1
|
do Carmo EC, Barroso R, Gil S, da Silva NR, Bertuzzi R, Foster C, Tricoli V. Can plyometric training change the pacing behaviour during 10-km running? Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:18-27. [PMID: 34873992 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2013952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The effects of plyometric training (PT) on middle- and long-distance running performances are well established. However, its influence on pacing behaviour is still unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of PT on pacing behaviour. In addition, verify whether the adaptations induced by PT would change ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and/or affective feelings during the race. Twenty-eight male runners were assigned to two groups: control (C) and PT. PT held two weekly PT sessions for eight weeks. Drop jump (DJ) performance, 10-km running performance, pacing behaviour, RPE and affective feelings, VO2peak, ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2), peak treadmill speed (PTS), and running economy (RE) were measured. For group comparisons, a mixed model analysis for repeated measures, effect size (ES) and 90% confidence interval (90% CI) were calculated for all dependent variables. Significant differences pre-to-post was observed for PT group in DP (7.2%; p ≤ 0.01; ES = 0.56 (0.28-0.85)) and RE (4.5%; p ≤ 0.05; ES = -0.52 ((-0.73 to -0.31)) without changes in pacing behaviour. While PT was effective for improving DJ and RE, there is no evidence that pacing behaviour, RPE or affective feelings are directly affected by these adaptations during a 10-km time trial run.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Everton C do Carmo
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Senac University Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Barroso
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Saulo Gil
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalia R da Silva
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carl Foster
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, 54601, WI, USA
| | - Valmor Tricoli
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on Different Aerobic Exercise Performance Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173479. [PMID: 36079738 PMCID: PMC9460004 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation with Citrulline (Cit) has been shown to have a positive impact on aerobic exercise performance and related outcomes such as lactate, oxygen uptake (VO2) kinetics, and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE), probably due to its relationship to endogenous nitric oxide production. However, current research has shown this to be controversial. The main objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to analyze and assess the effects of Cit supplementation on aerobic exercise performance and related outcomes, as well as to show the most suitable doses and timing of ingestion. A structured literature search was carried out by the PRISMA® (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and PICOS guidelines in the following databases: Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science (WOS). A total of 10 studies were included in the analysis, all of which exclusively compared the effects of Cit supplementation with those of a placebo group on aerobic performance, lactate, VO2, and the RPE. Those articles that used other supplements and measured other outcomes were excluded. The meta-analysis was carried out using Hedges’ g random effects model and pooled standardized mean differences (SMD). The results showed no positive effects of Cit supplementation on aerobic performance (pooled SMD = 0.15; 95% CI (−0.02 to 0.32); I2, 0%; p = 0.08), the RPE (pooled SMD = −0.03; 95% CI (−0.43 to 0.38); I2, 49%; p = 0.9), VO2 kinetics (pooled SMD = 0.01; 95% CI (−0.16 to 0.17); I2, 0%; p = 0.94), and lactate (pooled SMD = 0.25; 95% CI (−0.10 to 0.59); I2, 0%; p = 0.16). In conclusion, Cit supplementation did not prove to have any benefits for aerobic exercise performance and related outcomes. Where chronic protocols seemed to show a positive tendency, more studies in the field are needed to better understand the effects.
