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Dempster KS, Wade TJ, MacNeil AJ, O'Leary DD. Adverse childhood experiences are associated with altered cardiovascular reactivity to head-up tilt in young adults. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 324:R425-R434. [PMID: 36693169 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00148.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with greater prevalence of cardiovascular disease and altered acute stress reactivity. The current study investigated the effect of ACEs on hemodynamic and autonomic responses to orthostatic stress imposed by 60° head-up tilt (HUT) in young adults. Two-hundred twenty-six healthy young adults (age = 22.6 ± 1.5 yr; n = 116 females) without cardiovascular disease participated and had complete data. Participants underwent supine blood pressure (BP), R-R interval (RRI), cardiac output (CO), total peripheral resistance (TPR), and cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity (cvBRS) testing followed by a transition to 60° HUT where measures were reassessed. Childhood adversity exposures were assessed based on categorical exposure and nonexposure to childhood household dysfunction and maltreatment, and <4 and ≥4 types of ACEs. Significantly greater increases in SBP (P < 0.05), DBP, MAP, and TPR (P < 0.01; all) following 60° HUT were observed in individuals with ≥4 compared with those with <4 types of ACEs. Attenuated decreases in RRI and cvBRS were observed in those with ≥4 types of ACEs (P < 0.05). Experiencing ≥4 types of ACEs was associated with augmented BP and TPR reactivity and a blunted decrease in cvBRS in response to 60° HUT in young adults. Results suggest that a reduced vagal response to orthostatic stress is present in those who have experienced ≥4 types of ACEs that may promote autonomic dysfunction. Future research examining the sympathetic and vagal baroreflex branches is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie S Dempster
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.,Brock-Niagara Centre for Health and Well-Being, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Terrane J Wade
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.,Brock-Niagara Centre for Health and Well-Being, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam J MacNeil
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deborah D O'Leary
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.,Brock-Niagara Centre for Health and Well-Being, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Latscha R, Koschate J, Bloch W, Werner A, Hoffmann U. Cardiovascular Regulation During Acute Gravitational Changes with Exhaling on Exertion. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:865-874. [PMID: 35668644 PMCID: PMC9448415 DOI: 10.1055/a-1810-6646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During gravitational changes or changes in the direction of action in relation to
the body, fluid displacements can be observed. In special cases different
breathing maneuvers (e. g., exhaling on exertion; Ex-Ex) are used to
counteract acute fluid shifts. Both factors have a significant impact on
cardiovascular regulation. Eight healthy male subjects were tested on a tilt
seat, long arm human centrifuge, and parabolic flight. The work aims to
investigate the effect of exhaling on exertion on the cardiovascular regulation
during acute gravitational changes compared to normal breathing. Possible
interactions and differences between conditions (Ex-Ex, normal breathing) for
the parameters
V’O2
,
V’E
, HR, and SV were analysed over a
40 s period by a three-way ANOVA. Significant (p≤0.05) effects
for all main factors and interactions between condition and time as well as
maneuver and time were found for all variables. The exhaling on exertion
maneuver had a significant influence on the cardiovascular response during acute
gravitational and positional changes. For example, the significant increase of
V’O2 at the end of the exhalation on exertion maneuver indicates an
increased lung circulation as a result of the maneuver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Latscha
- Innere Medizin, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Koschate
- Health Services Research - Geriatric Medicine, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department for Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Andreas Werner
- Institute for Physiology and Center of Space Medicine and Extreme Environments, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Branch I 1, Aviation Physiology Diagnostic and Research, German Air Force - Centre of Aerospace Medicine, Königsbrück, Germany
| | - Uwe Hoffmann
- Exercise Physiology, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany
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3
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ELSAIS A, KERTY E, RUSSELL K, TOSKA K. Does Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction Contribute to Fatigue in Myasthenia Gravis? Physiol Res 2022; 71:79-91. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease characterized by fatigable muscle weakness. Despite full spontaneous or pharmacological remission some MG patients still complain of physical and mental fatigue. Fatigue has been related to autonomic dysregulation. The aim of this study was to assess autonomic responses in a group of MG patients in complete remission but complaining of persistent fatigue. Seventeen well-regulated but persistently fatigued MG patients and 17 individually matched controls underwent echocardiography assessing systolic and diastolic heart function. Beat to beat cardiovascular responses at rest and to 30o head-up tilt, tilt-back, and 2-min static handgrip contraction were recorded. Fatigued MG patients had a statistically significant higher resting HR than their matched controls (p=0.03). The difference in resting heart rate between MG patients not using acetylcholine esterase inhibitors (AChEi) and their matched controls was even more pronounced (p=0.007). The autonomic cardiovascular adjustments to head-up tilt, tilt-back and handgrip contraction were not statistically significant different between patients and controls. We found a higher resting heart rate in all well-regulated but fatigued MG patients compared with controls. The difference was more pronounced between patients not taking AChEi compared to their matched controls. This finding may reflect a disturbed resting sympathovagal balance and this might be a contributing factor to the fatigue symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A ELSAIS
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - E KERTY
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - K RUSSELL
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - K TOSKA
- Faculty of Medicine, Section for Physiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,
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4
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Fois M, Maule SV, Giudici M, Valente M, Ridolfi L, Scarsoglio S. Cardiovascular Response to Posture Changes: Multiscale Modeling and in vivo Validation During Head-Up Tilt. Front Physiol 2022; 13:826989. [PMID: 35250630 PMCID: PMC8892183 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.826989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of cardiovascular system (CVS) response to posture changes have been widely studied, a number of mechanisms and their interplay in regulating central blood pressure and organs perfusion upon orthostatic stress are not yet clear. We propose a novel multiscale 1D-0D mathematical model of the human CVS to investigate the effects of passive (i.e., through head-up tilt without muscular intervention) posture changes. The model includes the main short-term regulation mechanisms and is carefully validated against literature data and in vivo measures here carried out. The model is used to study the transient and steady-state response of the CVS to tilting, the effects of the tilting rate, and the differences between tilt-up and tilt-down. Passive upright tilt led to an increase of mean arterial pressure and heart rate, and a decrease of stroke volume and cardiac output, in agreement with literature data and present in vivo experiments. Pressure and flow rate waveform analysis along the arterial tree together with mechano-energetic and oxygen consumption parameters highlighted that the whole system approaches a less stressed condition at passive upright posture than supine, with a slight unbalance of the energy supply-demand ratio. The transient dynamics is not symmetric in tilt-up and tilt-down testing, and is non-linearly affected by the tilting rate, with stronger under- and overshoots of the hemodynamic parameters as the duration of tilt is reduced. By enriching the CVS response to posture changes, the present modeling approach shows promise in a number of applications, ranging from autonomic system disorders to spaceflight deconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Fois
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
- *Correspondence: Matteo Fois
| | - Simona Vittoria Maule
- Autonomic Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Marta Giudici
- Autonomic Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Valente
- Autonomic Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Ridolfi
- Department of Environmental, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Scarsoglio
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
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5
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Jezek F, Randall EB, Carlson BE, Beard DA. Systems analysis of the mechanisms governing the cardiovascular response to changes in posture and in peripheral demand during exercise. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 163:33-55. [PMID: 34626617 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Blood flows and pressures throughout the human cardiovascular system are regulated in response to various dynamic perturbations, such as changes to peripheral demands in exercise, rapid changes in posture, or loss of blood from hemorrhage, via the coordinated action of the heart, the vasculature, and autonomic reflexes. To assess how the systemic and pulmonary arterial and venous circulation, the heart, and the baroreflex work together to effect the whole-body responses to these perturbations, we integrated an anatomically-based large-vessel arterial tree model with the TriSeg heart model, models capturing nonlinear characteristics of the large and small veins, and baroreflex-mediated regulation of vascular tone and cardiac chronotropy and inotropy. The model was identified by matching data from the Valsalva maneuver (VM), exercise, and head-up tilt (HUT). Thirty-one parameters were optimized using a custom parameter-fitting tool chain, resulting in an unique, high-fidelity whole-body human cardiovascular systems model. Because the model captures the effects of exercise and posture changes, it can be used to simulate numerous clinical assessments, such as HUT, the VM, and cardiopulmonary exercise stress testing. The model can also be applied as a framework for representing and simulating individual patients and pathologies. Moreover, it can serve as a framework for integrating multi-scale organ-level models, such as for the heart or the kidneys, into a whole-body model. Here, the model is used to analyze the relative importance of chronotropic, inotropic, and peripheral vascular contributions to the whole-body cardiovascular response to exercise. It is predicted that in normal physiological conditions chronotropy and inotropy make roughly equal contributions to increasing cardiac output and cardiac power output during exercise. Under upright exercise conditions, the nonlinear pressure-volume relationship of the large veins and sympathetic-mediated venous vasoconstriction are both required to maintain preload to achieve physiological exercise levels. The developed modeling framework is built using the open Modelica modeling language and is freely distributed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Jezek
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Institute of Pathophysiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - E Benjamin Randall
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Brian E Carlson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Daniel A Beard
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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6
