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Chen Y, Huang C, Duan ZB, Chen YX, Xu CY. LncRNA NEAT1 accelerates renal fibrosis progression via targeting miR-31 and modulating RhoA/ROCK signal pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C292-C306. [PMID: 36440854 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00382.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is the final pathway for chronic kidney disease to end-stage renal failure. Noncoding RNAs have been reported to play a crucial role in renal fibrosis. Here, the effects of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) and miR-31 on renal fibrosis and their regulatory mechanism were evaluated. RT-qPCR was used to assess NEAT1, miR-31, and RhoA levels. Western blot was performed to analyze the expression of fibrosis markers, RhoA, rho-related kinase (ROCK1), and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and luciferase reporter assays verified the interaction between miR-31 and NEAT1 or RhoA. Renal fibrosis and injury were observed by Masson and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The expression level of inflammatory cytokines was detected by ELISA. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to examine the expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and RhoA in renal tissues. We showed that NEAT1 was highly expressed, whereas miR-31 was decreased in renal fibrosis. NEAT1 was found to directly bind miR-31 to positively regulate RhoA expression. Furthermore, NEAT1 silencing inhibited renal fibrosis and inflammation and suppressed the RhoA/ROCK1 signaling pathway. However, knockdown of miR-31 could reverse these effects. NEAT1 silencing or overexpression of miR-31 alleviated renal fibrosis in vivo. In conclusion, NEAT1 accelerates renal fibrosis progression via negative regulation of miR-31 and the activation of RhoA/ROCK1 pathway, thereby upregulating the expression level of CTGF, providing a theoretical basis for treatment and prognostic evaluation of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chong Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Duan
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yan-Xia Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Cheng-Yun Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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TGF-β Inhibitors for Therapeutic Management of Kidney Fibrosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121485. [PMID: 36558936 PMCID: PMC9783223 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney fibrosis is a common pathophysiological mechanism of chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression caused by several underlying kidney diseases. Among various contributors to kidney fibrosis, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is the major factor driving fibrosis. TGF-β1 exerts its profibrotic attributes via the activation of canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways, which induce proliferation and activation of myofibroblasts and subsequent accumulation of extracellular matrix. Over the past few decades, studies have determined the TGF-β1 signaling pathway inhibitors and evaluated whether they could ameliorate the progression of CKD by hindering kidney fibrosis. However, therapeutic strategies that block TGF-β1 signaling have usually demonstrated unsatisfactory results. Herein, we discuss the therapeutic concepts of the TGF-β1 signaling pathway and its inhibitors and review the current state of the art regarding regarding TGF-β1 inhibitors in CKD management.
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Tang J, Liu F, Cooper ME, Chai Z. Renal fibrosis as a hallmark of diabetic kidney disease: Potential role of targeting transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and related molecules. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:721-738. [PMID: 36217308 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2133698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. Currently, there is no effective treatment to completely prevent DKD progression to ESRD. Renal fibrosis and inflammation are the major pathological features of DKD, being pursued as potential therapeutic targets for DKD. AREAS COVERED Inflammation and renal fibrosis are involved in the pathogenesis of DKD. Anti-inflammatory drugs have been developed to combat DKD but without efficacy demonstrated. Thus, we have focused on the mechanisms of TGF-β-induced renal fibrosis in DKD, as well as discussing the important molecules influencing the TGF-β signaling pathway and their potential development into new pharmacotherapies, rather than targeting the ligand TGF-β and/or its receptors, such options include Smads, microRNAs, histone deacetylases, connective tissue growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein 7, hepatocyte growth factor, and cell division autoantigen 1. EXPERT OPINION TGF-β is a critical driver of renal fibrosis in DKD. Molecules that modulate TGF-β signaling rather than TGF-β itself are potentially superior targets to safely combat DKD. A comprehensive elucidation of the pathogenesis of DKD is important, which requires a better model system and access to clinical samples via collaboration between basic and clinical researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Tang
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mark E Cooper
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zhonglin Chai
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Magkrioti C, Antonopoulou G, Fanidis D, Pliaka V, Sakellaropoulos T, Alexopoulos LG, Ullmer C, Aidinis V. Lysophosphatidic Acid Is a Proinflammatory Stimulus of Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137452. [PMID: 35806457 PMCID: PMC9267536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) refers to a spectrum of diseases defined by renal fibrosis, permanent alterations in kidney structure, and low glomerular-filtration rate. Prolonged epithelial-tubular damage involves a series of changes that eventually lead to CKD, highlighting the importance of tubular epithelial cells in this process. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid that signals mainly through its six cognate LPA receptors and is implicated in several chronic inflammatory pathological conditions. In this report, we have stimulated human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HKC-8) with LPA and 175 other possibly pathological stimuli, and simultaneously detected the levels of 27 intracellular phosphoproteins and 32 extracellular secreted molecules with multiplex ELISA. This quantification revealed a large amount of information concerning the signaling and the physiology of HKC-8 cells that can be extrapolated to other proximal tubular epithelial cells. LPA responses clustered with pro-inflammatory stimuli such as TNF and IL-1, promoting the phosphorylation of important inflammatory signaling hubs, including CREB1, ERK1, JUN, IκΒα, and MEK1, as well as the secretion of inflammatory factors of clinical relevance, including CCL2, CCL3, CXCL10, ICAM1, IL-6, and IL-8, most of them shown for the first time in proximal tubular epithelial cells. The identified LPA-induced signal-transduction pathways, which were pharmacologically validated, and the secretion of the inflammatory factors offer novel insights into the possible role of LPA in CKD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Magkrioti
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672 Athens, Greece; (C.M.); (G.A.); (D.F.)
| | - Georgia Antonopoulou
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672 Athens, Greece; (C.M.); (G.A.); (D.F.)
| | - Dionysios Fanidis
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672 Athens, Greece; (C.M.); (G.A.); (D.F.)
| | - Vaia Pliaka
- ProtATonce Ltd., 15343 Athens, Greece; (V.P.); (T.S.); (L.G.A.)
| | | | - Leonidas G. Alexopoulos
- ProtATonce Ltd., 15343 Athens, Greece; (V.P.); (T.S.); (L.G.A.)