Collapse
|
3
|
Iannetta D, Zhang J, Murias JM, Aboodarda SJ. Neuromuscular and perceptual mechanisms of fatigue accompanying task failure in response to moderate-, heavy-, severe-, and extreme-intensity cycling. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:323-334. [PMID: 35771217 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00764.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive characterization of neuromuscular and perceptual mechanisms of fatigue at task failure following exercise across the entire intensity spectrum is lacking. This study evaluated the extent of peripheral and central fatigue, and corresponding perceptual attributes, at task failure following cycling within the moderate-(MOD), heavy-(HVY), severe-(SVR), and extreme-(EXT) intensity domains. After a ramp-incremental test, eleven young males performed four constant-power output trials to the limit of tolerance (Tlim) at four distinct domain-specific workloads. These trials were preceded and followed by 5-s knee-extension maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) and femoral nerve electrical stimuli to quantify peripheral and central fatigue. Additionally, perceptual measures including ratings of global fatigue, legs pain, dyspnea and perceived effort (RPE) were also collected. At Tlim, reductions in MVC were independent of intensity (P>0.05). However, peripheral fatigue was greater following EXT and SVR and progressively, but distinctively, lower following HVY and MOD (P<0.05). Central fatigue was similar after SVR, HVY, and MOD, but absent after EXT (P<0.05). At Tlim, subjective ratings of global fatigue were progressively higher with lower exercise intensities, while ratings of legs pain and dyspnea were progressively higher with higher exercise intensities. On the other hand, RPE was maximal following HVY, SVR, and EXT, but not MOD. The findings demonstrate that at Tlim the extent of peripheral fatigue is highly domain-specific whereas the extent of central fatigue is not. Sensations such as fatigue, pain, and dyspnea may integrate with mechanisms of sense of effort to determine task failure in a manner specific to each intensity domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Iannetta
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jenny Zhang
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Juan M Murias
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Normand-Gravier T, Britto F, Launay T, Renfree A, Toussaint JF, Desgorces FD. Exercise Dose Equalization in High-Intensity Interval Training: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19094980. [PMID: 35564375 PMCID: PMC9104727 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19094980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Based on comparisons to moderate continuous exercise (MICT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is becoming a worldwide trend in physical exercise. This raises methodological questions related to equalization of exercise dose when comparing protocols. The present scoping review aims to identify in the literature the evidence for protocol equalization and the soundness of methods used for it. PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for original investigations comparing the effects of HIIT to MICT. A total of 2041 articles were identified, and 169 were included. Of these, 98 articles equalized protocols by utilizing energy-based methods or exercise volume (58 and 31 articles, respectively). No clear consensus for protocol equalization appears to have evolved over recent years. Prominent equalization methods consider the exercise dose (i.e., energy expenditure/production or total volume) in absolute values without considering the nonlinear nature of its relationship with duration. Exercises resulting from these methods induced maximal exertion in HIIT but low exertion in MICT. A key question is, therefore, whether exercise doses are best considered in absolute terms or relative to individual exercise maximums. If protocol equalization is accepted as an essential methodological prerequisite, it is hypothesized that comparison of program effects would be more accurate if exercise was quantified relative to intensity-related maximums.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Normand-Gravier
- Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; (T.N.-G.); (F.B.); (T.L.); (J.-F.T.)
- URP 7329-IRMES (Institute for Research in Medicine and Epidemiology of Sport), INSEP, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Florian Britto
- Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; (T.N.-G.); (F.B.); (T.L.); (J.-F.T.)
- Institute Cochin, U1016 INSERM, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Thierry Launay
- Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; (T.N.-G.); (F.B.); (T.L.); (J.-F.T.)
- Institute Cochin, U1016 INSERM, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Andrew Renfree
- School of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK;
| | - Jean-François Toussaint
- Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; (T.N.-G.); (F.B.); (T.L.); (J.-F.T.)
- URP 7329-IRMES (Institute for Research in Medicine and Epidemiology of Sport), INSEP, 75012 Paris, France
- CIMS, Hôtel-Dieu, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, 75004 Paris, France
| | - François-Denis Desgorces
- Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; (T.N.-G.); (F.B.); (T.L.); (J.-F.T.)
