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Koirala B, Concas A, Cincotti A, Sun Y, Hernández A, Goodwin ML, Gladden LB, Lai N. Estimation of differential pathlength factor from NIRS measurement in skeletal muscle. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2024; 326:104283. [PMID: 38788987 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2024.104283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of continuous wave (CW) near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) device to measure non-invasively muscle oxygenation in healthy and disease states is limited by the uncertainties related to the differential path length factor (DPF). DPF value is required to quantify oxygenated and deoxygenated heme groups' concentration changes from measurement of optical densities by NIRS. An integrated approach that combines animal and computational models of oxygen transport and utilization was used to estimate the DPF value in situ. The canine model of muscle oxidative metabolism allowed measurement of both venous oxygen content and tissue oxygenation by CW NIRS under different oxygen delivery conditions. The experimental data obtained from the animal model were integrated in a computational model of O2 transport and utilization and combined with Beer-Lambert law to estimate DPF value in contracting skeletal muscle. A 2.1 value was found for DPF by fitting the mathematical model to the experimental data obtained in contracting muscle (T3) (Med.Sci.Sports.Exerc.48(10):2013-2020,2016). With the estimated value of DPF, model simulations well predicted the optical density measured by NIRS on the same animal model but with different blood flow, arterial oxygen contents and contraction rate (J.Appl.Physiol.108:1169-1176, 2010 and 112:9-19,2013) and demonstrated the robustness of the approach proposed in estimating DPF value. The approach used can overcome the semi-quantitative nature of the NIRS and estimate non-invasively DPF to obtain an accurate concentration change of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemo groups by CW NIRS measurements in contracting skeletal muscle under different oxygen delivery and contraction rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Koirala
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - A Concas
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - A Cincotti
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Yi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; School of Physical Education & Health Care, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - A Hernández
- Faculty Research Liaison School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts University of California, USA
| | - M L Goodwin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - L B Gladden
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - N Lai
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Italy; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA; Biomedical Engineering Institute; Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Katagiri M, Nakabayashi M, Matsuda Y, Ono Y, Ichinose M. Differential changes in blood flow and oxygen utilization in active muscles between voluntary exercise and electrical muscle stimulation in young adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:1053-1064. [PMID: 38482573 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00863.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The physiological effects on blood flow and oxygen utilization in active muscles during and after involuntary contraction triggered by electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) remain unclear, particularly compared with those elicited by voluntary (VOL) contractions. Therefore, we used diffuse correlation and near-infrared spectroscopy (DCS-NIRS) to compare changes in local muscle blood flow and oxygen consumption during and after these two types of muscle contractions in humans. Overall, 24 healthy young adults participated in the study, and data were successfully obtained from 17 of them. Intermittent (2-s contraction, 2-s relaxation) isometric ankle dorsiflexion with a target tension of 20% of maximal VOL contraction was performed by EMS or VOL for 2 min, followed by a 6-min recovery period. DCS-NIRS probes were placed on the tibialis anterior muscle, and relative changes in local tissue blood flow index (rBFI), oxygen extraction fraction (rOEF), and metabolic rate of oxygen (rMRO2) were continuously derived. EMS induced more significant increases in rOEF and rMRO2 than VOL exercise but a comparable increase in rBFI. After EMS, rBFI and rMRO2 decreased more slowly than after VOL and remained significantly higher until the end of the recovery period. We concluded that EMS augments oxygen consumption in contracting muscles by enhancing oxygen extraction while increasing oxygen delivery at a rate similar to the VOL exercise. Under the conditions examined in this study, EMS demonstrated a more pronounced and/or prolonged enhancement in local muscle perfusion and aerobic metabolism compared with VOL exercise in healthy participants.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to visualize continuous changes in blood flow and oxygen utilization within contracted muscles during and after electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) using combined diffuse correlation and near-infrared spectroscopy. We found that initiating EMS increases blood flow at a rate comparable to that during voluntary (VOL) exercise but enhances oxygen extraction, resulting in higher oxygen consumption. Furthermore, EMS increased postexercise muscle perfusion and oxygen consumption compared with that after VOL exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Katagiri
- Electrical Engineering Program, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mikie Nakabayashi
- Electrical Engineering Program, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Matsuda
- Faculty of Medical Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yumie Ono
- Department of Electronics and Bioinformatics, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Ichinose
- Human Integrative Physiology Laboratory, School of Business Administration, Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan
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Park SY, Pekas EJ, Anderson CP, Kambis TN, Mishra PK, Schieber MN, Wooden TK, Thompson JR, Kim KS, Pipinos II. Impaired microcirculatory function, mitochondrial respiration, and oxygen utilization in skeletal muscle of claudicating patients with peripheral artery disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 322:H867-H879. [PMID: 35333113 PMCID: PMC9018007 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00690.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is an atherosclerotic disease that impairs blood flow and muscle function in the lower limbs. A skeletal muscle myopathy characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage is present in PAD; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well established. We investigated the impact of chronic ischemia on skeletal muscle microcirculatory function and its association with leg skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and oxygen delivery and utilization capacity in PAD. Gastrocnemius samples and arterioles were harvested from patients with PAD (n = 10) and age-matched controls (Con, n = 11). Endothelium-dependent and independent vasodilation was assessed in response to flow (30 μL·min-1), acetylcholine, and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration was quantified by high-resolution respirometry, microvascular oxygen delivery, and utilization capacity (tissue oxygenation index, TOI) were assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy. Vasodilation was attenuated in PAD (P < 0.05) in response to acetylcholine (Con: 71.1 ± 11.1%, PAD: 45.7 ± 18.1%) and flow (Con: 46.6 ± 20.1%, PAD: 29.3 ± 10.5%) but not SNP (P = 0.30). Complex I + II state 3 respiration (P < 0.01) and TOI recovery rate were impaired in PAD (P < 0.05). Both flow and acetylcholine-mediated vasodilation were positively associated with complex I + II state 3 respiration (r = 0.5 and r = 0.5, respectively, P < 0.05). Flow-mediated vasodilation and complex I + II state 3 respiration were positively associated with TOI recovery rate (r = 0.8 and r = 0.7, respectively, P < 0.05). These findings suggest that chronic ischemia attenuates skeletal muscle arteriole endothelial function, which may be a key mediator for mitochondrial and microcirculatory dysfunction in the PAD leg skeletal muscle. Targeting microvascular dysfunction may be an effective strategy to prevent and/or reverse disease progression in PAD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Ex vivo skeletal muscle arteriole endothelial function is impaired in claudicating patients with PAD, and this is associated with attenuated skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration. In vivo skeletal muscle oxygen delivery and utilization capacity is compromised in PAD, and this may be due to microcirculatory and mitochondrial dysfunction. These results suggest that targeting skeletal muscle arteriole function may lead to improvements in skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration and oxygen delivery and utilization capacity in claudicating patients with PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Young Park
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Elizabeth J Pekas
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Cody P Anderson
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Tyler N Kambis
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Paras K Mishra
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Molly N Schieber
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - TeSean K Wooden
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jonathan R Thompson
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kyung Soo Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Surgery and Veterans Affairs Research Service, Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Iraklis I Pipinos
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Surgery and Veterans Affairs Research Service, Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
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Park SY, Wooden TK, Pekas EJ, Anderson CP, Yadav SK, Slivka DR, Layec G. Effects of passive and active leg movements to interrupt sitting in mild hypercapnia on cardiovascular function in healthy adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:874-887. [PMID: 35175102 PMCID: PMC8934680 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00799.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged sitting in a mild hypercapnic environment impairs peripheral vascular function. The effects of sitting interruptions using passive or active skeletal muscle contractions are still unclear. Therefore, we sought to examine the vascular effects of brief periods (2 min every half hour) of passive and active lower limb movement to interrupt prolonged sitting with mild hypercapnia in adults. Fourteen healthy adults (24 ± 2 yr) participated in three experimental visits sitting for 2.5 h in a mild hypercapnic environment (CO2 = 1,500 ppm): control (CON, no limb movement), passive lower limb movement (PASS), and active lower limb movement (ACT) during sitting. At all visits, brachial and popliteal artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), microvascular function, plasmatic levels of nitrate/nitrite and endothelin-1, and heart rate variability were assessed before and after sitting. Brachial and popliteal artery FMDs were reduced in CON and PASS (P < 0.05) but were preserved (P > 0.05) in ACT. Microvascular function was blunted in CON (P < 0.05) but was preserved in PASS and ACT (P > 0.05). In addition, total plasma nitrate/nitrite was preserved in ACT (P > 0.05) but was reduced in CON and PASS (P < 0.05), and endothelin-1 levels were decreased in ACT (P < 0.05). Both passive and active movement induced a greater ratio between the low-frequency and high-frequency bands for heart rate variability (P < 0.05). For the first time, to our knowledge, we found that brief periods of passive leg movement can preserve microvascular function, but that an intervention that elicits larger increases in shear rate, such as low-intensity exercise, is required to fully protect both macrovascular and microvascular function and circulating vasoactive substance balance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Passive leg movement could not preserve macrovascular endothelial function, whereas active leg movement could protect endothelial function. Attenuated microvascular function can be salvaged by passive movement and active movement. Preservation of macrovascular hemodynamics and plasma total nitrate/nitrite and endothelin-1 during prolonged sitting requires active movement. These findings dissociate the impacts induced by mechanical stress (passive movement) from the change in metabolism (active movement) on the vasculature during prolonged sitting in a mild hypercapnic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Young Park
- 1School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - TeSean K. Wooden
- 1School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Elizabeth J. Pekas
- 1School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Cody P. Anderson
- 1School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Santosh K. Yadav
- 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Dustin R. Slivka
- 1School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Gwenael Layec
- 3Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts,4Institute for Applied Life Sciences, Amherst, Massachusetts