- School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece
| | - Christoph Ullmer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672 Athens, Greece; (C.M.); (G.A.); (D.F.)
- Correspondence:
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Activation of Notch3 in Renal Tubular Cells Leads to Progressive Cystic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020884. [PMID: 35055068 PMCID: PMC8778905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder affecting millions of people worldwide that is characterized by fluid-filled cysts and leads to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The hallmarks of PKD are proliferation and dedifferentiation of tubular epithelial cells, cellular processes known to be regulated by Notch signaling. Methods: We found increased Notch3 expression in human PKD and renal cell carcinoma biopsies. To obtain insight into the underlying mechanisms and the functional consequences of this abnormal expression, we developed a transgenic mouse model with conditional overexpression of the intracellular Notch3 (ICN3) domain specifically in renal tubules. We evaluated the alterations in renal function (creatininemia, BUN) and structure (cysts, fibrosis, inflammation) and measured the expression of several genes involved in Notch signaling and the mechanisms of inflammation, proliferation, dedifferentiation, fibrosis, injury, apoptosis and regeneration. Results: After one month of ICN3 overexpression, kidneys were larger with tubules grossly enlarged in diameter, with cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, exclusively in the outer stripe of the outer medulla. After three months, mice developed numerous cysts in proximal and distal tubules. The cysts had variable sizes and were lined with a single- or multilayered, flattened, cuboid or columnar epithelium. This resulted in epithelial hyperplasia, which was observed as protrusions into the cystic lumen in some of the renal cysts. The pre-cystic and cystic epithelium showed increased expression of cytoskeletal filaments and markers of epithelial injury and dedifferentiation. Additionally, the epithelium showed increased proliferation with an aberrant orientation of the mitotic spindle. These phenotypic tubular alterations led to progressive interstitial inflammation and fibrosis. Conclusions: In summary, Notch3 signaling promoted tubular cell proliferation, the alignment of cell division, dedifferentiation and hyperplasia, leading to cystic kidney diseases and pre-neoplastic lesions.
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Hassan NME, Shehatou GSG, Kenawy HI, Said E. Dasatinib mitigates renal fibrosis in a rat model of UUO via inhibition of Src/STAT-3/NF-κB signaling. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 84:103625. [PMID: 33617955 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This research aimed to investigate the reno-protective impact of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib (DAS) against renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in rats. DAS administration improved renal function and mitigated renal oxidative stress with paralleled reduction in the ligated kidney mass index, significant retraction in renal histopathological alterations and suppression of renal interstitial fibrosis. Nevertheless, DAS administration attenuated renal expression of phosphorylated Src (p-Src), Abelson (c-Abl) tyrosine kinases, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) p65, and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (p-STAT-3)/STAT-3 with paralleled reduction in renal contents of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). DAS diminished interstitial macrophage infiltration and decreased renal profibrotic transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) levels and suppressed interstitial expression of renal α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and fibronectin. Collectively, DAS slowed the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis, possibly via attenuating renal oxidative stress, impairing Src/STAT-3/NF-κB signaling, and reducing renal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila M E Hassan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - George S G Shehatou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa City, Egypt
| | - Hany Ibrahim Kenawy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Eman Said
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
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Hassan NME, Said E, Shehatou GSG. Nifuroxazide suppresses UUO-induced renal fibrosis in rats via inhibiting STAT-3/NF-κB signaling, oxidative stress and inflammation. Life Sci 2021; 272:119241. [PMID: 33600861 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The current work explored the influences of nifuroxazide, an in vivo inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) activation, on tubulointerstitial fibrosis in rats with obstructive nephropathy using unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model. Thirty-two male Sprague Dawley rats were assigned into 4 groups (n = 8/group) at random. Sham and UUO groups were orally administered 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (2.5 mL/kg/day), while Sham-NIF and UUO-NIF groups were treated with 20 mg/kg/day of NIF (suspended in 0.5% CMC, orally). NIF or vehicle treatments were started 2 weeks after surgery and continued for further 2 weeks. NIF treatment ameliorated kidney function in UUO rats, where it restored serum creatinine, blood urea, serum uric acid and urinary protein and albumin to near-normal levels. NIF also markedly reduced histopathological changes in tubules and glomeruli and attenuated interstitial fibrosis in UUO-ligated kidneys. Mechanistically, NIF markedly attenuated renal immunoexpression of E-cadherin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), diminished renal oxidative stress (↓ malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and ↑ superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity), lessened renal protein expression of phosphorylated-STAT3 (p-STAT-3), phosphorylated-Src (p-Src) kinase, the Abelson tyrosine kinase (c-Abl) and phosphorylated nuclear factor-kappaB p65 (pNF-κB p65), decreased renal cytokine levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and reduced number of cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68) immunolabeled macrophages in UUO renal tissues, compared to levels in untreated UUO kidneys. Taken together, NIF treatment suppressed interstitial fibrosis in UUO renal tissues, probably via inhibiting STAT-3/NF-κB signaling and attenuating renal oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila M E Hassan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Eman Said
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - George S G Shehatou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa City, Egypt.
