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Miglio A, Falcinelli E, Cappelli K, Mecocci S, Mezzasoma AM, Antognoni MT, Gresele P. Effect of Regular Training on Platelet Function in Untrained Thoroughbreds. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:414. [PMID: 38338057 PMCID: PMC10854537 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Training has a significant effect on the physiology of blood coagulation in humans and in horses. Several hemostatic changes have been reported after exercise in the horse but data available are inconclusive. The aim of this study was to investigate platelet activation and primary platelet-related hemostasis modifications in young never-trained Thoroughbreds in the first incremental training period in order to improve knowledge on this topic. Twenty-nine clinically healthy, untrained, 2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses were followed during their incremental 4-month sprint exercise training. Blood collection was performed once a month, five times in total (T-30, T0, T30, T60, and T90). Platelet aggregation was measured by light transmission aggregometry in response to various agonists: adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen, and calcium ionophore A23187. Platelet function was evaluated using a platelet function analyzer (PFA-100®) using collagen/ADP and collagen/adrenaline cartridges. Nitrite-nitrate (NOx) plasma concentrations were measured via a colorimetric assay to assess in vivo nitric oxide bioavailability. Platelet activation was also investigated through gene expression analyses (selectin P-SELP, ectonucleotidase CD39-ENTPD1, prostaglandin I2 synthase-PTGIS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase 3-NOS3). Differences among the time points were analyzed and mean ± SEM were calculated. Significant modifications were identified compared with T-30, with an increase in platelet aggregation (collagen:32.6 ± 4.8 vs. 21.6 ± 4.9%; ADP: 35.5 ± 2.0 vs. 24.5 ± 3.1%; A23187: 30 ± 4.7 vs. 23.8 ± 4%) and a shorter closure time of C-ADP cartridges (75.6 ± 4.4 vs. 87.7 ± 3.4 s) that tended to return to the baseline value at T90. NOx concentrations in plasma significantly increased after 30 days of the training program compared with the baseline. The first long-term training period seems to induce platelet hyperactivity after 30 days in never-trained Thoroughbreds. Regular physical training reduces the negative effects of acute efforts on platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Miglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (K.C.); (S.M.); (M.T.A.)
| | - Emanuela Falcinelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.F.); (A.M.M.); (P.G.)
| | - Katia Cappelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (K.C.); (S.M.); (M.T.A.)
| | - Samanta Mecocci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (K.C.); (S.M.); (M.T.A.)
| | - Anna Maria Mezzasoma
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.F.); (A.M.M.); (P.G.)
| | - Maria Teresa Antognoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (K.C.); (S.M.); (M.T.A.)
| | - Paolo Gresele
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.F.); (A.M.M.); (P.G.)
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Cappelli K, Mecocci S, Porceddu A, Albertini E, Giontella A, Miglio A, Silvestrelli M, Verini Supplizi A, Marconi G, Capomaccio S. Genome-wide epigenetic modifications in sports horses during training as an adaptation phenomenon. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18786. [PMID: 37914824 PMCID: PMC10620398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46043-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
With his bicentennial breeding history based on athletic performance, the Thoroughbred horse can be considered the equine sport breed. Although genomic and transcriptomic tools and knowledge are at the state of the art in equine species, the epigenome and its modifications in response to environmental stimuli, such as training, are less studied. One of the major epigenetic modifications is cytosine methylation at 5' of DNA molecules. This crucial biochemical modification directly mediates biological processes and, to some extent, determines the organisms' phenotypic plasticity. Exercise indeed affects the epigenomic state, both in humans and in horses. In this study, we highlight, with a genome-wide analysis of methylation, how the adaptation to training in the Thoroughbred can modify the methylation pattern throughout the genome. Twenty untrained horses, kept under the same environmental conditions and sprint training regimen, were recruited, collecting peripheral blood at the start of the training and after 30 and 90 days. Extracted leukocyte DNA was analyzed with the methylation content sensitive enzyme ddRAD (MCSeEd) technique for the first time applied to animal cells. Approximately one thousand differently methylated genomic regions (DMRs) and nearby genes were called, revealing that methylation changes can be found in a large part of the genome and, therefore, referable to the physiological adaptation to training. Functional analysis via GO enrichment was also performed. We observed significant differences in methylation patterns throughout the training stages: we hypothesize that the methylation profile of some genes can be affected early by training, while others require a more persistent stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Cappelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
- Sports Horse Research Center (CRCS), University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Samanta Mecocci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
- Sports Horse Research Center (CRCS), University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Andrea Porceddu
- Department of Agraria, University of Sassari, 06123, Sassari, Italy
| | - Emidio Albertini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Giontella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
- Sports Horse Research Center (CRCS), University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Arianna Miglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
- Sports Horse Research Center (CRCS), University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Silvestrelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
- Sports Horse Research Center (CRCS), University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Verini Supplizi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
- Sports Horse Research Center (CRCS), University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Marconi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Capomaccio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
- Sports Horse Research Center (CRCS), University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
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Lubbe C, Meyer LCR, Kohn TA, Harvey BH, Wolmarans DW. The pathophysiology of rhabdomyolysis in ungulates and rats: towards the development of a rodent model of capture myopathy. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:361-371. [PMID: 36334218 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Capture myopathy (CM), which is associated with the capture and translocation of wildlife, is a life-threatening condition that causes noteworthy morbidity and mortality in captured animals. Such wildlife deaths have a significant impact on nature conservation efforts and the socio-economic wellbeing of communities reliant on ecotourism. Several strategies are used to minimise the adverse consequences associated with wildlife capture, especially in ungulates, but no successful preventative or curative measures have yet been developed. The primary cause of death in wild animals diagnosed with CM stems from kidney or multiple organ failure as secondary complications to capture-induced rhabdomyolysis. Ergo, the development of accurate and robust model frameworks is vital to improve our understanding of CM. Still, since CM-related complications are borne from biological and behavioural factors that may be unique to wildlife, e.g. skeletal muscle architecture or flighty nature, certain differences between the physiology and stress responses of wildlife and rodents need consideration in such endeavours. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarise some of the major etiological and pathological mechanisms of the condition as it is observed in wildlife and what is currently known of CM-like syndromes, i.e. rhabdomyolysis, in laboratory rats. Additionally, we will highlight some key aspects for consideration in the development and application of potential future rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Lubbe
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Leith C R Meyer
- Center for Veterinary Wildlife Research and Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tertius A Kohn
- Center for Veterinary Wildlife Research and Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Medical Bioscience, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Unit On Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - De Wet Wolmarans
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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Bou T, Ding W, Liu H, Gong W, Jia Z, Dugarjaviin M, Bai D. A genome-wide landscape of mRNAs, miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs of skeletal muscles during dietary restriction in Mongolian horses. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2023; 46:101084. [PMID: 37150091 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The proportion of different muscle fibers is essential for the horse breed's aptitude for athletic activities. Adaptation of locomotor muscle is correlated with altered physiologic conditions. To investigate the adaptive changes of muscle fiber phenotype and transcriptome in horse skeletal muscle during dietary restriction (DR). The muscle fiber type distribution and deep RNA-seq analysis of detecting differentially expressed mRNAs (DEGs), miRNA (DEMIRs), lncRNAs (DELs), circRNAs (DECs), and their function analysis were investigated in gluteus medius muscle of Mongolian horses during DR. A total of 1433 DEGs, 5 DEMIRs, 329 DELs, and 53 DECs were identified. Differing from non-uniform muscle fiber type changing, functional enrichment analysis showed that most downregulated DEGs were associated in muscle contraction, fuel energy metabolism, and protein balance. Linkages between non-coding RNA and mRNA landscape were detected from their functional changes. Our study provides new insights into the expressional changes of mRNA and non-coding RNA in horse skeletal muscles during DR, which might improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating muscle adaption during DR for racing horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugeqin Bou
- Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction; Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China. https://twitter.com/@BTvgqin
| | - Wenqi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction; Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Huiying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction; Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Wendian Gong
- Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction; Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Zijie Jia
- Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction; Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Manglai Dugarjaviin
- Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction; Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Dongyi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction; Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
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Busse NI, Gonzalez ML, Wagner AL, Johnson SE. Short Communication: Supplementation with calcium butyrate causes an increase in the percentage of oxidative fibers in equine gluteus medius muscle. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6652315. [PMID: 35908781 PMCID: PMC9339314 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal athletic performance requires meeting the energetic demands of the muscle fibers, which are a function of myosin ATPase enzymatic activity. Skeletal muscle with a predominant oxidative metabolism underlies equine athletic success. Sodium butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid, can affect muscle fiber composition in pigs. To determine if a similar scenario exists in horses, 12 adult Thoroughbred geldings (7.4 ± 0.6 yr of age; mean ± SEM) were fed 16 g of calcium butyrate (CB) or an equivalent amount of carrier (CON) daily for 30 d in a crossover design. Middle gluteal muscle biopsies were collected before and after the feeding trial for immunohistochemical determination of fiber type, and RNA and protein isolation. After 30 d, CB increased (P < 0.05) the percentage of type IIA fibers and tended (P = 0.13) to reduce the numbers of type IIX fibers in comparison to control (CON). No changes (P > 0.05) in type I, IIA, or IIX fiber size were observed in response to CB. No differences (P > 0.05) were noted in the abundance of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) protein or activity between horses receiving CB or CON. Myogenin mRNA abundance was unaffected (P > 0.05) by 30 d of CB supplementation. The increase in type IIA fibers in the absence of altered mitochondrial SDH enzymatic activity suggests that CB affects myosin ATPase expression independent of altered metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas I Busse
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Madison L Gonzalez
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Sally E Johnson
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Latham CM, Guy CP, Wesolowski LT, White-Springer SH. Fueling equine performance: importance of mitochondrial phenotype in equine athletes. Anim Front 2022; 12:6-14. [PMID: 35711513 PMCID: PMC9197311 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Latham
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Chloey P Guy
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lauren T Wesolowski
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sarah H White-Springer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, USA
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7
