in several animal models of kidney disease. In the present study, we investigated whether glomerular permeability can be acutely altered by the mTORi temsirolimus and whether mTORi can affect acute puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) or angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced glomerular hyperpermeability. In anesthetized Wistar rats, the left ureter was cannulated for urine collection, while simultaneously blood access was achieved. Temsirolimus was administered as a single intravenous dose 30 min before the start of the experiments in animals infused with PAN or ANG II or in nonexposed animals. Polydispersed FITC-Ficoll-70/400 (molecular radius 10-80 Å) and (51)Cr-EDTA infusion was given during the whole experiment. Measurements of Ficoll in plasma and urine were performed sequentially before the temsirolimus injection (baseline) and at 5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after the start of the experiments. Urine and plasma samples were analyzed by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) to assess glomerular sieving coefficients (θ) for Ficoll10-80Å. Temsirolimus per se increased baseline glomerular permeability to Ficoll50-80Å 45 min after its administration, a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent phenomenon. PAN caused a rapid and reversible increase in glomerular permeability, peaking at 5 min, and again at 60-120 min, which could be blocked by the ROS scavenger tempol. mTORi abrogated the second permeability peak induced by PAN. However, it had no effect on the immediate ANG II- or PAN-induced increases in glomerular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Rippe
- Department of Nephrology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bengt Rippe
- Department of Nephrology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Fagerstrom P, Sallsten G, Akerstrom M, Haraldsson B, Barregard L. Urinary albumin excretion in healthy adults: a cross sectional study of 24-hour versus timed overnight samples and impact of GFR and other personal characteristics. BMC Nephrol 2015; 16:8. [PMID: 25616740 PMCID: PMC4417247 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-16-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urinary albumin can be measured in 24 h or spot samples. The 24 h urinary albumin excretion rate is considered the gold standard, but is cumbersome to collect. Instead, often an overnight sample is collected, and adjusted for dilution. Proxies for 24 h excretion rate have been studied in diabetics, but seldom in healthy individuals. Our aims were to compare 24 h and overnight albumin excretion, to assess the impact of personal characteristics, and to examine correlations between the 24 h excretion rate and proxies such as the albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR). Methods Separate 24 h and overnight urine samples were collected from 152 healthy kidney donors. Urinary creatinine, specific gravity, collection time, and sample volume determined. Differences between 24 h and overnight samples were examined, and the effects of age, sex, smoking, body mass, glomerular filtration rate, and urinary flow rate were assessed. Results The 24 h albumin excretion rate and ACR were both significantly higher than their overnight counterparts. Unadjusted albumin was unsurprisingly higher in the more concentrated overnight samples, while concentrations adjusted for specific gravity were similar. In multivariate analysis, the 24 h excretion rate and proxies were positively associated with glomerular filtration rate, as was ACR in overnight samples. There were positive associations between urinary albumin and body mass. Conclusions Proxies for the 24 h albumin excretion rate showed relatively high correlations with this gold standard, but differences due to sampling period, adjustment method, and personal characteristics were large enough to be worth considering in studies of albumin excretion in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fagerstrom
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 414, Gothenburg, S-405 30, Sweden.
| | - Gerd Sallsten
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 414, Gothenburg, S-405 30, Sweden.
| | - Magnus Akerstrom
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 414, Gothenburg, S-405 30, Sweden.
| | - Borje Haraldsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Lars Barregard
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 414, Gothenburg, S-405 30, Sweden.