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Ji X, Cao J, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Shuai W, Yin W. Kaempferol Protects Renal Fibrosis through Activating the BMP-7-Smad1/5 Signaling Pathway. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:533-539. [PMID: 32115512 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) is a common pathological characteristic associated with end-stage renal disease. However, treatment strategies for RIF are still very limited. In this study, we reported that kaempferol, a classic flavonoid, exhibited strong and widely inhibitory effect on the expression of fibrosis related genes in transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) treated NRK-52E cells. Further studies revealed that kaempferol inhibited TGF-β1 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process of NRK-52E cells and improved renal function deterioration and RIF in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) rats. After exploring the underlying mechanisms, we found that kaempferol was able to activate the BMP-7-Smad1/5 pathway, rather than the TGF-β1-Smad2/3 pathway. To further validate these results, DMH1 and BMP-7 knockdown were utilized at the cellular level and the results showed that both methods were able to antagonize the effects of kaempferol on the EMT process of NRK-52E cells induced by TGF-β1. In UUO rats, inhibition of BMP-7 signaling by DMH1 also reversed the effects of kaempferol on renal function decline and RIF. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that kaempferol could be a good candidate for renal fibrosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Ji
- State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital)
| | - Liting Zhang
- State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University
| | - Zhirui Zhang
- State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University
| | - Weiwei Shuai
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital)
| | - Wu Yin
- State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University
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Hsu YC, Chang PJ, Tung CW, Shih YH, Ni WC, Li YC, Uto T, Shoyama Y, Ho C, Lin CL. De-Glycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract Attenuates High Glucose-Stimulated Renal Tubular Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition via Suppressing the Notch2 Signaling Pathway. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010125. [PMID: 31948095 PMCID: PMC7016866 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is a major pathological hallmark of diabetic nephropathy. Increasing evidence has shown that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of renal proximal tubular cells plays a crucial role in tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Herein, we aimed to elucidate the detailed mechanism of EMT in renal tubular cells under high glucose (HG) conditions, and to investigate the potential of licorice, a medicinal herb, to inhibit HG-induced EMT. Our results showed that renal tubular epithelial cells (normal rat kidney cell clone 52E; NRK-52E) exposed to HG resulted in EMT induction characterized by increased fibronectin and α-SMA (alpha-smooth muscle actin) but decreased E-cadherin. Elevated levels of cleaved Notch2, MAML-1 (mastermind-like transcriptional coactivator 1), nicastrin, Jagged-1 and Delta-like 1 were also concomitantly detected in HG-cultured cells. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated depletion or overexpression of the key components of Notch2 signaling in NRK-52E cells supported that the activated Notch2 pathway is essential for tubular EMT. Moreover, we found that licorice extract (LE) with or without glycyrrhizin, one of bioactive components in licorice, effectively blocked HG-triggered EMT in NRK-52E cells, mainly through suppressing the Notch2 pathway. Our findings therefore suggest that Notch2-mediated renal tubular EMT could be a therapeutic target in diabetic nephropathy, and both LE and de-glycyrrhizinated LE could have therapeutic potential to attenuate renal tubular EMT and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chien Hsu
- Departments of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (P.-J.C.); (C.-W.T.); (Y.-H.S.); (W.-C.N.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
| | - Pey-Jium Chang
- Departments of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (P.-J.C.); (C.-W.T.); (Y.-H.S.); (W.-C.N.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wu Tung
- Departments of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (P.-J.C.); (C.-W.T.); (Y.-H.S.); (W.-C.N.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hsueh Shih
- Departments of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (P.-J.C.); (C.-W.T.); (Y.-H.S.); (W.-C.N.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chiu Ni
- Departments of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (P.-J.C.); (C.-W.T.); (Y.-H.S.); (W.-C.N.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Li
- Departments of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (P.-J.C.); (C.-W.T.); (Y.-H.S.); (W.-C.N.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
| | - Takuhiro Uto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan; (T.U.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yukihiro Shoyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan; (T.U.); (Y.S.)
| | - Cheng Ho
- Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (C.-L.L.)
| | - Chun-Liang Lin
- Departments of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (P.-J.C.); (C.-W.T.); (Y.-H.S.); (W.-C.N.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (C.-L.L.)
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Inhibition of TGF- β1 Signaling by IL-15: A Novel Role for IL-15 in the Control of Renal Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: IL-15 Counteracts TGF- β1-Induced EMT in Renal Fibrosis. Int J Cell Biol 2019; 2019:9151394. [PMID: 31360169 PMCID: PMC6642769 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9151394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis is the final common pathway in end-stage renal disease and is characterized by aberrant accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components secreted by myofibroblasts. Tubular type 2 EMT, induced by TGF-β, plays an important role in renal fibrosis, by participating directly or indirectly in myofibroblasts generation. TGF-β1-induced apoptosis and fibrosis in experimental chronic murine kidney diseases are concomitantly associated with an intrarenal decreased expression of the IL-15 survival factor. Since IL-15 counteracts TGF-β1 effects in different cell models, we analyzed whether (1) human chronic inflammatory nephropathies evolving towards fibrosis could be also characterized by a weak intrarenal IL-15 expression and (2) IL-15 could inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and excess matrix deposition in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RPTEC). Our data show that different human chronic kidney diseases are characterized by a strong decreased expression of intrarenal IL-15, which is particularly relevant in diabetic nephropathy, in which type 2 tubular EMT plays an important role in fibrosis. Moreover, primary epithelial tubular cultures deprived of growth supplements rapidly produce active TGF-β1 inducing a “spontaneous” EMT process characterized by the loss of membrane-bound IL-15 (mbIL-15) expression. Both “spontaneous” EMT and recombinant human (rh) TGF-β1-induced EMT models can be inhibited by treating RPTEC and HK2 cells with rhIL-15. Through a long-lasting phospho-c-jun activation, IL-15 inhibits rhTGF-β1-induced Snail1 expression, the master inducer of EMT, and blocks TGF-β1-induced tubular EMT and downstream collagen synthesis. In conclusion, our data suggest that intrarenal IL-15 could be a natural inhibitor of TGF-β in human kidney able to guarantee epithelial homeostasis and to prevent EMT process. Thus, both in vivo and in vitro an unbalance in intrarenal IL-15 and TGF-β1 levels could render RPTEC cells more prone to undergo EMT process. Exogenous IL-15 treatment could be beneficial in some human nephropathies such as diabetic nephropathy.