- URP 7329-IRMES (Institute for Research in Medicine and Epidemiology of Sport), INSEP, 75012 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Noakes TD. What Is the Evidence That Dietary Macronutrient Composition Influences Exercise Performance? A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:862. [PMID: 35215511 PMCID: PMC8875928 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of the needle muscle biopsy technique in the 1960s allowed muscle tissue to be sampled from exercising humans for the first time. The finding that muscle glycogen content reached low levels at exhaustion suggested that the metabolic cause of fatigue during prolonged exercise had been discovered. A special pre-exercise diet that maximized pre-exercise muscle glycogen storage also increased time to fatigue during prolonged exercise. The logical conclusion was that the athlete's pre-exercise muscle glycogen content is the single most important acutely modifiable determinant of endurance capacity. Muscle biochemists proposed that skeletal muscle has an obligatory dependence on high rates of muscle glycogen/carbohydrate oxidation, especially during high intensity or prolonged exercise. Without this obligatory carbohydrate oxidation from muscle glycogen, optimum muscle metabolism cannot be sustained; fatigue develops and exercise performance is impaired. As plausible as this explanation may appear, it has never been proven. Here, I propose an alternate explanation. All the original studies overlooked one crucial finding, specifically that not only were muscle glycogen concentrations low at exhaustion in all trials, but hypoglycemia was also always present. Here, I provide the historical and modern evidence showing that the blood glucose concentration-reflecting the liver glycogen rather than the muscle glycogen content-is the homeostatically-regulated (protected) variable that drives the metabolic response to prolonged exercise. If this is so, nutritional interventions that enhance exercise performance, especially during prolonged exercise, will be those that assist the body in its efforts to maintain the blood glucose concentration within the normal range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy David Noakes
- Department of Applied Design, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Crivoi do Carmo E, Renfree A, Vieira CYN, Ferreira DDS, Truffi GA, Barroso R. Effects of different goal orientations and virtual opponents performance level on pacing strategy and performance in cycling time trials. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:491-498. [PMID: 33476249 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1880645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of different performance goals (best time vs. beat the opponent) on pacing behaviour during a 10-km cycling race and explored the influence of different performance level of opponents on ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), affective feelings and self-efficacy. Thirteen cyclists performed two time-trials (TT) and two races against a faster (FAST +6%) or a slower (SLOW -3%) virtual opponent. Power output (PO), RPE, affective feelings and self-efficacy were recorded at each kilometre point. Race average and race phases [starting (P1 = first kilometre); first half (P2 = 2nd-5th kilometre); second half (P3 = 6th-9th kilometre) and final sprint (FS = last kilometre)] were analysed. There was no difference in performance, assessed by race time between conditions (p = .84). PO during TT was lower in P3 compared to FS (p = .03; ES 0.6; 90%CI 0.4-0.7). In SLOW and FAST, PO was higher in P1 compared to other phases (p < .05). PO in FS was higher in TT compared to FAST (p = .01; ES -0.97; 90%IC -1.4 to -0.5). RPE increased and affective feelings decreased during all conditions. Self-efficacy was stable through TT and SLOW, but decreased during FAST with higher values in P1 compared to P2 (p = .01; ES -1.1; 90%IC -1.6 to -0.6), P3 (p < .001; ES -2.2; 90%IC -2.8 to -1.6) and FS (p < .001; ES -2.6; 90%IC -3.3 to -1.8). Pacing behaviour, specifically starting and final sprint, was affected by virtual opponents independent of performance level, demonstrating the importance of goal orientation. HighlightsAdjustments in exercise intensity result from a complex decision-making process involving physiological, psychological, environmental and tactical information.Goal pursuit is an important determinant of pacing behaviour since athletes must balance their efforts with expectations of success.A competitive environment may be included to motivate participants to maintain their effort and at the same time to improve their self-confidence.The presence of a final sprint seems to be related to the goal orientation and perceived outcomes of success or failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Renfree
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | | | | | - Gabriel Abrahão Truffi
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Renato Barroso
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fullerton MM, Passfield L, MacInnis MJ, Iannetta D, Murias JM. Prior exercise impairs subsequent performance in an intensity- and duration-dependent manner. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:976-985. [PMID: 33641346 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Prior constant-load exercise performed for 30-min at or above maximal lactate steady state (MLSSp) significantly impairs subsequent time-to-task failure (TTF) compared with TTF performed without prior exercise. We tested the hypothesis that TTF would decrease in relation to the intensity and the duration of prior exercise compared with a baseline TTF trial. Eleven individuals (6 males, 5 females, aged 28 ± 8 yrs) completed the following tests on a cycle ergometer (randomly assigned after MLSSp was determined): (i) a ramp-incremental test; (ii) a baseline TTF trial performed at 80% of peak power (TTFb); (iii) five 30-min constant-PO rides at 5% below lactate threshold (LT-5%), halfway between LT and MLSSp (Delta50), 5% below MLSSp (MLSS-5%), MLSSp, and 5% above MLSSp (MLSS+5%); and (iv) 15- and 45-min rides at MLSSp (MLSS15 and MLSS45, respectively). Each condition was immediately followed by a TTF trial at 80% of peak power. Compared with TTFb (330 ± 52 s), there was 8.0 ± 24.1, 23.6 ± 20.2, 41.0 ± 14.8, 52.2 ± 18.9, and 75.4 ± 7.4% reduction in TTF following LT-5%, Delta50, MLSS-5%, MLSSp, and MLSS+5%, respectively. Following MLSS15 and MLSS45 there were 29.0 ± 20.1 and 69.4 ± 19.6% reductions in TTF, respectively (P < 0.05). It is concluded that TTF is reduced following prior exercise of varying duration at MLSSp and at submaximal intensities below MLSS. Novelty: Prior constant-PO exercise, performed at intensities below MLSSp, reduces subsequent TTF performance. Subsequent TTF performance is reduced in a linear fashion following an increase in the duration of constant-PO exercise at MLSSp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Louis Passfield
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Danilo Iannetta