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Eimantas N, Ivanove S, Solianik R, Brazaitis M. Exposure to acute noxious heat evokes a cardiorespiratory shock response in humans. Int J Hyperthermia 2022; 39:134-143. [PMID: 35000494 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2021.2023225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Noxious acute cold stimuli cause cold shock via the sympathetic nervous system. However, no studies have investigated respiratory "heat shock" in response to noxious acute heat stimuli (≥ 42 °C).Methods: In the present study, we examined whether short-duration whole-body immersion (for 5 min) in noxious hot water (45 °C) is a sufficient stimulus to induce a respiratory acute shock response.Results and conclusion: Our results indicate that short-duration whole-body immersion in noxious 45 °C water produces a significantly greater body temperature, heart rate, and perceptual and respiratory strain than immersion in innocuous warm 37 °C water (p < .05). The initial first minute of hot water immersion (HWI) at 45 °C (vs. immersion at 37 °C) caused a cardiorespiratory shock response, which manifested as acute hyperventilation, and increased ventilatory tidal volume, respiratory exchange ratio, and heart rate (p < .05). Adjustment to this initial respiratory heat shock response within the first minute of immersion was observed as compared with remaining HWI time (1-5 min). Intriguingly, the time-course kinetics of breathing frequency, oxygen uptake, and carbon dioxide washout did not differ between whole-body immersion at 37 °C and immersion at 45 °C, but were higher than in control thermoneutral conditions of an empty bath (p < .05). This may be because of events initiated not only by the water temperature but also by the change in the hydrostatic pressure acting upon the body when immersed in the water bath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerijus Eimantas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Soneta Ivanove
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rima Solianik
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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7
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van Campen C(LMC, Rowe PC, Visser FC. Compression Stockings Improve Cardiac Output and Cerebral Blood Flow during Tilt Testing in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) Patients: A Randomized Crossover Trial. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 58:medicina58010051. [PMID: 35056360 PMCID: PMC8781100 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Orthostatic intolerance (OI) is a clinical condition in which symptoms worsen upon assuming and maintaining upright posture and are ameliorated by recumbency. OI has a high prevalence in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Limited data are available to guide the treatment of OI in ME/CFS patients. We and others have previously described patient-reported subjective improvement in symptoms using compression stockings. We hypothesized that these subjective reports would be accompanied by objective hemodynamic improvements. Materials and Methods: We performed a randomized crossover trial in 16 ME/CFS patients. Each underwent two 15-min head-up tilt table tests, one with and one without wearing knee-high compression stockings that provided 20–25 mm Hg compression. The order of the tests was randomized. We measured heart rate and blood pressure as well as cardiac output and cerebral blood flow (CBF) using extracranial Doppler of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Results: There were no differences in supine measurements between the 2 baseline measurements. There were no differences in heart rate and blood pressure at either end-tilt testing period. Compared to the test with the stockings off, the mean percentage reduction in cardiac output during the test with compression stockings on was lower, 15 (4)% versus 27 (6)% (p < 0.0001), as was the mean percentage CBF reduction, 14 (4)% versus 25 (5)% (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: In ME/CFS patients with orthostatic intolerance symptoms, cardiac output and CBF are significantly reduced during a tilt test. These abnormalities were present without demonstrable heart rate and blood pressure changes and were ameliorated by the use of compression stockings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter C. Rowe
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA;
| | - Frans C. Visser
- Stichting CardioZorg, Planetenweg 5, 2132 HN Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
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8
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Cerebral blood flow remains reduced after tilt testing in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome patients. Clin Neurophysiol Pract 2021; 6:245-255. [PMID: 34667909 PMCID: PMC8505270 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnp.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral blood flow in ME/CFS patients remains abnormal 5 min post-tilt test. Post cerebral blood flow abnormalities do not depend on hemodynamic results and on end-tidal carbon dioxide pressures during the tilt-test. Post cerebral blood flow abnormalities are most severe in more severely diseased ME/CFS patients.
Objective Orthostatic symptoms in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) may be caused by an abnormal reduction in cerebral blood flow. An abnormal cerebral blood flow reduction was shown in previous studies, without information on the recovery pace of cerebral blood flow. This study examined the prevalence and risk factors for delayed recovery of cerebral blood flow in ME/CFS patients. Methods 60 ME/CFS adults were studied: 30 patients had a normal heart rate and blood pressure response during the tilt test, 4 developed delayed orthostatic hypotension, and 26 developed postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) during the tilt. Cerebral blood flow measurements, using extracranial Doppler, were made in the supine position pre-tilt, at end-tilt, and in the supine position at 5 min post-tilt. Also, cardiac index measurements were performed, using suprasternal Doppler imaging, as well as end-tidal PCO2 measurements. The change in cerebral blood flow from supine to end-tilt was expressed as a percent reduction with mean and (SD). Disease severity was scored as mild (approximately 50% reduction in activity), moderate (mostly housebound), or severe (mostly bedbound). Results End-tilt cerebral blood flow reduction was −29 (6)%, improving to −16 (7)% at post-tilt. No differences in either end-tilt or post-tilt measurements were found when patients with a normal heart rate and blood pressure were compared to those with POTS, or between patients with normocapnia (end-tidal PCO2 ≥ 30 mmHg) versus hypocapnia (end-tidal PCO2 < 30 mmHg) at end-tilt. A significant difference was found in the degree of abnormal cerebral blood flow reduction in the supine post-test in mild, moderate, and severe ME/CFS: mild: cerebral blood flow: −7 (2)%, moderate: −16 (3)%, and severe :-25 (4)% (p all < 0.0001). Cardiac index declined significantly during the tilt test in all 3 severity groups, with no significant differences between the groups. In the supine post-test cardiac index returned to normal in all patients. Conclusions During tilt testing, extracranial Doppler measurements show that cerebral blood flow is reduced in ME/CFS patients and recovery to normal supine values is incomplete, despite cardiac index returning to pre-tilt values. The delayed recovery of cerebral blood flow was independent of the hemodynamic findings of the tilt test (normal heart rate and blood pressure response, POTS, or delayed orthostatic hypotension), or the presence/absence of hypocapnia, and was only related to clinical ME/CFS severity grading. We observed a significantly slower recovery in cerebral blood flow in the most severely ill ME/CFS patients. Significance The finding that orthostatic stress elicits a post-stress cerebral blood flow reduction and that disease severity greatly influences the cerebral blood flow reduction may have implications on the advice of energy management after a stressor and on the advice of lying down after a stressor in these ME/CFS patients.
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Key Words
- BMI, Body Mass Index
- BSA, Body Surface Area
- CBF, Cerebral blood flow
- CI, Cardiac Index
- Cardiac Index
- Cerebral blood flow
- DBP, Diastolic Blood pressure
- Extracranial Doppler echography
- HR, Heart rate
- ICC, International Consensus Criteria
- ME/CFS
- ME/CFS, Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome
- NormHRBP, normal heart rate and blood pressure response
- Normal heart rate and blood pressure response
- Orthostatic intolerance
- PET, end-tidal pressure
- POTS, Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
- Post exertional malaise
- Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome
- Recovery
- SBP, Systolic Blood pressure
- Tilt table testing
- VTI, Time velocity integral
- dOH, delayed orthostatic hypotension
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9
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Similar Cerebral Blood Flow and Autonomic Responses to Upright Tilt Test in Adult Patients With Different Hemodynamic Mechanisms Leading to Reflex Syncope. J Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 37:239-245. [DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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10
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Respiratory pump contributions in cerebrovascular and postural control responses during orthostatic stress in older women. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 275:103384. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nygaard S, Christensen AH, Rolid K, Nytrøen K, Gullestad L, Fiane A, Thaulow E, Døhlen G, Godang K, Saul JP, Wyller VBB. Autonomic cardiovascular control changes in recent heart transplant recipients lead to physiological limitations in response to orthostatic challenge and isometric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2225-2236. [PMID: 31407088 PMCID: PMC6763412 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Heart transplantation causes denervation of the donor heart, but the consequences for cardiovascular homeostasis remain to be fully understood. The present study investigated cardiovascular autonomic control at supine rest, during orthostatic challenge and during isometric exercise in heart transplant recipients (HTxR). METHODS A total of 50 HTxRs were investigated 7-12 weeks after transplant surgery and compared with 50 healthy control subjects. Continuous, noninvasive recordings of cardiovascular variables were carried out at supine rest, during 15 min of 60° head-up tilt and during 1 min of 30% of maximal voluntary handgrip. Plasma and urine catecholamines were assayed, and symptoms were charted. RESULTS At supine rest, heart rate, blood pressures and total peripheral resistance were higher, and stroke volume and end diastolic volume were lower in the HTxR group. During tilt, heart rate, blood pressures and total peripheral resistance increased less, and stroke volume and end diastolic volume decreased less. During handgrip, heart rate and cardiac output increased less, and stroke volume and end diastolic volume decreased less. Orthostatic symptoms were similar across the groups, but the HTxRs complained more of pale and cold hands. CONCLUSION HTxRs are characterized by elevated blood pressures and total peripheral resistance at supine rest as well as attenuated blood pressures and total peripheral resistance responses during orthostatic challenge, possibly caused by low-pressure cardiopulmonary baroreceptor denervation. In addition, HTxRs show attenuated cardiac output response during isometric exercise due to efferent sympathetic denervation. These physiological limitations might have negative functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sissel Nygaard
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Haugom Christensen
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katrine Rolid
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari Nytrøen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Gullestad
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arnt Fiane
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik Thaulow
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gaute Døhlen
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Godang
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - J Philip Saul
- Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA
| | - Vegard Bruun Bratholm Wyller
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Paediatrics, Akershus University Hospital, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway.