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Hooff M, Meijer EJ, Scheltinga MRM, Savelberg HHCM, Schep G. Test–retest reliability of skeletal muscle oxygenation measurement using near‐infrared spectroscopy during exercise in patients with sport‐related iliac artery flow limitation. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2022; 42:114-126. [PMID: 35075811 PMCID: PMC9306874 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ankle‐brachial index is an accurate tool for detecting claudication in atherosclerotic patients. However, this technique fails to identify subtle flow limitations of the iliac arteries (FLIA) in endurance athletes. Near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive technique that measures skeletal muscle tissue oxygenation status. The aim of the present study is to examine the absolute and relative test–retest reliability of NIRS and evaluate its potential as a diagnostic tool in FLIA. NIRS‐derived exercise variables were analyzed during exercise and recovery in FLIA 17 patients and 19 healthy controls. The relative reliability of absolute variables (such as the maximal value) were slight to yet predominantly substantial (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC], ICC range: 0.06–0.76) with good to excellent absolute reliability (absolute limits of agreement [ALoA], ALoA range: 0.8 ± 10.2 to 0.7 ± 13.1; coefficient of variation [CV], CV range: 5%–11%). Absolute values encompassing signal amplitudes showed moderate to almost perfect relative reliability (ICC range: 0.51–0.89) and poor to good absolute reliability (ALoA range: −1.3 ± 7.0 to −2.5 ± 15.7; CV range: 15%–32%). Kinetic variables showed moderate to almost perfect relative reliability for most recovery kinetics variables (ICC range: 0.54–0.86) with fair to good absolute reliability (ALoA range: 0.4 ± 12.2 to 3.9 ± 37.9; CV range: 18%–27%). Particularly, kinetic variables showed significant differences between patients and healthy subjects. NIRS is found to be a reliable method for examining muscle tissue oxygenation variables. Given the significant differences in especially recovery kinetics between normal subjects and patients, NIRS may contribute to diagnosing FLIA in endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Hooff
- Department of Sports and Exercise Máxima Medical Centre Veldhoven Noord‐Brabant The Netherlands
- Department of Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences Maastricht University Maastricht Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Eduard J. Meijer
- Department of Clinical Physics Máxima Medical Centre Veldhoven Noord‐Brabant The Netherlands
| | - Marc R. M. Scheltinga
- Department of Clinical Physics Máxima Medical Centre Veldhoven Noord‐Brabant The Netherlands
- Department of Vascular Surgery Máxima Medical Centre Veldhoven Noord‐Brabant The Netherlands
| | - Hans H. C. M. Savelberg
- Department of Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences Maastricht University Maastricht Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Goof Schep
- Department of Sports and Exercise Máxima Medical Centre Veldhoven Noord‐Brabant The Netherlands
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Tseng SH, Liang BJ, Wang W, Tsai BX, Hu PS. Monitoring adaptation of skin tissue oxygenation during cycling ergometer exercise by frequency-domain diffuse optical spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:5023-5035. [PMID: 34513240 PMCID: PMC8407841 DOI: 10.1364/boe.428207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In addition to supplying oxygen molecule O2 for metabolic functions during the adaptation to exercise, blood also plays a critical role in heat dissipation for core temperature stabilization. This study investigates the status of hemodynamic oxygenation in the forearm's skin tissue of three participants during a complete ergometer exercise from the resting to exercising, and to recovering conditions using a three-wavelength frequency-domain diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (FD DRS) alongside the monitoring of heartbeat rate and skin temperature. The FD DRS system was synchronized with radiofrequency (RF)-modulated input photon sources and the respective output to extract time-course absorption and scattering coefficients of the skin tissue, which, through the fitting of lambert's law of absorbance, can be used to determine the concentration of oxygenated/deoxygenated hemoglobin molecules, and consequentially, the oxygen saturation of skin tissue and total hemoglobin (THb) concentration. Expressly, a sudden jump in heartbeat rate at the beginning of the exercise, a temporal lag of the rising edge of skin temperature behind that of the THb concentration in the procession of step-wise incremental working intensity, and the uprising of THb in the exhaustion zone in responses to the physiological adaptation to exercise were identified. Finally, conclusive remarks were drawn that the FD DRS system is useful in extracting the hemodynamic properties of forearm skin which is often being neglected in previous exercise physiology studies by DRS-related techniques. The detailed variation of hemodynamic and optical scattering parameters of forearm skin elucidated in the studies can be applied for the analysis of athletes' physiological status, and may be a potential reference for the design of future wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hao Tseng
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Jian Liang
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Xiang Tsai
- College of Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Tainan, 71150, Taiwan
| | - Po-Sheng Hu
- College of Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Tainan, 71150, Taiwan
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Istfan R, Gómez CA, Applegate M, Rozenberg D, Reid WD, Roblyer D. Hemodynamics of the sternocleidomastoid measured with frequency domain near-infrared spectroscopy towards non-invasive monitoring during mechanical ventilation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:4147-4162. [PMID: 34457405 PMCID: PMC8367268 DOI: 10.1364/boe.430423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation (MV) is used to assist spontaneous breathing in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). MV is a cornerstone of critical care medicine but it is now known that inspiratory muscle dysfunction due to injury, disuse, and/or atrophy during MV plays a major role in outcomes for these patients. For example, prolonged MV is strongly correlated with dysfunction of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM), an accessory inspiratory muscle that has been linked to weaning failure from MV. Hemodynamic monitoring of the SCM may provide an important non-invasive and real-time means to monitor MV. In this work, we first conducted multi-layer Monte Carlo simulations to confirm the ability of near infrared light to detect changes in the oxygenation of the SCM over wide ranges of skin tones and adipose layer thicknesses. We then optimized a custom digital frequency domain near-infrared spectroscopy (FD-NIRS) system for continuous 10 Hz measurements of the SCM at 730 nm and 850 nm. A healthy volunteer study was conducted (N=10); subjects performed sets of isometric neck flexions of the SCM. Substantial changes in oxyhemoglobin + oxymyoglobin (oxy[Hb + Mb]), deoxyhemoglobin + deoxymyoglobin (deoxy[Hb + Mb]), and total hemoglobin + myoglobin (total[Hb + Mb]) were observed during sustained and intermittent isometric flexions. There were notable sex differences observed in the magnitude of hemodynamic changes (∼2x larger changes in males for oxy[Hb + Mb] and deoxy[Hb + Mb]). The magnitude of hemodynamic changes when taking into account µs' changes during flexions was ∼ 2-2.5x larger as compared to assuming constant scattering (CS), which is a common assumption used for continuous wave (CW) NIRS methods. This study suggests that FD-NIRS provides improved accuracy for hemodynamic monitoring of the SCM compared to CW-NIRS, and that FD-NIRS may provide value for SCM monitoring during MV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raeef Istfan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Carlos A. Gómez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Matthew Applegate
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Dmitry Rozenberg
- Department of Medicine, Respirology and Lung Transplantation, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - W. Darlene Reid
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- KITE - Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Darren Roblyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02125, USA
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Endo T, Kime R, Fuse S, Murase N, Kurosawa Y, Hamaoka T. Changes in Optical Path Length Reveal Significant Potential Errors of Muscle Oxygenation Evaluation during Exercise in Humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:853-859. [PMID: 33017349 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), performed with a commonly available noninvasive tissue oxygenation monitoring device, is based on the modified Beer-Lambert law (MBLL). Although NIRS based on MBLL (NIRSMBLL) assumes that the optical path length (PL) is constant, the effects of changes in PL during exercise on muscle oxygenation calculated by MBLL are still incompletely understood. Thus, the purposes of this study were to examine the changes in optical properties during ramp incremental exercise and to compare muscle oxygen dynamics measured by time-resolved NIRS with those calculated based on MBLL. METHODS Twenty-two healthy young men performed ramp incremental cycling exercise until exhaustion. Optical properties (reduced scattering coefficient and PL) and absolute oxygenated, deoxygenated, and total hemoglobin and myoglobin concentrations (oxy[Hb + Mb], deoxy[Hb + Mb], and total[Hb + Mb], respectively) at the vastus lateralis were continuously monitored by a three-wavelength (763, 801, and 836) time-resolved NIRS device. The values of oxy-, deoxy-, and total[Hb + Mb] were then recalculated by assuming constant PL. RESULTS PL at all wavelengths statistically significantly shortened during exercise. In particular, PL at 763 nm was greatly shortened, and the average changes during exercise were a 9.8% ± 3.1% reduction. In addition, significant differences in the kinetics of oxy-, deoxy-, and total[Hb + Mb] between directly measuring PL and assuming constant PL were found. The average changes in measured PL and assuming constant PL-deoxy[Hb + Mb] were increases of 28.8 ± 16.0 μM and increases of 16.4 ± 9.3 μM, respectively. CONCLUSION Assuming constant PL in NIRSMBLL significantly underestimated actual muscle oxy/deoxygenation as compared with measurements obtained by real-time PL determination. The percent degree of the underestimated oxy/deoxygenation was greater than the percent degree of the changes in PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuki Endo
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, JAPAN
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Bartlett MF, Jordan SM, Hueber DM, Nelson MD. Impact of changes in tissue optical properties on near-infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy measures of skeletal muscle blood flow. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1183-1195. [PMID: 33571054 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00857.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is increasingly used to study relative changes in skeletal muscle blood flow. However, most diffuse correlation spectrometers assume that tissue optical properties-such as absorption (μa) and reduced scattering (μ's) coefficients-remain constant during physiological provocations, which is untrue for skeletal muscle. Here, we interrogate how changes in tissue μa and μ's affect DCS calculations of blood flow index (BFI). We recalculated BFI using raw autocorrelation curves and μa/μ's values recorded during a reactive hyperemia protocol in 16 healthy young individuals. First, we show that incorrectly assuming baseline μa and μ's substantially affects peak BFI and BFI slope when expressed in absolute terms (cm2/s, P < 0.01), but these differences are abolished when expressed in relative terms (% baseline). Next, to evaluate the impact of physiologic changes in μa and μ's, we compared peak BFI and BFI slope when μa and μ's were held constant throughout the reactive hyperemia protocol versus integrated from a 3-s rolling average. Regardless of approach, group means for peak BFI and BFI slope did not differ. Group means for peak BFI and BFI slope were also similar following ad absurdum analyses, where we simulated supraphysiologic changes in μa/μ's. In both cases, however, we identified individual cases where peak BFI and BFI slope were indeed affected, with this result being driven by relative changes in μa over μ's. Overall, these results provide support for past reports in which μa/μ's were held constant but also advocate for real-time incorporation of μa and μ's moving forward.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We investigated how changes in tissue optical properties affect near-infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy (NIR-DCS)-derived indices of skeletal muscle blood flow (BFI) during physiological provocation. Although accounting for changes in tissue optical properties has little impact on BFI on a group level, individual BFI calculations are indeed impacted by changes in tissue optical properties. NIR-DCS calculations of BFI should therefore account for real-time, physiologically induced changes in tissue optical properties whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles F Bartlett
- Applied Physiology and Advanced Imaging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Scott M Jordan
- College of Information and Computer Sciences, The University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | | | - Michael D Nelson
- Applied Physiology and Advanced Imaging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
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Impact of supine versus upright exercise on muscle deoxygenation heterogeneity during ramp incremental cycling is site specific. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1283-1296. [PMID: 33575912 PMCID: PMC8064998 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04607-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We tested the hypothesis that incremental ramp cycling exercise performed in the supine position (S) would be associated with an increased reliance on muscle deoxygenation (deoxy[heme]) in the deep and superficial vastus lateralis (VLd and VLs, respectively) and the superficial rectus femoris (RFs) when compared to the upright position (U). METHODS 11 healthy men completed ramp incremental exercise tests in S and U. Pulmonary [Formula: see text]O2 was measured breath-by-breath; deoxy[heme] was determined via time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy in the VLd, VLs and RFs. RESULTS Supine exercise increased the overall change in deoxy[heme] from baseline to maximal exercise in the VLs (S: 38 ± 23 vs. U: 26 ± 15 μM, P < 0.001) and RFs (S: 36 ± 21 vs. U: 25 ± 15 μM, P < 0.001), but not in the VLd (S: 32 ± 23 vs. U: 29 ± 26 μM, P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The present study supports that the impaired balance between O2 delivery and O2 utilization observed during supine exercise is a regional phenomenon within superficial muscles. Thus, deep muscle defended its O2 delivery/utilization balance against the supine-induced reductions in perfusion pressure. The differential responses of these muscle regions may be explained by a regional heterogeneity of vascular and metabolic control properties, perhaps related to fiber type composition.