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Mulvey JJ, Feinberg EN, McDevitt MR, Scheinberg DA. Dialytic Separation of Bundled, Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes from Carbonaceous Impurities. CRYSTALS 2014; 4:450-465. [PMID: 33981452 PMCID: PMC8112586 DOI: 10.3390/cryst4040450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Separating functionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) from functionalized amorphous carbon is challenging, due to their polydispersity and similar physicochemical properties. We describe a single-step, dialytic separation method that takes advantage of the ability of heavily functionalized SWCNTs to bundle in a polar environment while maintaining their solubility. Experiments on functionalized SWCNTs were compared with functionalized, C60 fullerenes (buckyballs) to probe the general applicability of the method and further characterize the bundling process. This approach may simultaneously be used to purify a functionalization reaction mixture of unreacted small molecules and of residual solvents, such as dimethylformamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Justin Mulvey
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, 525 E 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, 1230 York Avenue, 320, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Evan N. Feinberg
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael R. McDevitt
- Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 408 East 69th, ZRC 1941, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - David A. Scheinberg
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, 525 E 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Sverrisson K, Axelsson J, Rippe A, Asgeirsson D, Rippe B. Dynamic, size-selective effects of protamine sulfate and hyaluronidase on the rat glomerular filtration barrier in vivo. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F1136-43. [PMID: 25209861 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00181.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteinuric actions of protamine sulfate (PS) have classically been, at least partly, attributed to alterations of the negatively charged glomerular endothelial glycocalyx. To investigate whether the charge-selective properties of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) would be altered by PS, we assessed the glomerular sieving of conventional, uncharged, polydispersed Ficoll (n-Ficoll) compared with charge modified, conformationally intact, anionic (carboxymethylated) Ficoll (a-Ficoll) before and after systemic infusions of PS in rats. For comparison, we also investigated the impact of hyaluronidase (hyase), which partially degrades the glycocalyx, on GFB permeability. In anaesthetized Wistar rats, blood access was achieved, and the left ureter was cannulated for urine collection. Rats were infused with either n-Ficoll or a-Ficoll before and during systemic infusions with either PS or hyase. Plasma and urine samples were taken repeatedly and analyzed by high-performance size exclusion chromatography to assess glomerular sieving coefficients (θ) for Ficoll (radius 10-80 Å). The GFB showed a significant glomerular charge selectivity for Ficoll molecules of radius 20-35 Å. PS and hyase infusions reversibly increased θ for large Ficoll molecules (Ficoll molecules of radius 50-80 Å). Thus, for PS, θ for a-Ficoll molecules of radius 70 Å increased from 2.47 × 10(-5) ± 1.1(-5) to 7.25 × 10(-5) ± 1.1(-5) (P < 0.05) at 15 min. For hyase, changes in a-Ficoll molecules of radius 50-80 Å were, however, not statistically significant. Neither PS nor hyase had any effect on θ for n-Ficoll molecules of radius 20-45 Å or a-Ficoll molecules of radius 20-45 Å. It is concluded that systemically administered PS and hyase in moderate doses dynamically decreased the size selectivity of the rat GFB without affecting its charge selective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Rippe
- Department of Nephrology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Bengt Rippe
- Department of Nephrology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Sverrisson K, Axelsson J, Rippe A, Gram M, Åkerström B, Hansson SR, Rippe B. Extracellular fetal hemoglobin induces increases in glomerular permeability: inhibition with α1-microglobulin and tempol. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 306:F442-8. [PMID: 24338823 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00502.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular fetal hemoglobin (HbF) and adult hemoglobin (HbA) are proinflammatory and generate ROS. Increased plasma levels of extracellular HbF have recently been reported to occur in early preeclampsia. α1-Microglobulin (A1M) is a physiological heme-binding protein and radical scavenger that has been shown to counteract vascular permeability increases induced by HbA in the perfused placenta. The present study was performed to investigate whether HbF and HbA will increase glomerular permeability in vivo and to test whether A1M and tempol, a ROS scavenger, can prevent their effects. Anesthetized Wistar rats were continuously infused intravenously with either HbA, HbF, or cyano-inactivated HbF together with FITC-Ficoll-70/400, inulin, and (51)Cr-labeled EDTA for 2 h. Plasma samples and urine samples (left ureter) were taken repeatedly and analyzed by high-performance size exclusion chromatography to assess glomerular sieving coefficients for Ficoll of radius 10-80 Å. In separate experiments, A1M or tempol was given before and during Hb infusions. Extracellular HbF caused rapid, transient increases in glomerular permeability to large Ficoll molecules (50-80Å), contrary to the effects of HbA and cyano-inactivated HbF. For HbF, glomerular sieving coefficients for Ficoll of radius 60Å increased from 3.85 ± 0.85 × 10(-5) to 2.60 ± 0.96 × 10(-4) at 15 min, changes that were abrogated by tempol and reduced by A1M. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that extracellular HbF, infused systemically, can acutely increase glomerular permeability through inducing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristinn Sverrisson
- Dept. of Nephrology, Lund Univ., Skåne Univ. Hospital, Lund S-211 85, Sweden.