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Vergara-Hernandez FB, Nielsen BD, Robison CI, Fabus TA, Kompare JL, LeCompte Lazić RA, Colbath AC. Average stride length and stride rate of Thoroughbreds and Quarter Horses during racing. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 6:txab233. [DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The main factors influencing speed in athletes are stride length (SL) and stride rate (SR). However, conflict remains whether SL or SR is the key determinant of higher speeds. Quarter Horses (QH) generally reach higher speeds in their races than do Thoroughbreds (TB). However, the influence of SL and SR on this greater speed is unclear. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to compare SL and SR in QH and TB raced in short (sprint) and long (classic) distances. We hypothesized that QH have a higher SR in comparison to TB, and SR decreases as distance increases. Two race distances were analyzed for each breed: QH races of 100.6 and 402.3 m, and TB races of 1,207.0 and 2,011.7 m. Data from 20 horses were obtained, consisting of five horses from each race distance (10 QH and 10 TB). Five individuals watched recordings of each race three times counting the number of strides taken by each winning horse. The SR was calculated using the average number of strides over a given race duration, and SL was determined by calculating the total number of strides over the distance covered. Speed was calculated by dividing the distance by the time of the winning horse. The PROC Mixed Procedure was used to identify statistical differences between breeds, and between distances within the same breed. Results showed that although the SL of the TB was longer in comparison with the QH (P < 0.001), the average SR in QH was higher than in TB (2.88 vs. 2.34 + 0.03 strides/s; P < 0.001). Furthermore, QH classic distance demonstrated a faster speed than TB at either distance (P < 0.001). In conclusion, QH achieve a higher SR in comparison to TB (between 14% and 20% more than TB), confirming the importance of SR in achieving high racing speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian D Nielsen
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Cara I Robison
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Taylor A Fabus
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jasmin L Kompare
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Aimee C Colbath
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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de Meeûs d'Argenteuil C, Boshuizen B, Vidal Moreno de Vega C, Leybaert L, de Maré L, Goethals K, De Spiegelaere W, Oosterlinck M, Delesalle C. Comparison of Shifts in Skeletal Muscle Plasticity Parameters in Horses in Three Different Muscles, in Answer to 8 Weeks of Harness Training. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:718866. [PMID: 34733900 PMCID: PMC8558477 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.718866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Training-induced follow-up of multiple muscle plasticity parameters in postural stability vs. locomotion muscles provides an integrative physiological view on shifts in the muscular metabolic machinery. It can be expected that not all muscle plasticity parameters show the same expression time profile across muscles. This knowledge is important to underpin results of metabolomic studies. Twelve non-competing Standardbred mares were subjected to standardized harness training. Muscle biopsies were taken on a non-training day before and after 8 weeks. Shifts in muscle fiber type composition and muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) were compared in the m. pectoralis, the m. vastus lateralis, and the m. semitendinosus. In the m. vastus lateralis, which showed most pronounced training-induced plasticity, two additional muscle plasticity parameters (capillarization and mitochondrial density) were assessed. In the m. semitendinosus, additionally the mean minimum Feret's diameter was assessed. There was a significant difference in baseline profiles. The m. semitendinosus contained less type I and more type IIX fibers compatible with the most pronounced anaerobic profile. Though no baseline fiber type-specific and overall mean CSA differences could be detected, there was a clear post-training decrease in fiber type specific CSA, most pronounced for the m. vastus lateralis, and this was accompanied by a clear increase in capillary supply. No shifts in mitochondrial density were detected. The m. semitendinosus showed a decrease in fiber type specific CSA of type IIAX fibers and a decrease of type I fiber Feret's diameter as well as mean minimum Feret's diameter. The training-induced increased capillary supply in conjunction with a significant decrease in muscle fiber CSA suggests that the muscular machinery models itself toward an optimal smaller individual muscle fiber structure to receive and process fuels that can be swiftly delivered by the circulatory system. These results are interesting in view of the recently identified important fuel candidates such as branched-chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids, and gut microbiome-related xenobiotics, which need a rapid gut-muscle gateway to reach these fibers and are less challenging for the mitochondrial system. More research is needed with that respect. Results also show important differences between muscle groups with respect to baseline and training-specific modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance de Meeûs d'Argenteuil
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Berit Boshuizen
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Wolvega Equine Hospital, Oldeholtpade, Netherlands
| | - Carmen Vidal Moreno de Vega
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lorie de Maré
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Klara Goethals
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group Biometrics, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ward De Spiegelaere
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Maarten Oosterlinck
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Cathérine Delesalle
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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9
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Busse NI, Gonzalez ML, Krason ML, Johnson SE. β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyrate supplementation to adult Thoroughbred geldings increases type IIA fiber content in the gluteus medius. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6369571. [PMID: 34516615 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) alters muscle composition and metabolism leading to strength and agility improvements in human athletes. To determine if HMB affects athletic performance and muscle function in horses, Thoroughbred geldings were fed a control (CON; n = 5) or HMB (n = 6) supplement for 6 wk prior to completing a standardized exercise test (SET). Gluteus medius (GM) muscle biopsies were obtained before the SET for fiber typing. Heart rate, biceps femoris (BF) and semitendinosus (ST) surface electromyograms (EMG), and fore and hind limbs metacarpophalangeal joint angles were captured at the gallop of the SET. Results demonstrate that HMB supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the percentage of type IIA and IIA/X muscle fibers in the GM with a corresponding decrease (P < 0.05) in type IIX fibers. The percentage of type I fibers was unaffected by diet. Supplementation with HMB did not result in any measurable effects on performance or biomechanical properties by comparison to CON. Supplementation with HMB resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in ST median frequency at speeds of 10 m/s and greater. Increasing treadmill speed resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in stride length and the maximal proximal forelimb fetlock angle, and a decrease (P < 0.05) in stance phase time of the gait cycle. Integrated EMG (iEMG) increased (P < 0.05) with increasing treadmill speeds for both the BF and ST with the BF exhibiting greater (P < 0.05) iEMG values than the ST. In summary, HMB increased the percentage of type IIA GM fibers, which did not translate into improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas I Busse
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Madison L Gonzalez
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Mackenzie L Krason
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Sally E Johnson
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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10
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de Meeûs d’Argenteuil C, Boshuizen B, Oosterlinck M, van de Winkel D, De Spiegelaere W, de Bruijn CM, Goethals K, Vanderperren K, Delesalle CJG. Flexibility of equine bioenergetics and muscle plasticity in response to different types of training: An integrative approach, questioning existing paradigms. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249922. [PMID: 33848308 PMCID: PMC8043414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine bioenergetics have predominantly been studied focusing on glycogen and fatty acids. Combining omics with conventional techniques allows for an integrative approach to broadly explore and identify important biomolecules. Friesian horses were aquatrained (n = 5) or dry treadmill trained (n = 7) (8 weeks) and monitored for: evolution of muscle diameter in response to aquatraining and dry treadmill training, fiber type composition and fiber cross-sectional area of the M. pectoralis, M. vastus lateralis and M. semitendinosus and untargeted metabolomics of the M. pectoralis and M. vastus lateralis in response to dry treadmill training. Aquatraining was superior to dry treadmill training to increase muscle diameter in the hindquarters, with maximum effect after 4 weeks. After dry treadmill training, the M. pectoralis showed increased muscle diameter, more type I fibers, decreased fiber mean cross sectional area, and an upregulated oxidative metabolic profile: increased β-oxidation (key metabolites: decreased long chain fatty acids and increased long chain acylcarnitines), TCA activity (intermediates including succinyl-carnitine and 2-methylcitrate), amino acid metabolism (glutamine, aromatic amino acids, serine, urea cycle metabolites such as proline, arginine and ornithine) and xenobiotic metabolism (especially p-cresol glucuronide). The M. vastus lateralis expanded its fast twitch profile, with decreased muscle diameter, type I fibers and an upregulation of glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway activity, and increased branched-chain and aromatic amino acid metabolism (cis-urocanate, carnosine, homocarnosine, tyrosine, tryptophan, p-cresol-glucuronide, serine, methionine, cysteine, proline and ornithine). Trained Friesians showed increased collagen and elastin turn-over. Results show that branched-chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids and microbiome-derived xenobiotics need further study in horses. They feed the TCA cycle at steps further downstream from acetyl CoA and most likely, they are oxidized in type IIA fibers, the predominant fiber type of the horse. These study results underline the importance of reviewing existing paradigms on equine bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance de Meeûs d’Argenteuil
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Berit Boshuizen
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Wolvega Equine Hospital, Oldeholtpade, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Oosterlinck
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Ward De Spiegelaere
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Klara Goethals
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Research Group Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Katrien Vanderperren
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Cathérine John Ghislaine Delesalle
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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11
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A Prospective Study of Training Methods for Two-Year-Old Thoroughbred Racehorses in Queensland, Australia, and Analysis of the Differences in Training Methods between Trainers of Varying Stable Sizes. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11040928. [PMID: 33805873 PMCID: PMC8064321 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Musculoskeletal injuries present significant concerns for the global Thoroughbred racing industry. The development of training and management strategies to reduce injuries has been challenging due to conflicting findings about the risk factors for injury, and limited understanding of the role of different training methodologies. There is little published data on patterns of rest periods and exercise data and how these vary between trainers and between different racing jurisdictions. We describe training methodologies for 535 two-year-old horses providing 1258 training preparations and 7512 weeks of exercise. We investigated the variation in training methodologies between trainers from small, medium and large stable sizes. Significant differences were observed between trainers, with horses from larger stables accumulating a greater high-speed exercise volume, attaining training milestones more frequently and taking less time to reach their training milestones. We also highlight similarities and differences in training methods used in Queensland, Australia, and those previously reported from other geographic locations. A better understanding of training methods is an essential step towards reducing the impact of injuries. Abstract Worldwide, musculoskeletal injuries remain a major problem for the Thoroughbred racing industry. There is a strong interest in developing training and management strategies to reduce the impact of musculoskeletal injuries, however, progress has been limited by studies reporting conflicting findings, and a limited understanding of the role of different training methods in preventing injury. There is little data on patterns of rest periods and exercise data and how these vary between trainers. This prospective study of two-year-old racehorses was conducted in Queensland, Australia and involved weekly personal structured interviews with 26 trainers over 56 weeks. Detailed daily exercise data for 535 horses providing 1258 training preparations and 7512 weeks at risk were collected. Trainers were categorised into three groups by the mean number of two-year-old horses that they had in work each week over the study duration: (1) Small stables with five or less, (2) Medium stables with 6 to 15 and (3) Large stables with greater than 15 horses in training. Differences between trainers with small, medium and large stable sizes were evaluated using linear regression, Kruskal–Wallis equality-of-populations rank test if linear models were mis-specified or Chi-squared tests for categorical variables. Significant differences were observed between trainers, with horses from larger stables accumulating a greater high-speed exercise volume (p < 0.001), attaining training milestones more frequently (p = 0.01) and taking less time to reach their training milestones (p = 0.001). This study provides detailed data to which training practices from other locations can be compared. Presenting actual training data rather than trainers’ estimation of a typical program provides a more accurate assessment of training practices. Understanding how training practices vary between regions improves comparability of studies investigating risk factors and is an important step towards reducing the impact of musculoskeletal injuries.