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12
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Koschate J, Drescher U, Werner A, Thieschäfer L, Hoffmann U. Cardiovascular regulation: associations between exercise and head-up tilt. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 97:738-745. [PMID: 30917299 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It was hypothesized that faster cardiorespiratory kinetics during exercise are associated with higher orthostatic tolerance. Cardiorespiratory kinetics of 14 healthy male subjects (30 ± 4 years, 179 ± 8 cm, 79 ± 8 kg) were tested on a cycle ergometer during exercise with changing work rates of 30 and 80 W. Pulmonary oxygen uptake ( ) was measured breath-by-breath and heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were measured beat-to-beat. Muscular oxygen uptake ( ) was estimated from HR and . Kinetic parameters were determined by time-series analysis, using cross-correlation functions (CCFmax(x)) between the parameter and the work rate. Cardiovascular regulations of MAP, HR, and TPR during orthostatic stress were measured beat-to-beat on a tilt seat. Changes between the minima and maxima during the 6° head-down tilt and the 90° head-up tilt positions were calculated for each parameter (Δtilt-up). correlated significantly with ΔTPRtilt-up (r = 0.790, p ≤ 0.001). CCFmax(HR) was significantly correlated with ΔHRtilt-up (r = -0.705, p = 0.002) and the amplitude in HR from 30 to 80 W (rSP = -0.574, p = 0.016). The observed correlations between cardiorespiratory regulation in response to exercise and orthostatic stress during rest might allow for a more differential analysis of the underlying mechanisms of orthostatic intolerance in, for example, patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Koschate
- a Institute of Physiology and Anatomy, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - U Drescher
- a Institute of Physiology and Anatomy, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - A Werner
- b German Air Force - Centre of Aerospace Medicine, Branch I 1, Aviation Physiology Diagnostics and Research, Steinborner Str. 43, 01936 Königsbrück, Germany.,c Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments, Institute of Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, CharitéCrossOver, Charité University Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - L Thieschäfer
- a Institute of Physiology and Anatomy, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - U Hoffmann
- a Institute of Physiology and Anatomy, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
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Goswami N, Blaber AP, Hinghofer-Szalkay H, Convertino VA. Lower Body Negative Pressure: Physiological Effects, Applications, and Implementation. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:807-851. [PMID: 30540225 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents lower body negative pressure (LBNP) as a unique tool to investigate the physiology of integrated systemic compensatory responses to altered hemodynamic patterns during conditions of central hypovolemia in humans. An early review published in Physiological Reviews over 40 yr ago (Wolthuis et al. Physiol Rev 54: 566-595, 1974) focused on the use of LBNP as a tool to study effects of central hypovolemia, while more than a decade ago a review appeared that focused on LBNP as a model of hemorrhagic shock (Cooke et al. J Appl Physiol (1985) 96: 1249-1261, 2004). Since then there has been a great deal of new research that has applied LBNP to investigate complex physiological responses to a variety of challenges including orthostasis, hemorrhage, and other important stressors seen in humans such as microgravity encountered during spaceflight. The LBNP stimulus has provided novel insights into the physiology underlying areas such as intolerance to reduced central blood volume, sex differences concerning blood pressure regulation, autonomic dysfunctions, adaptations to exercise training, and effects of space flight. Furthermore, approaching cardiovascular assessment using prediction models for orthostatic capacity in healthy populations, derived from LBNP tolerance protocols, has provided important insights into the mechanisms of orthostatic hypotension and central hypovolemia, especially in some patient populations as well as in healthy subjects. This review also presents a concise discussion of mathematical modeling regarding compensatory responses induced by LBNP. Given the diverse applications of LBNP, it is to be expected that new and innovative applications of LBNP will be developed to explore the complex physiological mechanisms that underline health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandu Goswami
- Physiology Section, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria ; Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, British Columbia , Canada ; Battlefield Health & Trauma Center for Human Integrative Physiology, Combat Casualty Care Research Program, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Andrew Philip Blaber
- Physiology Section, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria ; Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, British Columbia , Canada ; Battlefield Health & Trauma Center for Human Integrative Physiology, Combat Casualty Care Research Program, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Helmut Hinghofer-Szalkay
- Physiology Section, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria ; Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, British Columbia , Canada ; Battlefield Health & Trauma Center for Human Integrative Physiology, Combat Casualty Care Research Program, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Victor A Convertino
- Physiology Section, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria ; Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, British Columbia , Canada ; Battlefield Health & Trauma Center for Human Integrative Physiology, Combat Casualty Care Research Program, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas
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Villar R, Hughson RL. Vascular conductance and muscle blood flow during exercise are altered by inspired oxygen fraction and arterial perfusion pressure. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/5/e13144. [PMID: 28292884 PMCID: PMC5350166 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis during the combined challenges of altered inspired O2 fraction (FIO2) and posture changes at lower power output regardless of body position that the vascular conductance (VC) recruitment to the exercising muscle would not limit muscle perfusion and estimated O2 delivery (DO2est). However, in head‐down tilt at the higher power output exercise in hypoxia, the recruitment of VC would have a functional limitation which would restrict muscle blood flow (MBF) leading to a limitation in DO2est with consequent increases in metabolic stress. Ten healthy volunteers repeated plantar flexion contractions at 20% (low power output = LPO) and 30% (higher power output = HPO) of their maximal voluntary contraction in horizontal (HOR), 35° head‐down‐tilt (HDT) and 45° head‐up‐tilt (HUT). Popliteal diameter and muscle blood flow velocity were measured by ultrasound determining MBF. VC was estimated by dividing MBF flow by MPP, and DO2est was estimated by MBF times saturation. LPOHUT in hypoxia was associated with no changes in VC and MBF leading to reduced DO2est. In LPOHDT under hypoxia, despite no apparent functional limitation in the VC recruitment, rise in MBF to maintain DO2est was associated with marked increase in muscle electromyographic activity, indicating greater metabolic stress. In HPOHDT under hypoxia, a functional limitation for the recruitment of VC constrained MBF and DO2est. Elevated muscle electromyographic signal in HPOHDT under hypoxia was consistent with challenged aerobic metabolisms which contributed to a greater increase in the relative stress of the exercise challenge and advance the onset of muscle fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Villar
- Division of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Franklin Pierce University, Rindge, New Hampshire .,Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.,Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES), Brasilia DF, Brazil
| | - Richard L Hughson
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.,Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Goswami N, Blaber AP, Hinghofer-Szalkay H, Montani JP. Orthostatic Intolerance in Older Persons: Etiology and Countermeasures. Front Physiol 2017; 8:803. [PMID: 29163185 PMCID: PMC5677785 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthostatic challenge produced by upright posture may lead to syncope if the cardiovascular system is unable to maintain adequate brain perfusion. This review outlines orthostatic intolerance related to the aging process, long-term bedrest confinement, drugs, and disease. Aging-associated illness or injury due to falls often leads to hospitalization. Older patients spend up to 83% of hospital admission lying in bed and thus the consequences of bedrest confinement such as physiological deconditioning, functional decline, and orthostatic intolerance represent a central challenge in the care of the vulnerable older population. This review examines current scientific knowledge regarding orthostatic intolerance and how it comes about and provides a framework for understanding of (patho-) physiological concepts of cardiovascular (in-) stability in ambulatory and bedrest confined senior citizens as well as in individuals with disease conditions [e.g., orthostatic intolerance in patients with diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's, spinal cord injury (SCI)] or those on multiple medications (polypharmacy). Understanding these aspects, along with cardio-postural interactions, is particularly important as blood pressure destabilization leading to orthostatic intolerance affects 3-4% of the general population, and in 4 out of 10 cases the exact cause remains elusive. Reviewed also are countermeasures to orthostatic intolerance such as exercise, water drinking, mental arithmetic, cognitive training, and respiration training in SCI patients. We speculate that optimally applied countermeasures such as mental challenge maintain sympathetic activity, and improve venous return, stroke volume, and consequently, blood pressure during upright standing. Finally, this paper emphasizes the importance of an active life style in old age and why early re-mobilization following bedrest confinement or bedrest is crucial in preventing orthostatic intolerance, falls and falls-related injuries in older persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandu Goswami
- Gravitational Physiology and Medicine Research Unit, Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrew P Blaber
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Helmut Hinghofer-Szalkay
- Gravitational Physiology and Medicine Research Unit, Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jean-Pierre Montani