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Juan M Murias
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Armes C, Standish-Hunt H, Androulakis-Korakakis P, Michalopoulos N, Georgieva T, Hammond A, Fisher JP, Gentil P, Giessing J, Steele J. "Just One More Rep!" - Ability to Predict Proximity to Task Failure in Resistance Trained Persons. Front Psychol 2020; 11:565416. [PMID: 33424678 PMCID: PMC7785525 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In resistance training, the use of predicting proximity to momentary task failure (MF, i.e., maximum effort), and repetitions in reserve scales specifically, is a growing approach to monitoring and controlling effort. However, its validity is reliant upon accuracy in the ability to predict MF which may be affected by congruence of the perception of effort compared with the actual effort required. The present study examined participants with at least 1 year of resistance training experience predicting their proximity to MF in two different experiments using a deception design. Within each experiment participants performed four trials of knee extensions with single sets (i.e., bouts of repetitions) to their self-determined repetition maximum (sdRM; when they predicted they could not complete the next repetition if attempted and thus would reach MF if they did) and MF (i.e., where despite attempting to do so they could not complete the current repetition). For the first experiment (n = 14) participants used loads equal to 70% of a one repetition maximum (1RM; i.e., the heaviest load that could be lifted for a single repetition) performed in a separate baseline session. Aiming to minimize participants between day variability in repetition performances, in the second separate experiment (n = 24) they used loads equal to 70% of their daily isometric maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Results suggested that participants typically under predicted the number of repetitions they could perform to MF with a meta-analytic estimate across experiments of 2.0 [95%CIs 0.0 to 4.0]. Participants with at least 1 year of resistance training experience are likely not adequately accurate at gauging effort in submaximal conditions. This suggests that perceptions of effort during resistance training task performance may not be congruent with the actual effort required. This has implications for controlling, programming, and manipulating the actual effort in resistance training and potentially on the magnitude of desired adaptations such as improvements in muscular hypertrophy and strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cedrik Armes
- Centre for Health, Exercise and Sport Science, School of Sport, Health and Social Sciences, Solent University, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henry Standish-Hunt
- Centre for Health, Exercise and Sport Science, School of Sport, Health and Social Sciences, Solent University, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Patroklos Androulakis-Korakakis
- Centre for Health, Exercise and Sport Science, School of Sport, Health and Social Sciences, Solent University, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Michalopoulos
- Centre for Health, Exercise and Sport Science, School of Sport, Health and Social Sciences, Solent University, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Tsvetelina Georgieva
- Centre for Health, Exercise and Sport Science, School of Sport, Health and Social Sciences, Solent University, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Hammond
- Centre for Health, Exercise and Sport Science, School of Sport, Health and Social Sciences, Solent University, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Fisher
- Centre for Health, Exercise and Sport Science, School of Sport, Health and Social Sciences, Solent University, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Jürgen Giessing
- Institute for Sport Science, University of Koblenz and Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - James Steele
- Centre for Health, Exercise and Sport Science, School of Sport, Health and Social Sciences, Solent University, Southampton, United Kingdom
- ukactive Research Institute, ukactive, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nuzzo JL. Preliminary evidence that letters to the editor are indexed inconsistently in
PubMed
and in exercise science and physical therapy journals: Implications and resolutions. LEARNED PUBLISHING 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/leap.1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James L. Nuzzo
- Independent Researcher West Leederville Western Australia Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Training load quantification of high intensity exercises: Discrepancies between original and alternative methods. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237027. [PMID: 32745112 PMCID: PMC7398532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to quantify training loads (TL) of high intensity sessions through original methods (TRIMP; session-RPE; Work-Endurance-Recovery) and their updated alternatives (TRIMPcumulative; RPEalone; New-WER). Ten endurance athletes were requested to perform five sessions until exhaustion. Session 1 composed by a 800m maximal performance and four intermittent sessions performed at the 800m velocity, three sessions with 400m of interval length and work:recovery ratios of 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2 and one with 200m intervals and 1:1. Total TL were quantified from the sessions’ beginning to the cool-down period and an intermediate TL (TL800) was calculated when 800m running was accumulated within the sessions. At the end of the sessions high and similar RPE were reported (effect size, η2 = 0.12), while, at the intermediate 800m distance, the higher interval distances and work:recovery ratios the higher the RPE (η2 = 0.88). Our results show marked differences in sessions’ total TL between original (e.g., lowest TL for the 800m and highest for the 200m-1:1 sessions) and alternative methods (RPEalone and New-WER; similar TL for each session). Differences appear in TL800 notably between TRIMP and other methods which are negatively correlated. All TL report light to moderate correlations between original methods and their alternatives, original methods are strongly correlated together, as observed for alternative methods. Differences in TL quantification between original and alternative methods underline that they are not interchangeable. Because of high exercise volume influence, original methods markedly enhance TL of sessions with higher exercise volumes although these presented the easiest interval distances and work-recovery ratios. Alternative methods based on exhaustion level (New-WER) and exertion (RPEalone) provided a new and promising point of view of TL quantification where exhaustion determines the highest TL whatever the exercise. This remains to be tested with more extended populations submitted to wider ranges of exercises.