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Ohsawa M, Fujioka T, Ogasawara K, Tanno K, Okamura T, Turin TC, Itai K, Ogawa A, Yoshida Y, Omama S, Onoda T, Nakamura M, Makita S, Ishibashi Y, Tanaka F, Kuribayashi T, Ohta M, Sakata K, Okayama A. High risks of all-cause and cardiovascular deaths in apparently healthy middle-aged people with preserved glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria: A prospective cohort study. Int J Cardiol 2013; 170:167-72. [PMID: 24211064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reason why coexistence of preserved estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria contributes to a high risk of death and which cause of death increases all-cause mortality have not been elucidated. METHODS A total of 16,759 participants aged 40 to 69 years with normal or mildly reduced eGFR (45-119 ml/min/1.73 m(2)) were enrolled and divided into six groups (group 1, eGFR: 90-119 without albuminuria; group 2, eGFR: 90-119 with albuminuria; group 3, eGFR: 60-89 without albuminuria (reference); group 4, eGFR: 60-89 with albuminuria; group 5, eGFR: 45-59 without albuminuria; group 6, eGFR: 45-59 with albuminuria) based on GFR estimated by using the CKD-EPI study equation modified by a Japanese coefficient and albuminuria (urine albumin-creatinine ratio ≥ 30 mg/g). Outcomes included all-cause death (ACD), cardiovascular death (CVD) and neoplasm-related death (NPD). Multivariable-adjusted mortality rate ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in the groups were estimated by Poisson's regression analysis. RESULTS The highest risk of ACD (RR (95% CIs): 3.95 (2.08-7.52)), CVD (7.15 (2.25-22.7)) and NPB (3.25 (1.26-8.38)) was observed in group 2. Subjects in group 2 were relatively young and had the highest levels of body mass index, blood pressure and HbA1c and the highest prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION Coexistence of preserved eGFR and albuminuria increases risks for ACD, CVD and NPD. Relatively young metabolic persons having both preserved eGFR and albuminuria should be considered as a very high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ohsawa
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Japan.
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Schießl IM, Castrop H. Angiotensin II AT2 receptor activation attenuates AT1 receptor-induced increases in the glomerular filtration of albumin: a multiphoton microscopy study. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F1189-200. [PMID: 23946289 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00377.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the acute effects of angiotensin II on the albumin glomerular sieving coefficient (GSC) using intravital microscopy. The experiments were performed on Munich Wistar Froemter (MWF) rats. Alexa-Fluor-594 albumin was injected intravenously, and the fluorescence intensity in the glomerular capillaries and Bowman's space was determined to calculate the albumin GSC. The GSC was measured before and during the constant infusion of angiotensin II (10 ng·min(-1)·kg(-1) body wt). Baseline mean arterial pressure (MAP) was 99 ± 5 mmHg and stabilized at 137 ± 5 mmHg during angiotensin II infusion. The baseline GSC averaged 0.00044 ± 4.8 × 10(-5) and increased by 286 ± 44% after angiotensin II infusion (P < 0.0001). The proximal tubular Alexa-Fluor-594 albumin uptake was enhanced during angiotensin II infusion (518% of the baseline value during angiotensin II vs. 218% in controls; P < 0.0001). No change in GSC was observed when the AT1 antagonist losartan was injected before the start of angiotensin II infusion. The AT2 antagonist PD123319 increased the baseline GSC from 0.00052 ± 3.6 × 10(-5) to 0.00074 ± 8.2 × 10(-5) (P = 0.02) without altering the MAP. During angiotensin II infusion with losartan, PD123319 increased the albumin GSC from 0.00037 ± 5.8 × 10(-5) to 0.00115 ± 0.00015 (P = 0.001). When the renal perfusion pressure was mechanically controlled, the GSC increased from 0.0007 ± 0.00019 to 0.0025 ± 0.00063 during angiotensin II infusion (P = 0.047), similar to what was observed when the renal perfusion pressure was allowed to increase. In summary, AT1 activation acutely increases the albumin GSC. This effect appears to be largely independent of changes in the renal perfusion pressure. The AT2 receptor partially attenuates the proteinuric effects of the AT1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Maria Schießl
- Institute of Physiology, Univ. of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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Sangawa T, Tabata S, Suzuki K, Saheki Y, Tanaka K, Takagi J. A multipurpose fusion tag derived from an unstructured and hyperacidic region of the amyloid precursor protein. Protein Sci 2013; 22:840-50. [PMID: 23526492 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Expression and purification of aggregation-prone and disulfide-containing proteins in Escherichia coli remains as a major hurdle for structural and functional analyses of high-value target proteins. Here, we present a novel gene-fusion strategy that greatly simplifies purification and refolding procedure at very low cost using a unique hyperacidic module derived from the human amyloid precursor protein. Fusion with this polypeptide (dubbed FATT for Flag-Acidic-Target Tag) results in near-complete soluble expression of variety of extracellular proteins, which can be directly refolded in the crude bacterial lysate and purified in one-step by anion exchange chromatography. Application of this system enabled preparation of functionally active extracellular enzymes and antibody fragments without the need for condition optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Sangawa