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Sarabadani Tafreshi A, Riener R, Klamroth-Marganska V. Quantitative analysis of externally-induced patterns and natural oscillations in the human cardiovascular response: Implications for development of a biofeedback system. Biomed Signal Process Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Sarabadani Tafreshi A, Riener R, Klamroth-Marganska V. Distinctive Steady-State Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Responses to Passive Robotic Leg Exercise during Head-Up Tilt: A Pilot Study in Neurological Patients. Front Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28626427 PMCID: PMC5454056 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Robot-assisted tilt table therapy was proposed for early rehabilitation and mobilization of patients after diseases such as stroke. A robot-assisted tilt table with integrated passive robotic leg exercise (PE) mechanism has the potential to prevent orthostatic hypotension usually provoked by verticalization. In a previous study with rather young healthy subjects [average age: 25.1 ± 2.6 years (standard deviation)], we found that PE effect on the cardiovascular system depends on the verticalization angle of the robot-assisted tilt table. In the current study, we investigated in an older population of neurological patients (a) whether they show the same PE effects as younger healthy population on the cardiovascular system at different tilt angles, (b) whether changing the PE frequency (i.e., stepping speed) influences the PE effect on the cardiovascular system, (c) whether PE could prevent orthostatic hypotension, and finally, (d) whether PE effect is consistent from day to day. Methods: Heart rate (HR), and systolic and diastolic blood pressures (sBP, dBP) in response to PE at two different tilt angles (α = 20°, 60°) with three different PE frequencies (i.e., 0, 24, and 48 steps per minute) of 10 neurological patients [average age: 68.4 ± 13.5 years (standard deviation)] were measured on 2 consecutive days. Linear mixed models were used to develop statistical models and analyze the repeated measurements. Results: The models show that: PE significantly increased sBP and dBP but had no significant effect on HR. (a) Similar to healthy subjects the effect of PE on sBP was dependent on the tilt angle with higher tilt angles resulting in a higher increase. Head-up tilting alone significantly increased HR and dBP but resulted in a non-significant drop in sBP. PE, in general, had a more additive effect on increasing BP. (b) The effect of PE was not influenced by its speed. (c) Neither during head-up tilt alone nor in combination with PE did participants experience orthostatic hypotension. (d) The measurement day was not a statistically significant factor regarding the effects of verticalization and PE on the cardiovascular response. Conclusion: We provide evidence that PE can increase steady-state values of sBP and dBP in neurological patients during head-up tilt. Similar to healthy subjects the effect on sBP depends on the verticalization angle of the robot-assisted tilt table. PE might have the potential to prevent orthostatic hypotension, but as the amount of drop in BP in response to head-up tilting was not leading to orthostatic hypotension in our patients, we could neither conclude nor reject such a preventive compensatory effect. Furthermore, we found that changing the PE speed does not influence the steady-state cardiovascular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirehsan Sarabadani Tafreshi
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH ZurichZurich, Switzerland.,Reharobotics Group, Medical Faculty, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Riener
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH ZurichZurich, Switzerland.,Reharobotics Group, Medical Faculty, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Verena Klamroth-Marganska
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH ZurichZurich, Switzerland.,Reharobotics Group, Medical Faculty, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
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18
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Modeling the effect of tilting, passive leg exercise, and functional electrical stimulation on the human cardiovascular system. Med Biol Eng Comput 2017; 55:1693-1708. [PMID: 28188470 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-017-1628-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Long periods of bed rest negatively affect the human body organs, notably the cardiovascular system. To avert these negative effects and promote functional recovery in patients dealing with prolonged bed rest, the goal is to mobilize them as early as possible while controlling and stabilizing their cardiovascular system. A robotic tilt table allows early mobilization by modulating body inclination, automated passive leg exercise, and the intensity of functional electrical stimulation applied to leg muscles (inputs). These inputs are used to control the cardiovascular variables heart rate (HR), and systolic and diastolic blood pressures (sBP, dBP) (outputs). To enhance the design of the closed-loop cardiovascular biofeedback controller, we investigated a subject-specific multi-input multi-output (MIMO) black-box model describing the relationship between the inputs and outputs. For identification of the linear part of the system, two popular linear model structures-the autoregressive model with exogenous input and the output error model-are examined and compared. The estimation algorithm is tested in simulation and then used in four study protocols with ten healthy participants to estimate transfer functions of HR, sBP and dBP to the inputs. The results show that only the HR transfer functions to inclination input can explain the variance in the data to a reasonable extent (on average 69.8%). As in the other input types, the responses are nonlinear; the models are either not reliable or explain only a negligible amount of the observed variance. Analysis of both, the nonlinearities and the occasionally occurring zero-crossings, is necessary before designing an appropriate MIMO controller for mobilization of bedridden patients.
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Sarabadani Tafreshi A, Riener R, Klamroth-Marganska V. Distinctive Steady-State Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Responses to Passive Robotic Leg Exercise and Functional Electrical Stimulation during Head-Up Tilt. Front Physiol 2016; 7:612. [PMID: 28018240 PMCID: PMC5145897 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Tilt tables enable early mobilization of patients by providing verticalization. But there is a high risk of orthostatic hypotension provoked by verticalization, especially after neurological diseases such as spinal cord injury. Robot-assisted tilt tables might be an alternative as they add passive robotic leg exercise (PE) that can be enhanced with functional electrical stimulation (FES) to the verticalization, thus reducing the risk of orthostatic hypotension. We hypothesized that the influence of PE on the cardiovascular system during verticalization (i.e., head-up tilt) depends on the verticalization angle, and FES strengthens the PE influence. To test our hypotheses, we investigated the PE effects on the cardiovascular parameters heart rate (HR), and systolic and diastolic blood pressures (sBP, dBP) at different angles of verticalization in a healthy population. Methods: Ten healthy subjects on a robot-assisted tilt table underwent four different study protocols while HR, sBP, and dBP were measured: (1) head-up tilt to 60° and 71° without PE; (2) PE at 20°, 40°, and 60° of head-up tilt; (3) PE while constant FES intensity was applied to the leg muscles, at 20°, 40°, and 60° of head-up tilt; (4) PE with variation of the applied FES intensity at 0°, 20°, 40°, and 60° of head-up tilt. Linear mixed models were used to model changes in HR, sBP, and dBP responses. Results: The models show that: (1) head-up tilt alone resulted in statistically significant increases in HR and dBP, but no change in sBP. (2) PE during head-up tilt resulted in statistically significant changes in HR, sBP, and dBP, but not at each angle and not always in the same direction (i.e., increase or decrease of cardiovascular parameters). Neither adding (3) FES at constant intensity to PE nor (4) variation of FES intensity during PE had any statistically significant effects on the cardiovascular parameters. Conclusion: The effect of PE on the cardiovascular system during head-up tilt is strongly dependent on the verticalization angle. Therefore, we conclude that orthostatic hypotension cannot be prevented by PE alone, but that the preventive effect depends on the verticalization angle of the robot-assisted tilt table. FES (independent of intensity) is not an important contributing factor to the PE effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirehsan Sarabadani Tafreshi
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH ZurichZurich, Switzerland; Reharobotics Group, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Medical Faculty, Balgrist University Hospital, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Riener
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH ZurichZurich, Switzerland; Reharobotics Group, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Medical Faculty, Balgrist University Hospital, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Verena Klamroth-Marganska
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH ZurichZurich, Switzerland; Reharobotics Group, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Medical Faculty, Balgrist University Hospital, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
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Yadav K, Akanksha, Jaryal AK, Coshic P, Chatterjee K, Deepak KK. Effect of hypovolemia on efficacy of reflex maintenance of blood pressure on orthostatic challenge. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2016; 23:25-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s40292-016-0130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Mlcek M, Belohlavek J, Huptych M, Boucek T, Belza T, Lacko S, Krupickova P, Hrachovina M, Popkova M, Neuzil P, Kittnar O. Head-up tilt rapidly compromises hemodynamics in healthy anesthetized swine. Physiol Res 2015; 64:S677-83. [PMID: 26674293 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims were to explore the effect of head-up tilt (HUT) to 30 and 60 degrees on hemodynamics and tissue oxygenation in anesthetized healthy swine. The data serve as a reference for a study of resuscitation efficacy at HUT such as during transport. Nine healthy swine (49+/-4 kg) were anesthetized and multiple sensors including myocardial pressure-volume loops catheter, carotid flow probe, blood pressure catheters, near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) tissue oximetry and mixed venous oximetry (SVO2) catheter were introduced and parameters continuously recorded. Experimental protocol consisted of baseline in supine position (15 min), 30 degrees HUT (15 min), recovery at supine position (15 min) and 60 degrees HUT (5 min). Vacuum mattress was used for body fixation during tilts. We found that 30 and 60 degrees inclination led to significant immediate reduction in hemodynamic and oximetry parameters. Mean arterial pressure (mm Hg) decreased from 98 at baseline to 53 and 39, respectively. Carotid blood flow dropped to 47 % and 22 % of baseline values, end diastolic volume to 49 % and 53 % and stroke volume to 47 % and 45 % of baseline. SVO2 and tissue oximetry decreased by 17 and 21 percentage points. The values are means. In conclusions, within minutes, both 30 and 60 degrees head-up tilting is poorly tolerated in anesthetized swine. Significant differences among individual animals exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mlcek
- Institute of Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic.