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12
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An investigation into factors influencing basal eye temperature in the domestic horse (Equus caballus) when measured using infrared thermography in field conditions. Physiol Behav 2021; 228:113218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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13
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Bermingham E, Davis JL, Whittem T. Study design synopsis: Designing and performing pharmacokinetic studies for systemically administered drugs in horses. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:643-650. [PMID: 32748990 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this editorial is to discuss best practice design, execution and reporting of a pharmacokinetic (PK) study in horses. Our target readers are clinicians who plan to perform this type of research, in a field, clinic or research setting but we also hope that this article might help readers of such work to appraise the articles and understand the quality of the studies. Our emphasis will be on appropriate study design and analytical method, drug and drug formulation choice and route of administration, animal choice, sample collection, storage and shipping, and reporting, rather than the PK data analysis itself.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer L Davis
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Ted Whittem
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne Veterinary School, Werribee, VIC, Australia
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14
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Arfuso F, Giannetto C, Fazio F, Panzera F, Piccione G. Training Program Intensity Induces an Acute Phase Response in Clinically Healthy Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 88:102986. [PMID: 32303313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.102986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Physiological and hematochemical changes associated with exercise have been extensively investigated in equine species. It is known that stress elevates circulating levels of acute phase proteins (APPs). This survey evaluated whether horses trained with different training programs exhibit changes in APP levels after exercise event. Twenty Saddle Italian horses (11 geldings and 9 females, 9 ± 1 years old, body weight of 425 ± 35 kg) were divided into two equal groups according to the intensity of training programs they were subjected: group A was subjected to an intense training program, group B was subjected to a moderate training program. At the end of the training period, horses were subjected to a simulated exercise event (show jumping course of 400 m length with 12 obstacles). From horses, blood samples were collected at rest conditions (TREST) and after 12 and 24 hour from the end of exercise (T12 h and T24 h); the concentration of serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin, albumin, total proteins, iron, and fibrinogen was assessed. The circulating levels of SAA, fibrinogen, and iron were influenced by simulated exercise event (P < .01), starting from 12 hour after the end of exercise, suggesting the onset of an acute phase-like response, and it would seem that training program intensity the horses underwent also affected the degree of response, although only SAA values were significantly different between groups (P < .001). The findings obtained suggest that jumping exercise induces an acute phase response; however, further studies are advocated to better evaluate mechanisms by which exercise activates this response in the athletic horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Arfuso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Claudia Giannetto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Panzera
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Images, Specializing in Sports and Exercise Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Piccione
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina, Italy.
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15
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Hohl R, Blackhurst DM, Donaldson B, van Boom KM, Kohn TA. Wild antelope skeletal muscle antioxidant enzyme activities do not correlate with muscle fibre type or oxidative metabolism. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 242:110638. [PMID: 31862242 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Wild antelope are some of the fastest land animals in the world, presenting with high oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscle metabolism. However, no study has investigated their muscle antioxidant capacity, and may assist in understanding their physical ability and certain pathophysiological manifestations, such as capture myopathy. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant activities superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR), as well as five key regulatory enzymes that serve as markers of glycolysis (phosphofructokinase (PFK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)), the tricarboxylic acid cycle (citrate synthase (CS)), β-oxidation (3-hydroxyacetyl CoA dehydrogenase (3HAD)) and the phosphagen pathway (creatine kinase (CK)), in the Vastus lateralis muscle of six southern African wild antelope species (mountain reedbuck, springbok, blesbok, fallow deer, black wildebeest and kudu). Four different muscle groups from laboratory rats served as reference values for the enzyme activities. SOD, CS and LDH activities were the highest in the wild antelope, whereas CK appeared highest in rat fast twitch muscles. Between the wild antelope species, differences exist for SOD, CAT, PFK, CK and LDH, but not for CS, 3HAD and GR. CAT and GR correlated positively only with type I fibres. No correlations could be found between muscle fibre type and the oxidative enzymes, CS and 3HAD, from the wild animals, concurring with previous studies on porcine and rats. However, wild antelope and rat muscle CK and SOD strongly correlated, hinting towards an antioxidant role for CK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Hohl
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil; Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dee M Blackhurst
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Byron Donaldson
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kathryn M van Boom
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tertius A Kohn
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medical Bioscience, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, South Africa.