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Endo T, Kime R, Fuse S, Murase N, Kurosawa Y, Hamaoka T. Reduced Scattering Coefficient During Incremental Exercise Is Constant Without Being Affected by Changes in Muscle Oxygenation or Hemodynamics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1269:107-112. [PMID: 33966203 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48238-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that the reduced scattering coefficient (μs') in the vastus lateralis changes during ramp-incremental exercise due to blood volume changes or accumulation of metabolic by-products. We aimed to clarify the influences of deoxygenation and blood volume changes during exercise on μs' dynamics in subjects with various aerobic capacities. Twenty-three healthy young men participated in this study. All subjects performed a ramp-incremental cycling exercise until exhaustion and were divided into two groups: lower (Low: n = 12; peak pulmonary oxygen uptake per kg of fat-free mass (VO2peak), 54.2 ± 5.3 mL/kg/min) and higher aerobic capacity group (High: n = 11; VO2peak, 69.7 ± 5.2 mL/kg/min) by median of VO2peak. Deoxygenated hemoglobin and myoglobin concentrations (deoxy[Hb + Mb]) and total [Hb + Mb] (total[Hb + Mb]) in the vastus lateralis were monitored during the exercise by three-wavelength (760, 800, and 830 nm) time-resolved NIRS. Similarly, μs' at each wavelength was continuously monitored. With increasing exercise intensity, deoxy[Hb + Mb] and total[Hb + Mb] significantly increased in both groups, and the average values of the peak amplitudes of deoxy[Hb + Mb] and total[Hb + Mb] during exercise showed a 106.4% increase and a 17.9% increase from the start of the exercise, respectively. Furthermore, the peak amplitude of total[Hb + Mb] was significantly greater in High. Conversely, there were no changes in μs' at any wavelength during exercise and no differences between two groups, suggesting that the great deoxygenation and blood volume changes during incremental exercise have little effect on μs' dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuki Endo
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Kime
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Sayuri Fuse
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Murase
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Kurosawa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hamaoka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Pirovano I, Porcelli S, Re R, Spinelli L, Contini D, Marzorati M, Torricelli A. Effect of adipose tissue thickness and tissue optical properties on the differential pathlength factor estimation for NIRS studies on human skeletal muscle. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:571-587. [PMID: 33659090 PMCID: PMC7899498 DOI: 10.1364/boe.412447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We propose a quantitative and systematic investigation of the differential pathlength factor (DPF) behavior for skeletal muscles and its dependence on different factors, such as the subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness (ATT), the variations of the tissue absorption (µa ) and reduced scattering (µ's ) coefficients, and the source-detector distance. A time domain (TD) NIRS simulation study is performed in a two-layer geometry mimicking a human skeletal muscle with an overlying adipose tissue layer. The DPF decreases when µa increases, while it increases when µ's increases. Moreover, a positive correlation between DPF and ATT is found. These results are supported by an in-vivo TD NIRS study on vastus lateralis and biceps brachii muscles of eleven subjects at rest, showing a high inter-subject and inter-muscle variability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Porcelli
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rebecca Re
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Spinelli
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Contini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Marzorati
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Torricelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
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13
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Arakaki LSL, Ciesielski WA, McMullan DM, Schenkman KA. Noninvasive Cellular Oxygenation Measurement During Graded Hypoxia Using Visible-Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:1263-1273. [PMID: 32662282 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820938867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In critically ill patients, direct knowledge of intracellular pO2 would allow for identification of cellular hypoxia, which when prolonged leads to organ failure. We have developed a visible-near-infrared optical system that noninvasively measures myoglobin saturation, which is directly related to intracellular pO2, from the surface of the skin. We used an animal model of graded hypoxia from low levels of inspired oxygen (n = 5) and verified that low intracellular pO2 is correlated with high steady-state serum lactate values. In addition, the pO2 gradient between arterial blood and inside muscle cells was 83 mm Hg at 21% O2, but fell to 24 mm Hg at 8% O2. Continuous myoglobin saturation measurement in skeletal muscle displayed the same trends as cerebral oxygenation with no lag in changes over time, demonstrating its relevance as a measure of systemic oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wayne A Ciesielski
- Department of Pediatrics, 7284University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Kenneth A Schenkman
- Department of Pediatrics, 7284University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, 7284University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, 7284University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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14
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Goulding RP, Okushima D, Marwood S, Poole DC, Barstow TJ, Lei TH, Kondo N, Koga S. Impact of supine exercise on muscle deoxygenation kinetics heterogeneity: mechanistic insights into slow pulmonary oxygen uptake dynamics. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:535-546. [PMID: 32702271 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00213.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen uptake (V̇o2) kinetics are slowed in the supine (S) position purportedly due to impaired muscle O2 delivery ([Formula: see text]); however, these conclusions are predicated on single-site measurements in superficial muscle using continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). This study aimed to determine the impact of body position [i.e., upright (U) versus S] on deep and superficial muscle deoxygenation (deoxy[heme]) using time-resolved (TR-) NIRS, and how these relate to slowed pulmonary V̇o2 kinetics. Seventeen healthy men completed constant power tests during 1) S heavy-intensity exercise and 2) U exercise at the same absolute work rate, with a subset of 10 completing additional tests at the same relative work rate as S. Pulmonary V̇o2 was measured breath-by-breath and, deoxy- and total[heme] were resolved via TR-NIRS in the superficial and deep vastus lateralis and superficial rectus femoris. The fundamental phase V̇o2 time constant was increased during S compared with U (S: 36 ± 10 vs. U: 27 ± 8 s; P < 0.001). The deoxy[heme] amplitude (S: 25-28 vs. U: 13-18 µM; P < 0.05) and total[heme] amplitude (S: 17-20 vs. U: 9-16 µM; P < 0.05) were greater in S compared with U and were consistent for the same absolute (above data) and relative work rates (n = 10, all P < 0.05). The greater deoxy- and total[heme] amplitudes in S vs. U supports that reduced perfusive [Formula: see text] in S, even within deep muscle, necessitated a greater reliance on fractional O2 extraction and diffusive [Formula: see text]. The slower V̇o2 kinetics in S versus U demonstrates that, ultimately, these adjustments were insufficient to prevent impairments in whole body oxidative metabolism.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that supine exercise causes a greater degree of muscle deoxygenation in both deep and superficial muscle and increases the spatial heterogeneity of muscle deoxygenation. Therefore, this study suggests that any O2 delivery gradient toward deep versus superficial muscle is insufficient to mitigate impairments in oxidative function in response to reduced whole muscle O2 delivery. More heterogeneous muscle deoxygenation is associated with slower V̇o2 kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richie P Goulding
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Kobe Design University, Kobe, Japan.,International Research Fellow of Japan Society for Promotion of Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dai Okushima
- Osaka International University, Moriguchi, Japan
| | - Simon Marwood
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
| | - David C Poole
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, and Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Thomas J Barstow
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, and Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Tze-Huan Lei
- International Research Fellow of Japan Society for Promotion of Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.,Applied Physiology Laboratory, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Narihiko Kondo
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Koga
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Kobe Design University, Kobe, Japan
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15
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Headid RJ, Pekas EJ, Wooden TK, Son WM, Layec G, Shin J, Park SY. Impacts of prolonged sitting with mild hypercapnia on vascular and autonomic function in healthy recreationally active adults. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H468-H480. [PMID: 32648821 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00354.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged sitting, which is known to impair peripheral vascular function, often occurs in spaces (e.g., offices) with mild hypercapnic atmospheres. However, the effects of prolonged sitting in hypercapnic conditions on vascular function are unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of prolonged sitting in mild hypercapnic conditions on vascular and autonomic function in humans. Twelve healthy young adults participated in two experimental visits that consisted of sitting for 2.5 h in a control condition [normal atmospheric conditions sitting (PSIT)] or a mild hypercapnic condition (HCAP; CO2 = 1,500 ppm). During each visit, heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure (BP), pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (AIx), brachial and popliteal artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) were assessed before and after prolonged sitting. Sitting significantly decreased AIx in both groups (P < 0.05). Brachial and popliteal FMD were reduced with sitting (P < 0.05), and the reduction in popliteal FMD was amplified by HCAP (P < 0.05). Baseline microvascular oxygenation was decreased following sitting in both groups (P < 0.05). However, microvascular reoxygenation upon cuff release was slower only in HCAP (P < 0.05). HRV, HR, BP, and PWV did not significantly change with sitting in either group (P > 0.05). We conclude that prolonged sitting attenuated both brachial and popliteal endothelial function and was associated with perturbed microcirculation. Additionally, mild hypercapnic conditions further impaired peripheral endothelial and microvascular function. Together, these findings suggest that prolonged sitting is accompanied by a host of deleterious effects on the vasculature, which are exacerbated by mild hypercapnia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The results of this study reveal that prolonged sitting attenuates endothelial function and microvascular function. Additionally, prolonged sitting with mild hypercapnia, which is similar to everyday environments, further exacerbates peripheral endothelial function and microvascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Headid
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Elizabeth J Pekas
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - TeSean K Wooden
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Won-Mok Son
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Gwenael Layec
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts.,Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - John Shin
- Wiess School of Natural Sciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Song-Young Park
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
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16
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Detection of ventilatory thresholds using near-infrared spectroscopy with a polynomial regression model. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:1637-1642. [PMID: 32489305 PMCID: PMC7254025 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a convenient and accurate method of determining first and second ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) using raw data remains unknown. This study investigated the reliability and validity of VT1 and VT2 determined by NIRS skeletal muscle hemodynamic raw data via a polynomial regression model. A total of 100 male students were recruited and performed maximal cycling exercises while their cardiopulmonary and NIRS muscle hemodynamic data were measured. The criterion validity of VT1VET and VT2VET were determined using a traditional V-slope and ventilatory efficiency. Statistical significance was set at α = . 05. There was high reproducibility of VT1NIRS and VT2NIRS determined by a NIRS polynomial regression model during exercise (VT1NIRS, r = 0.94; VT2NIRS, r = 0.93). There were high correlations of VT1VET vs VT1NIRS (r = 0.93, p < .05) and VT2VET vs VT2NIRS (r = 0.94, p < .05). The oxygen consumption (VO2) between VT1VET and VT1NIRS or VT2VET and VT2NIRS was not significantly different. NIRS raw data are reliable and valid for determining VT1 and VT2 in healthy males using a polynomial regression model. Skeletal muscle raw oxygenation and deoxygenation status reflects more realistic causes and timing of VT1 and VT2.