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Yang C, Gao Y, Greaves DK, Villar R, Beltrame T, Fraser KS, Hughson RL. Prior head-down tilt does not impair the cerebrovascular response to head-up tilt. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:1356-63. [PMID: 25749443 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00871.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis that cerebrovascular autoregulation was not impaired during head-up tilt (HUT) that followed brief exposures to varying degrees of prior head-down tilt (HDT) was tested in 10 healthy young men and women. Cerebral mean flow velocity (MFV) and cardiovascular responses were measured in transitions to a 60-s period of 75° HUT that followed supine rest (control) or 15 s HDT at -10°, -25°, and -55°. During HDT, heart rate (HR) was reduced for -25° and -55°, and cardiac output was lower at -55° HDT. MFV increased during -10° HDT, but not in the other conditions even though blood pressure at the middle cerebral artery (BPMCA) increased. On the transition to HUT, HR increased only for -55° condition, but stroke volume and cardiac output transiently increased for -25° and -55°. Total peripheral resistance index decreased in proportion to the magnitude of HDT and recovered over the first 20 s of HUT. MFV was significantly less in all HDT conditions compared with the control in the first 5-s period of HUT, but it recovered quickly. An autoregulation correction index derived from MFV recovery relative to BPMCA decline revealed a delay in the first 5 s for prior HDT compared with control but then a rapid increase to briefly exceed control after -55° HDT. This study showed that cerebrovascular autoregulation is modified by but not impaired by brief HDT prior to HUT and that cerebral MFV recovered quickly and more rapidly than arterial blood pressure to protect against cerebral hypoperfusion and potential syncope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbin Yang
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; and Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; and
| | - Danielle K Greaves
- Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Villar
- Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Beltrame
- Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katelyn S Fraser
- Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard L Hughson
- Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Sundblad P, Spaak J, Kaijser L. Time courses of central hemodynamics during rapid changes in posture. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:1182-8. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00690.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in posture cause blood volume redistribution, affecting cardiac filling and stroke volume (SV). We hypothesized that the time courses of ventricular filling would differ between the right and left ventricle during a rapid (2 s) tilt and that changes in right ventricular filling pressure would be more swift because of the direct coupling to the systemic circulation. We further hypothesized that the transient imbalance between right and left ventricular filling pressure would influence left ventricular SV changes. Right atrial pressure (RAP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), left ventricular stroke volume, heart rate, and arterial pressure were recorded beat-by-beat during rapid tilts from supine to upright positions and back again, during rest and dynamic 100-W leg exercise. RAP changes had a faster time course than PCWP during down-tilts, both during rest and exercise (1 ± 1 vs. 6 ± 2 s and 2 ± 2 vs. 6 ± 2 s, respectively; P < 0.05). This discrepancy caused a transient decrease in the end-diastolic pressure difference between the right and left ventricle. The decreased pressure difference in diastole impeded left ventricular filling because of ventricular interdependence, causing SV to fall transiently. The mechanisms of ventricular interdependence were also involved in reverse during up-tilt, where SV was maintained for 2–3 s despite falling PCWP. Furthermore, the decrease in RAP during up-tilt in the resting condition was biphasic with an initial fast and a second slower component, which might suggest the effect of venous valves. This was not seen during dynamic leg exercise where blood pooling is prevented by the venous muscle pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Sundblad
- Section of Environmental Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Jonas Spaak
- Section of Environmental Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; and
| | - Lennart Kaijser
- Section of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Sciences and Technology, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
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Abstract
A lumped parameter model of the cardiovascular system has been developed and optimized using experimental data obtained from 13 healthy subjects during graded head-up tilt (HUT) from the supine position to . The model includes descriptions of the left and right heart, direct ventricular interaction through the septum and pericardium, the systemic and pulmonary circulations, nonlinear pressure volume relationship of the lower body compartment, arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreceptors, as well as autoregulatory mechanisms. A number of important features, including the separate effects of arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreflexes, and autoregulation in the lower body, as well as diastolic ventricular interaction through the pericardium have been included and tested for their significance. Furthermore, the individual effect of parameter associated with heart failure, including LV and RV contractility, baseline systemic vascular resistance, pulmonary vascular resistance, total blood volume, LV diastolic stiffness and reflex gain on HUT response have also been investigated. Our fitted model compares favorably with our experimental measurements and published literature at a range of tilt angles, in terms of both global and regional hemodynamic variables. Compared to the normal condition, a simulated congestive heart failure condition produced a blunted response to HUT with regards to the percentage changes in cardiac output, stroke volume, end diastolic volume and effector response (i.e., heart contractility, venous unstressed volume, systemic vascular resistance and heart rate) with progressive tilting.
