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Zakrzewski-Fruer JK, Morari V, Champion RB, Bailey DP, Ferrandino LE, Jones RL. Acute Cardiometabolic and Exercise Responses to Breakfast Omission Versus Breakfast Consumption in Adolescent Girls: A Randomised Crossover Trial. Nutrients 2023; 15:3210. [PMID: 37513628 PMCID: PMC10386247 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Girls often begin to skip breakfast during adolescence. This study compared the acute effect of breakfast omission versus consumption on cardiometabolic risk markers and perceived appetite and mood during rest and/or exercise in adolescent girls classified as habitual breakfast consumers. Girls (aged 13.2 ± 0.7 years) completed two 5.5 h conditions in a randomised crossover design: breakfast omission (BO) and standardised breakfast consumption (BC). A standardised lunch was provided at 3 h. Incremental cycling exercise was performed at 5 h. Blood and expired gas samples were taken at regular intervals. Whilst pre-lunch plasma glucose, insulin, and Metabolic Load Index incremental area under the curve (IAUC) were significantly lower in BO versus BC, post-lunch differences were reversed and larger in magnitude. Peak plasma glucose and insulin were significantly higher in BO versus BC. Pre-lunch perceived fullness and hunger were significantly lower and higher, respectively, in BO versus BC. Perceived energy and concentration were lower, and tiredness was higher, in BO versus BC. Exercise peak fat oxidation and Fatmax were unaffected. The lower physical activity enjoyment in BO versus BC approached significance. To conclude, acutely omitting breakfast adversely affects cardiometabolic risk markers and exercise enjoyment among adolescent girls who habitually consume breakfast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Zakrzewski-Fruer
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford MK41 9EA, UK
| | - Victoria Morari
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford MK41 9EA, UK
| | - Rachael B Champion
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford MK41 9EA, UK
| | - Daniel P Bailey
- Centre for Physical Activity in Health and Disease, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
- Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Louise E Ferrandino
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford MK41 9EA, UK
| | - Rebecca L Jones
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford MK41 9EA, UK
- Health Advancement Research Team (HART), School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
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Aparecido JML, Marquezi ML, Couto HLDO, Santos TMDS, Cruz AFC, Lopes NB, Cascapera MS, Xavier VB, Kochi C, Alves VLDS, Lancha AH. Six HIT Sessions Improve Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Metabolic Flexibility in Insulin Resistant and Insulin Sensitive Adolescents with Obesity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10568. [PMID: 36078293 PMCID: PMC9518555 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIT) on the cardiorespiratory performance and substrate oxidation pattern in insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive obese adolescents. METHODS We recruited 25 obese adolescents in three schools, and trained them in six HIT sessions, comprising of six series at 100% and recovery at 50% peak velocity (Vpeak). For the evaluation, the participants were divided into two groups: insulin-resistant (IR, n = 12; HOMA index ≥3.16) and insulin-sensitive (IS, n = 13). All participants underwent cardiopulmonary and indirect calorimetry testing. We compared the effects of HIT before and after the intervention among the two groups. The data were analyzed using Student's t and Mann-Whitney (intergroup comparisons) and Student's t and Wilcoxon (pre- and post-training comparisons) tests; and Cohen's d (influence of HIT). RESULTS There was a significant post-training increase in Vpeak, oxygen consumption (VO2), velocity (V), and heart rate (HR) at the exertion intensity at the first ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT1) in both groups (p < 0.05; d < 0.02). The exercise promoted changes in substrate oxidation rates of the groups, with an increase in carbohydrate oxidation (CHOox) for both IR (p = 0.064) and IS (p = 0.034). CONCLUSION Six HIT sessions improved cardiorespiratory performance in both groups and increased CHOox in insulin-sensitive obese adolescents, suggesting its utility for increasing physical fitness and controlling glycemia in these population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo Luis Marquezi
- Laboratory of Physical Education Research (LAPEF), University City of Sao Paulo (UNICID), Sao Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
| | | | - Thais Miriã da Silva Santos
- Laboratory of Physical Education Research (LAPEF), University City of Sao Paulo (UNICID), Sao Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Alison Fabiano Cunha Cruz
- Laboratory of Physical Education Research (LAPEF), University City of Sao Paulo (UNICID), Sao Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Nayara Barbosa Lopes
- Laboratory of Physical Education Research (LAPEF), University City of Sao Paulo (UNICID), Sao Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Santin Cascapera
- Pediatric Cardiology Group, Department of Pediatrics, Childcare of Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (ISCMSP), Sao Paulo 01221-010, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiane Kochi
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Childcare of Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (ISCMSP), Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Sao Paulo 01221-010, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia dos Santos Alves
- Physiotherapy Service, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, Postgraduate—Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC), Sao Paulo 01221-010, Brazil
| | - Antonio Herbert Lancha
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation Experimental Surgery (LIM 26), Clinic’s Hospital of Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