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16
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Léguillette R, Greco-Otto P, Sides R, Bond S, El Alami S, Bayly W. Relative aerobic and anaerobic energy contribution in race fit endurance and Thoroughbred racehorses during strenuous exercise. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/cep190019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to compare fit Arabian endurance and Thoroughbred racehorses’ responses to a maximal intensity standardised incremental treadmill test (MaxSIT) with respect to: (1) their relative aerobic contributions during maximal exercise; and (2) selected physiological parameters related to performance. Six high-level endurance Arabians and six race-ready Thoroughbreds performed a MaxSIT starting at 8 m/s and increasing by 1 m/s increments 60 s until maximum oxygen consumption (V̇O2max) was reached. Heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration (BLac), haematocrit (Hct), minute ventilation (V̇E) and oxygen consumption (V̇O2) were measured. V̇O2max, the speeds at which the HR were 200 and 160 bpm, respectively (V200, V160), the speed at which the BLac reached 4 mmol/l (VLa4) and lactate at HR200 (BLa200) were calculated. The relative aerobic energy input was determined using ΔBLacPeak-Resting increase as previously described. Data were expressed as median with interquartile range and analysed with a Wilcoxon rank sum test (P<0.05). Endurance horses had greater V̇O2max (202.5 ml/(kg.min) (190.3-211) vs 152.7 ml/(kg.min) (140.5-158.3); P<0.001) and had a greater aerobic energy contribution to total exercise effort (89.9% (87.0-96) vs 82.8% (81.1-84.1); P=0.009) than Thoroughbreds. Endurance horses reached HR>200 bpm on the treadmill, but had a lower HRmax (210 bpm (205-217) vs 226 bpm (219-228); P=0.008), BLa200 (3.8 mmol/l (2.7-5.5) vs 4.8 mmol/l (3.6-5.2); P<0.001) and Hctmax (56.4% (54.9-57.5) vs 61.5% (59-64); P=0.002). Endurance horses median VLa4 was 11.6 m/s (11.0-13.0); V200=11.9 m/s (10.9-12.3) and V160=8.5 m/s (7.2-8.6). Because of the HR and speed characteristics of modern endurance races, we proposed BLa200 as a new calculated parameter with which to assess endurance horses. Trained endurance horses accumulate less lactate, have a greater V̇O2max and relative aerobic contribution to their energy requirements at maximal intensity exercise despite a lower blood haematocrit.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Léguillette
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - P. Greco-Otto
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - R. Sides
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - S.L. Bond
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - S. El Alami
- Al Reef Stables, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - W. Bayly
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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17
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Medler S. Mixing it up: the biological significance of hybrid skeletal muscle fibers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:222/23/jeb200832. [PMID: 31784473 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.200832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fibers are classified according to the myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms and other myofibrillar proteins expressed within these cells. In addition to 'pure' fibers expressing single MHC isoforms, many fibers are 'hybrids' that co-express two or more different isoforms of MHC or other myofibrillar proteins. Although hybrid fibers have been recognized by muscle biologists for more than three decades, uncertainty persists about their prevalence in normal muscles, their role in fiber-type transitions, and what they might tell us about fiber-type regulation at the cellular and molecular levels. This Review summarizes current knowledge on the relative abundance of hybrid fibers in a variety of muscles from different species. Data from more than 150 muscles from 39 species demonstrate that hybrid fibers are common, frequently representing 25% or more of the fibers in normal muscles. Hybrid fibers appear to have two main roles: (1) they function as intermediates during the fiber-type transitions associated with skeletal muscle development, adaptation to exercise and aging; and (2) they provide a functional continuum of fiber phenotypes, as they possess physiological properties that are intermediate to those of pure fiber types. One aspect of hybrid fibers that is not widely recognized is that fiber-type asymmetries - such as dramatic differences in the MHC composition along the length of single fibers - appear to be a common aspect of many fibers. The final section of this Review examines the possible role of differential activities of nuclei in different myonuclear domains in establishing fiber-type asymmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Medler
- Biology Department, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, NY 14063, USA
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18
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Farries G, Gough KF, Parnell AC, McGivney BA, McGivney CL, McGettigan PA, MacHugh DE, Katz LM, Hill EW. Analysis of genetic variation contributing to measured speed in Thoroughbreds identifies genomic regions involved in the transcriptional response to exercise. Anim Genet 2019; 50:670-685. [PMID: 31508842 DOI: 10.1111/age.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite strong selection for athletic traits in Thoroughbred horses, there is marked variation in speed and aptitude for racing performance within the breed. Using global positioning system monitoring during exercise training, we measured speed variables and temporal changes in speed with age to derive phenotypes for GWAS. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that genetic variation contributes to variation in end-point physiological traits, in this case galloping speed measured during field exercise tests. Standardisation of field-measured phenotypes was attempted by assessing horses exercised on the same gallop track and managed under similar conditions by a single trainer. PCA of six key speed indices captured 73.9% of the variation with principal component 1 (PC1). Verifying the utility of the phenotype, we observed that PC1 (median) in 2-year-old horses was significantly different among elite, non-elite and unraced horses (P < 0.001) and the temporal change with age in PC1 varied among horses with different myostatin (MSTN) g.66493737C>T SNP genotypes. A GWAS for PC1 in 2-year-old horses (n = 122) identified four SNPs reaching the suggestive threshold for association (P < 4.80 × 10-5 ), defining a 1.09 Mb candidate region on ECA8 containing the myosin XVIIIB (MYO18B) gene. In a GWAS for temporal change in PC1 with age (n = 168), five SNPs reached the suggestive threshold for association and defined candidate regions on ECA2 and ECA11. Both regions contained genes that are significantly differentially expressed in equine skeletal muscle in response to acute exercise and training stimuli, including MYO18A. As MYO18A plays a regulatory role in the skeletal muscle response to exercise, the identified genomic variation proximal to the myosin family genes may be important for the regulation of the response to exercise and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Farries
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - K F Gough
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - A C Parnell
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Kildare, W23 F2H6, Ireland
| | - B A McGivney
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland.,Plusvital Ltd, Dun Laoghaire Industrial Estate, Pottery Road, Dublin, A96 KW29, Ireland
| | - C L McGivney
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - P A McGettigan
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - D E MacHugh
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland.,UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - L M Katz
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - E W Hill
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland.,Plusvital Ltd, Dun Laoghaire Industrial Estate, Pottery Road, Dublin, A96 KW29, Ireland
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19
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Stefaniuk-Szmukier M, Szmatoła T, Łątka J, Długosz B, Ropka-Molik K. The Blood and Muscle Expression Pattern of the Equine TCAP Gene during the Race Track Training of Arabian Horses. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E574. [PMID: 31426609 PMCID: PMC6720385 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Horse musculature has been shaped through evolution by environmental and human factors, which has resulted in several extraordinary adaptations to physical effort. Skeletal muscle plasticity results from the response to mechanical stimulation causing hypertrophy, where sarcomeres increase the muscle's cross-sectional area under the influence of contractile forces. The aim of the present study was the evaluation of transcript abundance of the telethonin (TCAP) gene, which is a part of the sarcomere macromolecular mechanosensory complex in the gluteus medius muscle, and the whole blood of Arabian horses during flat race training. The analysis, performed by quantitative PCR, showed an increase of TCAP transcripts in skeletal muscle. However, in whole blood, the transcript abundance decreased after the first stage of training and further increased after the second phase. The obtained results indicate a lack of similarity of TCAP gene expression in both tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Stefaniuk-Szmukier
- Department of Animals Reproduction, Anatomy and Genomics, the University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-159 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Szmatoła
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland
- Centre of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Łątka
- Department of Animals Reproduction, Anatomy and Genomics, the University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-159 Kraków, Poland
| | - Bogusława Długosz
- Department of Animals Reproduction, Anatomy and Genomics, the University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-159 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ropka-Molik
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland
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20
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Parkes RSV, Weller R, Pfau T, Witte TH. The Effect of Training on Stride Duration in a Cohort of Two-Year-Old and Three-Year-Old Thoroughbred Racehorses. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9070466. [PMID: 31336595 PMCID: PMC6680649 DOI: 10.3390/ani9070466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Objective gait monitoring via GPS and motion sensors is becoming increasingly popular with racehorse trainers. This has the potential to assist in early detection of lameness and performance issues. This study sought to identify normal changes in gait in a population of two and three-year-old racehorses in order to inform future studies. We found that horses decrease their stride duration at a given speed over time with training. Stride duration appears to increase with increased distance galloped, but this effect is reduced over a training season and presumably increased fitness, so this may serve as a useful indicator for fatigue. Abstract Objective gait monitoring is increasingly accessible to trainers. A more comprehensive understanding of ‘normal’ gait adaptations is required. Forty two-year-old thoroughbred racehorses were recruited when entering training and followed for 22 months. Gait analysis was performed by equipping each horse with an inertial measurement unit with inbuilt GPS (GPS-IMU) mounted on the dorsum. Horses were exercised as per their regular training regimen. Data were analysed using a linear mixed model. For two-year-old horses, there was a non-linear pattern of stride duration (SD) over time (p < 0.001) with SD decreasing initially and then ‘flattening off’ over time (linear and quadratic coefficients −0.29 ms/week and 0.006 ms/week2). Horses showed an increase in SD of 2.21 ms (p < 0.001) per 100 m galloped, and over time, SD decreased by 0.04 ms (p < 0.001) with each 100 m galloped per week. Three-year-old horses overall showed no change in SD over time (p = 0.52), but those that had a period of time off showed a decrease in SD of −0.59 ms per week (p = 0.02). They showed an increase in SD of 1.99 ms (p < 0.001) per 100 m galloped, and horses that had a period of time off showed an increase in stride duration of 1.05 ms per 100 m galloped (p = 0.01) compared to horses which did not have time off. Horses demonstrate an adaptation to high-speed exercise over time. SD decreases with training when other factors are controlled for in naïve horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S V Parkes
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
- Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Renate Weller
- Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Thilo Pfau
- Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK
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21
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The role of heart rate monitoring to assess workload during maintenance interval training in National Hunt racehorses. J Vet Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rivero JLL. Locomotor muscle fibre heterogeneity and metabolism in the fastest large-bodied rorqual: the fin whale ( Balaenoptera physalus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.177758. [PMID: 29691309 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.177758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
From a terrestrial ancestry, the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) is one of the largest animals on Earth with a sprinter anti-predator strategy, and a characteristic feeding mode, lunge feeding, which involves bouts of high-intensity muscle activity demanding high metabolic output. We investigated the locomotor muscle morphology and metabolism of this cetacean to determine whether its muscle profile (1) explains this unique swimming performance and feeding behaviour, (2) is or is not homogeneous within the muscle, and (3) predicts allometric variations inherent to an extreme body size. A predominantly fast-glycolytic phenotype characterized the fin whale locomotor muscle, composed of abundant fast-twitch (type IIA) fibres with high glycolytic potential, low oxidative capacity, relatively small size, and reduced number of capillaries. Compared with superficial areas, deep regions of this muscle exhibited a slower and more oxidative profile, suggesting a division of labour between muscle strata. As expected, the fin whale locomotor muscle only expressed the two slowest myosin heavy chain isoforms (I and IIA). However, it displayed anaerobic (glycolytic) and aerobic (lipid-based metabolism) capabilities higher than would be predicted from the allometric perspective of its extreme body size. Relationships between muscle metabolism and body mass were fibre-type specific. The 'sprinter' profile of the fin whale swimming muscle, particularly of its superficial compartment, supports physiological demands during both high-speed swimming and the lunge, when energy expenditure reaches maximal or supramaximal levels. Comparatively, the slower and more oxidative profile of the deep compartment of this muscle seems to be well designed for sustained, low-intensity muscle activity during routine swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Luis L Rivero
- Laboratory of Muscular Biopathology, Department of Comparative Anatomy and Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
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Serum iron, ferritin, transferrin and haptoglobin concentration variations during repeated show jumping competition in horse. ACTA VET BRNO 2017. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201685040343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Modifications of the iron profile in athlete horses during two international three star (***) show jumping competitions performed in two consecutive weekends were evaluated. Serum iron, ferritin, transferrin, and haptoglobin were assessed in 12 well-trained Italian Saddle horses. Blood samplings were performed before the first day of competition (R1), within 10 min from the end of each competition (J1, J2) and on the day after competition (R2). The same plan was followed during the second weekend (J3, J4 and R3). One-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied on obtained data, and a significant effect of exercise (P < 0.05) on all studied indices was found. These results suggest that serum iron, transferrin, ferritin and haptoglobin are responsive to intense exercise and could be considered important indicators that may give important information about the horse’s performance.