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Dong H, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Zhou Q, Zhang Y, Gan X, Luo Y, Li R. The protective role of intermedin in promoting angiogenesis during renal fibrosis. Gene 2019; 688:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and related molecules in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:287-313. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20180438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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He WM, Yin JQ, Cheng XD, Lu X, Ni L, Xi Y, Yin GD, Lu GY, Sun W, Wei MG. Oleanolic acid attenuates TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in NRK-52E cells. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:205. [PMID: 29973206 PMCID: PMC6031099 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis, which finally leads to renal failure. Oleanolic acid (OA), an activator of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), is reported to attenuate renal fibrosis in mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction. However, the role of OA in the regulation of EMT and the underlying mechanisms remain to be investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of OA on EMT of renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line (NRK-52E) induced by TGF-β1, and to elucidate its underlying mechanism. Methods Cells were incubated with TGF-β1 in the presence or absence of OA. The epithelial marker E-cadherin, the mesenchymal markers, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin, Nrf2, klotho, the signal transducer (p-Smad2/3), EMT initiator (Snail), and ILK were assayed by western blotting. Results Our results showed that the NRK-52E cells incubated with TGF-β1 induced EMT with transition to the spindle-like morphology, down-regulated the expression of E-cadherin but up-regulated the expression of α-SMA and fibronectin. However, the treatment with OA reversed all EMT markers in a dose-dependent manner. OA also restored the expression of Nrf2 and klotho, decreased the phosphorylation of Smad2/3, ILK, and Snail in cells which was initiated by TGF-β1. Conclusion OA can attenuate TGF-β1 mediate EMT in renal tubular epithelial cells and may be a promising therapeutic agent in the treatment of renal fibrosis.
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Zhao LS, Lin YY, Liu Y, Xu CY, Liu Y, Bai WW, Tan XY, Li DZ, Xu JL. Doxazosin attenuates renal matrix remodeling mediated by anti-α1-adrenergic receptor antibody in a rat model of diabetes mellitus. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:2543-2553. [PMID: 28962193 PMCID: PMC5609287 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is a major complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Recent studies suggest that immunological mechanisms have a key role in the pathogenesis of DM, therefore these mechanisms may be important targets for diabetes therapy. The present study evaluated the effects of anti-α1-adrenergic receptor antibody (α1-R Ab) mediation and doxazosin treatment in a rat model of DM. It was observed that levels of 24-h urinary protein, serum creatinine and transforming growth factor-β1 in DM were significantly increased after α1-R Ab mediation (all P<0.05). In addition, electron microscopy identified severe damage in the renal tissue microstructures of DM rats following α1-R Ab mediation, while only mild abnormalities were observed in that of healthy rats mediated with α1-R Ab and of untreated DM rats. No marked abnormalities were observed in the renal tissue of healthy blank controls. Furthermore, in DM rats treated with α1-R Ab mediation + doxazosin intervention, the expression of TGF-β1 significantly decreased, and renal functions and renal matrix remodeling were significantly improved, relative to untreated DM controls (P<0.01). These results suggest that α1-R Ab may be involved in renal matrix remodeling during DM, and that kidney protection during DM may be achieved through treatment with corresponding receptor antagonists.
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Yuan JL, Tao YY, Wang QL, Shen L, Liu CH. Fuzheng Huayu Formula () prevents rat renal interstitial fibrosis induced by HgCl 2 via antioxidative stress and down-regulation of nuclear factor-kappa B activity. Chin J Integr Med 2017; 23:598-604. [PMID: 28197934 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-016-2540-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism of action of Fuzheng Huayu Formula (, FZHY) against renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) relating to oxidative injury and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity. METHODS Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: normal group, model group and FZHY treatment group. The RIF model was induced by oral administration of HgCl2 at a dose of 8 mg/kg body weight once a day for 9 weeks. Meanwhile, rats in FZHY treatment group orally took FZHY at a dose of 4.0 g/kg rat weight for 9 weeks. The content of hydroxyproline (Hyp) and collagen deposition in kidney were observed. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), the content of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) of kidney were tested. The expressions of inhibitor-κappa B (IκB), phospho-IκB (p-IκB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were analyzed by Western blot. α-SMA expression was also observed by immunofluorescent staining. MMP-2 activity was measured by gelatin zymography. NF-κB activation was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS Renal interstitial fibrosis was induced by HgCl2, demonstrated by remarkably increased Hyp contents and excessive collagen deposition in kidney (P<0.01). FZHY significantly inhibited renal interstitial collagen deposition and reduced Hyp content of the HgCl2-treated rats (P<0.01). GSH content decreased obviously, and MDA content increased signifificantly in HgCl2-treated rats compared with that of normal rats (P<0.01). FZHY significantly increased GSH content and decreased MDA content in the model rats (P<0.01). The expression α-SMA was increased in model rats compared with that of normal rats, FZHY signifificantly decreased its expression (P<0.01). The expressions of p-IκB and TNF-α and MMP-2, MMP-2 activity, and NF-κB activation were increased in model group compared with that in normal group (P<0.01), FZHY signifificantly decreased NF-κB activation, MMP-2 activity and p-IκB and TNF-α expressions (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS FZHY could protect kidney from oxidative injury intoxicated by HgCl2, and antagonized oxidative stress-stimulated NF-κB activity through inhibition of IκB phosphorylation in the interstitial fibrotic kidney, these effects importantly contributed to FZHY action mechanism against renal interstitial fifibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Li Yuan
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yan-Yan Tao
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qing-Lan Wang
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Li Shen
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Cheng-Hai Liu