Collapse
|
11
|
do Carmo EC, Barroso R, Renfree A, da Silva NR, Gil S, Tricoli V. Affective Feelings and Perceived Exertion During a 10-km Time Trial and Head-to-Head Running Race. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:903-906. [PMID: 32050163 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To verify the affective feelings (AFs) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) responses during a 10-km competitive head-to-head (HTH) running race and compare them with a time-trial (TT) running race. METHODS Fourteen male runners completed 2 × 10-km runs (TT and HTH) on different days. Speed, RPE, and AF were measured every 400 m. For pacing analysis, races were divided into the following 4 stages: first 400 m (F400), 401-5000 m (M1), 5001-9600 m (M2), and the last 400 m (final sprint). RESULTS Improvement of performance was observed (39:32 [02:41] min:s vs 40:28 [02:55] min:s; P = .03; effect size = -0.32) in HTH compared with TT. There were no differences in either pacing strategy or RPE between conditions. AFs were higher during the HTH, being different in M2 compared with TT (2.09 [1.81] vs 0.22 [2.25]; P = .02; effect size = 0.84). CONCLUSIONS AFs are directly influenced by the presence of opponents during an HTH race, and a more positive AF could be involved in the dissociation between RPE and running speed and, consequently, the overall race performance.
Collapse
|
12
|
Molinari CA, Palacin F, Poinsard L, Billat VL. Determination of Submaximal and Maximal Training Zones From a 3-Stage, Variable-Duration, Perceptually Regulated Track Test. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:853-861. [PMID: 32176864 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To validate a new perceptually regulated, self-paced maximal oxygen consumption field test (the Running Advisor Billat Training [RABIT] test) that can be used by recreational runners to define personalized training zones. DESIGN In a cross-sectional study, male and female recreational runners (N = 12; mean [SD] age = 43 [8] y) completed 3 maximal exercise tests (2 RABIT tests and a University of Montreal Track Test), with a 48-hour interval between tests. METHODS The University of Montreal Track Test was a continuous, incremental track test with a 0.5-km·h-1 increment every minute until exhaustion. The RABIT tests were conducted at intensities of 11, 14, and 17 on the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale for 10, 5, and 3 minutes, respectively, with a 1-minute rest between efforts. RESULTS The 2 RABIT tests and the University of Montreal Track Test gave similar mean (SD) maximal oxygen consumption values (53.9 [6.4], 56.4 [9.1], and 55.4 [7.6] mL·kg-1·min-1, respectively, P = .722). The cardiorespiratory and speed responses were reliable as a function of the running intensity (RPE: 11, 14, and 17) and the relative time point for each RPE stage. Indeed, the oxygen consumption, heart rate, ventilation, and speed values did not differ significantly when the running time was expressed as a relative duration of 30%, 60%, or 90% (ie, at 3, 6, and 9 min of a 10-min effort at RPE 11; P = .997). CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that the RABIT test is a valid method for defining submaximal and maximal training zones in recreational runners.
