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Foroozan P, Koushkie Jahromi M, Nemati J, Sepehri H, Safari MA, Brand S. Probiotic Supplementation and High-Intensity Interval Training Modify Anxiety-Like Behaviors and Corticosterone in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061762. [PMID: 34064242 PMCID: PMC8224367 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence supports the role of exercise training and probiotics on reducing obesity. Considering the relationship between obesity and high-fat diet with anxiety indices, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of probiotic supplementation and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on anxiety-like behaviors, corticosterone and obesity indices in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity mice. Thirty male adult C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into five groups: (1) Control with normal diet (CON), (2) High-fat diet (HFD), (3) HFD + exercise training (HT), (4) HFD + probiotics supplement (HP) and (5) HFD + exercise training +probiotics (HTP). Exercise training consisted of 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) programs. Probiotics supplement included 0.2 mL Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Anxiety-like behaviors were measured by open field (OF) and Elevated plus maze (EPM). OF and EPM tests, visceral fat mass (VFM) measurement, and blood sampling for corticosterone were performed after the intervention. Bodyweight was measured at different stages during the intervention. HFD regime in C57BL/6 mice increased bodyweight, VFM, and serum corticosterone levels and anxiety-like behaviors (p < 0.05). HIIT, probiotic and their combination, decreased bodyweight, VFM, and serum corticosterone levels and improved anxiety-like behavior in the HFD mice (p < 0.05). The effect of a combination of HIIT and probiotic on most of the anxiety indices was more than each one separately (p < 0.5). HIIT and probiotic supplements separately or above all in combination, may have beneficial effects in reducing obesity and anxiety indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Foroozan
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7194684334, Iran; (P.F.); (M.K.J.); (J.N.); (H.S.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Maryam Koushkie Jahromi
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7194684334, Iran; (P.F.); (M.K.J.); (J.N.); (H.S.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Javad Nemati
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7194684334, Iran; (P.F.); (M.K.J.); (J.N.); (H.S.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Hosein Sepehri
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7194684334, Iran; (P.F.); (M.K.J.); (J.N.); (H.S.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Mohammad Amin Safari
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7194684334, Iran; (P.F.); (M.K.J.); (J.N.); (H.S.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Serge Brand
- Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders (ZASS), Psychiatric University Hospital Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714869914, Iran
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714869914, Iran
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Sport Science and Psychosocial Health, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
- Correspondence:
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Dassonvalle J, Díaz-Castro F, Donoso-Barraza C, Sepúlveda C, Pino-de la Fuente F, Pino P, Espinosa A, Chiong M, Llanos M, Troncoso R. Moderate Aerobic Exercise Training Prevents the Augmented Hepatic Glucocorticoid Response Induced by High-Fat Diet in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207582. [PMID: 33066464 PMCID: PMC7590042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are critical regulators of energy balance. Their deregulation is associated with the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome. However, it is not understood if obesity alters the tissue glucocorticoid receptor (GR) response, and moreover whether a moderate aerobic exercise prevents the alteration in GR response induced by obesity. Methods: To evaluate the GR response in obese mice, we fed C57BL6J mice with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. Before mice were sacrificed, we injected them with dexamethasone. To assess the exercise role in GR response, we fed mice an HFD and subjected them to moderate aerobic exercise three times a week. Results: We found that mice fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks developed hepatic GC hypersensitivity without changes in the gastrocnemius or epididymal fat GR response. Therefore, moderate aerobic exercise improved glucose tolerance, increased the corticosterone plasma levels, and prevented hepatic GR hypersensitivity with an increase in epididymal fat GR response. Conclusion: Collectively, our results suggest that mice with HFD-induced obesity develop hepatic GR sensitivity, which could enhance the metabolic effects of HFD in the liver. Moreover, exercise was found to be a feasible non-pharmacological strategy to prevent the deregulation of GR response in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Dassonvalle
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición y Actividad Física (LABINAF), Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnologia de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile; (J.D.); (F.D.-C.); (C.D.-B.); (C.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Francisco Díaz-Castro
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición y Actividad Física (LABINAF), Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnologia de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile; (J.D.); (F.D.-C.); (C.D.-B.); (C.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Camila Donoso-Barraza
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición y Actividad Física (LABINAF), Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnologia de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile; (J.D.); (F.D.-C.); (C.D.-B.); (C.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Carlos Sepúlveda
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición y Actividad Física (LABINAF), Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnologia de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile; (J.D.); (F.D.-C.); (C.D.-B.); (C.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Francisco Pino-de la Fuente
- Departamento de Tecnología Medica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (F.P.-d.l.F.); (A.E.)
| | - Pamela Pino
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición y Actividad Física (LABINAF), Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnologia de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile; (J.D.); (F.D.-C.); (C.D.-B.); (C.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Alejandra Espinosa
- Departamento de Tecnología Medica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (F.P.-d.l.F.); (A.E.)