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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31
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Sadekar S, Linares O, Noh G, Hubbard D, Ray A, Janát-Amsbury M, Peterson CM, Facelli J, Ghandehari H. COMPARATIVE PHARMACOKINETICS OF PAMAM-OH DENDRIMERS AND HPMA COPOLYMERS IN OVARIAN-TUMOR-BEARING MICE. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2012; 3:260-271. [PMID: 23795337 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-012-0119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to model data from a head to head comparison of the in vivo fate of hyper-branched PAMAM dendrimers with linear HPMA copolymers in order to understand the influence of molecular weight (MW), hydrodynamic size (Rh) and polymer architecture on biodistribution in tumor-bearing mice using compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. Plasma concentration data was modeled by two-compartment analysis using Winnonlin® to obtain elimination clearance (E.CL) and plasma exposure (AUCplasma). Renal clearance (CLR) was calculated from urine data collected over 1 week. A plasma-tumor link model was fitted to experimental plasma and tumor data by varying the tumor extravasation (K4, K6) and elimination (K5) rate constants using multivariable constrained optimization solver in Matlab®. Tumor exposures (AUCtumor) were computed from area under the tumor concentration time profile curve by the linear trapezoidal method. Along with MW and Rh, polymer architecture was critical in affecting the blood and tumor pharmacokinetics of the PAMAM-OH dendrimers and HPMA copolymers. Elimination clearance decreased more rapidly with increase in hydrodynamic size for PAMAM-OH dendrimers as compared to HPMA copolymers. HPMA copolymers were eliminated renally to a higher extent than PAMAM-OH dendrimers. These results are suggestive of a difference in extravasation of polymers of varying architecture through the glomerular basement membrane. While the linear HPMA copolymers can potentially reptate through a pore smaller in size than their hydrodynamic radii in a random coil conformation, PAMAM dendrimers have to deform in order to permeate across the pores. With increase in molecular weight or generation, the deforming capacity of PAMAM-OH dendrimers is known to decrease, making it harder for higher generation PAMAM-OH dendrimers to sieve through the glomerulus as compared to HPMA copolymers of comparable molecular weights. PAMAM-OH dendrimer had greater tumor extravsation rate constants and higher tumor to plasma exposure ratios than HPMA copolymers of comparable molecular weights which indicated that in the size range studied, when in circulation, PAMAM-OH dendrimers had a higher affinity to accumulate in the tumor than the HPMA copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sadekar
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108, USA ; Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108, USA
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Imran ul-haq M, Lai BF, Chapanian R, Kizhakkedathu JN. Influence of architecture of high molecular weight linear and branched polyglycerols on their biocompatibility and biodistribution. Biomaterials 2012; 33:9135-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Srikantha N, Mourad F, Suhling K, Elsaid N, Levitt J, Chung PH, Somavarapu S, Jackson TL. Influence of molecular shape, conformability, net surface charge, and tissue interaction on transscleral macromolecular diffusion. Exp Eye Res 2012; 102:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Goswami N, Roessler A, Haditsch B, Hinghofer-Szalkay H, Schneditz D. Paradoxical clearance of hyaluronan fragments during haemodialysis and haemodiafiltration. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 27:4420-2. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Axelsson J, Rippe A, Oberg CM, Rippe B. Rapid, dynamic changes in glomerular permeability to macromolecules during systemic angiotensin II (ANG II) infusion in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 303:F790-9. [PMID: 22718887 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00153.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The actions of systemic angiotensin II (ANG II) infusions on glomerular permeability were investigated in vivo. In anesthetized Wistar rats (250-280 g), the left ureter was cannulated for urine collection, while simultaneously blood access was achieved. Rats were continuously infused intravenously with either of four doses of ANG II ranging from 16 ng·kg(-1)·min(-1) (Lo-ANG II) to 1.82 μg·kg(-1)·min(-1) (Hi-ANG II), and in separate experiments with aldosterone (Aldo; 0.22 mg·kg(-1)·min(-1)), or with the calcium channel blocker nimodipine, or with the Aldo antagonist spironolactone together with a high ANG II dose (910 ng·kg(-1)·min(-1); Hi-Int-ANG II), respectively, and with polydisperse FITC-Ficoll-70/400 (molecular radius 10-80 Å) and (51)Cr-EDTA. Plasma and urine samples were taken at 5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min and analyzed by high performance size-exclusion chromatography for determination of glomerular sieving coefficients (θ) to Ficoll. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were also assessed. For ANG II, there was a rapid, marked, partly reversible increase in glomerular permeability (θ) for Ficoll molecules >34 Å in radius, peaking at 5-15 min, which was completely abrogated by the ANG II blocker candesartan but not affected by spironolactone at 15 and 30 min. For Aldo, the response was similar to that found for the lowest dose of ANG II infused. For the two highest ANG II doses given (Hi-Int-ANG II and Hi-ANG II), GFR decreased transiently, concomitant with marked, sustained increases in MAP. Nimodipine completely blocked all hemodynamic ANG II actions, whereas the glomerular permeability response remained unchanged. Thus ANG II directly increased glomerular permeability independently of its hemodynamic actions and largely independently of the concomitant Aldo response. The ANG II-induced increases in glomerular permeability were, according to a two-pore and a log-normal distributed pore model, compatible with an increased number of "large pores" in the glomerular filter, and, to some extent, an increase in the dispersity of the small-pore radius.
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Gohda T, Walker WH, Wolkow P, Lee JE, Warram JH, Krolewski AS, Niewczas MA. Elevated urinary excretion of immunoglobulins in nonproteinuric patients with type 1 diabetes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 303:F157-62. [PMID: 22513848 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00443.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased albuminuria is a hallmark of early diabetic nephropathy, whereas the role of immunoglobulins (Igs), such as IgG (its 1-4 subtypes), IgA, and IgM, different in charge and size, has not been examined in early nephropathy in the past due to lack of a sensitive and reliable method. Our study group consisted of subjects with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and normoalbuminuria (n = 78), microalbuminuria (n = 78), and of 75 healthy subjects (HS). A Luminex-based immunoassay (1,000 time more sensitive than nephelometry-based method) was validated for the urine matrix and used for the measurements of IgG1-4, IgA, and IgM in our study groups. The Luminex-based assay detected Igs in 87% of HS subjects and in 100% of T1D subjects. Recovery of known amounts of Igs added to urine was 92-118%. In the normoalbuminuria group, urinary concentrations of albumin, IgG2, IgA, and IgM were significantly higher than in HS, whereas in the microalbuminuria, further elevation of IgG2, IgG4, and IgA was the most pronounced. In all three groups, fractional excretion of Igs was at least 100 times lower than that of albumin. Fractional excretion of IgG2 was the highest among all Igs. We validated a sensitive method for measuring Igs in urine using Luminex. We found that elevated concentrations of Igs, particularly in IgG2 and IgA, is present in subjects with T1D and no proteinuria. Elevation of those particular Ig subtypes suggests a contribution of novel mechanisms in early diabetic nephropathy, different from charge and size barrier impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Gohda
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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37
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Statistical modelling of the interplay between solute shape and rejection in porous membranes. Sep Purif Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yagmur E, Koch A, Haumann M, Kramann R, Trautwein C, Tacke F. Hyaluronan serum concentrations are elevated in critically ill patients and associated with disease severity. Clin Biochem 2012; 45:82-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Su R, Qi W, He Z, Jin F, Ge H. Flow Rate and Concentration‐dependent Effects of Molecular Dynamics on Elution Behaviors of Flexible Polymers in Gel Permeation Chromatography: A Multi‐angle Laser Light Scattering Study. J MACROMOL SCI B 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00222340600890349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongxin Su
- a Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Qi
- a Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin He
- a Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengmin Jin
- a Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjiang Ge
- b Oil Recovery Technology Research Institute of Dagang Oil Field , Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Relevance of VEGF and nephrin expression in glomerular diseases. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2011; 2011:718609. [PMID: 21808734 PMCID: PMC3144718 DOI: 10.1155/2011/718609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The glomerular filtration barrier is affected in a large number of acquired and inherited diseases resulting in extensive leakage of plasma albumin and larger proteins, leading to nephrotic syndrome and end-stage renal disease. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms governing the development of the nephrotic syndrome remain poorly understood. Here, I give an overview of recent investigations that have focused on characterizing the interrelationships between the slit diaphragm components and podocytes-secreted VEGF, which have a significant role for maintaining the normal podocyte structure and the integrity of the filtering barrier.