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17
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Reduced Optical Path Length in the Vastus Lateralis During Ramp Cycling Exercise. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 31893416 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34461-0_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy (NIRTRS) can quantitatively evaluate mean optical path length (MPL). Since an increase in optical absorbers in the NIR region (e.g. an increase in deoxygenated hemoglobin during exercise) would shorten the MPL, the NIRS measurement area may vary depending on physical and physiological characteristics of the measurement region and/or the exercise intensity. The aim of this study was to examine the changes in MPL measured by NIRTRS during ramp cycling exercise between fat layer thickness-matched subjects with different aerobic capacities. Healthy control (CON, n = 8) and endurance-trained males (TR, n = 8) performed ramp cycling exercise until exhaustion. Deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration (Deoxy-Hb), total hemoglobin concentration (Total-Hb) and oxygenated hemoglobin concentration (Oxy-Hb) were evaluated by a three-wavelength NIRTRS system. MPL in each wavelength (MPL760, MPL800 and MPL830) was monitored continuously. With increasing exercise intensity, Total- and Deoxy-Hb significantly increased and Oxy-Hb decreased in both groups. Total- and Oxy-Hb during exercise were significantly higher in TR than CON (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, respectively). Furthermore, Deoxy-Hb also tended to be higher in TR than CON (P = 0.07). In addition, MPL at all wavelengths significantly shortened with an increase in exercise intensity, with no differences between CON and TR. In particular, MPL760 at peak exercise shortened more than 10% compared to the start of exercise in both groups, even though MPL830 decreased only a few per cent. These findings suggest that the NIRS measurement area may be reduced during ramp cycling exercise due to shortened MPL. Additionally, the changes in MPL may be especially greater at 760 nm than at the other wavelengths due to greater changes in Deoxy-Hb during exercise. Furthermore, this study indicates that the measurements of muscle deoxygenation using continuous-wave NIRS can be less accurate since they are significantly affected by changes in the optical path length.
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18
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Hamaoka T, Nirengi S, Fuse S, Amagasa S, Kime R, Kuroiwa M, Endo T, Sakane N, Matsushita M, Saito M, Yoneshiro T, Kurosawa Y. Near-Infrared Time-Resolved Spectroscopy for Assessing Brown Adipose Tissue Density in Humans: A Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:261. [PMID: 32508746 PMCID: PMC7249345 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) mediates adaptive thermogenesis upon food intake and cold exposure, thus potentially contributing to the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) with computed tomography (CT) (18FDG-PET/CT) is a standard method for assessing BAT activity and volume in humans. 18FDG-PET/CT has several limitations, including high device cost and ionizing radiation and acute cold exposure necessary to maximally stimulate BAT activity. In contrast, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used for measuring changes in O2-dependent light absorption in the tissue in a non-invasive manner, without using radiation. Among NIRS, time-resolved NIRS (NIRTRS) can quantify the concentrations of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin ([oxy-Hb] and [deoxy-Hb], respectively) by emitting ultrashort (100 ps) light pulses and counts photons, which are scattered and absorbed in the tissue. The basis for assessing BAT density (BAT-d) using NIRTRS is that the vascular density in the supraclavicular region, as estimated using Hb concentration, is higher in BAT than in white adipose tissue. In contrast, relatively low-cost continuous wavelength NIRS (NIRCWS) is employed for measuring relative changes in oxygenation in tissues. In this review, we provide evidence for the validity of NIRTRS and NIRCWS in estimating human BAT characteristics. The indicators (IndNIRS) examined were [oxy-Hb]sup, [deoxy-Hb]sup, total hemoglobin [total-Hb]sup, Hb O2 saturation (StO2sup), and reduced scattering coefficient ( μs sup' ) in the supraclavicular region, as determined by NIRTRS, and relative changes in corresponding parameters, as determined by NIRCWS. The evidence comprises the relationships between the IndNIRS investigated and those determined by 18FDG-PET/CT; the correlation between the IndNIRS and cold-induced thermogenesis; the relationship of the IndNIRS to parameters measured by 18FDG-PET/CT, which responded to seasonal temperature fluctuations; the relationship of the IndNIRS and plasma lipid metabolites; the analogy of the IndNIRS to chronological and anthropometric data; and changes in the IndNIRS following thermogenic food supplementation. The [total-Hb]sup and [oxy-Hb]sup determined by NIRTRS, but not parameters determined by NIRCWS, exhibited significant correlations with cold-induced thermogenesis parameters and plasma androgens in men in winter or analogies to 18FDG-PET. We conclude that NIRTRS can provide useful information for assessing BAT-d in a simple, rapid, non-invasive way, although further validation study is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Hamaoka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takafumi Hamaoka
| | - Shinsuke Nirengi
- Division of Preventive Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto, Japan
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sayuri Fuse
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Amagasa
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Kime
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kuroiwa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tasuki Endo
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Sakane
- Division of Preventive Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Masayuki Saito
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoneshiro
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yuko Kurosawa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Hamaoka T, McCully KK. Review of early development of near-infrared spectroscopy and recent advancement of studies on muscle oxygenation and oxidative metabolism. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:799-811. [PMID: 31359263 PMCID: PMC10717702 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-019-00697-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has become an increasingly valuable tool to monitor tissue oxygenation (Toxy) in vivo. Observations of changes in the absorption of light with Toxy have been recognized as early as 1876, leading to a milestone NIRS paper by Jöbsis in 1977. Changes in the absorption and scatting of light in the 700-850-nm range has been successfully used to evaluate Toxy. The most practical devices use continuous-wave light providing relative values of Toxy. Phase-modulated or pulsed light can monitor both absorption and scattering providing more accurate signals. NIRS provides excellent time resolution (~ 10 Hz), and multiple source-detector pairs can be used to provide low-resolution imaging. NIRS has been applied to a wide range of populations. Continued development of NIRS devices in terms of lower cost, better detection of both absorption and scattering, and smaller size will lead to a promising future for NIRS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Hamaoka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan.
| | - Kevin K McCully
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 115 Ramsey Center, 330 River Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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20
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Association Between Deoxygenated Hemoglobin Breaking Point, Anaerobic Threshold, and Rowing Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:1103-1109. [PMID: 30702376 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the intensity and physiological responses of deoxygenated hemoglobin breaking point ([HHb]BP) and anaerobic threshold (AnT) during an incremental test and to verify their association with 2000-m rowing-ergometer performance in well-trained rowers. METHODS A total of 13 male rowers (mean [SD] age = 24 [11] y and V˙O2peak = 63.7 [6.1] mL·kg-1·min-1) performed a step incremental test. Gas exchange, vastus lateralis [HHb], and blood lactate concentration were measured. Power output, V˙O2, and heart rate of [HHb]BP and AnT were determined and compared with each other. A 2000-m test was performed in another visit. RESULTS No differences were found between [HHb]BP and AnT in the power output (236 [31] vs 234 [31] W; Δ = 0.7%), 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.7%), V˙O2 (4.2 [0.5] vs 4.3 [0.4] L·min-1; Δ = -0.8%, 95% CI 4.0%), or heart rate (180 [16] vs 182 [12] beats·min-1; Δ = -1.6%, 95% CI 2.1%); however, there was high typical error of estimate (TEE) and wide 95% limits of agreement (LoA) for power output (TEE 10.7%, LoA 54.1-50.6 W), V˙O2 (TEE 5.9%, LoA -0.57 to 0.63 L·min-1), and heart rate (TEE 2.4%, LoA -9.6 to 14.7 beats·min-1). Significant correlations were observed between [HHb]BP (r = .70) and AnT (r = .89) with 2000-m mean power. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate a breaking point in [HHb] of the vastus lateralis muscle during the incremental test that is capable of distinguishing rowers with different performance levels. However, the high random error would compromise the use of [HHb]BP for training and testing in rowing.