Collapse
|
13
|
Postexercise Glucose–Fructose Coingestion Augments Cycling Capacity During Short-Term and Overnight Recovery From Exhaustive Exercise, Compared With Isocaloric Glucose. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2020; 30:54-61. [DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During short-term recovery, postexercise glucose–fructose coingestion can accelerate total glycogen repletion and augment recovery of running capacity. It is unknown if this advantage translates to cycling, or to a longer (e.g., overnight) recovery. Using two experiments, the present research investigated if postexercise glucose–fructose coingestion augments exercise capacity following 4-hr (short experiment; n = 8) and 15-hr (overnight experiment; n = 8) recoveries from exhaustive exercise in trained cyclists, compared with isocaloric glucose alone. In each experiment, a glycogen depleting exercise protocol was followed by a 4-hr recovery, with ingestion of 1.5 or 1.2 g·kg−1·hr−1 carbohydrate in the short experiment (double blind) and the overnight experiment (single blind), respectively. Treatments were provided in a randomized order using a crossover design. Four or fifteen hours after the glycogen depletion protocol, participants cycled to exhaustion at 70% Wmax or 65% Wmax in the short experiment and the overnight experiment, respectively. In both experiments there was no difference in substrate oxidation or blood glucose and lactate concentrations between treatments during the exercise capacity test (trial effect, p > .05). Nevertheless, cycling capacity was greater in glucose + fructose versus glucose only in the short experiment (28.0 ± 8.4 vs. 22.8 ± 7.3 min, d = 0.65, p = .039) and the overnight experiment (35.9 ± 10.7 vs. 30.6 ± 9.2 min, d = 0.53, p = .026). This is the first study to demonstrate that postexercise glucose–fructose coingestion enhances cycling capacity following short-term (4 hr) and overnight (15 hr) recovery durations. Therefore, if multistage endurance athletes are ingesting glucose for rapid postexercise recovery then fructose containing carbohydrates may be advisable.
Collapse
|
14
|
A comparison of different methods to analyse data collected during time-to-exhaustion tests. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-019-00585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Despite their widespread use in exercise physiology, time-to-exhaustion (TTE) tests present an often-overlooked challenge to researchers, which is how to computationally deal with between- and within-subject differences in exercise duration. We aimed to verify the best analysis method to overcome this problem.
Methods
Eleven cyclists performed an incremental test and three TTE tests differing in workload as preliminary tests. The TTEs were used to derive the individual power–duration relationship needed to set the workload (corresponding to an estimated TTE of 1200 s) for four identical experimental TTE tests. Within individuals, the four tests were subsequently rank ordered by performance. Physiological and psychological variables expected to change with performance were analysed using different methods, with the main aim being to compare the traditional “group isotime” method and a less-used “individual isotime” method.
Results
The four tests, ranked from the best to the worst, had a TTE of 1526 ± 332, 1425 ± 313, 1295 ± 325, and 1026 ± 265 s. Ratings of perceived exertion, minute ventilation, respiratory frequency, and affective valence were sensitive to changes in performance when their responses were analysed with the “individual isotime” method (P < 0.022, ηp2 > 0.144) but not when using the “group isotime” method, because the latter resulted in partial data loss.
Conclusions
The use of the “individual isotime” method is strongly encouraged to avoid the misinterpretation of the phenomenon under study. Important implications are not limited to constant-workload exercise, but extend to incremental exercise, which is another commonly used test of exercise tolerance.