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional, Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,E-Institute of TCM Internal Medicine, Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Yu Z, Zai-Chun X, Wun-Lun H, Yun-Yun Z. BMP-7 Attenuates TGF-β1-Induced Fibronectin Secretion and Apoptosis of NRK-52E Cells by the Suppression of miRNA-21. Oncol Res 2016; 23:147-54. [PMID: 27053343 PMCID: PMC7838750 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14519157902645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) inhibited the pathogenesis of renal injury in response to a variety of stimuli. However, little is known about the molecular regulation and mechanism of endogenous BMP-7 and its renoprotective functions. This study examined the regulation of BMP-7 and its role in the fibronectin secretion and apoptosis of NRK-52E cells resulting from transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in vitro. Results showed that TGF-β1 promoted factor-associated suicide (FAS), FAS ligand (FASL), fibronectin (FN), and miRNA-21 expression, while it downregulated phospho-Smad1 (pSmad1), pSmad5, and pSmad8 expressions in NRK-52E cells. In contrast, BMP-7 alleviated TGF-β1-induced cell apoptosis, inhibited TGF-β1-induced higher expression of miRNA-21 and FN, and enhanced TGF-β1-attenuated phosphorylation of Smad1, Smad5, and Smad8. Furthermore, a chemical inhibitor of miRNA-21 also negatively affected TGF-β1-induced apoptosis and FN secretion. On the other hand, overexpression of miRNA-21 counteracted the inhibitory effect of BMP-7 on TGF-β1-induced FN secretion and apoptosis. However, BMP-7 showed no effects on TGF-β1-induced FN secretion and apoptosis following knockdown of miRNA-21. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that BMP-7 might inhibit TGF-β1-induced FN secretion and apoptosis by the suppression of miRNA-21 in NRK-52E cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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The cellular and signalling alterations conducted by TGF-β contributing to renal fibrosis. Cytokine 2016; 88:115-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Xia J, He LQ, Su X. Interventional mechanisms of herbs or herbal extracts on renal interstitial fibrosis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2016; 14:165-73. [DOI: 10.1016/s2095-4964(16)60256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is the primary factor that drives fibrosis in most, if not all, forms of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Inhibition of the TGF-β isoform, TGF-β1, or its downstream signalling pathways substantially limits renal fibrosis in a wide range of disease models whereas overexpression of TGF-β1 induces renal fibrosis. TGF-β1 can induce renal fibrosis via activation of both canonical (Smad-based) and non-canonical (non-Smad-based) signalling pathways, which result in activation of myofibroblasts, excessive production of extracellular matrix (ECM) and inhibition of ECM degradation. The role of Smad proteins in the regulation of fibrosis is complex, with competing profibrotic and antifibrotic actions (including in the regulation of mesenchymal transitioning), and with complex interplay between TGF-β/Smads and other signalling pathways. Studies over the past 5 years have identified additional mechanisms that regulate the action of TGF-β1/Smad signalling in fibrosis, including short and long noncoding RNA molecules and epigenetic modifications of DNA and histone proteins. Although direct targeting of TGF-β1 is unlikely to yield a viable antifibrotic therapy due to the involvement of TGF-β1 in other processes, greater understanding of the various pathways by which TGF-β1 controls fibrosis has identified alternative targets for the development of novel therapeutics to halt this most damaging process in CKD.
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Li RX, Yiu WH, Tang SCW. Role of bone morphogenetic protein-7 in renal fibrosis. Front Physiol 2015; 6:114. [PMID: 25954203 PMCID: PMC4407503 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is final common pathway of end stage renal disease. Irrespective of the primary cause, renal fibrogenesis is a dynamic process which involves a large network of cellular and molecular interaction, including pro-inflammatory cell infiltration and activation, matrix-producing cell accumulation and activation, and secretion of profibrogenic factors that modulate extracellular matrix (ECM) formation and cell-cell interaction. Bone morphogenetic protein-7 is a protein of the TGF-β super family and increasingly regarded as a counteracting molecule against TGF-β. A large variety of evidence shows an anti-fibrotic role of BMP-7 in chronic kidney disease, and this effect is largely mediated via counterbalancing the profibrotic effect of TGF-β. Besides, BMP-7 reduced ECM formation by inactivating matrix-producing cells and promoting mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). BMP-7 also increased ECM degradation. Despite these observations, the anti-fibrotic effect of BMP-7 is still controversial such that fine regulation of BMP-7 expression in vivo might be a great challenge for its ultimate clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xi Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong China
| | - Wai Han Yiu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong China
| | - Sydney C W Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong China
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Ferulic Acid Attenuates TGF-β1-Induced Renal Cellular Fibrosis in NRK-52E Cells by Inhibiting Smad/ILK/Snail Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:619720. [PMID: 25949265 PMCID: PMC4408646 DOI: 10.1155/2015/619720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a common cause of renal dysfunction with chronic kidney disease. Central to this process is epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) of proximal tubular epithelial cells driven by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Ferulic acid (FA) on EMT of renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line (NRK-52E) induced by TGF-β1 and to elucidate its underlying mechanism against EMT related to TGF-β1/Smads pathway. The NRK-52E cells were treated for 48 h with TGF-β1 (5 ng/mL) in different concentrations of FA (0 to 200 µM). Fibronectin, a mesenchymal marker, was assessed by western blotting. Western blotting was also used to examine the EMT markers (E-cadherin, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)), signal transducer (p-Smad2/3), and EMT initiator (Snail). ILK was also assayed by western blotting. The results showed that TGF-β1 induced spindle-like morphological transition in NRK-52E cells. Smad2/3 signaling pathway activation, increased fibronectin, α-SMA, ILK, and Snail expression, and decreased E-cadherin expression in TGF-β1-treated NRK-52E cells. FA efficiently blocked P-Smad2/3 activation and attenuated all these EMT changes induced by TGF-β1. These findings suggest that FA may serve as a potential fibrosis antagonist for renal proximal tubule cells by inhibiting EMT process.