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Assenza A, Casella S, Giannetto C, Fazio F, Tosto F, Piccione G. Iron profile in Thoroughbreds during a standard training program. Aust Vet J 2016; 94:60-3. [PMID: 26914950 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the modifications of some haematological parameters and iron profile during an 80-day training program and their relationship with athletic performance of performance horses. METHODS During the training period, 20 Thoroughbreds were subjected to a standardised exercise test, previously standardised for gallopers to evaluate athletic performance. The test was performed immediately before the beginning of the training program (T0) and after 30 days (T30), 60 days (T60) and 90 days (T90). For each horse, their velocities at blood lactate concentrations of 2 and 4 mmol/L (V2 and V4) and a heart rate of 200 beats/min (V200) were calculated to assess the effect of the training program on athletic performance. Blood samples were collected at 20-day intervals over a period of 80 days from the beginning of the training program. RESULTS One-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a statistically significant effect of days of training (time) on iron, ferritin, transferrin, total iron-binding capacity, transferrin saturation and unsaturated iron-binding capacity (P < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSIONS The results showed the influence of the intensity and duration of exercise on iron metabolism. These findings may be useful for evaluating the athletic status of horses during training and to assess the degree of training adaptability, providing an opportunity to modify the training schedule to achieve the desired performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Assenza
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Polo Universitario Annunziata, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - S Casella
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Polo Universitario Annunziata, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - C Giannetto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Polo Universitario Annunziata, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - F Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Polo Universitario Annunziata, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - F Tosto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Polo Universitario Annunziata, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - G Piccione
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Polo Universitario Annunziata, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Fisher A, Greene H, Talmadge R, Nout-Lomas Y. Lactate-guided conditioning program using variable exercise intensities improves fitness and alters muscle enzyme activity but not inflammatory response in horses. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/cep160019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Blood lactate concentration ([LA]) response to exercise challenges can be used to assess fitness in horses. Most equine conditioning programs (CP) that have been studied are based on regular bouts of exercise of similar to increasing levels of intensity. We hypothesised that a lactate-guided CP implementing 2× weekly short-duration high-intensity exercise bouts and 1× weekly low-intensity longer-duration exercise bout effectively increases fitness in horses. Six untrained adult horses followed a 12 week CP that consisted of 2× weekly exercise on an equine treadmill (6% incline) for 25 min at a velocity at which [LA] was 4.0 mmol/l (VLA4.0) and 1× weekly for 45 min at a velocity at which [LA] was 2.5 mmol/l (VLA2.5). VLA2.5 and VLA4.0 were determined by incremental-step standardised-exercisetest (SET) before the CP and adjusted every 3 weeks. Blood was collected for [LA], creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum amyloid A (SAA), and fibrinogen (Fb) before each speed increase and 30 min, 2, 4, and 24 h after termination of the SET, when [LA] was ≥4.0 mmol/l. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used for analysis. During each SET horses showed increases in heart rate (P<0.0001), packed cell volume (P=0.003), and [LA] (P=0.002). Throughout the CP, VLA2.5 increased from 5.6±0.2 to 6.7±0.3 m/s (P<0.05) and VLA4.0 increased from 6.0±0.2 to 7.4±0.3 m/s (P<0.01). CK, AST, SAA, and Fb did not increase following submaximal exercise. CK and AST activity were attenuated throughout the 12 week CP (P<0.05). This lactate-guided CP was effective at increasing fitness based on achieving higher speeds during the SETs and did not appear to have deleterious effects on the horses’ muscular system or inflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.L. Fisher
- Equine Research Center, College of Agriculture, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, 3801 West Temple Ave, Pomona, CA 91786, USA
- College of Science, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, 3801 West Temple Ave, Pomona, CA 91786, USA
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - H.M. Greene
- Equine Research Center, College of Agriculture, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, 3801 West Temple Ave, Pomona, CA 91786, USA
| | - R.J. Talmadge
- College of Science, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, 3801 West Temple Ave, Pomona, CA 91786, USA
| | - Y.S. Nout-Lomas
- Equine Research Center, College of Agriculture, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, 3801 West Temple Ave, Pomona, CA 91786, USA
- College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Chanda M, Srikuea R, Cherdchutam W, Chairoungdua A, Piyachaturawat P. Modulating effects of exercise training regimen on skeletal muscle properties in female polo ponies. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:245. [PMID: 27809906 PMCID: PMC5095958 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The match play patterns in equestrian polo are unique and require specific training programs to ensure sport performance. The effect of commonly used exercise training regimens on the adaptation of skeletal muscle is unclear. The present study investigated the modulating effects of the classic training regimen, comprised of aerobic exercise training with increasing exercise intensities and varying duration combined with match play, on the properties of muscle in polo ponies. Nine healthy adult female polo ponies were subjected to four consecutive subsets of 1 year classic training regimen including basal activity (B), low intensity (L), low to moderate intensity (LM), and low to moderate intensity training plus match play during polo tournament (LMP), respectively. At the end of each training period, gluteus medius muscle samples were taken for determination of muscle fiber type distribution, muscle metabolic capacity, capillary density, and lipid and glycogen content. The expression profile of metabolic genes including succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), phosphofructokinase (PFK), glycogen phosphorylase (PYG), and glycogen synthase (GYS) were also measured. RESULTS Among all exercise training subsets, only LMP exercise period caused an increase in the number of oxidative fibers (type IIa), along with increases in properties related to oxidative metabolism including high capillary density, intramuscular lipid content, and expression of SDH and PYG genes, with a corresponding decrease in the number of type IIx muscle fibers. CONCLUSION The combination of low to moderate and high intensity training in LMP are only sufficient to induce changes in oxidative characteristics. As the first scientific evidence providing such insight about the classic polo training regimen, the data forms a basis for further consideration in training program design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metha Chanda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Rd., Rachatewee, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Ratchakrit Srikuea
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Rd., Rachatewee, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Worakij Cherdchutam
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakornpathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Arthit Chairoungdua
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Rd., Rachatewee, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pawinee Piyachaturawat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Rd., Rachatewee, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Halsberghe BT, Gordon-Ross P, Peterson R. Whole body vibration affects the cross-sectional area and symmetry of the m. multifidus
of the thoracolumbar spine in the horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - P. Gordon-Ross
- Western University of Health Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine; Pomona California USA
| | - R. Peterson
- Peninsula Equine Medical Center; Menlo Park California USA
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Serteyn D, Ceusters J, Nonnenmacher S, Kirsch K, Mouithys-Mickalad A, Franck T, Lejeune J, Sandersen C. Mitochondrial function and aerobic capacity assessed by high resolution respirometry in Thoroughbred horses. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/cep150031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During the initial stages of training of young Thoroughbred horses, low intensity exercise is employed to increase aerobic capacity. High Resolution Respirometry (HRR) allows the determination of aerobic capacities in small samples of permeabilised muscle fibres. The aim of the study was to measure the mitochondrial function by HRR in Thoroughbred horses, to compare these values to Warmblood horses and to evaluate the effect of a 10-weeks training period. The mitochondrial function was measured by HRR using different substrate-uncoupler protocols (SUIT 1 and 2) in muscle microbiopsies from two groups of untrained horses: 17 Warmblood and 8 Thoroughbred and in the group of 8 Thoroughbred horses before and after a 10-week training period. The SUIT1 protocol employed to compare the two groups of horses showed that in Thoroughbred horses, the mean values for oxygen flux expressed as tissue mass-specific respiration were significantly higher for complex I (CI)Glutamate+Malate, CI + complex II, and maximum electron transport capacities (ETSmax) than the mean values measured in Warmblood horses. The SUIT 1 and SUIT 2 protocols revealed large differences among Thoroughbred horses before and after training. The SUIT 2 protocols showed a significant difference for the complex I activity before and after training but only when the oxygen flux was expressed as percentage of ETSmax. This study shows the interest of HRR in equine sport medicine and exercise physiology, but shows that the technique requires further refinement. Indeed significant differences have been shown between the Thoroughbred and the Warmblood horses highlighting the need to have baseline data for each breed. The Thoroughbred horses had globally a high oxidative phosphorylation capacity with an increase of CI activity induced by an aerobic training program.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Serteyn
- Centre for Oxygen Research and Development – CORD, University of Liege, Allée du VI août, 4000 Sart Tilman, Belgium
- Clinical Department of Companion Animals and Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster B41, 4000 Sart Tilman, Belgium
- Mont-le-Soie Equine Research Center, Mont-le-Soie 1, 6695 Vielsalm, Belgium
| | - J. Ceusters
- Centre for Oxygen Research and Development – CORD, University of Liege, Allée du VI août, 4000 Sart Tilman, Belgium
| | - S. Nonnenmacher
- Clinical Department of Companion Animals and Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster B41, 4000 Sart Tilman, Belgium
| | - K. Kirsch
- Clinical Department of Companion Animals and Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster B41, 4000 Sart Tilman, Belgium
- German Equestrian Olympic Committee, Freiherr-von-Langen-Str. 15, 48231 Warendorf, Germany
| | - A. Mouithys-Mickalad
- Centre for Oxygen Research and Development – CORD, University of Liege, Allée du VI août, 4000 Sart Tilman, Belgium
| | - T. Franck
- Centre for Oxygen Research and Development – CORD, University of Liege, Allée du VI août, 4000 Sart Tilman, Belgium
- Mont-le-Soie Equine Research Center, Mont-le-Soie 1, 6695 Vielsalm, Belgium
| | - J.P. Lejeune
- Mont-le-Soie Equine Research Center, Mont-le-Soie 1, 6695 Vielsalm, Belgium
| | - C. Sandersen
- Centre for Oxygen Research and Development – CORD, University of Liege, Allée du VI août, 4000 Sart Tilman, Belgium
- Clinical Department of Companion Animals and Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster B41, 4000 Sart Tilman, Belgium