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile;
| | - Miguel Llanos
- Laboratorio de Nutrición y Regulación Metabólica, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile;
| | - Rodrigo Troncoso
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición y Actividad Física (LABINAF), Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnologia de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile; (J.D.); (F.D.-C.); (C.D.-B.); (C.S.); (P.P.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-929-781-587
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Yang TY, Gao Z, Liang NC. Sex-Dependent Wheel Running Effects on High Fat Diet Preference, Metabolic Outcomes, and Performance on the Barnes Maze in Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092721. [PMID: 32899519 PMCID: PMC7551623 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive and prolonged intake of highly palatable, high fat (HF) foods contributes to the pathogenesis of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cognitive impairment. Exercise can restore energy homeostasis and suppress HF diet preference in rats. However, it is unclear if exercise confers similar protection against the detrimental outcomes associated with a chronic HF diet preference and feeding in both sexes. We used our wheel running (WR) and two-diet choice (chow vs. HF) paradigm to investigate the efficacy of exercise in reversing HF diet-associated metabolic and cognitive dysregulation in rats, hypothesizing that beneficial effects of exercise would be more pronounced in males. All WR rats showed HF diet avoidance upon running initiation, and males, but not females, had a prolonged reduction in HF diet preference. Moreover, exercise only improved glucose tolerance and insulin profile in males. Compared to sedentary controls, all WR rats improved learning to escape on the Barnes maze. Only WR females increased errors made during subsequent reversal learning trials, indicating a sex-dependent effect of exercise on behavioral flexibility. Taken together, our results suggest that exercise is more effective at attenuating HF-associated metabolic deficits in males, and highlights the importance of developing sex-specific treatment interventions for obesity and cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Y. Yang
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois—Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA; (T.Y.Y.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zijun Gao
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois—Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA; (T.Y.Y.); (Z.G.)
| | - Nu-Chu Liang
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois—Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA; (T.Y.Y.); (Z.G.)
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois—Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Neuroscience Program, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois—Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(217)-244-7873
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Curran M, Drayson MT, Andrews RC, Zoppi C, Barlow JP, Solomon TPJ, Narendran P. The benefits of physical exercise for the health of the pancreatic β-cell: a review of the evidence. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:579-589. [PMID: 32012372 DOI: 10.1113/ep088220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? This review discusses the evidence of the benefits of exercise training for β-cell health through improvements in function, proliferation and survival which may have implications in the treatment of diabetes. What advances does it highlight? This review highlights how exercise may modulate β-cell health in the context of diabetes and highlights the need for further exploration of whether β-cell preserving effects of exercise translates to T1D. ABSTRACT Physical exercise is a core therapy for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Whilst the benefits of exercise for different physiological systems are recognised, the effect of exercise specifically on the pancreatic β-cell is not well described. Here we review the effects of physical exercise on β-cell health. We show that exercise improves β-cell mass and function. The improved function manifests primarily through the increased insulin content of the β-cell and its increased ability to secrete insulin in response to a glucose stimulus. We review the evidence relating to glucose sensing, insulin signalling, β-cell proliferation and β-cell apoptosis in humans and animal models with acute exercise and following exercise training programmes. Some of the mechanisms through which these benefits manifest are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Curran
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Functional and Mechanistic Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark T Drayson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Claudio Zoppi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonathan P Barlow
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas P J Solomon
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Parth Narendran