Collapse
|
15
|
Faull OK, Dearlove DJ, Clarke K, Cox PJ. Beyond RPE: The Perception of Exercise Under Normal and Ketotic Conditions. Front Physiol 2019; 10:229. [PMID: 30941052 PMCID: PMC6433983 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Subjective perceptions of exercising exertion are integral to maintaining homeostasis. Traditional methods have utilized scores of 'rating of perceived exertion' (RPE) to quantify these subjective perceptions, and here we aimed to test whether RPE may encompass identifiable localized perceptions from the lungs (breathlessness) and legs (leg discomfort), as well as their corresponding measures of anxiety. We utilized the intervention of ketoacidosis (via consumption of an exogenous ketone ester drink) to independently perturb exercise-related metabolites and humoral signals, thus allowing us to additionally identify the possible contributing physiological signals to each of these perceptions. Methods Twelve trained volunteers underwent two incremental bicycle ergometer tests to exhaustion, following ingestion of either an exogenous ketone ester or a taste-matched placebo drink. Cardiorespiratory measures, blood samples and perceived exertion scales were taken throughout. Firstly, two-way repeated-measures ANOVAs were employed to identify the overall effects of ketoacidosis, followed by generalized linear mixed model regression to isolate physiological predictors contributing to each perception. Results Rating of perceived exertion was found to contain contributions from localized perceptions of breathlessness and leg discomfort, with no measurable effect of ketoacidosis on overall exertion. Leg discomfort, anxiety of breathing and anxiety of leg discomfort were increased during ketoacidosis, and correspondingly contained pH within their prediction models. Anxiety of leg discomfort also encompassed additional humoral signals of blood glucose and ketone concentrations. Conclusion These results indicate the presence of localized components of RPE in the form of breathlessness and leg discomfort. Furthermore, subjective perceptions of anxiety appear to result from a complex interplay of humoral signals, which may be evolutionarily important when monitoring exertion under times of metabolic stress, such as during starvation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia K Faull
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David J Dearlove
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pete J Cox
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Venhorst A, Micklewright D, Noakes TD. Perceived Fatigability: Utility of a Three-Dimensional Dynamical Systems Framework to Better Understand the Psychophysiological Regulation of Goal-Directed Exercise Behaviour. Sports Med 2019; 48:2479-2495. [PMID: 30238409 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A three-dimensional framework of perceived fatigability emphasises the need to differentiate between the qualitatively distinct inputs of sensory-discriminatory, affective-motivational and cognitive-evaluative processes that shape the perceptual milieu during prolonged endurance exercise. This article reviews the framework's utility to better understand how cause-effect relationships come to be and how perception-action coupling underpins pacing behaviour and performance fatigability. Preliminary evidence supports the hypotheses that perceived strain plays a primary role in trajectory regulation of pacing behaviour, core affect plays a primary and mediatory role in behavioural performance regulation, and the mindset shift associated with an action crisis plays a primary role in the intensity dependent volitional self-regulatory control of conflicting motivational drives. The constructs hypothesised to underpin perceived fatigability are systematically linked, context-dependent, constraint-based, distinguishable and show proportional continuous interdependency. They are further interrelated with dynamic changes in pacing behaviour, performance fatigability and physiological disturbance. Appropriate measurement selections for the subordinate constructs perceived physical strain, perceived mental strain, valence, arousal, action crisis and flow state are discussed. To better understand the non-proportional discontinuous effects of fatigue on discrete shifts in thought states and mindsets, non-linear dynamical systems theory is introduced as an unbiased overarching theory of governing principles in the temporal evolution of complex systems. This provides the opportunity to discuss the bio-psycho-social fatigue phenomenon from a dynamical and holistic perspective. The proposed framework offers a sophisticated alternative to the Gestalt concept of perceived exertion and comprehensively accounts for the psychophysiological processes that determine pacing behaviour and performance. It has the potential to enrich theory development and facilitate a deeper understanding of the psychophysiological regulation of goal-directed exercise behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Venhorst
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, 7725, South Africa.
| | - Dominic Micklewright
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Timothy D Noakes
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, 7725, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The effect of severe and moderate hypoxia on exercise at a fixed level of perceived exertion. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1213-1224. [PMID: 30820661 PMCID: PMC6469630 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04111-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the primary cues regulating perceived effort and exercise performance using a fixed-RPE protocol in severe and moderate hypoxia. Methods Eight male participants (26 ± 6 years, 76.3 ± 8.6 kg, 178.5 ± 3.6 cm, 51.4 ± 8.0 mL kg− 1 min− 1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\dot {V}$$\end{document}V˙O2max) completed three exercise trials in environmental conditions of severe hypoxia (FIO2 0.114), moderate hypoxia (FIO2 0.152), and normoxia (FIO2 0.202). They were instructed to continually adjust their power output to maintain a perceived effort (RPE) of 16, exercising until power output declined to 80% of the peak 30-s power output achieved. Results Exercise time was reduced (severe hypoxia 428 ± 210 s; moderate hypoxia 1044 ± 384 s; normoxia 1550 ± 590 s) according to a reduction in FIO2 (P < 0.05). The rate of oxygen desaturation during the first 3 min of exercise was accelerated in severe hypoxia (− 5.3 ± 2.8% min− 1) relative to moderate hypoxia (− 2.5 ± 1.0% min− 1) and normoxia (− 0.7 ± 0.3% min− 1). Muscle tissue oxygenation did not differ between conditions (P > 0.05). Minute ventilation increased at a faster rate according to a decrease in FIO2 (severe hypoxia 27.6 ± 6.6; moderate hypoxia 21.8 ± 3.9; normoxia 17.3 ± 3.9 L min− 1). Moderate-to-strong correlations were identified between breathing frequency (r = − 0.718, P < 0.001), blood oxygen saturation (r = 0.611, P = 0.002), and exercise performance. Conclusions The primary cues for determining perceived effort relate to progressive arterial hypoxemia and increases in ventilation.