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29
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Barreiro E, Gea J. Molecular and biological pathways of skeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chron Respir Dis 2016; 13:297-311. [PMID: 27056059 DOI: 10.1177/1479972316642366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) will be a major leading cause of death worldwide in the near future. Weakness and atrophy of the quadriceps are associated with a significantly poorer prognosis and increased mortality in COPD. Despite that skeletal muscle dysfunction may affect both respiratory and limb muscle groups in COPD, the latter are frequently more severely affected. Therefore, muscle dysfunction in COPD is a common systemic manifestation that should be evaluated on routine basis in clinical settings. In the present review, several aspects of COPD muscle dysfunction are being reviewed, with special emphasis on the underlying biological mechanisms. Figures on the prevalence of COPD muscle dysfunction and the most relevant etiologic contributors are also provided. Despite that ongoing research will shed light into the contribution of additional mechanisms to COPD muscle dysfunction, current knowledge points toward the involvement of a wide spectrum of cellular and molecular events that are differentially expressed in respiratory and limb muscles. Such mechanisms are thoroughly described in the article. The contribution of epigenetic events on COPD muscle dysfunction is also reviewed. We conclude that in view of the latest discoveries, from now, on new avenues of research should be designed to specifically target cellular mechanisms and pathways that impair muscle mass and function in COPD using pharmacological strategies and/or exercise training modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Barreiro
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Muscle and Respiratory System Research Unit (URMAR), Institute of Medical Research of Hospital del Mar (IMIM)-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain Department of Health Sciences (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Gea
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Muscle and Respiratory System Research Unit (URMAR), Institute of Medical Research of Hospital del Mar (IMIM)-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain Department of Health Sciences (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Assenza A, Marafioti S, Congiu F, Giannetto C, Fazio F, Bruschetta D, Piccione G. Serum muscle-derived enzymes response during show jumping competition in horse. Vet World 2016; 9:251-5. [PMID: 27057107 PMCID: PMC4823284 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.251-255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The effect of two jumping competitions, performed in two consecutive weekends, on serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), urea, creatinine (CREA) concentrations were evaluated in 12 healthy jumper horses. Materials and Methods: Blood sampling was performed before the 1st day of competition (T0), at the end of each show (J1, J2), on the day after the competition (T1); the same sampling plan was followed during the second weekend (J3, J4 and T2). Results: One-way repeated measures analysis of variance showed an increase in CPK at J1 and J2 respect to T0 and at J3 and J4 respect to all other time points (p<0.05). LDH activity showed an increase at J2 respect to T0, at J3 respect to T0, J1, J2 and at J4 respect to all other time points (p<0.05). AST values increased at J1 and J2 respect to T0 (p<0.05). A significant increase of CREA was found at J3 respect to T0, T1 and J1 and at J4 respect to all other time points (p<0.05). A decrease in serum urea levels was found at J1 respect to T0, at J2 and J4 respect to T0 and T1; at T2 respect to T0 (p<0.05). A positive correlation between urea/CPK (p=0.0042, r2=0.030), LDH/CPK (p<0.0001, r2=0.535), CREA/LDH (p<0.0001, r2=0.263), CREA/CPK (p<0.0001, r2=0.496) was observed. Conclusion: Our results suggest that 5 days recovery period between the two consecutive competition weekends is insufficient to allow muscle recovery and avoid potential additional stress. The findings obtained in this study improve the knowledge about metabolic changes occurring in athlete horse during the competition to identify muscle alterations following show jumping competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Assenza
- Department of Cognitive Science, Education and Cultural Studies, University of Messina, Via Concezione n 6-8, 98122, Messina, Italy
| | - Simona Marafioti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Fulvio Congiu
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Claudia Giannetto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniele Bruschetta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morpho-functional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Piccione
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
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Rivero JLL, Hill EW. Skeletal muscle adaptations and muscle genomics of performance horses. Vet J 2015; 209:5-13. [PMID: 26831154 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles in horses are characterised by specific adaptations, which are the result of the natural evolution of the horse as a grazing animal, centuries of selective breeding and the adaptability of this tissue in response to training. These adaptations include an increased muscle mass relative to body weight, a great locomotor efficiency based upon an admirable muscle-tendon architectural design and an adaptable fibre-type composition with intrinsic shortening velocities greater than would be predicted from an animal of comparable body size. Furthermore, equine skeletal muscles have a high mitochondrial volume that permits a higher whole animal aerobic capacity, as well as large intramuscular stores of energy substrates (glycogen in particular). Finally, high buffer and lactate transport capacities preserve muscles against fatigue during anaerobic exercise. Many of these adaptations can improve with training. The publication of the equine genome sequence in 2009 has provided a major advance towards an improved understanding of equine muscle physiology. Equine muscle genomics studies have revealed a number of genes associated with elite physical performance and have also identified changes in structural and metabolic genes following exercise and training. Genes involved in muscle growth, muscle contraction and specific metabolic pathways have been found to be functionally relevant for the early performance evaluation of elite athletic horses. The candidate genes discussed in this review are important for a healthy individual to improve performance. However, muscle performance limiting conditions are widespread in horses and many of these conditions are also genetically influenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Luis L Rivero
- Laboratory of Muscular Biopathology, Department of Comparative Anatomy and Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, 14014 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Emmeline W Hill
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Science, College of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Kongoun S, Chanda M, Piyachaturawat P, Saengsawang W. Exercise increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor level in serum of horses. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Houben R, Leleu C, Fraipont A, Serteyn D, Votion DM. Determination of muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity in Standardbred racehorses as an aid to predicting exertional rhabdomyolysis. Mitochondrion 2015. [PMID: 26219220 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This prospective cohort study evaluated the potential of high-resolution respirometry applied to permeabilized muscle fibers for fitness evaluation in French Standardbred racehorses. Fitness evaluation by means of respirometric parameters did not correlate with racing performance registered over the following racing season. However, altered mitochondrial energy metabolism was associated with higher risk of developing exertional rhabdomyolysis, a common cause of exercise intolerance in racehorses. These data represent a first step towards establishing reference values for muscle OXPHOS capacity in this breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Houben
- Equine Department, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bat B41 & B42, University of Liege, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Audrey Fraipont
- Equine Department, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bat B41 & B42, University of Liege, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Didier Serteyn
- Equine Department, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bat B41 & B42, University of Liege, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; Center for Oxygen Research and Development (CORD) Institute of Chemistry Bat B6a, Liège University, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Dominique-M Votion
- Equine Department, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bat B41 & B42, University of Liege, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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34
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Hedegaard Sommer L, Munk R, Møller Nielsen S, Lindner A. Training of Horses Used for Show Jumping and Its Effect on v4. J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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36
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Kohn TA. Insights into the skeletal muscle characteristics of three southern African antelope species. Biol Open 2014; 3:1037-44. [PMID: 25326514 PMCID: PMC4232761 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20149241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fibre type, cross-sectional area (CSA), maximum enzyme capacities and fibre oxidative capacities were investigated in three southern African antelope species. Muscle samples from blesbok (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi), mountain reedbuck (Redunca fulvorufula) and greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) were collected post mortem from the Vastus lateralis and analysed for myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform content, citrate synthase (CS), 3-hydroxyacyl Co A dehydrogenase (3-HAD), phosphofructokinase (PFK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities. Histochemistry and immunohistochemistry were performed to determine relative fibre oxidative capacity, fibre type and cross-sectional area (CSA). Type IIX fibres were the most abundant fibre type in all three species, ranging from 43 to 57%. Kudu had less type IIX fibres than mountain reedbuck and blesbok (P<0.05), values confirmed by their respective MHC isoform content. Blesbok had the smallest fibres, followed by mountain reedbuck and finally kudu (P<0.001). Overall, all three species had high oxidative and glycolytic capacities, but species differences were found. Kudu had the lowest CS activity, followed by blesbok and mountain reedbuck, but the highest PFK, LDH and CK activities. This study confirmed large variation in oxidative capacities within a single fibre type, as well as overlap between the fibre types with no distinct differences between the three species. The fibre type profile of each species is discussed and confirms some of their physical attributes and capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tertius Abraham Kohn
- UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa
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Validation of the Lactate Plus Lactate Meter in the Horse and Its Use in a Conditioning Program. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fortier J, Julliand V, Harris P, Goachet A. Training management of Standardbred trotters: a field survey in France. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/cep13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterise the training practices of French trainers and to describe the training load undertaken by unqualified (UT) and qualified Standardbred trotters (QT). During the Paris-Vincennes 2012 meeting, 20 trainers from the Grosbois training centre were surveyed. Details of their general training practices as well as the weekly workloads for UT and QT were obtained. A nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the UT and QT data and a principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out to examine links between trainer characteristics and particular training practices. Four main exercises used to train trotters were identified: (1) ‘promenade’ exercise: light exercise at walk and at slow trot (5.1±0.4 m/s) lasting 48±9 min; (2) ‘jogging’: moderate trot exercise (6.9±1.5 m/s) lasting 44±12 min; (3) ‘parcours’ exercise: moderate/high intensity trot session (10.3±0.9 m/s) over 2,844±1,412 meters with a final sprint; (4) ‘interval’ type exercise: fast trot sessions (10.8±0.9 m/s) over 1,010±212 meters with sprint phases. Trainers used a combination of these four exercises to train both UT and QT. Moreover, the estimated training weekly workload did not appear to differ between the two age categories, with apparently similar exercises and training loads being used to train both UT and QT. The results of the PCA suggested that as trainers become older and more successful they tend to change the composition of exercises used. They preferably used more ‘jogging’ type exercise, regardless of the horses’ age or training level. Whilst the weekly training plan varied between trainers, it seems that the individual trainer's annual programme was relatively constant, consisting of a repetition of a typical training week.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Fortier
- URANIE, AgroSupDijon, 26 bd Dr. Petitjean, BP 87999, 21079 Dijon cedex, France
| | - V. Julliand
- URANIE, AgroSupDijon, 26 bd Dr. Petitjean, BP 87999, 21079 Dijon cedex, France
| | - P. Harris
- Equine Studies Group, WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds LE14 4RT, United Kingdom
| | - A.G. Goachet
- URANIE, AgroSupDijon, 26 bd Dr. Petitjean, BP 87999, 21079 Dijon cedex, France
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Assenza A, Tosto F, Casella S, Fazio F, Giannetto C, Piccione G. Changes in blood coagulation induced by exercise training in young athletic horses. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:1151-4. [PMID: 23911053 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prothrombin Time (PT), Activated Partial Prothrombin Time (APTT), Fibrinogen concentration (Fbg) and Platelet number (Plt) were evaluated in 20 young athletic horses during a training program. A standardized exercise test (SET) was performed every month for three months. The V4 variations (the speed, in m/min, reached at the blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol/l) obtained for each test were calculated to assess the effect of training program on athletic performance. Blood samples were collected at 20-day intervals over a period of 80 days from the beginning of the training program. The V4 (P < 0.001), PT (P < 0.001), APTT (P < 0.01), Fbg (P < 0.01) and Plt (P < 0.001) varied throughout the training period showing that the modifications of clotting mechanism in response to training period may be considered as a normal physiological response of the hemostatic system to training exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Assenza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Sperimentali e Biotecnologie Applicate, Laboratorio di Fisiologia Comparata dell'Esercizio Fisico, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
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Wagner AL, Urschel KL, Lefta M, Esser KA. Effect of gluteus medius muscle sample collection depth on postprandial mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in mature Thoroughbred mares. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:910-7. [PMID: 23718660 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.6.910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of biopsy collection depth on the postprandial activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling factors, particularly protein kinase B, ribosomal protein S6 kinase, ribosomal protein S6, and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 in middle-aged horses. ANIMALS 6 healthy Thoroughbred mares (mean ± SD age, 13.4 ± 3.4 years). PROCEDURES Horses were fed a high-protein feed at 3 g/kg. Sixty minutes after horses were fed, the percutaneous needle biopsy technique was used to collect biopsy specimens from the gluteus medius muscle at 6, 8, and 10 cm below the surface of the skin. Muscle specimens were analyzed for the activation of upstream and downstream mTOR signaling factors, myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform composition, and amino acid concentrations. RESULTS A 21% increase in MHC IIA isoform expression and a 21% decrease in MHC IIX isoform expression were identified as biopsy depth increased from 8 to 10 cm below the surface of the skin; however, no significant change was evident in the degree of MHC I expression with muscle depth. Biopsy depth had no significant effect on the phosphorylation of any of the mTOR signaling factors evaluated. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Postprandial mTOR signaling could be compared between middle-aged horses when biopsy specimens were collected between 6 and 10 cm below the surface of the skin. Optimization of muscle biopsy techniques for evaluating mTOR signaling in horses will facilitate the design of future investigations into the factors that regulate muscle mass in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Wagner
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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Munk R, Møller S, Lindner A. Effects of training with different interval exercises on horses used for show jumping. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/cep12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies examining the effect of conditioning programs to improve the fitness of horses used in show jumping (Show Jumpers) are not available. Therefore, the effects of conditioning with 3 different interval type exercises were examined on 20 Show Jumpers divided into 3 groups matched by age and jumping performance level. Horses participated in 2 conditioning periods (CP) each of 6 weeks separated by 6 weeks without interval exercise. Training during a CP was the same for all horses but for one specific interval type exercise bout every 5th day. The specific interval exercise bouts were termed Gallop (n=13), Sprint (n=14) and Jump (n=13) and consisted of 4 times 90 s sessions each: Gallop were runs at the heart rate producing a blood lactate concentration (LA) of 4 mmol/l, Sprint were accelerations on the long-sides and decelerations in the short-sides of an arena, and Jump consisted of jumping obstacles of increasing height. Horses were submitted to 3 different standardised exercise tests (SET) before and after each CP: SETv4 (v4 is the speed at which a blood LA of 4 mmol/l is determined), SETjump (16 one jump obstacles in an elliptical course) and SETcourse (11 obstacles at the level of individually adjusted maximal degrees of difficulty). SETv4 showed that the v4 increased more in the Gallop (n=7) and Jump groups (n=7) than in the Sprint group (n=6). These results are based on fewer horses than the others because weather conditions did not allow for running this SET after the second period of conditioning. SETjump showed that blood LA and the level of fatigue estimated by the rider decreased after all interval type exercise bouts. A subjective fatigue score used by the rider in SETcourse improved regardless of the conditioning type of the horses, while their jumping technique improved with Gallop and Jump interval exercise only. Also the blood LA after SETcourse was lower after conditioning with Gallop and Jump interval exercise and the jumping technique improved according to an experienced independent observer in horses conditioned with Gallop, remained the same with Jump and decreased with Sprint interval exercise. In conclusion, all interval type exercise bouts examined improved parameters of fitness, but Gallop and Jump interval exercise improved more parameters than Sprint interval exercise bouts (v4, blood LA and fatigue level assessed by the rider after Gallop and Jump interval exercise; blood LA and fatigue level assessed by the rider after Sprint exercise), and Gallop as well as Jump interval exercise bouts improved the jumping technique too (as assessed by the rider and the independent observer for Gallop, and by the rider only after Jump interval exercise).
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Munk
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, P.O. Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - S. Møller
- Stutteri Ask, Bogensøvej 257, 5390 Martofte, Denmark
| | - A. Lindner
- Arbeitsgruppe Pferd, Heinrich-Roettgen-Str. 20, 52428 Juelich, Germany
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Kim W, Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW, Firth EC, Broom ND. Histologic and histomorphometric evaluation of midcarpal joint defects in Thoroughbreds raised with and without early conditioning exercise. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:498-507. [PMID: 22452496 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.4.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe and measure histologic features of midcarpal joint cartilage defects in Thoroughbreds and evaluate the influence of early conditioning exercise on defect development. SAMPLE 24 midcarpal joints from twelve 18-month-old Thoroughbreds. PROCEDURES Midcarpal joints from 12 horses (6 exercised spontaneously at pasture only and 6 given additional conditioning exercise beginning at a mean age of 3 weeks were evaluated. Gross cartilage defects were assessed histologically. Third and radial carpal bones were categorized with regard to the presence or absence of calcified cartilage (CC) abnormalities at the dorsoproximal and dorsodistal articular surfaces, respectively; histomorphometric assessment and statistical analysis were conducted for the third carpal bone. RESULTS Number and severity of defects did not appear different between exercise groups. Nine third or radial carpal bones had thickened CC with microcracks, matrix and osteochondral junction changes, and increased vascularity, without histologic changes in the hyaline cartilage. Third carpal bones with CC abnormalities had significantly thicker CC (452 vs 228 μm) than did those without CC abnormalities in the evaluated region. However, in the same region, there were no significant differences in hyaline cartilage thickness (681 vs 603 μm), vascular channel area in the subchondral bone (624,894 vs 490,320 μm(2)), or number of vascular channels (15.9 vs 18.0). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Early exercise did not appear to influence the distribution or severity of cartilage defects in the midcarpal joint. Calcified cartilage abnormalities beneath the undisrupted hyaline cartilage in the dorsoproximal aspect of the third carpal bone may represent the first changes in the pathogenesis of midcarpal osteochondral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Kim
- Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Nessler JA, Moustafa-Bayoumi M, Soto D, Duhon JE, Schmitt R. Robot applied stance loading increases hindlimb muscle mass and stepping kinetics in a rat model of spinal cord injury. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2012; 2011:4145-8. [PMID: 22255252 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2011.6091029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Following spinal cord injury (SCI) reduced limb usage typically results in muscle atrophy. While robotic locomotor training has been shown to improve several aspects of stepping ability following SCI, little is known regarding the effects of automated training on the preservation of muscle function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of two robotic locomotor training algorithms on hindlimb strength and muscle mass in a rat model of SCI. Eighteen Sprague-Dawley rats received a mid-thoracic spinal cord transection at 5 days of age, and were randomly assigned to one of three groups: control (no training), standard robotic training, and robotic training with a downward force applied to the shank during the stance phase of gait. Training occurred 5 days/week for 5 min/day, and animals received 90% body weight support for all sessions. Following 4 weeks of training, vertical and propulsive ground reaction force during stepping and en vitro mass of two plantarflexor muscles were significantly increased for all of the trained animals when compared to the untrained control group. Post hoc analysis revealed that standard robotic training did not appear to increase ground reaction force and muscle mass to the same extent as the loaded condition. These results indicate that automated robotic training helps to preserve hindlimb muscle function in rats following SCI. Further, the addition of a plantarflexion stance load appears to promote greater increases in muscle mass and stepping kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff A Nessler
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA.