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21
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Hammer SM, Hueber DM, Townsend DK, Huckaby LM, Alexander AM, Didier KD, Barstow TJ. Effect of assuming constant tissue scattering on measured tissue oxygenation values during tissue ischemia and vascular reperfusion. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:22-30. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01138.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of assuming constant tissue scattering properties on tissue oxygenation measurements during a vascular occlusion test (VOT). Twenty-one subjects (21.8 ± 1.9 yr) completed a VOT [1 min baseline (BL), 5 min of tissue ischemia (TI), and 3 min of vascular reperfusion (VR)]. Absolute concentrations of oxygenated heme (oxy-[heme]), deoxygenated heme (deoxy-[heme]), total heme (total [heme), tissue oxygen saturation (StO2), and heme difference [heme]diff) were measured using frequency domain near-infrared spectroscopy (FD-NIRS) while 1) continuously measuring and incorporating tissue scattering ([Formula: see text]) and 2) assuming scattering remained constant. FD-NIRS measured [Formula: see text] increased during TI at 692 nm ( P < 0.001) and decreased at 834 nm ( P < 0.001). During VR, [Formula: see text] decreased at 692 nm ( P < 0.001) and increased at 834 nm ( P < 0.001). When assuming constant scattering, oxy-[heme] was significantly less at TIpeak ( P < 0.05) while deoxy-[heme] and StO2 were significantly altered at BL, TIpeak, and VRpeak (all P < 0.001). Total [heme] did not change during the VOT. Absolute changes in deoxy-[heme], oxy-[heme], and StO2 in response to TI and VR were significantly exaggerated (all P < 0.001) and the rates of change during TI ( slope 1) and VR ( slope 2) in deoxy-[heme], oxy-[heme], StO2, and [heme]diff were significantly increased (all P < 0.05) when constant tissue scattering was assumed. These findings demonstrate the need for caution when interpreting NIRS data without continuously measuring tissue optical properties. Further, assuming tissue optical properties remain constant may have important consequences to experimental data and clinical conclusions made using NIRS. NEW & NOTEWORTHY NIRS measurements provide significant experimental and clinical insight. We demonstrate that absolute changes in tissue oxygenation measurements made with NIRS are overestimated and the kinetic responses of NIRS measurements are exaggerated by varying degrees among individuals if tissue scattering characteristics are assumed to remain constant during vascular occlusion tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M. Hammer
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan Kansas
| | | | | | - Lillie M. Huckaby
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan Kansas
| | | | - Kaylin D. Didier
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan Kansas
| | - Thomas J. Barstow
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan Kansas
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22
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Barstow TJ. Understanding near infrared spectroscopy and its application to skeletal muscle research. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1360-1376. [PMID: 30844336 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00166.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a powerful noninvasive tool with which to study the matching of oxygen delivery to oxygen utilization and the number of new publications utilizing this technique has increased exponentially in the last 20 yr. By measuring the state of oxygenation of the primary heme compounds in skeletal muscle (hemoglobin and myoglobin), greater understanding of the underlying control mechanisms that couple perfusive and diffusive oxygen delivery to oxidative metabolism can be gained from the laboratory to the athletic field to the intensive care unit or emergency room. However, the field of NIRS has been complicated by the diversity of instrumentation, the inherent limitations of some of these technologies, the associated diversity of terminology, and a general lack of standardization of protocols. This Cores of Reproducibility in Physiology (CORP) will describe in basic but important detail the most common methodologies of NIRS, their strengths and limitations, and discuss some of the potential confounding factors that can affect the quality and reproducibility of NIRS data. Recommendations are provided to reduce the variability and errors in data collection, analysis, and interpretation. The goal of this CORP is to provide readers with a greater understanding of the methodology, limitations, and best practices so as to improve the reproducibility of NIRS research in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Barstow
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
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Acosta FM, Berchem J, Martinez-Tellez B, Sanchez-Delgado G, Alcantara JMA, Ortiz-Alvarez L, Hamaoka T, Ruiz JR. Near-Infrared Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy as an Indirect Technique to Assess Brown Adipose Tissue in Young Women. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 21:328-338. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1244-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Breese BC, Poole DC, Okushima D, Bailey SJ, Jones AM, Kondo N, Amano T, Koga S. The effect of dietary nitrate supplementation on the spatial heterogeneity of quadriceps deoxygenation during heavy-intensity cycling. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/14/e13340. [PMID: 28743821 PMCID: PMC5532482 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of dietary inorganic nitrate (NO3−) supplementation on pulmonary O2 uptake (V˙O2) and muscle deoxyhemoglobin/myoglobin (i.e. deoxy [Hb + Mb]) kinetics during submaximal cycling exercise. In a randomized, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over study, eight healthy and physically active male subjects completed two step cycle tests at a work rate equivalent to 50% of the difference between the gas exchange threshold and peak V˙O2 over separate 4‐day supplementation periods with NO3−‐rich (BR; providing 8.4 mmol NO3−∙day−1) and NO3−‐depleted (placebo; PLA) beetroot juice. Pulmonary V˙O2 was measured breath‐by‐breath and time‐resolved near‐infrared spectroscopy was utilized to quantify absolute deoxy [Hb + Mb] and total [Hb + Mb] within the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the primary deoxy [Hb + Mb] mean response time or amplitude between the PLA and BR trials at each muscle site. BR significantly increased the mean (three‐site) end‐exercise deoxy [Hb + Mb] (PLA: 91 ± 9 vs. BR: 95 ± 12 μmol/L, P < 0.05), with a tendency to increase the mean (three‐site) area under the curve for total [Hb + Mb] responses (PLA: 3650 ± 1188 vs. BR: 4467 ± 1315 μmol/L sec−1, P = 0.08). The V˙O2 slow component reduction after BR supplementation (PLA: 0.27 ± 0.07 vs. BR: 0.23 ± 0.08 L min−1, P = 0.07) correlated inversely with the mean increases in deoxy [Hb + Mb] and total [Hb + Mb] across the three muscle regions (r2 = 0.62 and 0.66, P < 0.05). Dietary NO3− supplementation increased O2 diffusive conductance across locomotor muscles in association with improved V˙O2 dynamics during heavy‐intensity cycling transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brynmor C Breese
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - David C Poole
- Departments of Kinesiology and Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Dai Okushima
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Kobe Design University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Narihiko Kondo
- Faculty of Global Human Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Amano
- Faculty of Education, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Koga
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Kobe Design University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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Choo HC, Nosaka K, Peiffer JJ, Ihsan M, Yeo CC, Abbiss CR. Reliability of laser Doppler, near-infrared spectroscopy and Doppler ultrasound for peripheral blood flow measurements during and after exercise in the heat. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1715-1723. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1235790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui C. Choo
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J. Peiffer
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Mohammed Ihsan
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- Sports Physiology Department, Singapore Sports Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chow C. Yeo
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Chris R. Abbiss
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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van der Zwaard S, Jaspers RT, Blokland IJ, Achterberg C, Visser JM, den Uil AR, Hofmijster MJ, Levels K, Noordhof DA, de Haan A, de Koning JJ, van der Laarse WJ, de Ruiter CJ. Oxygenation Threshold Derived from Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Reliability and Its Relationship with the First Ventilatory Threshold. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162914. [PMID: 27631607 PMCID: PMC5025121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurements of oxygenation reflect O2 delivery and utilization in exercising muscle and may improve detection of a critical exercise threshold. PURPOSE First, to detect an oxygenation breakpoint (Δ[O2HbMb-HHbMb]-BP) and compare this breakpoint to ventilatory thresholds during a maximal incremental test across sexes and training status. Second, to assess reproducibility of NIRS signals and exercise thresholds and investigate confounding effects of adipose tissue thickness on NIRS measurements. METHODS Forty subjects (10 trained male cyclists, 10 trained female cyclists, 11 endurance trained males and 9 recreationally trained males) performed maximal incremental cycling exercise to determine Δ[O2HbMb-HHbMb]-BP and ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2). Muscle haemoglobin and myoglobin O2 oxygenation ([HHbMb], [O2HbMb], SmO2) was determined in m. vastus lateralis. Δ[O2HbMb-HHbMb]-BP was determined by double linear regression. Trained cyclists performed the maximal incremental test twice to assess reproducibility. Adipose tissue thickness (ATT) was determined by skinfold measurements. RESULTS Δ[O2HbMb-HHbMb]-BP was not different from VT1, but only moderately related (r = 0.58-0.63, p<0.001). VT1 was different across sexes and training status, whereas Δ[O2HbMb-HHbMb]-BP differed only across sexes. Reproducibility was high for SmO2 (ICC = 0.69-0.97), Δ[O2HbMb-HHbMb]-BP (ICC = 0.80-0.88) and ventilatory thresholds (ICC = 0.96-0.99). SmO2 at peak exercise and at occlusion were strongly related to adipose tissue thickness (r2 = 0.81, p<0.001; r2 = 0.79, p<0.001). Moreover, ATT was related to asymmetric changes in Δ[HHbMb] and Δ[O2HbMb] during incremental exercise (r = -0.64, p<0.001) and during occlusion (r = -0.50, p<0.05). CONCLUSION Although the oxygenation threshold is reproducible and potentially a suitable exercise threshold, VT1 discriminates better across sexes and training status during maximal stepwise incremental exercise. Continuous-wave NIRS measurements are reproducible, but strongly affected by adipose tissue thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan van der Zwaard
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Richard T. Jaspers
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ilse J. Blokland
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chantal Achterberg
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jurrian M. Visser
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anne R. den Uil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mathijs J. Hofmijster
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Koen Levels
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dionne A. Noordhof
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arnold de Haan
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jos J. de Koning
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Cornelis J. de Ruiter
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Stone KJ, Fryer SM, Ryan T, Stoner L. The validity and reliability of continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy for the assessment of leg blood volume during an orthostatic challenge. Atherosclerosis 2016; 251:234-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cerebral and Muscle Tissue Oxygenation During Incremental Cycling in Male Adolescents Measured by Time-Resolved Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2016; 28:275-85. [PMID: 26451845 PMCID: PMC4826640 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2015-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy has long been used to measure tissue-specific O2 dynamics in exercise, but most published data have used continuous wave devices incapable of quantifying absolute Hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations. We used time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy to study exercising muscle (Vastus Lateralis, VL) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) Hb oxygenation in 11 young males (15.3 ± 2.1 yrs) performing incremental cycling until exhaustion (peak VO2 = 42.7 ± 6.1 ml/min/kg, mean peak power = 181 ± 38 W). Time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy measurements of reduced scattering (μs´) and absorption (μa) at three wavelengths (759, 796, and 833 nm) were used to calculate concentrations of oxyHb ([HbO2]), deoxy Hb ([HbR]), total Hb ([THb]), and O2 saturation (stO2). In PFC, significant increases were observed in both [HbO2] and [HbR] during intense exercise. PFC stO2% remained stable until 80% of total exercise time, then dropped (-2.95%, p = .0064). In VL, stO2% decreased until peak time (-6.8%, p = .01). Segmented linear regression identified thresholds for PFC [HbO2], [HbR], VL [THb]. There was a strong correlation between timing of second ventilatory threshold and decline in PFC [HbO2] (r = .84). These findings show that time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy can be used to study physiological threshold phenomena in children during maximal exercise, providing insight into tissue specific hemodynamics and metabolism.