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Diabetes, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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Fujita N, Aono S, Karasaki K, Sera F, Kurose T, Fujino H, Urakawa S. Changes in lipid metabolism and capillary density of the skeletal muscle following low-intensity exercise training in a rat model of obesity with hyperinsulinemia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196895. [PMID: 29718998 PMCID: PMC5931644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although exercise is effective in improving obesity and hyperinsulinemia, the exact influence of exercise on the capillary density of skeletal muscles remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of low-intensity exercise training on metabolism in obesity with hyperinsulinemia, focusing specifically on the capillary density within the skeletal muscle. Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats were used as animal models of obesity with hyperinsulinemia, whereas Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats served as controls (no obesity, no hyperinsulinemia). The animals were randomly assigned to either non-exercise or exercise groups (treadmill running for 60 min/day, for 4 weeks). The exercise groups were further divided into subgroups according to training mode: single bout (60 min, daily) vs. multiple bout (three bouts of 20 min, daily). Fasting insulin levels were significantly higher in OLETF than in LETO rats. Among OLETF rats, there were no significant differences in fasting glucose levels between the exercise and the non-exercise groups, but the fasting insulin levels were significantly lower in the exercise group. Body weight and triacylglycerol levels in the liver were significantly higher in OLETF than in LETO rats; however, among OLETF rats, these levels were significantly lower in the exercise than in the non-exercise group. The capillary-to-fiber ratio of the soleus muscle was significantly higher in OLETF than in LETO rats; however, among OLETF rats, the ratio was lower in the exercise group than in the non-exercise group. No significant differences in any of the studied parameters were noted between the single-bout and multiple-bout exercise training modes among either OLETF or LETO rats. These results suggest that low-intensity exercise training improves insulin sensitivity and fatty liver. Additionally, the fact that attenuation of excessive capillarization in the skeletal muscle of OLETF rats was accompanied by improvement in increased body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Fujita
- Department of Musculoskeletal Functional Research and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Saki Aono
- Department of Musculoskeletal Functional Research and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kohei Karasaki
- Department of Musculoskeletal Functional Research and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Fumi Sera
- Department of Musculoskeletal Functional Research and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kurose
- Department of Musculoskeletal Functional Research and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hidemi Fujino
- Life and Medical Science Area, Health Sciences Discipline, Kobe University, Suma-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Susumu Urakawa
- Department of Musculoskeletal Functional Research and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
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Mandel ER, Dunford EC, Abdifarkosh G, Turnbull PC, Perry CGR, Riddell MC, Haas TL. The superoxide dismutase mimetic tempol does not alleviate glucocorticoid-mediated rarefaction of rat skeletal muscle capillaries. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:e13243. [PMID: 28533261 PMCID: PMC5449555 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained elevations in circulating glucocorticoids elicit reductions in skeletal muscle microvascular content, but little is known of the underlying mechanisms. We hypothesized that glucocorticoid‐induced oxidative stress contributes to this phenomenon. In rats that were implanted with corticosterone (CORT) or control pellets, CORT caused a significant decrease in muscle glutathione levels and a corresponding increase in protein carbonylation, an irreversible oxidative modification of proteins. Decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase and increased endothelin‐1 mRNA levels were detected after 9 days of CORT, and blood flow to glycolytic muscles was diminished. Control and CORT rats were treated concurrently with drinking water containing the superoxide dismutase mimetic tempol (172 mg/L) or the α‐1 adrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin (50 mg/L) for 6 or 16 days. Both tempol and prazosin alleviated skeletal muscle protein carbonylation. Tempol failed to prevent CORT‐mediated capillary rarefaction and was ineffective in restoring skeletal muscle blood flow. In contrast, prazosin blocked capillary rarefaction and restored skeletal muscle blood flow to control levels. The failure of tempol to prevent CORT‐induced skeletal muscle microvascular rarefaction does not support a dominant role of superoxide‐induced oxidative stress in this process. Although a decrease in protein carbonylation was observed with prazosin treatment, our data suggest that the maintenance of skeletal muscle microvascular content is related more closely with counteracting the CORT‐mediated influence on skeletal muscle vascular tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Mandel
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and the Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily C Dunford
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and the Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ghoncheh Abdifarkosh
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and the Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick C Turnbull
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and the Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher G R Perry
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and the Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael C Riddell