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Substrate Oxidation Is Altered by Obesity During Submaximal Cycling in Prepubertal and Early Pubertal Children: A Quality Study. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2021; 33:32-39. [PMID: 33721840 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2020-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine substrate oxidation in prepubertal and early pubertal children as a function of body weight, body composition, and sex during an exhaustive cycling test. METHODS This study included 320 children in prepubertal and early puberty (Tanner stage 1 or 2; n = 188 males) who completed a minimum of 4 stages (2-5 min/stage) of an adapted version of the McMaster exhaustive exercise protocol on an upright cycle ergometer. Substrate utilization, relative to individual VO2peak, was determined using VO2 and VCO2 data, obtained with breath-by-breath gas analysis during exercise. RESULTS Both peak (mg/kg lean body mass·min) and submaximal lipid oxidation (mg/kg lean body mass·min) were highest (P < .01) in children with healthy weight (HW), then overweight, and lowest in obese (OB). Both females with HW (compared with males with HW) and females with OB (compared with males with OB) had higher (P < .01) peak and submaximal lipid oxidation. In children with OB, fat-free mass correlated positively (P < .01) with submaximal lipid oxidation (r = .50). In contrast, in children with HW and overweight, fat-free mass correlated positively (P < .01) with carbohydrate oxidation (r = .52 and r = .47, respectively). CONCLUSION Obesity during childhood may alter substrate oxidation during exercise. These results may have implications in the implementation of exercise programs in prepubertal or early puberty to control adiposity.
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Chu L, Steinberg A, Mehta M, O'Kane C, Toulany A, Langer JC, Hamilton JK. Resting Energy Expenditure and Metabolic Adaptation in Adolescents at 12 Months After Bariatric Surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:2648-2656. [PMID: 30753542 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-02244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that metabolic adaptation occurs after bariatric surgery such that resting energy expenditure (REE) declines more than accounted for by body weight or body composition changes in adults. Little is known about REE and metabolic adaptation among adolescents after bariatric surgery. OBJECTIVE To examine changes in REE and metabolic adaptation among adolescents at 12 months (12M) after bariatric surgery. SETTING Pediatric hospital, Canada. METHODS Adolescents undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG) were followed. Bioelectrical impedance analysis and indirect calorimetry were completed to measure body composition and REE, respectively. Predicted REE was calculated using the Mifflin equation before and after bariatric surgery and a predictive equation using preoperative data. RESULTS Among 20 patients (15 girls), the mean age and body mass index at surgery were 17.2 ± 0.8 years and 48.7 ± 7.4 kg/m2, respectively. REE had decreased by 548.3 kcal/d at 12M postoperatively (P < 0.001). Metabolic adaptation, determined by two procedures, was negative and significantly different from baseline (P < 0.05). When stratified by surgery type, REE change at 12M was not significantly different (RYGB, -494.0 ± 260.9 kcal/d, n = 11; SG, -614.6 ± 344.4 kcal/d, n = 9; P = 0.384). Among 13 patients with REE data at 6 and 12M, no statistically significant difference was found (P = 0.368). CONCLUSIONS Predicted and measured REE was 19% and 25% lower at 12M, respectively, irrespective of bariatric surgery type. Metabolic adaptation might predispose adolescents to weight regain after bariatric surgery and warrants careful nutritional management and counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Chu
- SickKids Team Obesity Management Program, Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alissa Steinberg
- SickKids Team Obesity Management Program, Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Mehta
- SickKids Team Obesity Management Program, Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carley O'Kane
- SickKids Team Obesity Management Program, Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alene Toulany
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacob C Langer
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jill K Hamilton
- SickKids Team Obesity Management Program, Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Shi W, Hegeman MA, van Dartel DA, Tang J, Suarez M, Swarts H, van der Hee B, Arola L, Keijer J. Effects of a wide range of dietary nicotinamide riboside (NR) concentrations on metabolic flexibility and white adipose tissue (WAT) of mice fed a mildly obesogenic diet. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61:1600878. [PMID: 28211258 PMCID: PMC5573990 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Metabolic flexibility is the ability to switch metabolism between carbohydrate oxidation (CHO) and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and is a biomarker for metabolic health. The effect on metabolic health of nicotinamide riboside (NR) as an exclusive source of vitamin B3 is unknown and is examined here for a wide range of NR. DESIGN AND METHODS Nine-week-old male C57BL/6JRcc mice received a semi-purified mildly obesogenic (40 en% fat) diet containing 0.14% L-tryptophan and either 5, 15, 30, 180, or 900 mg NR per kg diet for 15 weeks. Body composition and metabolic parameters were analyzed. Metabolic flexibility was measured using indirect calorimetry. Gene expression in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) was measured using qRT-PCR . RESULTS The maximum delta respiratory exchange ratio when switching from CHO to FAO (maxΔRERCHO1→FAO ) and when switching from FAO to CHO (maxΔRERFAO→CHO2 ) were largest in 30 mg NR per kg diet (30NR). In eWAT, the gene expression of Pparγ, a master regulator of adipogenesis, and of Sod2 and Prdx3, two antioxidant genes, were significantly upregulated in 30NR compared to 5NR. CONCLUSION 30NR is most beneficial for metabolic health, in terms of metabolic flexibility and eWAT gene expression, of mice on an obesogenic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbiao Shi