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Hopker JG, O'Grady C, Pageaux B. Prolonged constant load cycling exercise is associated with reduced gross efficiency and increased muscle oxygen uptake. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:408-417. [PMID: 26993076 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of prolonged constant load cycling exercise on cycling efficiency and local muscle oxygen uptake responses. Fourteen well-trained cyclists each completed a 2-h steady-state cycling bout at 60% of their maximal minute power output to assess changes in gross cycling efficiency (GE) and muscle oxygen uptake (mVO2 ) at time points 5, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. Near-infrared spatially resolved spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to continually monitor tissue oxygenation of the Vastus Lateralis muscle, with arterial occlusions (OCC) applied to assess mVO2 . The half-recovery time of oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2 ) was also assessed pre and post the 2-h cycling exercise by measuring the hyperemic response following a 5-min OCC. GE significantly declined during the 2-h cycling bout (18.4 ± 1.6 to 17.4 ± 1.4%; P < 0.01). Conversely, mVO2 increased, being significantly higher after 90 and 120 min than at min 5 (+0.04 mlO2 /min/100 g; P = 0.03). The half-recovery time for HbO2 was increased comparing pre and post the 2-h cycling exercise (+7.1 ± 19s), albeit not significantly (d: 0.48; P = 0.27). This study demonstrates that GE decreases during prolonged constant load cycling exercise and provides evidence of an increased mVO2 , suggestive of progressive mitochondrial or contractile inefficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Hopker
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, UK
| | - C O'Grady
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, UK
| | - B Pageaux
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, UK.,CAPS UMR1093, INSERM, Univ. Bourgogne-Franche Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
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Ganesan G, Cotter JA, Reuland W, Cerussi AE, Tromberg BJ, Galassetti P. Effect of blood flow restriction on tissue oxygenation during knee extension. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:185-93. [PMID: 24870580 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy was used to quantify tissue oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations ([HbO2] and [HbR]) and O2 saturation (stO2) in the oblique fibers of the vastus medialis muscle and brain prefrontal cortex during knee extension with and without blood flow restriction (BFR). METHODS Six young healthy males performed three sets of knee extensions on a dynamometer (50% one-repetition maximum) separated by 90-s rest periods in three conditions: 1) until fatigue without BFR (fatigue), 2) until fatigue with BFR (100 mm Hg cuff constriction around thigh (BFR)), 3) same number of repetitions from condition 2 without BFR (matched). Each condition was performed on a separate visit. RESULTS BFR was associated with higher [HbR] at the oblique fibers of the vastus medialis muscle (rest 1: 57.8 (BFR) vs 35.0 μM (matched); P < 0.0001) and a significantly lower stO2 during recovery periods between sets (7.5%-11.2 % lower than non-BFR conditions for rest 1 and 2, P < 0.0001). Using a piecewise linear spline method, a spike in [HbR] was observed before the onset of HbR clearance during recovery, causing HbR clearance to begin at a higher concentration (81 (BFR) vs 62 μM (matched), P = 0.029). [HbO2] kinetics during recovery were also affected by BFR, with longer duration (BFR, 51 s; matched, 31 s; P = 0.047) but lower rate of increase (BFR, 58 μM·min; matched, 89 μM·min; P = 0.004) during recovery. In the prefrontal cortex, BFR was associated with increased [HbR], diminished increase in [HbO2], and higher subjective exertion. CONCLUSIONS These findings yield insight into possible physiological mechanisms of BFR and suggest a role of time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy in monitoring and optimization of BFR exercise on an individual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutham Ganesan
- 1Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA; 2Department of Pediatrics, Irvine School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA; 3Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA; and 4Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Long Beach, CA
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Nirengi S, Yoneshiro T, Sugie H, Saito M, Hamaoka T. Human brown adipose tissue assessed by simple, noninvasive near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:973-80. [PMID: 25866030 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity has been typically evaluated by (18) F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) combined with computed tomography (CT). However, FDG-PET/CT has serious limitations (e.g., radiation and cold exposure). This study evaluated BAT density using near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy (NIRTRS ), a simple and noninvasive method of measuring the indices of tissue hemoglobin concentration [total-Hb] and mitochondrial density (µs '). METHODS The NIRTRS parameters at 760, 800, and 830 nm in the supraclavicular region potentially containing BAT were evaluated. First, the NIRTRS parameters were compared at 27 °C and during a 2-h cold exposure (19 °C) in 18 men. Then, NIRTRS parameters at 27 °C were compared with mean standardized uptake values (SUVmean ) assessed by FDG-PET/CT after the 2-h cold exposure (19 °C) in 29 men. RESULTS There was no significant difference between the NIRTRS parameters at 27 °C and 19°C. The [total-Hb] and µs ' were significantly correlated to SUVmean (r = 0.73 and r = 0.64, respectively). A receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that the sensitivity (75.0-82.4%), specificity (91.7-100%), and accuracy (82.8-86.2%) of the NIRTRS parameters were all good to determine the NIRTRS reliability. CONCLUSIONS Our novel NIRTRS method is noninvasive and simple and can reliably assess human BAT density in the supraclavicular region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Nirengi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
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Koga S, Barstow TJ, Okushima D, Rossiter HB, Kondo N, Ohmae E, Poole DC. Validation of a high-power, time-resolved, near-infrared spectroscopy system for measurement of superficial and deep muscle deoxygenation during exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:1435-42. [PMID: 25840439 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01003.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared assessment of skeletal muscle is restricted to superficial tissues due to power limitations of spectroscopic systems. We reasoned that understanding of muscle deoxygenation may be improved by simultaneously interrogating deeper tissues. To achieve this, we modified a high-power (∼8 mW), time-resolved, near-infrared spectroscopy system to increase depth penetration. Precision was first validated using a homogenous optical phantom over a range of inter-optode spacings (OS). Coefficients of variation from 10 measurements were minimal (0.5-1.9%) for absorption (μa), reduced scattering, simulated total hemoglobin, and simulated O2 saturation. Second, a dual-layer phantom was constructed to assess depth sensitivity, and the thickness of the superficial layer was varied. With a superficial layer thickness of 1, 2, 3, and 4 cm (μa = 0.149 cm(-1)), the proportional contribution of the deep layer (μa = 0.250 cm(-1)) to total μa was 80.1, 26.9, 3.7, and 0.0%, respectively (at 6-cm OS), validating penetration to ∼3 cm. Implementation of an additional superficial phantom to simulate adipose tissue further reduced depth sensitivity. Finally, superficial and deep muscle spectroscopy was performed in six participants during heavy-intensity cycle exercise. Compared with the superficial rectus femoris, peak deoxygenation of the deep rectus femoris (including the superficial intermedius in some) was not significantly different (deoxyhemoglobin and deoxymyoglobin concentration: 81.3 ± 20.8 vs. 78.3 ± 13.6 μM, P > 0.05), but deoxygenation kinetics were significantly slower (mean response time: 37 ± 10 vs. 65 ± 9 s, P ≤ 0.05). These data validate a high-power, time-resolved, near-infrared spectroscopy system with large OS for measuring the deoxygenation of deep tissues and reveal temporal and spatial disparities in muscle deoxygenation responses to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsaku Koga
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Kobe Design University, Kobe, Japan;
| | - Thomas J Barstow
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology and Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Dai Okushima
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Kobe Design University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Harry B Rossiter
- Rehabilitation Clinical Trials Center, Division of Respiratory & Critical Care Physiology & Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | | | | | - David C Poole
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology and Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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Effects of increased skin blood flow on muscle oxygenation/deoxygenation: comparison of time-resolved and continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy signals. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 115:335-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-3019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Messere A, Roatta S. Influence of cutaneous and muscular circulation on spatially resolved versus standard Beer-Lambert near-infrared spectroscopy. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00179. [PMID: 24744858 PMCID: PMC3970749 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential interference of cutaneous circulation on muscle blood volume and oxygenation monitoring by near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) remains an important limitation of this technique. Spatially resolved spectroscopy (SRS) was reported to minimize the contribution of superficial tissue layers in cerebral monitoring but this characteristic has never been documented in muscle tissue monitoring. This study aims to compare SRS with the standard Beer–Lambert (BL) technique in detecting blood volume changes selectively induced in muscle and skin. In 16 healthy subjects, the biceps brachii was investigated during isometric elbow flexion at 70% of the maximum voluntary contractions lasting 10 sec, performed before and after exposure of the upper arm to warm air flow. From probes applied over the muscle belly the following variables were recorded: total hemoglobin index (THI, SRS‐based), total hemoglobin concentration (tHb, BL‐based), tissue oxygenation index (TOI, SRS‐based), and skin blood flow (SBF), using laser Doppler flowmetry. Blood volume indices exhibited similar changes during muscle contraction but only tHb significantly increased during warming (+5.2 ± 0.7 μmol/L·cm, an effect comparable to the increase occurring in postcontraction hyperemia), accompanying a 10‐fold increase in SBF. Contraction‐induced changes in tHb and THI were not substantially affected by warming, although the tHb tracing was shifted upward by (5.2 ± 3.5 μmol/L·cm, P < 0.01). TOI was not affected by cutaneous warming. In conclusion, SRS appears to effectively reject interference by SBF in both muscle blood volume and oxygenation monitoring. Instead, BL‐based parameters should be interpreted with caution, whenever changes in cutaneous perfusion cannot be excluded. The influence of cutaneous circulation on muscle NIRS monitoring has been seldom investigated and is often overlooked. This study shows that cutaneous dilatation induced by superficial warming produces consistent changes in standard Beer–Lambert (BL) parameters while leaving spatially resolved parameters unaffected. Thus, Beer–Lambert parameters should be interpreted with caution whenever changes in cutaneous perfusion are expected to occur.