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and the Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tara L Haas
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and the Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Dang TQ, Yoon N, Chasiotis H, Dunford EC, Feng Q, He P, Riddell MC, Kelly SP, Sweeney G. Transendothelial movement of adiponectin is restricted by glucocorticoids. J Endocrinol 2017; 234:101-114. [PMID: 28705835 PMCID: PMC6231241 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Altered permeability of the endothelial barrier in a variety of tissues has implications both in disease pathogenesis and treatment. Glucocorticoids are potent mediators of endothelial permeability, and this forms the basis for their heavily prescribed use as medications to treat ocular disease. However, the effect of glucocorticoids on endothelial barriers elsewhere in the body is less well studied. Here, we investigated glucocorticoid-mediated changes in endothelial flux of Adiponectin (Ad), a hormone with a critical role in diabetes. First, we used monolayers of endothelial cells in vitro and found that the glucocorticoid dexamethasone increased transendothelial electrical resistance and reduced permeability of polyethylene glycol (PEG, molecular weight 4000 Da). Dexamethasone reduced flux of Ad from the apical to basolateral side, measured both by ELISA and Western blotting. We then examined a diabetic rat model induced by treatment with exogenous corticosterone, which was characterized by glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia. There was no change in circulating Ad but less Ad protein in skeletal muscle homogenates, despite slightly higher mRNA levels, in diabetic vs control muscles. Dexamethasone-induced changes in Ad flux across endothelial monolayers were associated with alterations in the abundance of select claudin tight junction (TJ) proteins. shRNA-mediated knockdown of one such gene, claudin-7, in HUVEC resulted in decreased TEER and increased adiponectin flux, confirming the functional significance of Dex-induced changes in its expression. In conclusion, our study identifies glucocorticoid-mediated reductions in flux of Ad across endothelial monolayers in vivo and in vitro This suggests that impaired Ad action in target tissues, as a consequence of reduced transendothelial flux, may contribute to the glucocorticoid-induced diabetic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Q Dang
- Department of BiologyFaculty of Science York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nanyoung Yoon
- Department of BiologyFaculty of Science York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Helen Chasiotis
- Department of BiologyFaculty of Science York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Emily C Dunford
- School of Kinesiology and Health ScienceFaculty of Health and Muscle Health Research Center, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Qilong Feng
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Pingnian He
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Michael C Riddell
- School of Kinesiology and Health ScienceFaculty of Health and Muscle Health Research Center, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Scott P Kelly
- Department of BiologyFaculty of Science York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gary Sweeney
- Department of BiologyFaculty of Science York University, Toronto, Canada
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Effects of high-intensity interval versus mild-intensity endurance training on metabolic phenotype and corticosterone response in rats fed a high-fat or control diet. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181684. [PMID: 28727846 PMCID: PMC5519214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HI) to mild-intensity endurance training (ME), combined with a high-fat diet (HFD) or control diet (CD) on metabolic phenotype and corticosterone levels in rats. Fifty-three rats were randomized to 6 groups according to diet and training regimen as follows: CD and sedentary (CS, n = 11), CD and ME (CME, n = 8), CD and HI (CHI, n = 8), HFD and sedentary (HS, n = 10), HFD and ME (HME, n = 8), and HFD and HI (HHI, n = 8). All exercise groups were trained for 10 weeks and had matched running distances. Dietary intake, body composition, blood metabolites, and corticosterone levels were measured. Histological lipid droplets were observed in the livers. The HFD led to hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and higher body fat (all, P < 0.01, η2 > 0.06), as well as higher corticosterone levels (P < 0.01, η2 = 0.09) compared with the CD groups. Exercise training improved fat weight, glucose, and lipid profiles, and reduced corticosterone levels (P < 0.01, η2 = 0.123). Furthermore, body and fat weight, serum glucose and triglycerides, lipid content in the liver, and corticosterone levels (P < 0.05) were lower with HI training compared to ME training. Reductions in HFD-induced body weight gain, blood glucose and lipid profiles, and corticosterone levels, as well as improvements in QUICKI were better with HHI compared to HME. Correlation analyses revealed that corticosterone levels were significantly associated with phenotype variables (P < 0.01). Corticosterone level was inversely correlated with QUICKI (r = −0.38, P < 0.01). Altogether, these results indicate that HFD may elicit an exacerbated basal serum corticosterone level and thus producing a metabolic imbalance. Compared with ME training, HI training contributes to greater improvements in metabolic and corticosterone responses, leading to a greater reduction in susceptibility to HFD-induced disorders.