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Axelsson J, Sverrisson K, Rippe A, Fissell W, Rippe B. Reduced diffusion of charge-modified, conformationally intact anionic Ficoll relative to neutral Ficoll across the rat glomerular filtration barrier in vivo. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 301:F708-12. [PMID: 21775478 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00183.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) is commonly conceived as a negatively charged sieve to proteins. Recent studies, however, indicate that glomerular charge effects are small for anionic, carboxymethylated (CM) dextran vs. neutral dextran. Furthermore, two studies assessing the glomerular sieving coefficients (θ) for negative CM-Ficoll vs. native Ficoll have demonstrated an increased glomerular permeability for CM-Ficoll (Asgeirsson D, Venturoli D, Rippe B, Rippe C. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 291: F1083-F1089, 2006; Guimarães M, Nikolovski J, Pratt L, Greive K, Comper W. Am Physiol Renal Physiol 285: F1118-F1124, 2003.). The CM-Ficoll used, however, showed a larger Stokes-Einstein radius (a(e)) than neutral Ficoll, and it was proposed that the introduction of negative charges in the Ficoll molecule had made it more flexible and permeable. Recently, a negative FITC-labeled CM-Ficoll (CMI-Ficoll) was produced with a conformation identical to that of neutral FITC-Ficoll. Using these probes, we determined their θ:s in anesthetized Wistar rats (259 ± 2.5 g). After blood access had been achieved, the left ureter was cannulated for urine sampling. Either polysaccharide was infused (iv) together with a filtration marker, and urine and plasma were collected. Assessment of θ FITC-Ficoll was achieved by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). CMI-Ficoll and native Ficoll had identical elugrams on the HPSEC. Diffusion of anionic Ficoll was significantly reduced compared with that of neutral Ficoll across the GFB for molecules of a(e) ∼20-35 Å, while there were no charge effects for Ficoll of a(e) = 35-80 Å. The data are consistent with a charge effect present in "small pores," but not in "large pores," of the GFB and mimicked those obtained for anionic membranes in vitro for the same probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Axelsson
- Dept. of Nephrology, Univ. of Lund, Univ. Hospital of Lund, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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Cui Z, Lee BH, Pauken C, Vernon BL. Degradation, cytotoxicity, and biocompatibility of NIPAAm-based thermosensitive, injectable, and bioresorbable polymer hydrogels. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 98:159-66. [PMID: 21548065 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A thermosensitive, injectable, and bioresorbable polymer hydrogel, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-dimethyl-γ-butyrolactone acrylate-co-acrylic acid) [poly(NDBA)], was synthesized by radical copolymerization with 7.00 mol % dimethyl-γ-butyrolactone acrylate in tetrahydrofuran. The chemical composition was determined by acid titration in conjunction with (1) H NMR quantification. The molecular weight and polydispersity were determined by gel permeation chromatography in conjunction with static light scattering. The degradation properties of the polymer hydrogel were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry, percentage mass loss, cloud point test, and swelling ratio over time. It was found that the initial lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the polymer is between room temperature and body temperature and that it takes about 2 weeks for the LCST to surpass body temperature under physiological conditions. An indirect cytotoxicity test indicated that this copolymer has relatively low cytotoxicity as seen with 3T3 fibroblast cells. The in vivo-gelation and degradation study showed good agreement with in vitro-degradation findings, and no detrimental effects to adjacent tissues were observed after the complete dissolution of the polymer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanwu Cui
- The School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Center for Interventional Biomaterials, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-9709, USA
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Aguilar X, F. Weise C, Sparrman T, Wolf-Watz M, Wittung-Stafshede P. Macromolecular Crowding Extended to a Heptameric System: The Co-chaperonin Protein 10. Biochemistry 2011; 50:3034-44. [DOI: 10.1021/bi2002086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Aguilar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Center, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christoph F. Weise
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Center, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tobias Sparrman