- Human and Animal PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Maria A. Hegeman
- Human and Animal PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Jing Tang
- Human and Animal PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Institute of Animal SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
| | - Manuel Suarez
- Department of Biochemistry and BiotechnologyUniversity Rovira VirgiliTarragonaSpain
| | - Hans Swarts
- Human and Animal PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Bart van der Hee
- Human and Animal PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Lluis Arola
- Department of Biochemistry and BiotechnologyUniversity Rovira VirgiliTarragonaSpain
- Nutrition and Health Research GroupTechnological Center of Nutrition and Health (CTNS)ReusSpain
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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Alvarez C, Ramírez-Campillo R, Ramírez-Vélez R, Izquierdo M. Effects of 6-Weeks High-Intensity Interval Training in Schoolchildren with Insulin Resistance: Influence of Biological Maturation on Metabolic, Body Composition, Cardiovascular and Performance Non-responses. Front Physiol 2017; 8:444. [PMID: 28706490 PMCID: PMC5489677 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies have observed significant heterogeneity in the magnitude of change in measures of metabolic response to exercise training. There are a lack of studies examining the prevalence of non-responders (NRs) in children while considering other potential environmental factors involved such as biological maturation. Aim: To compare the effects and prevalence of NRs to improve the insulin resistance level (by HOMA-IR), as well as to other anthropometric, cardiovascular, and performance co-variables, between early (EM) and normal maturation (NM) in insulin-resistance schoolchildren after 6-weeks of HIIT. Methods: Sedentary children (age 11.4 ± 1.7 years) were randomized to either HIIT-EM group (n = 12) or HIIT-NM group (n = 17). Fasting glucose (FGL), fasting insulin (FINS) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistant (HOMA-IR) were assessed as the main outcomes, as well as the body composition [body mass, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and tricipital (TSF), suprailiac (SSF) and abdominal skinfold (AbdSF)], cardiovascular systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and muscular performance [one-repetition maximum strength leg-extension (1RMLE) and upper row (1RMUR) tests] co-variables were assessed before and after intervention. Responders or NRs to training were defined as a change in the typical error method from baseline to follow-up for the main outcomes and co-variables. Results: There were no significant differences between groups in the prevalence of NRs based on FGL, FINS, and HOMA-IR. There were significant differences in NRs prevalence to decrease co-variables body mass (HIIT-EM 66.6% vs. HIIT-NM 35.2%) and SBP (HIIT-EM 41.6% vs. HIIT-NM 70.5%). A high risk [based on odds ratios (OR)] of NRs cases was detected for FGL, OR = 3.2 (0.2 to 5.6), and HOMA-IR, OR = 3.2 (0.2 to 6.0). Additionally, both HIIT-EM and HIIT-NM groups showed significant decreases (P < 0.05) in TSF, SSF, and AbdSF skinfold, and similar decreases in fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. The HIIT-EM group showed significant decreases in SBP. The HIIT-NM group showed significant increases in 1RMLE and 1RMUR. A large effect size was observed for pre-post changes in TSF in both groups, as well as in SSF in the HIIT-NM group. Conclusion: Although there were no differences in the prevalence of NRs to metabolic variables between groups of insulin resistance schoolchildren of different maturation starting, other NRs differences were found to body mass and systolic BP, suggesting that anthropometric and cardiovascular parameters can be playing a role in the NRs prevalence after HIIT. These results were displayed with several metabolic, body composition, blood pressure, and performance improvements independent of an early/normal maturation or the prevalence of NRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Alvarez
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los LagosOsorno, Chile
- Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sports, Universidad de Los LagosOsorno, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los LagosOsorno, Chile
- Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sports, Universidad de Los LagosOsorno, Chile
| | - Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del RosarioBogotá, Colombia
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento SaludableTudela, Spain
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Reinehr T. Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: a Critical Approach Considering the Interaction between Pubertal Stage and Insulin Resistance. Curr Diab Rep 2016; 16:8. [PMID: 26747052 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-015-0695-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pediatricians increasingly diagnose the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in recent years to describe cardiovascular risk and to guide management of the obese child. However, there is an ongoing discussion about how to define the MetS in childhood and adolescence. Since insulin resistance-the major driver of MetS-is influenced by pubertal stage, it is questionable to use definitions for MetS in children and adolescents that do not take into account pubertal status. A metabolic healthy status in prepubertal stage does not predict a metabolic healthy status during puberty. Furthermore, cardiovascular risk factors improve at the end of puberty without treatment. However, having a uniform internationally accepted definition of the MetS for children and adolescents would be very helpful for the description of populations in different studies. Therefore, the concept of MetS has to be revisited under the influence of puberty stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Reinehr
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Children's Hospital, University of Witten/Herdecke, Dr. F. Steiner Str. 5, 45711, Datteln, Germany.