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Dunford EC, Mandel ER, Mohajeri S, Haas TL, Riddell MC. Metabolic effects of prazosin on skeletal muscle insulin resistance in glucocorticoid-treated male rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 312:R62-R73. [PMID: 27834289 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00146.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High-dose glucocorticoids (GC) induce skeletal muscle atrophy, insulin resistance, and reduced muscle capillarization. Identification of treatments to prevent or reverse capillary rarefaction and metabolic deterioration caused by prolonged elevations in GCs would be therapeutically beneficial. Chronic administration of prazosin, an α1-adrenergic antagonist, increases skeletal muscle capillarization in healthy rodents and, recently, in a rodent model of elevated GCs and hyperglycemia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether prazosin administration would improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, through prazosin-mediated sparing of capillary rarefaction, in this rodent model of increased GC exposure. Prazosin was provided in drinking water (50 mg/l) to GC-treated or control rats (400 mg implants of either corticosterone or a wax pellet) for 7 or 14 days (n = 5-14/group). Whole body measures of glucose metabolism were correlated with skeletal muscle capillarization (C:F) at 7 and 14 days in the four groups of rats. Individual C:F was found to be predictive of insulin sensitivity (r2 = 0.4781), but not of glucose tolerance (r2 = 0.1601) and compared with water only, prazosin treatment decreased insulin values during oral glucose challenge by approximately one-third in corticosterone (Cort)-treated animals. Cort treatment, regardless of duration, induced significant glycolytic skeletal muscle atrophy (P < 0.05), decreased IRS-1 protein content (P < 0.05), and caused elevations in FOXO1 protein expression (P < 0.05), which were unaffected with prazosin administration. In summary, it appears that α1-adrenergic antagonism improves Cort-induced skeletal muscle vascular impairments and reduces insulin secretion during an oral glucose tolerance test, but is unable to improve the negative alterations directly affecting the myocyte, including muscle size and muscle signaling protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Dunford
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erin R Mandel
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sepideh Mohajeri
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tara L Haas
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael C Riddell
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Dunford EC, Riddell MC. The Metabolic Implications of Glucocorticoids in a High-Fat Diet Setting and the Counter-Effects of Exercise. Metabolites 2016; 6:metabo6040044. [PMID: 27929385 PMCID: PMC5192450 DOI: 10.3390/metabo6040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones, naturally produced by activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, that mediate the immune and metabolic systems. Synthetic GCs are used to treat a number of inflammatory conditions and diseases including lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. Generally, chronic or high dose GC administration is associated with side effects such as steroid-induced skeletal muscle loss, visceral adiposity, and diabetes development. Patients who are taking exogenous GCs could also be more susceptible to poor food choices, but the effect that increasing fat consumption in combination with elevated exogenous GCs has only recently been investigated. Overall, these studies show that the damaging metabolic effects initiated through exogenous GC treatment are significantly amplified when combined with a high fat diet (HFD). Rodent studies of a HFD and elevated GCs demonstrate more glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, visceral adiposity, and skeletal muscle lipid deposition when compared to rodents subjected to either treatment on its own. Exercise has recently been shown to be a viable therapeutic option for GC-treated, high-fat fed rodents, with the potential mechanisms still being examined. Clinically, these mechanistic studies underscore the importance of a low fat diet and increased physical activity levels when individuals are given a course of GC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Dunford
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Michael C Riddell
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
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Boersma GJ, Tamashiro KL, Moran TH, Liang NC. Corticosterone administration in drinking water decreases high-fat diet intake but not preference in male rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R733-43. [PMID: 26818055 PMCID: PMC4867410 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00371.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the mechanisms through which regular exercise contributes to weight maintenance could be by reducing intake and preference for high-fat (HF) diets. Indeed, we previously demonstrated that wheel-running rats robustly reduced HF diet intake and preference. The reduced HF diet preference by wheel running can be so profound that the rats consumed only the chow diet and completely avoided the HF diet. Because previous research indicates that exercise activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and increases circulating levels of corticosterone, this study tested the hypothesis that elevation of circulating corticosterone is involved in wheel running-induced reduction in HF diet preference in rats.Experiment 1 measured plasma corticosterone levels under sedentary and wheel-running conditions in the two-diet-choice (high-carbohydrate chow vs. HF) feeding regimen. The results revealed that plasma corticosterone is significantly increased and positively correlated with the levels of running in wheel-running rats with two-diet choice.Experiments 2 and 3 determined whether elevated corticosterone without wheel running is sufficient to reduce HF diet intake and preference. Corticosterone was elevated by adding it to the drinking water. Compared with controls, corticosterone-drinking rats had reduced HF diet intake and body weight, but the HF diet preference between groups did not differ. The results of this study support a role for elevated corticosterone on the reduced HF diet intake during wheel running. The elevation of corticosterone alone, however, is not sufficient to produce a robust reduction in HF diet preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretha J Boersma
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kellie L Tamashiro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Timothy H Moran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Johns Hopkins Global Obesity Prevention Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Nu-Chu Liang
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, Champaign, Illinois
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