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Slusser A, Bathula CS, Sens DA, Somji S, Sens MA, Zhou XD, Garrett SH. Cadherin expression, vectorial active transport, and metallothionein isoform 3 mediated EMT/MET responses in cultured primary and immortalized human proximal tubule cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120132. [PMID: 25803827 PMCID: PMC4372585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cultures of human proximal tubule cells have been widely utilized to study the role of EMT in renal disease. The goal of this study was to define the role of growth media composition on classic EMT responses, define the expression of E- and N-cadherin, and define the functional epitope of MT-3 that mediates MET in HK-2 cells. METHODS Immunohistochemistry, microdissection, real-time PCR, western blotting, and ELISA were used to define the expression of E- and N-cadherin mRNA and protein in HK-2 and HPT cell cultures. Site-directed mutagenesis, stable transfection, measurement of transepithelial resistance and dome formation were used to define the unique amino acid sequence of MT-3 associated with MET in HK-2 cells. RESULTS It was shown that both E- and N-cadherin mRNA and protein are expressed in the human renal proximal tubule. It was shown, based on the pattern of cadherin expression, connexin expression, vectorial active transport, and transepithelial resistance, that the HK-2 cell line has already undergone many of the early features associated with EMT. It was shown that the unique, six amino acid, C-terminal sequence of MT-3 is required for MT-3 to induce MET in HK-2 cells. CONCLUSIONS The results show that the HK-2 cell line can be an effective model to study later stages in the conversion of the renal epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell. The HK-2 cell line, transfected with MT-3, may be an effective model to study the process of MET. The study implicates the unique C-terminal sequence of MT-3 in the conversion of HK-2 cells to display an enhanced epithelial phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Slusser
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Chandra S. Bathula
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Donald A. Sens
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Seema Somji
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Mary Ann Sens
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Xu Dong Zhou
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Scott H. Garrett
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Antoine MH, Debelle F, Piccirilli J, El Kaddouri F, Declèves AE, De Prez E, Husson C, Mies F, Bourgeade MF, Nortier JL. Human bone morphogenetic protein-7 does not counteract aristolochic acid-induced renal toxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 35:1520-30. [PMID: 25663515 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aristolochic acids (AA) are nephrotoxic and profibrotic agents, leading to chronic kidney disease. As some controversial studies have reported a nephroprotective effect of exogenous recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP)-7 in several models of renal fibrosis, we investigated the putative effect of rhBMP-7 to prevent progressive tubulointerstitial damage after AA intoxication in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the toxicity of AA on renal tubular cells was demonstrated by an increase in vimentin as well as a decrease in β-catenin expressions, reflecting a dedifferentiation process. Increased fibronectin and interleukin-6 levels were measured in the supernatants. Enhanced α-SMA mRNA levels associated to decreased E-cadherin mRNA levels were also measured. Incubation with rhBMP-7 only prevented the increase in vimentin and the decrease in β-catenin expressions. In vivo, in a rat model of AA nephropathy, severe tubulointerstitial lesions induced by AA after 10 and 35 days (collagen IV deposition and tubular atrophy), were not prevented by the rhBMP-7 treatment. Similarly, rhBMP-7 did not ameliorate the significant increase in urinary concentrations of transforming growth factor-β. In summary, our in vitro data demonstrated a poor beneficial effect of rhBMP-7 to reverse cell toxicity while, in vivo, there was no beneficial effect of rhBMP-7. Therefore, further investigations are needed to confirm the exact role of BMP-7 in progressive chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Antoine
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels
| | - Frédéric Debelle
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels
| | - Julie Piccirilli
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels
| | - Fadoua El Kaddouri
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels
| | - Anne-Emilie Declèves
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels.,Laboratory of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), University of Namur, Namur
| | - Eric De Prez
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels
| | - Cécile Husson
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels
| | - Frédérique Mies
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Joëlle L Nortier
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels
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Park JS, Kim S, Jo CH, Oh IH, Kim GH. Effects of Dietary Salt Restriction on Renal Progression and Interstitial Fibrosis in Adriamycin Nephrosis. Kidney Blood Press Res 2014; 39:86-96. [DOI: 10.1159/000355782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Liu X, Hubchak SC, Browne JA, Schnaper HW. Epidermal growth factor inhibits transforming growth factor-β-induced fibrogenic differentiation marker expression through ERK activation. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2276-83. [PMID: 24905473 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling plays an important and complex role in renal fibrogenesis. The seemingly simple TGF-β/Smad cascade is intensively regulated at several levels, including crosstalk with other signaling pathways. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a potent mitogen for epithelial cells and is elevated in diseased kidneys. In this study, we examined its effect on TGF-β-induced fibrotic changes in human proximal tubular epithelial cells. Simultaneous treatment with EGF specifically inhibited basal and TGF-β-induced type-I collagen and α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression at both mRNA and protein levels. These effects were prevented by inhibition of either the EGF receptor kinase or its downstream MEK kinase but not by blockade of either the JNK or PI3K pathway. Overexpression of a constitutively active MEK1 construct mimicked the inhibitory effect of EGF. Further, EGF suppressed Smad transcriptional activities, as shown by reduced activation of ARE-luc and SBE-luc. Both reductions were prevented by MEK inhibition. However, EGF did not block Smad2 or Smad3 phosphorylation by TGF-β, or Smad2/3 nuclear import. Finally EGF induced the phosphorylation and expression of TGIF, a known TGF-β/Smad repressor. Both the phosphorylation and the induction were blocked by a MEK inhibitor. Overexpression of TGIF abolished TGF-β-induced αSMA promoter activity. Together these results suggest that EGF inhibits two TGF-β-stimulated markers of EMT through EGF receptor tyrosine kinase and downstream ERK activation, but not through PI3K or JNK. The inhibition results from effector mechanisms downstream of Smads, and most likely involves the transcriptional repressor, TGIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Liu