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Center, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Wolf-Watz
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Center, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Fridén V, Oveland E, Tenstad O, Ebefors K, Nyström J, Nilsson UA, Haraldsson B. The glomerular endothelial cell coat is essential for glomerular filtration. Kidney Int 2011; 79:1322-30. [PMID: 21412215 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial cell surface layer (ESL) is believed to contribute to the glomerular barrier, and the nature of its molecular structure is still largely unknown. The ESL consists of the membrane-bound glycocalyx and the loosely attached endothelial cell coat (ECC). A brief injection of hypertonic sodium chloride into the left renal artery was used to displace, elute, and collect non-covalently bound components of the renal ESL in rats. This procedure increased the fractional clearance of albumin 12-fold without detectable morphological changes as assessed by electron microscopy compared with the control group injected with isotonic saline. Mathematical modeling suggested a reduced glomerular charge density. Mass spectrometry of the renal eluate identified 17 non-covalently bound proteins normally present in the ECC. One of these proteins, orosomucoid, has previously been shown to be important for capillary permselectivity. Another protein, lumican, is expressed by glomerular endothelial cells and likely contributes to maintaining an intact barrier. Thus, the absence of one or more of these proteins causes proteinuria and illustrates the importance of the ECC in glomerular permselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Fridén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Stagg L, Christiansen A, Wittung-Stafshede P. Macromolecular crowding tunes folding landscape of parallel α/β protein, apoflavodoxin. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 133:646-8. [PMID: 21175168 DOI: 10.1021/ja107638e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteins normally fold in crowded cellular environments. Here we use a set of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans apoflavodoxin variants to assess--with residue-specific resolution--how apoflavodoxin's folding landscape is tuned by macromolecular crowding. We find that, under crowded conditions, initial topological frustration is reduced, subsequent folding requires less ordering in the transition state, and β-strand 1 becomes more important in guiding the process. We propose that conditions more closely mimicking the cellular environment make the ensemble of unfolded conformations less expanded, resulting in a folding funnel that is smoother and narrower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Stagg
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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Ghaderi S, Ramesh B, Seifalian AM. Fluorescence nanoparticles “quantum dots” as drug delivery system and their toxicity: a review. J Drug Target 2010; 19:475-86. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2010.526227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
The molecular weight cutoff for glomerular filtration is thought to be 30-50 kDa. Here we report rapid and efficient filtration of molecules 10-20 times that mass and a model for the mechanism of this filtration. We conducted multimodal imaging studies in mice to investigate renal clearance of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) construct covalently appended with ligands allowing simultaneous dynamic positron emission tomography, near-infrared fluorescence imaging, and microscopy. These SWCNTs have a length distribution ranging from 100 to 500 nm. The average length was determined to be 200-300 nm, which would yield a functionalized construct with a molecular weight of approximately 350-500 kDa. The construct was rapidly (t(1/2) approximately 6 min) renally cleared intact by glomerular filtration, with partial tubular reabsorption and transient translocation into the proximal tubular cell nuclei. Directional absorption was confirmed in vitro using polarized renal cells. Active secretion via transporters was not involved. Mathematical modeling of the rotational diffusivity showed the tendency of flow to orient SWCNTs of this size to allow clearance via the glomerular pores. Surprisingly, these results raise questions about the rules for renal filtration, given that these large molecules (with aspect ratios ranging from 100:1 to 500:1) were cleared similarly to small molecules. SWCNTs and other novel nanomaterials are being actively investigated for potential biomedical applications, and these observations-that high aspect ratio as well as large molecular size have an impact on glomerular filtration-will allow the design of novel nanoscale-based therapeutics with unusual pharmacologic characteristics.