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Graziotti GH, Chamizo VE, Ríos C, Acevedo LM, Rodríguez-Menéndez JM, Victorica C, Rivero JLL. Adaptive functional specialisation of architectural design and fibre type characteristics in agonist shoulder flexor muscles of the llama, Lama glama. J Anat 2012; 221:151-63. [PMID: 22625659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Like other camelids, llamas (Lama glama) have the natural ability to pace (moving ipsilateral limbs in near synchronicity). But unlike the Old World camelids (bactrian and dromedary camels), they are well adapted for pacing at slower or moderate speeds in high-altitude habitats, having been described as good climbers and used as pack animals for centuries. In order to gain insight into skeletal muscle design and to ascertain its relationship with the llama's characteristic locomotor behaviour, this study examined the correspondence between architecture and fibre types in two agonist muscles involved in shoulder flexion (M. teres major - TM and M. deltoideus, pars scapularis - DS and pars acromialis - DA). Architectural properties were found to be correlated with fibre-type characteristics both in DS (long fibres, low pinnation angle, fast-glycolytic fibre phenotype with abundant IIB fibres, small fibre size, reduced number of capillaries per fibre and low oxidative capacity) and in DA (short fibres, high pinnation angle, slow-oxidative fibre phenotype with numerous type I fibres, very sparse IIB fibres, and larger fibre size, abundant capillaries and high oxidative capacity). This correlation suggests a clear division of labour within the M. deltoideus of the llama, DS being involved in rapid flexion of the shoulder joint during the swing phase of the gait, and DA in joint stabilisation during the stance phase. However, the architectural design of the TM muscle (longer fibres and lower fibre pinnation angle) was not strictly matched with its fibre-type characteristics (very similar to those of the postural DA muscle). This unusual design suggests a dual function of the TM muscle both in active flexion of the shoulder and in passive support of the limb during the stance phase, pulling the forelimb to the trunk. This functional specialisation seems to be well suited to a quadruped species that needs to increase ipsilateral stability of the limb during the support phase of the pacing gait. Compared with other species, llama skeletal muscles are well suited for greater force generation combined with higher fatigue resistance during exercise. These characteristics are interpreted as being of high adaptive value, given the llama's habitat and its use as a pack animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo H Graziotti
- Departament of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
This study investigates the myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform composition in the gluteus medius muscle of the Akhal-Teke horses using SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). Fifteen horses aged between 1.5 and 23.5 years were used in this study and divided into three age groups: 1.5 to 4 (n = 6), 9 to 13 (n = 5) and 18.5 to 23.5 years (n = 4). The average content of the MyHC I isoform was 11.72 ± 1.07% (variation between individuals: 7.09% to 20.14%). The relative content of the MyHC IIa and IIx isoforms was subsequently 38.20 ± 1.46% (30.73% to 48.78%) and 50.07 ± 1.10% (43.8% to 56.78%) from the total MyHC. The MyHC pattern in the skeletal muscles of the Akhal-Teke horses shows that the muscles of these horses have a high capacity both for endurance and speed.
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Lindner A, Dag Erginsoy S, Kissenbeck S, Mosen H, Hetzel U, Drommer W, Chamizo VE, Rivero JLL. Effect of different blood-guided conditioning programmes on skeletal muscle ultrastructure and histochemistry of sport horses. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2012; 97:374-86. [PMID: 22404305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of three different blood-guided conditioning programmes on ultrastructural and histochemical features of the gluteus medius muscle of 2-year-old sport horses were examined. Six non-trained Haflinger horses performed three consecutive conditioning programmes of varying lactate-guided intensities [velocities eliciting blood lactate concentrations of 1.5 (v1.5 ), 2.5 (v2.5 ) and 4 (v4 ) mm respectively] and durations (25 and 45 min). Each conditioning programme lasted 6 weeks and was followed by a 5-week resting period. Pre-, post- and deconditioning muscle biopsies were analysed. Although training and detraining adaptations were similar in nature, they varied significantly in magnitude among the three different conditioning programmes. Overall, the adaptations consisted in significant increases in size of mitochondria and myofibrils, as well as a hypertrophy of myofibrillar ATPase type IIA muscle fibres and a reduction in number of type IIx low-oxidative fibres. Together, these changes are compatible with a significant improvement in both muscle aerobic capacity and muscle strength. The use of v1.5 and v2.5 as the exercise intensities for 45 min elicited more significant adaptations in muscle, whereas conditioning horses at v4 for 25 min evoked minimal changes. Most of these muscular adaptations returned towards the pre-conditioning status after 5 weeks of inactivity. It is concluded that exercises of low or moderate intensities (in the range between v1.5 and v2.5 ) and long duration (45 min) are more effective for improving muscle features associated with stamina and power in sport horses than exercises of higher intensity (equivalent to v4 ) and shorter duration (25 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lindner
- Arbeitsgruppe Pferd, Heinrich-Röttgen-Strasse 20, Jülich, Germany.
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Kohn TA, Curry JW, Noakes TD. Black wildebeest skeletal muscle exhibits high oxidative capacity and a high proportion of type IIx fibres. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 214:4041-7. [PMID: 22071196 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.061572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the skeletal muscle characteristics of black wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou) in terms of fibre type and metabolism. Samples were obtained post mortem from the vastus lateralis and longissimus lumborum muscles and analysed for myosin heavy chain (MHC) content. Citrate synthase (CS), 3-hydroxyacyl co A dehydrogenase (3HAD), phosphofructokinase (PFK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities were measured spectrophotometrically to represent the major metabolic pathways in these muscles. Both muscles had less than 20% MHC I, whereas MHC IIa and MHC IIx were expressed in excess of 50% in the vastus lateralis and longissimus lumborum muscles, respectively. Overall fibre size was 2675±1034 μm(2), which is small compared with other species. Oxidative capacity (CS and 3HAD) in both muscles was high and did not differ from one another, but the longissimus lumborum had significantly (P<0.05) higher PFK, LDH and CK activities. No relationships were observed between fibre type and the oxidative and oxygen-independent metabolic capacity as measured by specific enzyme activities. This study confirms the presence of both fast-twitch fibres and high oxidative capacity in black wildebeest, indicating an animal that can run very fast but is also fatigue resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tertius Abraham Kohn
- UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, South Africa.
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Rodriguez DA, Kalko S, Puig-Vilanova E, Perez-Olabarría M, Falciani F, Gea J, Cascante M, Barreiro E, Roca J. Muscle and blood redox status after exercise training in severe COPD patients. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:88-94. [PMID: 22064359 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Beneficial effects of exercise training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are acknowledged. However, high-intensity exercise may enhance muscle oxidative stress in severe COPD patients. We hypothesized that high-intensity exercise training of long duration does not deteriorate muscle redox status. In the vastus lateralis and blood of 18 severe COPD patients and 12 controls, before and after an 8-week training program, protein oxidation and nitration, antioxidant systems, and inflammatory cytokines were examined. At baseline, COPD patients showed greater muscle oxidative stress and superoxide dismutase activity and circulating inflammatory cytokines than controls. Among COPD patients, muscle and blood protein carbonylation levels were correlated. Both groups showed training-induced increase in VO(2) peak and decreased blood lactate levels. After training, among the COPD patients, blood protein nitration levels were significantly reduced and muscle protein oxidation and nitration levels did not cause impairment. Muscle and blood levels of inflammatory cytokines were not modified by training in either patients or controls. We conclude that in severe COPD patients, high-intensity exercise training of long duration improves exercise capacity while preventing the enhancement of systemic and muscle oxidative stress. In addition, in these patients, resting protein oxidation levels correlate between skeletal muscle and blood compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Rodriguez
- Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Boffi FM, Lindner A, Lopez RA, Botta V, Sadaba S, Muriel M. Effect of Recovery Periods during Conditioning of Horses on Fitness Parameters. J Equine Vet Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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