- Division of Kidney Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Susan C Hubchak
- Division of Kidney Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - James A Browne
- Division of Kidney Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - H William Schnaper
- Division of Kidney Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Wang WC, Liu SF, Chang WT, Shiue YL, Hsieh PF, Hung TJ, Hung CY, Hung YJ, Chen MF, Yang YL. The effects of diosgenin in the Regulation of renal proximal tubular fibrosis. Exp Cell Res 2014; 323:255-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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ALK1-Smad1/5 signaling pathway in fibrosis development: friend or foe? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:523-37. [PMID: 24055043 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common phenomenon associated with several pathologies, characterized by an excessive extracellular matrix deposition that leads to a progressive organ dysfunction. Thus fibrosis has a relevant role in chronic diseases affecting the kidney, the liver, lung, skin (scleroderma) and joints (arthritis), among others. The pathogenesis of fibrosis in different organs share numerous similarities, being one of them the presence of activated fibroblasts, denominated myofibroblast, which act as the main source of extracellular matrix proteins. Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) is a profibrotic cytokine that plays a pivotal role in fibrosis. The TGF-β1/ALK5/Smad3 signaling pathway has been studied in fibrosis extensively. However, an increasing number of studies involving the ALK1/Smad1 pathway in the fibrotic process exist. In this review we offer a perspective of the function of ALK1/Smad1 pathway in renal fibrosis, liver fibrosis, scleroderma and osteoarthritis, suggesting this pathway as a powerful therapeutical target. We also propose several strategies to modulate the activity of this pathway and its consequences in the fibrotic process.
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Abstract
TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) and BMP-7 (bone morphogenetic protein-7), two key members in the TGF-β superfamily, play important but diverse roles in CKDs (chronic kidney diseases). Both TGF-β and BMP-7 share similar downstream Smad signalling pathways, but counter-regulate each other to maintain the balance of their biological activities. During renal injury in CKDs, this balance is significantly altered because TGF-β signalling is up-regulated by inducing TGF-β1 and activating Smad3, whereas BMP-7 and its downstream Smad1/5/8 are down-regulated. In the context of renal fibrosis, Smad3 is pathogenic, whereas Smad2 and Smad7 are renoprotective. However, this counter-balancing mechanism is also altered because TGF-β1 induces Smurf2, a ubiquitin E3-ligase, to target Smad7 as well as Smad2 for degradation. Thus overexpression of renal Smad7 restores the balance of TGF-β/Smad signalling and has therapeutic effect on CKDs. Recent studies also found that Smad3 mediated renal fibrosis by up-regulating miR-21 (where miR represents microRNA) and miR-192, but down-regulating miR-29 and miR-200 families. Therefore restoring miR-29/miR-200 or suppressing miR-21/miR-192 is able to treat progressive renal fibrosis. Furthermore, activation of TGF-β/Smad signalling inhibits renal BMP-7 expression and BMP/Smad signalling. On the other hand, overexpression of renal BMP-7 is capable of inhibiting TGF-β/Smad3 signalling and protects the kidney from TGF-β-mediated renal injury. This counter-regulation not only expands our understanding of the causes of renal injury, but also suggests the therapeutic potential by targeting TGF-β/Smad signalling or restoring BMP-7 in CKDs. Taken together, the current understanding of the distinct roles and mechanisms of TGF-β and BMP-7 in CKDs implies that targeting the TGF-β/Smad pathway or restoring BMP-7 signalling may represent novel and effective therapies for CKDs.
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Veerasamy M, Phanish M, Dockrell MEC. Smad mediated regulation of inhibitor of DNA binding 2 and its role in phenotypic maintenance of human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e51842. [PMID: 23320068 PMCID: PMC3540025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic-Helix-Loop-Helix family (bHLH) of transcriptional factors plays a major role in regulating cellular proliferation, differentiation and phenotype maintenance. The downregulation of one of the members of bHLH family protein, inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (Id2) has been shown to induce de-differentiation of epithelial cells. Opposing regulators of epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype in renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTEC), TGFβ1 and BMP7 also have counter-regulatory effects in models of renal fibrosis. We investigated the regulation of Id2 by these growth factors in human PTECs and its implication in the expression of markers of epithelial versus myofibroblastic phenotype. Cellular Id2 levels were reduced by TGFβ1 treatment; this was prevented by co-incubation with BMP7. BMP7 alone increased cellular levels of Id2. TGFβ1 and BMP7 regulated Id2 through Smad2/3 and Smad1/5 dependent mechanisms respectively. TGFβ1 mediated Id2 suppression was essential for α-SMA induction in PTECs. Although Id2 over-expression prevented α-SMA induction, it did not prevent E-cadherin loss under the influence of TGFβ1. This suggests that the loss of gate keeper function of E-cadherin alone may not necessarily result in complete EMT and further transcriptional re-programming is essential to attain mesenchymal phenotype. Although BMP7 abolished TGFβ1 mediated α-SMA expression by restoring Id2 levels, the loss of Id2 was not sufficient to induce α-SMA expression even in the context of reduced E-cadherin expression. Hence, a reduction in Id2 is critical for TGFβ1-induced α-SMA expression in this model of human PTECs but is not sufficient in it self to induce α-SMA even in the context of reduced E-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangalakumar Veerasamy
- South West Thames Institute for Renal Research, St.Helier University Hospital NHS Trust, Carshalton, United Kingdom.