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Jiang Y, Schädlich A, Amado E, Weis C, Odermatt E, Mäder K, Kressler J. In-vivostudies on intraperitoneally administrated poly(vinyl alcohol). J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2010; 93:275-84. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fissell WH, Hofmann CL, Smith R, Chen MH. Size and conformation of Ficoll as determined by size-exclusion chromatography followed by multiangle light scattering. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 298:F205-8. [PMID: 19846572 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00312.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) are challenging to measure, as macromolecular solutes in blood may be metabolized or transported by various cells in the kidney. Urinary solute concentrations generally reflect the cumulative influence of multiple transport processes rather than the intrinsic behavior of the GFB alone. Synthetic tracer molecules which are not secreted, absorbed, or modified by the kidney are useful tools. Ficoll, a globular polymer of epichlorohydrin and sucrose, is round, physiologically inert, and easily labeled, making it a nearly ideal glomerular probe. Fissell et al. reported filtration data suggesting that Ficoll was not as spherical as had been previously suggested (Fissell WH, Manley S, Dubnisheva A, Glass J, Magistrelli J, Eldridge AN, Fleischman AJ, Zydney AL, Roy S. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 293: F1209-F1213, 2007). More recently, two investigators published comparisons of neutral and anionic Ficoll clearance that suggest Ficoll may undergo conformational changes when chemically derivatized (Asgeirsson D, Venturoli D, Rippe B, Rippe C. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 291: F1083-F1089, 2006; Guimaraes MAM, Nikolovski J, Pratt LM, Greive K, Comper WD. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 285: F1118-F1124, 2003). To investigate Ficoll's characteristics further, we examined two commercial preparations, Ficoll 70 and Ficoll 400, by size-exclusion chromatography using a differential refractive index detector combined with light-scattering and viscosity detectors. A slope of 0.45 was obtained from the plot of the logarithm of molecular mass against the logarithm of root-mean square radius. The Mark-Houwink exponent values of 0.34 and 0.36 were calculated for Ficoll 70 and Ficoll 400, respectively. These results suggest Ficoll's conformation in physiological saline solution is likely intermediate between a solid sphere and a well-solvated linear random coil. The measurements help explain our previous observations and guide interpretation of in vivo experiments.
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Fox ME, Szoka FC, Fréchet JMJ. Soluble polymer carriers for the treatment of cancer: the importance of molecular architecture. Acc Chem Res 2009; 42:1141-51. [PMID: 19555070 DOI: 10.1021/ar900035f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy can destroy tumors and arrest cancer progress. Unfortunately, severe side effects (treatment is usually a series of injections of highly toxic drugs) often restrict the frequency and size of dosages, much to the detriment of tumor inhibition. Most chemotherapeutic drugs have pharmacokinetic profiles with tremendous potential for improvement. Water-soluble polymers offer the potential to increase drug circulation time, improve drug solubility, prolong drug residence time in a tumor, and reduce toxicity. Cytotoxic drugs that are covalently attached to water-soluble polymers via reversible linkages more effectively target tumor tissue than the drugs alone. Macromolecules passively target solid tumor tissue through a combination of reduced renal clearance and exploitation of the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect, which prevails for fast-growing tumors. Effective drug delivery involves a balance between (i) elimination of the polymeric drug conjugate from the bloodstream by the kidneys, liver, and other organs and (ii) movement of the drug out of the blood vasculature and into the tumor (that is, extravasation). Polymers are eliminated in the kidney by filtration through pores with a size comparable to the hydrodynamic diameter of the polymer; in contrast, the openings in the blood vessel structures that traverse tumors are an order of magnitude greater than the diameter of the polymer. Thus, features that may broadly be grouped as the "molecular architecture" of the polymer, such as its hydrodynamic volume (or molecular weight), molecular conformation, chain flexibility, branching, and location of the attached drug, can greatly impact elimination of the polymer from the body through the kidney but have a much smaller effect on the extravasation of the polymer into the tumor. Molecular architecture can in theory be adjusted to assert essentially independent control over elimination and extravasation. Understanding how molecular architecture affects passage of a polymer through a pore is therefore essential for designing polymer drug carriers that are effective in passively delivering a drug payload while conforming to the requirement that the polymers must eventually be eliminated from the body. In this Account, we discuss examples from in vivo studies that demonstrate how polymer architectural features impact the renal filtration of a polymer as well as tumor penetration and tumor accumulation. In brief, features that inhibit passage of a polymer through a pore, such as higher molecular weight, decreased flexibility, and an increased number of polymer chain ends, help prevent elimination of the polymer by the kidneys and can improve blood circulation times and tumor accumulation, thus improving therapeutic effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Fox
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Francis C. Szoka
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0446
| | - Jean M. J. Fréchet
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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