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Murias JM, Keir DA, Spencer MD, Paterson DH. Sex-related differences in muscle deoxygenation during ramp incremental exercise. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 189:530-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gravelle BMR, Murias JM, Spencer MD, Paterson DH, Kowalchuk JM. Adjustments of pulmonary O2 uptake and muscle deoxygenation during ramp incremental exercise and constant-load moderate-intensity exercise in young and older adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:1466-75. [PMID: 22961268 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00884.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The matching of muscle O(2) delivery to O(2) utilization can be inferred from the adjustments in muscle deoxygenation (Δ[HHb]) and pulmonary O(2) uptake (Vo(2p)). This study examined the adjustments of Vo(2p) and Δ[HHb] during ramp incremental (RI) and constant-load (CL) exercise in adult males. Ten young adults (YA; age: 25 ± 5 yr) and nine older adults (OA; age: 70 ± 3 yr) completed two RI tests and six CL step transitions to a work rate (WR) corresponding to 1) 80% of the estimated lactate threshold (same relative WR) and 2) 50 W (same absolute WR). Vo(2p) was measured breath by breath, and Δ[HHb] of the vastus lateralis was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy. Δ[HHb]-WR profiles were normalized from baseline (0%) to peak Δ[HHb] (100%) and fit using a sigmoid function. The sigmoid slope (d) was greater (P < 0.05) in OA (0.027 ± 0.01%/W) compared with YA (0.017 ± 0.01%/W), and the c/d value (a value corresponding to 50% of the amplitude) was smaller (P < 0.05) for OA (133 ± 40 W) than for YA (195 ± 51 W). No age-related differences in the sigmoid parameters were reported when WR was expressed as a percentage of peak WR. Vo(2p) kinetics compared with Δ[HHb] kinetics for the 50-W transition were similar between YA and OA; however, Δ[HHb] kinetics during the transition to 80% of the lactate threshold were faster than Vo(2p) kinetics in both groups. The greater reliance on O(2) extraction displayed in OA during RI exercise suggests a lower O(2) delivery-to-O(2) utilization relationship at a given absolute WR compared with YA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden M R Gravelle
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Rissanen APE, Tikkanen HO, Koponen AS, Aho JM, Hägglund H, Lindholm H, Peltonen JE. Alveolar gas exchange and tissue oxygenation during incremental treadmill exercise, and their associations with blood O(2) carrying capacity. Front Physiol 2012; 3:265. [PMID: 22934021 PMCID: PMC3429041 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The magnitude and timing of oxygenation responses in highly active leg muscle, less active arm muscle, and cerebral tissue, have not been studied with simultaneous alveolar gas exchange measurement during incremental treadmill exercise. Nor is it known, if blood O(2) carrying capacity affects the tissue-specific oxygenation responses. Thus, we investigated alveolar gas exchange and tissue (m. vastus lateralis, m. biceps brachii, cerebral cortex) oxygenation during incremental treadmill exercise until volitional fatigue, and their associations with blood O(2) carrying capacity in 22 healthy men. Alveolar gas exchange was measured, and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to monitor relative concentration changes in oxy- (Δ[O(2)Hb]), deoxy- (Δ[HHb]) and total hemoglobin (Δ[tHb]), and tissue saturation index (TSI). NIRS inflection points (NIP), reflecting changes in tissue-specific oxygenation, were determined and their coincidence with ventilatory thresholds [anaerobic threshold (AT), respiratory compensation point (RC); V-slope method] was examined. Blood O(2) carrying capacity [total hemoglobin mass (tHb-mass)] was determined with the CO-rebreathing method. In all tissues, NIPs coincided with AT, whereas RC was followed by NIPs. High tHb-mass associated with leg muscle deoxygenation at peak exercise (e.g., Δ[HHb] from baseline walking to peak exercise vs. tHb-mass: r = 0.64, p < 0.01), but not with arm muscle- or cerebral deoxygenation. In conclusion, regional tissue oxygenation was characterized by inflection points, and tissue oxygenation in relation to alveolar gas exchange during incremental treadmill exercise resembled previous findings made during incremental cycling. It was also found out, that O(2) delivery to less active m. biceps brachii may be limited by an accelerated increase in ventilation at high running intensities. In addition, high capacity for blood O(2) carrying was associated with a high level of m. vastus lateralis deoxygenation at peak exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti-Pekka E Rissanen
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
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38
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Effect of high-intensity interval training on the profile of muscle deoxygenation heterogeneity during incremental exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 113:249-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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Layec G, Bringard A, Yashiro K, Le Fur Y, Vilmen C, Micallef JP, Perrey S, Cozzone PJ, Bendahan D. The slow components of phosphocreatine and pulmonary oxygen uptake can be dissociated during heavy exercise according to training status. Exp Physiol 2012; 97:955-69. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2011.062927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Ryan TE, Erickson ML, Brizendine JT, Young HJ, McCully KK. Noninvasive evaluation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity with near-infrared spectroscopy: correcting for blood volume changes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:175-83. [PMID: 22582211 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00319.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a well-known method used to measure muscle oxygenation and hemodynamics in vivo. The application of arterial occlusions allows for the assessment of muscle oxygen consumption (mVo(2)) using NIRS. The aim of this study was to measure skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity using blood volume-corrected NIRS signals that represent oxygenated hemoglobin/myoglobin (O(2)Hb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin/myoglobin (HHb). We also assessed the reliability and reproducibility of NIRS measurements of resting oxygen consumption and mitochondrial capacity. Twenty-four subjects, including four with chronic spinal cord injury, were tested using either the vastus lateralis or gastrocnemius muscles. Ten healthy, able-bodied subjects were tested on two occasions within a period of 7 days to assess the reliability and reproducibility. NIRS signals were corrected for blood volume changes using three different methods. Resting oxygen consumption had a mean coefficient of variation (CV) of 2.4% (range 1-32%). The recovery of oxygen consumption (mVo(2)) after electrical stimulation at 4 Hz was fit to an exponential curve, which represents mitochondrial capacity. The time constant for the recovery of mVo(2) was reproducible with a mean CV of 10% (range 1-22%) only when correcting for blood volume changes. We also examined the effects of adipose tissue thickness on measurements of mVo(2). We found the mVo(2) measurements using absolute units to be influenced by adipose tissue thickness (ATT), and this relationship was removed when an ischemic calibration was performed, supporting its use to compare mVo(2) between individuals of varying ATT. In conclusion, in vivo oxidative capacity can be assessed using blood volume-corrected NIRS signals with a high degree of reliability and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence E Ryan
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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41
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Alveolar gas exchange and tissue deoxygenation during exercise in type 1 diabetes patients and healthy controls. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 181:267-76. [PMID: 22538274 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We used near-infrared spectroscopy to investigate whether leg and arm skeletal muscle and cerebral deoxygenation differ during incremental cycling exercise in men with type 1 diabetes (T1D, n=10, mean±SD age 33±7 years) and healthy control men (matched by age, anthrometry, and self-reported physical activity, CON, n=10, 32±7 years) to seek an explanation for lower aerobic capacity (˙VO2peak) often reported in T1D. T1D had lower ˙VO2peak (35±4mlkg(-1)min(-1) vs. 43±8mlkg(-1)min(-1), P<0.01) and peak work rate (219±33W vs. 290±44W, P<0.001) than CON. Leg muscle deoxygenation (↑ [deoxyhemoglobin]; ↓ tissue saturation index) was greater in T1D than CON at a given absolute submaximal work rate, but not at peak exercise, while arm muscle and cerebral deoxygenation were similar. Thus, in T1D compared with CON, faster leg muscle deoxygenation suggests limited circulatory ability to increase O(2) delivery as a plausible explanation for lower ˙VO2peak and earlier fatigue in T1D.