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Identification of novel indicators of cyclosporine A nephrotoxicity in a CD-1 mouse model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 252:201-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Niepielko MG, Hernáiz-Hernández Y, Yakoby N. BMP signaling dynamics in the follicle cells of multiple Drosophila species. Dev Biol 2011; 354:151-9. [PMID: 21402065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal anterior region of the follicle cells (FCs) in the developing Drosophila egg gives rise to the respiratory eggshell appendages. These tubular structures display a wide range of qualitative and quantitative variations across Drosophila species, providing a remarkable example of a rapidly evolving morphology. In D. melanogaster, the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway is an important regulator of FCs patterning and dorsal appendages morphology. To explore the mechanisms underlying the diversification of eggshell patterning, we analyzed BMP signaling in the FCs of 16 Drosophila species that span 45 million years of evolution. We found that the spatial patterns of BMP signaling in the FCs are dynamic and exhibit a range of interspecies' variations. In most of the species examined, the dynamics of BMP signaling correlate with the expression of the type I BMP receptor thickveins (tkv). This correlation suggests that interspecies' variations of tkv expression are responsible for the diversification of BMP signaling during oogenesis. This model was supported by genetic manipulations of tkv expression in the FCs of D. melanogaster that successfully recapitulated the signaling diversities found in the other species. Our results suggest that regulation of receptor expression mediates spatial diversification of BMP signaling in Drosophila oogenesis, and they provide insight into a mechanism underlying the evolution of eggshell patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Niepielko
- Biology Department and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Science Building, 315 Penn Street, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ 08102, USA
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Hertig A, Flier SN, Kalluri R. Contribution of epithelial plasticity to renal transplantation-associated fibrosis. Transplant Proc 2011; 42:S7-12. [PMID: 21095454 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Every year in the United States, 5000 renal transplant recipients start or restart dialysis because of the unusual propensity of these allografts to develop interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IF/TA). Although IF/TA often follows one or more identifiable events, our capacity to specifically treat, prevent, or even detect IF/TA at an early stage is poor. These limitations are largely related to our lack of adequate tools to assess graft failure over time. Data accumulated over the past 5 years have demonstrated that tubular epithelial cells may react to certain fibrogenic stimuli to engage in the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this review, we highlight the current view of EMT with a focus on both its role in the context of renal transplantation and the potential for utilizing markers of EMT to identify patients undergoing early IF/TA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hertig
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Leeuwis JW, Nguyen TQ, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, van der Giezen DM, van der Ven K, Rouw PJH, Offerhaus GJA, Mummery CL, Goldschmeding R. Direct visualization of Smad1/5/8-mediated transcriptional activity identifies podocytes and collecting ducts as major targets of BMP signalling in healthy and diseased kidneys. J Pathol 2011; 224:121-32. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bramlage CP, Tampe B, Koziolek M, Maatouk I, Bevanda J, Bramlage P, Ahrens K, Lange K, Schmid H, Cohen CD, Kretzler M, Müller GA. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-7 expression is decreased in human hypertensive nephrosclerosis. BMC Nephrol 2010; 11:31. [PMID: 21080950 PMCID: PMC3002344 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-11-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP)-7 is protective in different animal models of acute and chronic kidney disease. Its role in human kidneys, and in particular hypertensive nephrosclerosis, has thus far not been described. Methods BMP-7 mRNA was quantified using real-time PCR and localised by immunostaining in tissue samples from normal and nephrosclerotic human kidneys. The impact of angiotensin (AT)-II and the AT-II receptor antagonist telmisartan on BMP-7 mRNA levels and phosphorylated Smad 1/5/8 (pSmad 1/5/8) expression was quantified in proximal tubular cells (HK-2). Functional characteristics of BMP-7 were evaluated by testing its influence on TGF-β induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), expression of TGF-β receptor type I (TGF-βRI) and phosphorylated Smad 2 (pSmad 2) as well as on TNF-α induced apoptosis of proximal tubular cells. Results BMP-7 was predominantly found in the epithelia of the distal tubule and the collecting duct and was less abundant in proximal tubular cells. In sclerotic kidneys, BMP-7 was significantly decreased as demonstrated by real-time PCR and immunostaining. AT-II stimulation in HK-2 cells led to a significant decrease of BMP-7 and pSmad 1/5/8, which was partially ameliorated upon co-incubation with telmisartan. Only high concentrations of BMP-7 (100 ng/ml) were able to reverse TNF-α-induced apoptosis and TGF-β-induced EMT in human proximal tubule cells possibly due to a decreased expression of TGF-βRI. In addition, BMP-7 was able to reverse TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of Smad 2. Conclusions The findings suggest a protective role for BMP-7 by counteracting the TGF-β and TNF-α-induced negative effects. The reduced expression of BMP-7 in patients with hypertensive nephrosclerosis may imply loss of protection and regenerative potential necessary to counter the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten P Bramlage
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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