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Robinson SL, Hattersley J, Frost GS, Chambers ES, Wallis GA. Maximal fat oxidation during exercise is positively associated with 24-hour fat oxidation and insulin sensitivity in young, healthy men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:1415-22. [PMID: 25814634 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00058.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in fat oxidation have been associated with an increased risk of obesity and metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance. There is large intersubject variability in the capacity to oxidize fat when a person is physically active, although the significance of this for metabolic health is unclear. We investigated whether the maximal capacity to oxidize fat during exercise is related to 24-h fat oxidation and insulin sensitivity. Maximal fat oxidation (MFO; indirect calorimetry during incremental exercise) and insulin sensitivity (Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index) were measured in 53 young, healthy men (age 24 ± 7 yr, V̇o2max 52 ± 6 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)). Fat oxidation over 24 h (24-h FO; indirect calorimetry) was assessed in 16 young, healthy men (age 26 ± 8 yr, V̇o2max 52 ± 6 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)) during a 36-h stay in a whole-room respiration chamber. MFO (g/min) was positively correlated with 24-h FO (g/day) (R = 0.65, P = 0.003; R = 0.46, P = 0.041 when controlled for V̇o2max [l/min]), 24-h percent energy from FO (R = 0.58, P = 0.009), and insulin sensitivity (R = 0.33, P = 0.007). MFO (g/min) was negatively correlated with 24-h fat balance (g/day) (R = -0.51, P = 0.021) but not significantly correlated with 24-h respiratory quotient (R = -0.29, P = 0.142). Although additional investigations are needed, our data showing positive associations between MFO and 24-h FO, and between MFO and insulin sensitivity in healthy young men suggests that a high capacity to oxidize fat while one is physically active could be advantageous for the maintenance of metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Robinson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - John Hattersley
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, United Kingdom; University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gary S Frost
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward S Chambers
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth A Wallis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom;
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Croci I, Hickman IJ, Wood RE, Borrani F, Macdonald GA, Byrne NM. Fat oxidation over a range of exercise intensities: fitness versus fatness. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:1352-9. [PMID: 25356842 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Maximal fat oxidation (MFO), as well as the exercise intensity at which it occurs (Fatmax), have been reported as lower in sedentary overweight individuals but have not been studied in trained overweight individuals. The aim of this study was to compare Fatmax and MFO in lean and overweight recreationally trained males matched for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and to study the relationships between these variables, anthropometric characteristics, and CRF. Twelve recreationally trained overweight (high fatness (HiFat) group, 30.0% ± 5.3% body fat) and 12 lean males (low fatness (LoFat), 17.2% ± 5.7% body fat) matched for CRF (maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max) 39.0 ± 5.5 vs. 41.4 ± 7.6 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1), p = 0.31) and age (p = 0.93) performed a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer. V̇O2max and fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates were determined using indirect calorimetry; Fatmax and MFO were determined with a mathematical model (SIN); and % body fat was assessed by air displacement plethysmography. MFO (0.38 ± 0.19 vs. 0.42 ± 0.16 g·min(-1), p = 0.58), Fatmax (46.7% ± 8.6% vs. 45.4% ± 7.2% V̇O2max, p = 0.71), and fat oxidation rates over a wide range of exercise intensities were not significantly different (p > 0.05) between HiFat and LoFat groups. In the overall cohort (n = 24), MFO and Fatmax were correlated with V̇O2max (r = 0.46, p = 0.02; r = 0.61, p = 0.002) but not with % body fat or body mass index (p > 0.05). Fat oxidation during exercise was similar in recreationally trained overweight and lean males matched for CRF. Consistently, substrate oxidation rates during exercise were not related to adiposity (% body fat) but were related to CRF. The benefits of high CRF independent of body weight and % body fat should be further highlighted in the management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Croci
- a The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
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