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Spencer MD, Murias JM, Paterson DH. Characterizing the profile of muscle deoxygenation during ramp incremental exercise in young men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112:3349-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2323-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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43
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Warm-up effects on muscle oxygenation, metabolism and sprint cycling performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112:3129-39. [PMID: 22212861 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of warm-up intensity on all-out sprint cycling performance, muscle oxygenation and metabolism, 8 trained male cyclists/triathletes undertook a 30-s sprint cycling test preceded by moderate, heavy or severe warm up and 10-min recovery. Muscle oxygenation was measured by near-infrared spectroscopy, with deoxyhaemoglobin ([HHb]) during the sprint analysed with monoexponential models with time delay. Aerobic, anaerobic-glycolytic and phosphocreatine energy provision to the sprint were estimated from oxygen uptake and lactate production. Immediately prior to the sprint, blood [lactate] was different for each warm up and higher than resting for the heavy and severe warm ups (mod. 0.94 ± 0.36, heavy 1.92 ± 0.64, severe 4.37 ± 0.93 mmol l(-1) P < 0.05), although muscle oxygenation was equally raised above rest. Mean power during the sprint was lower following severe compared to moderate warm up (mod. 672 ± 54, heavy 666 ± 56, severe 655 ± 59 W, P < 0.05). The [HHb] kinetics during the sprint were not different among conditions, although the time delay before [HHb] increased was shorter for severe versus moderate warm up (mod. 5.8 ± 0.6, heavy 5.6 ± 0.9, severe 5.2 ± 0.7 s, P < 0.05). The severe warm up was without effect on estimated aerobic metabolism, but increased estimated phosphocreatine hydrolysis, the latter unable to compensate for the reduction in estimated anaerobic-glycolytic metabolism. It appears that despite all warm ups equally increasing muscle oxygenation, and indicators of marginally faster oxygen utilisation at the start of exercise following a severe-intensity warm up, other energy sources may not be able to fully compensate for a reduced glycolytic rate in sprint exercise with potential detrimental effects on performance.
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Spencer CT, Byrne BJ, Bryant RM, Margossian R, Maisenbacher M, Breitenger P, Benni PB, Redfearn S, Marcus E, Cade WT. Impaired cardiac reserve and severely diminished skeletal muscle O₂ utilization mediate exercise intolerance in Barth syndrome. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H2122-9. [PMID: 21873497 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00479.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a mitochondrial myopathy characterized by reports of exercise intolerance. We sought to determine if 1) BTHS leads to abnormalities of skeletal muscle O(2) extraction/utilization and 2) exercise intolerance in BTHS is related to impaired O(2) extraction/utilization, impaired cardiac function, or both. Participants with BTHS (age: 17 ± 5 yr, n = 15) and control participants (age: 13 ± 4 yr, n = 9) underwent graded exercise testing on a cycle ergometer with continuous ECG and metabolic measurements. Echocardiography was performed at rest and at peak exercise. Near-infrared spectroscopy of the vastus lateralis muscle was continuously recorded for measurements of skeletal muscle O(2) extraction. Adjusting for age, peak O(2) consumption (16.5 ± 4.0 vs. 39.5 ± 12.3 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1), P < 0.001) and peak work rate (58 ± 19 vs. 166 ± 60 W, P < 0.001) were significantly lower in BTHS than control participants. The percent increase from rest to peak exercise in ejection fraction (BTHS: 3 ± 10 vs. control: 19 ± 4%, P < 0.01) was blunted in BTHS compared with control participants. The muscle tissue O(2) saturation change from rest to peak exercise was paradoxically opposite (BTHS: 8 ± 16 vs. control: -5 ± 9, P < 0.01), and the deoxyhemoglobin change was blunted (BTHS: 0 ± 12 vs. control: 10 ± 8, P < 0.09) in BTHS compared with control participants, indicating impaired skeletal muscle extraction in BTHS. In conclusion, severe exercise intolerance in BTHS is due to both cardiac and skeletal muscle impairments that are consistent with cardiac and skeletal mitochondrial myopathy. These findings provide further insight to the pathophysiology of BTHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn T Spencer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Koga S, Poole DC, Fukuoka Y, Ferreira LF, Kondo N, Ohmae E, Barstow TJ. Methodological validation of the dynamic heterogeneity of muscle deoxygenation within the quadriceps during cycle exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R534-41. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00101.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The conventional continuous wave near-infrared spectroscopy (CW-NIRS) has enabled identification of regional differences in muscle deoxygenation following onset of exercise. However, assumptions of constant optical factors (e.g., path length) used to convert the relative changes in CW-NIRS signal intensity to values of relative concentration, bring the validity of such measurements into question. Furthermore, to justify comparisons among sites and subjects, it is essential to correct the amplitude of deoxygenated hemoglobin plus myoglobin [deoxy(Hb+Mb)] for the adipose tissue thickness (ATT). We used two time-resolved NIRS systems to measure the distribution of the optical factors directly, thereby enabling the determination of the absolute concentrations of deoxy(Hb+Mb) simultaneously at the distal and proximal sites within the vastus lateralis (VL) and the rectus femoris muscles. Eight subjects performed cycle exercise transitions from unloaded to heavy work rates (>gas exchange threshold). Following exercise onset, the ATT-corrected amplitudes (Ap), time delay (TDp), and time constant (τp) of the primary component kinetics in muscle deoxy(Hb + Mb) were spatially heterogeneous (intersite coefficient of variation range for the subjects: 10–50 for Ap, 16–58 for TDp, 14–108% for τp). The absolute and relative amplitudes of the deoxy(Hb+Mb) responses were highly dependent on ATT, both within subjects and between measurement sites. The present results suggest that regional heterogeneity in the magnitude and temporal profile of muscle deoxygenation is a consequence of differential matching of O2 delivery and O2 utilization, not an artifact caused by changes in optical properties of the tissue during exercise or variability in the overlying adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsaku Koga
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Kobe Design University, Kobe
| | - David C. Poole
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, and Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas J. Barstow
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, and Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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Gao L, Elwellelwell CE, Kohl-Bareis M, Gramer M, Cooper CE, Leung TS, Tachtsidis I. Effects of assuming constant optical scattering on haemoglobin concentration measurements using NIRS during a Valsalva manoeuvre. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 701:15-20. [PMID: 21445764 PMCID: PMC4038016 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7756-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Resolving for changes in concentration of tissue chromophores in the human adult brain with near-infrared spectroscopy has generally been based on the assumption that optical scattering and pathlength remain constant. We have used a novel hybrid optical spectrometer that combines multi-distance frequency and broadband systems to investigate the changes in scattering and pathlength during a Valsalva manoeuvre in 8 adult volunteers. Results show a significant increase in the reduced scattering coefficient of 17% at 790nm and 850nm in 4 volunteers during the peak of the Valsalva. However, these scattering changes do not appear to significantly affect the differential pathlength factor and the tissue haemoglobin concentration measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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47
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Zou F, Jin C, Ross RR, Soller B. Investigation of spectral interferences on the accuracy of broadband CW-NIRS tissue SO(2) determination. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 1:748-761. [PMID: 21258506 PMCID: PMC3018045 DOI: 10.1364/boe.1.000748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 08/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
An accurate SO(2) prediction method for using broadband continuous-wave diffuse reflectance near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is proposed. The method fitted the NIR spectra to a Taylor expansion attenuation model, and used the simulated annealing method to initialize the nonlinear least squares fit. This paper investigated the effect of potential spectral interferences that are likely to be encountered in clinical use, on SO(2) prediction accuracy. The factors include the concentration of hemoglobin in blood, the volume of blood and volume of water in the tissue under the sensor, reduced scattering coefficient, µ(s)', of the muscle, fat thickness and the source-detector spacing. The SO(2) prediction method was evaluated on simulated muscle spectra as well as on dual-dye phantoms which simulate the absorbance of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengmei Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Chunguang Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Randy R. Ross
- Department of Physics, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA, 01610, USA
| | - Babs Soller
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
- Reflectance Medical Inc., Northboro, MA 01532, USA
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Binzoni T, Cooper CE, Wittekind AL, Beneke R, Elwell CE, Van De Ville D, Leung TS. A new method to measure local oxygen consumption in human skeletal muscle during dynamic exercise using near-infrared spectroscopy. Physiol Meas 2010; 31:1257-69. [DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/31/9/014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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49
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Binzoni T, Seelamantula CS, Van De Ville D. A fast time-domain algorithm for the assessment of tissue blood flow in laser-Doppler flowmetry. Phys Med Biol 2010; 55:N383-94. [PMID: 20530854 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/55/13/n02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we derive a fast, novel time-domain algorithm to compute the nth-order moment of the power spectral density of the photoelectric current as measured in laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF). It is well established that in the LDF literature these moments are closely related to fundamental physiological parameters, i.e. concentration of moving erythrocytes and blood flow. In particular, we take advantage of the link between moments in the Fourier domain and fractional derivatives in the temporal domain. Using Parseval's theorem, we establish an exact analytical equivalence between the time-domain expression and the conventional frequency-domain counterpart. Moreover, we demonstrate the appropriateness of estimating the zeroth-, first- and second-order moments using Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, we briefly discuss the feasibility of implementing the proposed algorithm in hardware.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Binzoni
- Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, University of Geneva, and Département de l'Imagerie et des Sciences de l'Information Médicale, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
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50
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Prieur F, Berthoin S, Marles A, Blondel N, Mucci P. Heterogeneity of muscle deoxygenation kinetics during two bouts of repeated heavy exercises. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 109:1047-57. [PMID: 20364348 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the effect of prior heavy exercise on the spatial distribution of muscle deoxygenation kinetics at the onset of heavy-intensity cycling exercise. Young untrained male adults (n = 16) performed two consecutive bouts of 6 min of high intensity cycle exercise separated by 6 min at 35 W. Muscle deoxygenation (HHb) was monitored continuously by near-infrared spectroscopy at eight sites in the quadriceps. Prior heavy exercise reduced the delay before the increase in HHb (9 +/- 2 vs. 5 +/- 2 s; P < 0.001). The standard deviation of TD HHb of the eight sites was decreased by the performance of prior exercise (1.1 +/- 0.5 vs. 0.8 +/- 0.4 s; P < 0.05). The transient decrease in HHb during the first 10 s of exercise was less during the second bout than during the first bout (0.6 +/- 0.6 vs. 0.3 +/- 0.3 A.U.; P < 0.01). The standard deviation of this decrease was also reduced by prior exercise (0.5 +/- 0.3 vs. 0.3 +/- 0.2 A.U.; P < 0.01). Lastly, prior exercise decreased significantly the standard deviation of the HHb rise during the time period corresponding to the pulmonary VO(2) slow component. These results indicate that prior heavy exercise reduced the spatial heterogeneity of muscle deoxygenation kinetics at the early onset of heavy exercise and during the development of the pulmonary VO(2) slow component. It indicates that the distribution of the VO(2)/O(2) delivery ratio within muscle was improved by the performance of a prior exercise.
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