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Donina ZA, Lavrova IN, Baranov VM. Intersystem relationships of respiration and hemodynamics in the initial period of postural effects. Bull Exp Biol Med 2013; 155:298-301. [PMID: 24137587 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-013-2137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We studied the dependence of parameters of lung volumes and the elastic properties of the lungs on changes in the central hemodynamics occurring in the initial period of passive postural changes in cats. It was found that transition from the horizontal to head-up and head-down tilting was accompanied by opposite hemodynamic changes in the cranial and caudal parts of the body. Changes in lung compliance and functional residual capacity of the lungs were opposite and linearly depended on the intensity of hemodynamic shifts, which indicates passive character of the primary disorders primarily determined by a physical factor, gravity-dependent redistribution of body fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zh A Donina
- Laboratory of Physiology of Respiration, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg; Laboratory of Physiological Problems of Weightlessness, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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26
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Villar R, Hughson RL. Effect of altered arterial perfusion pressure on vascular conductance and muscle blood flow dynamic response during exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:620-7. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01094.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in vascular conductance (VC) are required to counter changes in muscle perfusion pressure (MPP) to maintain muscle blood flow (MBF) during exercise. We investigated the recruitment of VC as a function of peak VC measured in three body positions at two different work rates to test the hypothesis that adaptations in VC compensated changes in MPP at low-power output (LPO), but not at high-power output (HPO). Eleven healthy volunteers exercised at LPO and HPO (repeated plantar flexion contractions at 20–30% maximal voluntary contraction, respectively) in horizontal (HOR), 35° head-down tilt (HDT), and 45° head-up tilt (HUT). Muscle blood flow velocity and popliteal diameter were measured by ultrasound to determine MBF, and VC was estimated by dividing MBF flow by MPP. Peak VC was unaffected by body position. The rates of increase in MBF and VC were significantly faster in HUT and slower in HDT than HOR, and rates were faster in LPO than HPO. During LPO exercise, the increase in, and steady-state values of, MBF were less for HUT and HDT than HOR; the increase in VC was less in HUT than HOR and HDT. During HPO exercise, MBF in the HDT was reduced compared with HOR and HUT, even though VC reached 92% VC peak, which was greater than HOR, which was, in turn, greater than HUT. Reduced MBF during HPO HDT exercise had the functional consequence of a significant increase in muscle electromyographic index, revealing the effects of MPP on O2 delivery during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Villar
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; and
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES), Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Richard L. Hughson
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; and
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Botek M, Krejčí J, Neuls F, Novotný J. Effect of modified method of autonomic nervous system activity assessment on results of heart rate variability analysis. ACTA GYMNICA 2013. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2013.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Autonomic cardiovascular response to acute hypoxia and passive head-up tilting in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:1731-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2601-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Yoshida T, Masani K, Sayenko DG, Miyatani M, Fisher JA, Popovic MR. Cardiovascular Response of Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury to Dynamic Functional Electrical Stimulation Under Orthostatic Stress. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2013; 21:37-46. [DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2012.2211894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Villar R, Hughson RL. Lower limb vascular conductance and resting popliteal blood flow during head-up and head-down postural challenges. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2012; 33:186-91. [PMID: 23522011 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard L. Hughson
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences; University of Waterloo; Waterloo; ON; Canada
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Truijen J, van Lieshout JJ, Wesselink WA, Westerhof BE. Noninvasive continuous hemodynamic monitoring. J Clin Monit Comput 2012; 26:267-78. [PMID: 22695821 PMCID: PMC3391359 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-012-9375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of continuous blood pressure and cardiac output is important to prevent hypoperfusion and to guide fluid administration, but only few patients receive such monitoring due to the invasive nature of most of the methods presently available. Noninvasive blood pressure can be determined continuously using finger cuff technology and cardiac output is easily obtained using a pulse contour method. In this way completely noninvasive continuous blood pressure and cardiac output are available for clinical use in all patients that would otherwise not be monitored. Developments and state of art in hemodynamic monitoring are reviewed here, with a focus on noninvasive continuous hemodynamic monitoring form the finger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Truijen
- Laboratory for Clinical Cardiovascular Physiology, AMC Heart Failure Research Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J. van Lieshout
- Laboratory for Clinical Cardiovascular Physiology, AMC Heart Failure Research Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Acute Admissions Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Wilbert A. Wesselink
- Clinical Team, BMEYE BV, Centerpoint 1, 4th floor, Hoogoorddreef 60, 1101 BE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Berend E. Westerhof
- Laboratory for Clinical Cardiovascular Physiology, AMC Heart Failure Research Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Clinical Team, BMEYE BV, Centerpoint 1, 4th floor, Hoogoorddreef 60, 1101 BE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Manisty CH, Al-Hussaini A, Unsworth B, Baruah R, Pabari PA, Mayet J, Hughes AD, Whinnett ZI, Francis DP. The acute effects of changes to AV delay on BP and stroke volume: potential implications for design of pacemaker optimization protocols. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2011; 5:122-30. [PMID: 22095639 DOI: 10.1161/circep.111.964205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The AV delay optimization of biventricular pacemakers (cardiac resynchronization therapy) may maximize hemodynamic benefit but consumes specialist time to conduct echocardiographically. Noninvasive BP monitoring is a potentially automatable alternative, but it is unknown whether it gives the same information and similar precision (signal/noise ratio). Moreover, the immediate BP increment on optimization has been reported to decay away: it is unclear whether this is the result of an (undesirable) decrease in stroke volume or a (desirable) compensatory relief of peripheral vasoconstriction. METHODS AND RESULTS To discriminate between these alternative mechanisms, we measured simultaneous beat-to-beat stroke volume (flow) using Doppler echocardiography, and BP using finger photoplethysmography, during and after AV delay changes from 40 to 120 ms in 19 subjects with cardiac pacemakers. BP and stroke volume both increased immediately (P<0.001, within 1 heartbeat). BP showed a clear decline a few seconds later (average rate, -0.65 mm Hg/beat; r=0.95 [95% CI, 0.86-0.98]); in contrast, stroke volume did not decline (P=0.87). The immediate BP increment correlated strongly with the stroke volume increment (r=0.74, P<0.001). The signal/noise ratio was 3-fold better for BP than stroke volume (6.8±3.5 versus 2.3±1.4; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Improving AV delay immediately increases BP, but the effect begins to decay within a few seconds. Reassuringly, this is because of compensatory vasodilatation rather than reduction in cardiac function. Pacemaker optimization will never be reliable unless there is an adequate signal/noise ratio. Using BP rather than Doppler minimizes noise. The early phase (before vascular compensation) has the richest signal lode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte H Manisty
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Nådland I, Wesche J, Sheriff D, Toska K. Does the Great Saphenous Vein Stripping Improve Arterial Leg Blood Flow During Exercise? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011; 41:697-703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2011.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Liu J, Verheyden B, Beckers F, Aubert AE. Haemodynamic adaptation during sudden gravity transitions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:79-89. [PMID: 21479958 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1956-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Haemodynamic responses during parabolic flight were studied. The hypothesis that haemodynamic changes may be counteracted by a transient vagal reflex during acute gravity transitions was tested. ECG, arterial pressure and respiration were recorded continuously in seven male subjects during parabolic flight. Beat-to-beat haemodynamic parameters were estimated. In the supine position no significant differences were shown among the different gravity phases. In the upright position, significant within-group differences were observed across gravity phases for all parameters. Postural differences in haemodynamic data disappeared during the microgravity phase and were enlarged during hypergravity phases. Detailed temporal analysis of cardiac time series in standing subjects confirmed the hypothesized biphasic response of initial parasympathetic modulation: a sharp increase of RRI within 3-5 s followed by a 10% decrease in the remaining period of microgravity (p < 0.001); a sharp increase in SAP within 2-4 s followed by a slow decrease of 25%. Significant within-group differences were observed in the standing position for mean RRI (836 ± 170 ms, p = 0.003), DAP (66 ± 8 mmHg, p < 0.001), MAP (139 ± 12 mmHg, p = 0.001), RRI HF amplitude (17.6 ± 7.5 ms, p < 0.001), SV (146 ± 5%, p < 0.001) and SVR (73 ± 10%, p = 0.020). In standing subjects, the initial baroreflex-mediated vagal heart rate response is limited to a transition period at early microgravity lasting about 3-5 s, followed by a gradual heart rate recovery during the remaining 15-17 s due to a parasympathetic withdrawal. The resultant increase in cardiac output induces a baroreflex-mediated systemic vasodilatation, which may be the driving force for a decreased arterial pressure in weightlessness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiexin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium.
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Fujimoto N, Shibata S, Hastings JL, Carrick-Ranson G, Bhella PS, Palmer D, Fu Q, Levine BD. Effects of pericardial constraint and ventricular interaction on left ventricular hemodynamics in the unloaded heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 300:H1688-95. [PMID: 21398598 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01198.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pericardial constraint and ventricular interaction influence left ventricular (LV) performance when preload is high. However, it is unclear if these constraining forces modulate LV filling when the heart is unloaded, such as during upright posture, in humans. Fifty healthy individuals underwent right heart catheterization to measure pulmonary capillary wedge (PCWP) and right atrial pressure (RAP). To evaluate the effects of pericardial constraint on hemodynamics, transmural filling pressure (LVTMP) was defined as PCWP-RAP. Beat-to-beat blood pressure (BP) waveforms were recorded, and stroke volume (SV) was derived from the Modelflow method. After measurements at -30 mmHg lower body negative pressure (LBNP), which approximates the upright position, LBNP was released, and beat-to-beat measurements were performed for 15 heartbeats. At -30 mmHg LBNP, RAP and PCWP were significantly decreased. During the first six beats of LBNP release, heart rate (HR) was unchanged, while BP increased from the fourth beat. RAP increased faster than PCWP resulting in an acute decrease in LVTMP from the fourth beat. A corresponding drop in SV by 3% was observed with no change in pulse pressure. From the 7th to 15th beats, LVTMP and SV increased steadily, followed by a decreased HR due to the baroreflex. A decreased TMP, but not PCWP, caused a transient drop in SV with no changes in HR or pulse pressure during LBNP release. These results suggest that the pericardium constrains LV filling during LBNP release, enough to cause a small but significant drop of SV, even at low cardiac filling pressure in healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Fujimoto
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Dallas, TX 75231, USA
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Groothuis JT, Rongen GA, Geurts AC, Smits P, Hopman MT. Effect of different sympathetic stimuli-autonomic dysreflexia and head-up tilt-on leg vascular resistance in spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2011; 91:1930-5. [PMID: 21112436 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of different sympathetic stimuli, that is, exaggerated sympathetic activity and orthostatic challenges, on the increase in leg vascular resistance in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) without and controls with supraspinal sympathetic control. DESIGN Case-control intervention study. SETTING Physiology research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Persons with SCI (N=9; motor and sensory complete spinal cord lesion above the sixth thoracic spinal segment) and able-bodied controls (N=9). INTERVENTIONS In persons with SCI, exaggerated sympathetic activity was evoked by autonomic dysreflexia, and in controls, by using a cold pressor test (CPT). A 30° head-up tilt (HUT) was performed in both groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Leg blood flow was measured by using venous occlusion plethysmography during the different sympathetic stimuli. Leg vascular resistance was calculated as the arterial-venous pressure gradient divided by blood flow. RESULTS In persons with SCI, leg vascular resistance significantly increased during autonomic dysreflexia and 30° HUT (25±20 and 24±13 arbitrary units [AU], respectively), with no difference (P=.87) between stimuli. In controls, leg vascular resistance significantly increased during CPT and 30° HUT (15±13 and 29±12AU, respectively) with no difference (P=.03) between stimuli. There were no differences (P=.22) in increase in leg vascular resistance during the different sympathetic stimuli between persons with SCI and controls. CONCLUSIONS The increase in leg vascular resistance during autonomic dysreflexia in persons with SCI is not different from that during 30° HUT, which might be caused by a limited vasoconstrictor reserve. Despite the lack of supraspinal sympathetic control in persons with SCI, the increase in leg vascular resistance during exaggerated sympathetic activity was not different from controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan T Groothuis
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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Murrell CJ, Cotter JD, George K, Shave R, Wilson L, Thomas K, Williams MJA, Ainslie PN. Syncope is unrelated to supine and postural hypotension following prolonged exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 111:469-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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A definition of normovolaemia and consequences for cardiovascular control during orthostatic and environmental stress. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 109:141-57. [PMID: 20052592 PMCID: PMC2861179 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Frank–Starling mechanism describes the relationship between stroke volume and preload to the heart, or the volume of blood that is available to the heart—the central blood volume. Understanding the role of the central blood volume for cardiovascular control has been complicated by the fact that a given central blood volume may be associated with markedly different central vascular pressures. The central blood volume varies with posture and, consequently, stroke volume and cardiac output (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{Q} $$\end{document}) are affected, but with the increased central blood volume during head-down tilt, stroke volume and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{Q} $$\end{document} do not increase further indicating that in the supine resting position the heart operates on the plateau of the Frank–Starling curve which, therefore, may be taken as a functional definition of normovolaemia. Since the capacity of the vascular system surpasses the blood volume, orthostatic and environmental stress including bed rest/microgravity, exercise and training, thermal loading, illness, and trauma/haemorrhage is likely to restrict venous return and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{Q} $$\end{document}. Consequently the cardiovascular responses are determined primarily by their effect on the central blood volume. Thus during environmental stress, flow redistribution becomes dependent on sympathetic activation affecting not only skin and splanchnic blood flow, but also flow to skeletal muscles and the brain. This review addresses the hypothesis that deviations from normovolaemia significantly influence these cardiovascular responses.
