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Calza L, Colangeli V, Manfredi R, Bon I, Re MC, Viale P. Clinical management of dyslipidaemia associated with combination antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:1451-65. [PMID: 26846208 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of potent combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has had a remarkable impact on the natural history of HIV infection, leading to a dramatic decline in the mortality rate and a considerable increase in the life expectancy of HIV-positive people. However, cART use is frequently associated with several metabolic complications, mostly represented by lipid metabolism alterations, which are reported very frequently among persons treated with antiretroviral agents. In particular, hyperlipidaemia occurs in up to 70%-80% of HIV-positive subjects receiving cART and is mainly associated with specific antiretroviral drugs belonging to three classes of antiretroviral agents: NRTIs, NNRTIs and PIs. The potential long-term consequences of cART-associated dyslipidaemia are not completely understood, but an increased risk of premature coronary heart disease has been reported in HIV-infected patients on cART, so prompt correction of lipid metabolism abnormalities is mandatory in this population. Dietary changes, regular aerobic exercise and switching to a different antiretroviral regimen associated with a more favourable metabolic profile are the first steps in clinical management, but lipid-lowering therapy with fibrates or statins is often required. In this case, the choice of hypolipidaemic drugs should take into account the potential pharmacokinetic interactions with many antiretroviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Calza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, via G. Massarenti n.11, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Colangeli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, via G. Massarenti n.11, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Manfredi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, via G. Massarenti n.11, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Isabella Bon
- Department of Specialized, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, via G. Massarenti n.11, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Re
- Department of Specialized, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, via G. Massarenti n.11, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Viale
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, via G. Massarenti n.11, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Perry JRB, Voight BF, Yengo L, Amin N, Dupuis J, Ganser M, Grallert H, Navarro P, Li M, Qi L, Steinthorsdottir V, Scott RA, Almgren P, Arking DE, Aulchenko Y, Balkau B, Benediktsson R, Bergman RN, Boerwinkle E, Bonnycastle L, Burtt NP, Campbell H, Charpentier G, Collins FS, Gieger C, Green T, Hadjadj S, Hattersley AT, Herder C, Hofman A, Johnson AD, Kottgen A, Kraft P, Labrune Y, Langenberg C, Manning AK, Mohlke KL, Morris AP, Oostra B, Pankow J, Petersen AK, Pramstaller PP, Prokopenko I, Rathmann W, Rayner W, Roden M, Rudan I, Rybin D, Scott LJ, Sigurdsson G, Sladek R, Thorleifsson G, Thorsteinsdottir U, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, Vivequin S, Weedon MN, Wright AF, Hu FB, Illig T, Kao L, Meigs JB, Wilson JF, Stefansson K, van Duijn C, Altschuler D, Morris AD, Boehnke M, McCarthy MI, Froguel P, Palmer CNA, Wareham NJ, Groop L, Frayling TM, Cauchi S. Stratifying type 2 diabetes cases by BMI identifies genetic risk variants in LAMA1 and enrichment for risk variants in lean compared to obese cases. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002741. [PMID: 22693455 PMCID: PMC3364960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Common diseases such as type 2 diabetes are phenotypically heterogeneous. Obesity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes, but patients vary appreciably in body mass index. We hypothesized that the genetic predisposition to the disease may be different in lean (BMI<25 Kg/m²) compared to obese cases (BMI≥30 Kg/m²). We performed two case-control genome-wide studies using two accepted cut-offs for defining individuals as overweight or obese. We used 2,112 lean type 2 diabetes cases (BMI<25 kg/m²) or 4,123 obese cases (BMI≥30 kg/m²), and 54,412 un-stratified controls. Replication was performed in 2,881 lean cases or 8,702 obese cases, and 18,957 un-stratified controls. To assess the effects of known signals, we tested the individual and combined effects of SNPs representing 36 type 2 diabetes loci. After combining data from discovery and replication datasets, we identified two signals not previously reported in Europeans. A variant (rs8090011) in the LAMA1 gene was associated with type 2 diabetes in lean cases (P = 8.4×10⁻⁹, OR = 1.13 [95% CI 1.09-1.18]), and this association was stronger than that in obese cases (P = 0.04, OR = 1.03 [95% CI 1.00-1.06]). A variant in HMG20A--previously identified in South Asians but not Europeans--was associated with type 2 diabetes in obese cases (P = 1.3×10⁻⁸, OR = 1.11 [95% CI 1.07-1.15]), although this association was not significantly stronger than that in lean cases (P = 0.02, OR = 1.09 [95% CI 1.02-1.17]). For 36 known type 2 diabetes loci, 29 had a larger odds ratio in the lean compared to obese (binomial P = 0.0002). In the lean analysis, we observed a weighted per-risk allele OR = 1.13 [95% CI 1.10-1.17], P = 3.2×10⁻¹⁴. This was larger than the same model fitted in the obese analysis where the OR = 1.06 [95% CI 1.05-1.08], P = 2.2×10⁻¹⁶. This study provides evidence that stratification of type 2 diabetes cases by BMI may help identify additional risk variants and that lean cases may have a stronger genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. B. Perry
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin F. Voight
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Loïc Yengo
- CNRS UMR 8199, Genomics of Metabolic Diseases, Lille, France
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Martha Ganser
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Pau Navarro
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Man Li
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Epidemiology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lu Qi
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Almgren
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmoe, Sweden
| | - Dan E. Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yurii Aulchenko
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rafn Benediktsson
- Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Human Genetics Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lori Bonnycastle
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Noël P. Burtt
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Charpentier
- Corbeil-Essonnes hospital, Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Francis S. Collins
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Todd Green
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samy Hadjadj
- CHU Poitiers, Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, CIC INSERM 0801, INSERM U927, University of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Poitiers, France
| | - Andrew T. Hattersley
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Herder
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew D. Johnson
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anna Kottgen
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Epidemiology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Freiburg University Clinic, Renal Division, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Kraft
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yann Labrune
- CNRS UMR 8199, Genomics of Metabolic Diseases, Lille, France
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alisa K. Manning
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Oostra
- Erasmus University Medical School, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James Pankow
- School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ann-Kristin Petersen
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy (Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany)
- Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- Institute of Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - William Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Denis Rybin
- Boston University Data Coordinating Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Laura J. Scott
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gunnar Sigurdsson
- Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Rob Sladek
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland
- Red RECAVA Grupo RD06/0014/0015, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | | | | | - Michael N. Weedon
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alan F. Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Frank B. Hu
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Linda Kao
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Epidemiology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James B. Meigs
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - David Altschuler
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Morris
- Biomedical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Froguel
- CNRS UMR 8199, Genomics of Metabolic Diseases, Lille, France
- Department of Genomics of Common Diseases, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Colin N. A. Palmer
- Biomedical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | | | - Leif Groop
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmoe, Sweden
| | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphane Cauchi
- CNRS UMR 8199, Genomics of Metabolic Diseases, Lille, France
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