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Time course of cardiovascular responses induced by mental and orthostatic challenges. Int J Psychophysiol 2010; 75:48-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Immink RV, Truijen J, Secher NH, Van Lieshout JJ. Transient influence of end-tidal carbon dioxide tension on the postural restraint in cerebral perfusion. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 107:816-23. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91198.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the upright position, cerebral blood flow is reduced, maybe because arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2) decreases. We evaluated the time-dependent influence of a reduction in PaCO2, as indicated by the end-tidal Pco2 tension (PetCO2), on cerebral perfusion during head-up tilt. Mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, middle cerebral artery mean flow velocity (MCA Vmean), and dynamic cerebral autoregulation at supine rest and 70° head-up tilt were determined during free breathing and with PetCO2 clamped to the supine level. The postural changes in central hemodynamic variables were equivalent, and the cerebrovascular autoregulatory capacity was not significantly affected by tilt or by clamping PetCO2. In the first minute of tilt, the decline in MCA Vmean (10 ± 4 vs. 3 ± 4 cm/s; mean ± SE; P < 0.05) and PetCO2 (6.8 ± 4.3 vs. 1.7 ± 1.6 Torr; P < 0.05) was larger during spontaneous breathing than during isocapnic tilt. However, after 2 min in the head-up position, the reduction in MCA Vmean was similar (7 ± 5 vs. 6 ± 3 cm/s), although the spontaneous decline in PetCO2 was maintained ( P < 0.05 vs. isocapnic tilt). These results suggest that the potential contribution of PaCO2 to the postural reduction in MCA Vmean is transient, leaving the mechanisms for the sustained restrain in MCA Vmean to be identified.
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Kamiya A, Kawada T, Shimizu S, Iwase S, Sugimachi M, Mano T. Slow head-up tilt causes lower activation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity: loading speed dependence of orthostatic sympathetic activation in humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H53-8. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00260.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many earlier human studies have reported that increasing the tilt angle of head-up tilt (HUT) results in greater muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) response, indicating the amplitude dependence of sympathetic activation in response to orthostatic stress. However, little is known about whether and how the inclining speed of HUT influences the MSNA response to HUT, independent of the magnitude of HUT. Twelve healthy subjects participated in passive 30° HUT tests at inclining speeds of 1° (control), 0.1° (slow), and 0.0167° (very slow) per second. We recorded MSNA (tibial nerve) by microneurography and assessed nonstationary time-dependent changes of R-R interval variability using a complex demodulation technique. MSNA averaged over every 10° tilt angle increased during inclination from 0° to 30°, with smaller increases in the slow and very slow tests than in the control test. Although a 3-min MSNA overshoot after reaching 30° HUT was observed in the control test, no overshoot was detected in the slow and very slow tests. In contrast with MSNA, increases in heart rate during the inclination and after reaching 30° were similar in these tests, probably because when compared with the control test, greater increases in plasma epinephrine counteracted smaller autonomic responses in the very slow test. These results indicate that slower HUT results in lower activation of MSNA, suggesting that HUT-induced sympathetic activation depends partially on the speed of inclination during HUT in humans.
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Kooijman M, Rongen GA, Smits P, van Kuppevelt HJM, Hopman MTE. The role of the alpha-adrenergic receptor in the leg vasoconstrictor response to orthostatic stress. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2009; 195:357-66. [PMID: 18801054 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2008.01904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The prompt increase in peripheral vascular resistance, mediated by sympathetic alpha-adrenergic stimulation, is believed to be the key event in blood pressure control during postural stress. However, despite the absence of central sympathetic control of the leg vasculature, postural leg vasoconstriction is preserved in spinal cord-injured individuals (SCI). This study aimed at assessing the contribution of both central and local sympathetically induced alpha-adrenergic leg vasoconstriction to head-up tilt (HUT) by including healthy individuals and SCI, who lack central sympathetic baroreflex control over the leg vascular bed. METHODS In 10 controls and nine SCI the femoral artery was cannulated for drug infusion. Upper leg blood flow (LBF) was measured bilaterally using venous occlusion strain gauge plethysmography before and during 30 degrees HUT throughout intra-arterial infusion of saline or the non-selective alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist phentolamine respectively. Additionally, in six controls the leg vascular response to the cold pressor test was assessed during continued infusion of phentolamine, in order to confirm complete alpha-adrenergic blockade by phentolamine. RESULTS During infusion of phentolamine HUT still caused vasoconstriction in both groups: leg vascular resistance (mean arterial pressure/LBF) increased by 10 +/- 2 AU (compared with 12 +/- 2 AU during saline infusion), and 13 +/- 3 AU (compared with 7 +/- 3 AU during saline infusion) in controls and SCI respectively. CONCLUSION Effective alpha-adrenergic blockade did not reduce HUT-induced vasoconstriction, regardless of intact baroreflex control of the leg vasculature. Apparently, redundant mechanisms compensate for the absence of sympathetic alpha-adrenoceptor leg vasoconstriction in response to postural stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kooijman
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Movement Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Noord 21, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Nådland IH, Walløe L, Toska K. Effect of the leg muscle pump on the rise in muscle perfusion during muscle work in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 105:829-41. [PMID: 19125282 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-008-0965-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The transient and steady-state effects of the calf muscle pump on the rise in muscle perfusion during rhythmic plantarflexions were investigated in 20 volunteers. Because a large hydrostatic column would increase the effect of a muscle pump, exercise in the supine and head-up tilted positions was compared. Within approximately 15 s of the start of muscle work, femoral artery flow (ultrasound Doppler) rose 0.37 L/min above rest in the supine and 0.5 L/min above rest in the tilted position. The latter is a significantly larger rise (P < 0.05). After 80 s of muscle work, femoral flow was stable at 0.38 and 0.39 L/min above rest in the supine and tilted positions, respectively. We conclude that the muscle pump contributes to muscle perfusion during the initial phase of muscle work, but that metabolic vasodilation is a more important determinant of muscle perfusion during steady-state muscle work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Helene Nådland
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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44
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Cardiovascular response to functional electrical stimulation and dynamic tilt table therapy to improve orthostatic tolerance. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2008; 18:900-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Wong BJ, Sheriff DD. Myogenic origin of the hypotension induced by rapid changes in posture in awake dogs following autonomic blockade. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:1837-44. [PMID: 18927267 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90732.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The "push-pull" effect denotes the reduced tolerance to +G(z) (hypergravity) when +G(z) stress is preceded by exposure to hypogravity, i.e., fractional, zero, or negative G(z). The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that an exaggerated, myogenically mediated rise in leg vascular conductance contributes to the push-pull effect, using heart level arterial blood pressure as a measure of G tolerance. The approach was to impose control (30 s of 30 degrees head-up tilt) and push-pull (30 s of 30 degrees head-up tilt immediately preceded by 10 s of -15 degrees head-down tilt) gravitational stress after administration of hexamethonium (5 mg/kg) to inhibit autonomic ganglionic neurotransmission in seven dogs. Cardiac output or thigh level arterial pressure (myogenic stimulus) was maintained constant by computer-controlled ventricular pacing. The animals were sedated with acepromazine and lightly restrained in lateral recumbency on a tilt table. Following the onset of head-up tilt, the magnitude of the fall in heart level arterial pressure from baseline was -11.6 +/- 2.9 and -17.1 +/- 2.2 mmHg for the control and push-pull trials, respectively (P < 0.05), when cardiac output was maintained constant. Over 40% of the exaggerated fall in heart level arterial pressure was attributable to an exaggerated rise in hindlimb vascular conductance (P < 0.05). Maintaining thigh level arterial pressure constant abolished the exaggerated rise in hindlimb blood flow. Thus a push-pull effect largely attributable to a myogenically induced rise in leg vascular conductance occurs when autonomic function is inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Wong
- Integrative Physiology, 424 Field House, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Detecting Change in Left Ventricular Ejection Time During Head-Up Tilt-Induced Progressive Central Hypovolemia Using a Finger Photoplethysmographic Pulse Oximetry Wave Form. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 64:390-7. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e31815d9b5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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47
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Chan GSH, Middleton PM, Celler BG, Wang L, Lovell NH. Change in pulse transit time and pre-ejection period during head-up tilt-induced progressive central hypovolaemia. J Clin Monit Comput 2007; 21:283-93. [PMID: 17701385 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-007-9086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Traditional vital signs such as heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) are often regarded as insensitive markers of mild to moderate blood loss. The present study investigated the feasibility of using pulse transit time (PTT) to track variations in pre-ejection period (PEP) during progressive central hypovolaemia induced by head-up tilt and evaluated the potential of PTT as an early non-invasive indicator of blood loss. METHODS About 11 healthy subjects underwent graded head-up tilt from 0 to 80 degrees . PTT and PEP were computed from the simultaneous measurement of electrocardiogram (ECG), finger photoplethysmographic pulse oximetry waveform (PPG-POW) and thoracic impedance plethysmogram (IPG). The response of PTT and PEP to tilt was compared with that of interbeat heart interval (RR) and BP. Least-squares linear regression analysis was carried out on an intra-subject basis between PTT and PEP and between various physiological variables and sine of the tilt angle (which is associated with the decrease in central blood volume) and the correlation coefficients (r) were computed. RESULTS During graded tilt, PEP and PTT were strongly correlated in 10 out of 11 subjects (median r = 0.964) and had strong positive linear correlations with sine of the tilt angle (median r = 0.966 and 0.938 respectively). At a mild hypovolaemic state (20-30 degrees ), there was a significant increase in PTT and PEP compared with baseline (0 degrees ) but without a significant change in RR and BP. Gradient analysis showed that PTT was more responsive to central volume loss than RR during mild hypovolaemia (0-20 degrees ) but not moderate hypovolaemia (50-80 degrees ). CONCLUSION PTT may reflect variation in PEP and central blood volume, and is potentially useful for early detection of non-hypotensive progressive central hypovolaemia. Joint interpretation of PTT and RR trends or responses may help to characterize the extent of blood volume loss in critical care patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S H Chan
- Biomedical Systems Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Sheriff DD, Nådland IH, Toska K. Hemodynamic consequences of rapid changes in posture in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103:452-8. [PMID: 17463298 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01190.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolerance to +G z gravitational stress is reduced when +G z stress is preceded by exposure to hypogravity (fraction, 0, or negative G z). For example, there is an exaggerated fall in eye-level arterial pressure (ELAP) early on during +G z stress (head-up tilt; HUT) when this stress is immediately preceded by −G z stress (head-down tilt; HDT). The aims of the present study were to characterize the hemodynamic consequences of brief HDT on subsequent HUT and to test the hypothesis that an elevation in leg vascular conductance induced by −G z stress contributes to the exaggerated fall in ELAP. Young healthy subjects ( n = 3 men and 4 women) were subjected to 30 s of 30° HUT from a horizontal position and to 30 s of 30° HUT when HUT was immediately preceded by 20 s of −15° HDT. Four bouts of HDT-HUT were alternated between five bouts of HUT in a counterbalanced designed to minimize possible time effects of repeated exposure to gravitational stress. One minute was allowed for recovery between tilts. Brief exposure to HDT elicited an exaggerated fall in ELAP during the first seconds of the subsequent HUT (−17.9 ± 1.4 mmHg) compared with HUT alone (−12.4 ± 1.2 mmHg, P <0.05) despite a greater rise in stroke volume (Doppler ultrasound) and cardiac output over this brief time period in the HDT-HUT trials compared with the HUT trials (thereafter stroke volume fell under both conditions). The greater fall in ELAP was associated with an exaggerated increase in leg blood flow (femoral artery Doppler ultrasound) and was therefore largely (70%) attributable to an exaggerated rise in estimated leg vascular conductance, confirming our hypotheses. Thus brief exposure to −G z stress leads to an exaggerated fall in ELAP during subsequent HUT, owing to an exaggerated increase in estimated leg vascular conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don D Sheriff
- Department of Integrative Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Chan GSH, Middleton PM, Celler BG, Wang L, Lovell NH. Automatic detection of left ventricular ejection time from a finger photoplethysmographic pulse oximetry waveform: comparison with Doppler aortic measurement. Physiol Meas 2007; 28:439-52. [PMID: 17395998 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/28/4/009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular ejection time (LVET) is a useful measure of ventricular performance and preload. The present study explores a novel method of continuous LVET monitoring using a noninvasive finger photoplethysmographic pulse oximetry waveform (PPG-POW). A method for the automatic beat-to-beat detection of LVET from the finger PPG-POW is presented based on a combination of derivative analysis, waveform averaging and rule-based logic. The performance of the detection method was evaluated on 13 healthy subjects during graded head-up tilt. Overall, the correlation between the PPG-POW derived LVET and the aortic flow derived LVET was high and significant (r = 0.897, p < 0.05). The bias was -14 +/- 14 ms (mean +/- SD), and the percentage error was 9.7%. Although these results would not be sufficient to satisfy the requirement for clinical evaluation of LVET when absolute accuracy was demanded, the strong correlation between the PPG-POW LVET and the aortic LVET on an intra-subject basis (r = 0.945 +/- 0.043, mean +/- SD) would support the application of PPG-POW to detect the directional change in LVET of an individual. This could be very useful for the early identification of progressive hypovolaemia or blood loss. The present study has demonstrated a promising approach to extract potentially useful information from a noninvasive, easy-to-obtain signal that could be readily acquired either from existing patient monitoring equipment or from inexpensive instrumentation. More extensive investigation is necessary to evaluate the applicability of the present approach in clinical care monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S H Chan
- Biomedical Systems Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Kooijman M, Poelkens F, Rongen GA, Smits P, Hopman MT. Leg blood flow measurements using venous occlusion plethysmography during head-up tilt. Clin Auton Res 2007; 17:106-11. [PMID: 17345054 PMCID: PMC1914255 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-007-0402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We tested whether venous occlusion plethysmography (VOP) is an appropriate method to measure calf blood flow (CBF) during head-up tilt (HUT). CBF measured with VOP was compared with superficial femoral artery blood flow as measured by Doppler ultrasound during incremental tilt angles. Measurements of both methods correlated well (r = 0.86). Reproducibility of VOP was fair in supine position and 30° HUT (CV: 11%–15%). This indicates that VOP is an applicable tool to measure leg blood flow during HUT, especially up to 30° HUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kooijman
- Dept. of Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Ïnstitute for Fundamental and Clinical Movement Sciences, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Rehabilitation Centre, Sint Maartenskliniek, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fleur Poelkens
- Dept. of Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Ïnstitute for Fundamental and Clinical Movement Sciences, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard A. Rongen
- Dept. of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Smits
- Dept. of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria T.E. Hopman
- Dept. of Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Ïnstitute for Fundamental and Clinical Movement Sciences, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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