Collapse
|
18
|
Learsi SK, Ghiarone T, Silva-Cavalcante MD, Andrade-Souza VA, Ataide-Silva T, Bertuzzi R, de Araujo GG, McConell G, Lima-Silva AE. Cycling time trial performance is improved by carbohydrate ingestion during exercise regardless of a fed or fasted state. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:651-662. [PMID: 30672619 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We tested the hypothesis that carbohydrate ingestion during exercise improves time trial (TT) performance and that this carbohydrate-induced improvement is greater when carbohydrates are ingested during exercise in a fasted rather than a fed state. METHODS Nine males performed 105 minutes of constant-load exercise (50% of the difference between the first and second lactate thresholds), followed by a 10-km cycling TT. Exercise started at 9 am, 3 hours after either breakfast (FED, 824 kcal, 67% carbohydrate) or a 15-hour overnight fast (FAST). Before exercise, after every 15 minutes of exercise and at 5 km of the TT, participants ingested 2 mL kg-1 body mass of a non-caloric sweetened solution containing either carbohydrate (8% of maltodextrin, CHO) or placebo (0% carbohydrate, PLA). RESULTS Irrespective of the fasting state, when carbohydrate was ingested during exercise, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was lower throughout the constant-load exercise, while the plasma glucose concentration and carbohydrate oxidation were higher during the last stages of the constant-load exercise (P < 0.05). Consequently, TT performance was faster when carbohydrate was ingested during exercise (18.5 ± 0.3 and 18.7 ± 0.4 minutes for the FEDCHO and FASTCHO conditions, respectively) than when the placebo was ingested during exercise (20.2 ± 0.8 and 21.7 ± 1.4 minutes for the FEDPLA and FASTPLA conditions, respectively), regardless of fasting. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that even when breakfast is provided before exercise, carbohydrate ingestion during exercise is still beneficial for exercise performance. However, ingesting carbohydrate during exercise can overcome a lack of breakfast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Learsi
- Sport Science Research Group, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antao, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Sciences Applied Sciences in Sports Research Group, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil
| | - Thaysa Ghiarone
- Sport Science Research Group, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antao, Brazil
| | - Marcos D Silva-Cavalcante
- Sport Science Research Group, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antao, Brazil
| | - Victor A Andrade-Souza
- Sport Science Research Group, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antao, Brazil
| | - Thays Ataide-Silva
- Sport Science Research Group, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antao, Brazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo G de Araujo
- Department of Physical Education, Sciences Applied Sciences in Sports Research Group, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil
| | - Glenn McConell
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adriano E Lima-Silva
- Sport Science Research Group, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antao, Brazil.,Human Performance Research Group, Academic Department of Physical Education, Technological Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Provot T, Chiementin X, Bolaers F, Munera M. A time to exhaustion model during prolonged running based on wearable accelerometers. Sports Biomech 2019; 20:330-343. [PMID: 30681024 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1549682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Defining relationships between running mechanisms and fatigue can be a major asset for optimising training. This article proposes a biomechanical model of time to exhaustion according to indicators derived from accelerometry data collected from the body. Ten volunteers were recruited for this study. The participants were equipped with 3 accelerometers: on the right foot, at the tibia and at the L4-L5 lumbar spine. A running test was performed on a treadmill at 13.5 km/h until exhaustion. Thirty-one variables were deployed during the test. Multiple linear regressions were calculated to explain the time to exhaustion from the indicators calculated on the lumbar, tibia and foot individually and simultaneously. Time to exhaustion was predicted for simultaneous measurement points with r 2 = 0.792 and 21 indicators; for the lumbar with r 2 = 0.568 and 11 indicators; for the tibia with r 2 = 558 and 11 indicators; and for the foot with r 2 = 0.626 and 12 indicators. This study allows the accurate modelling of the time to exhaustion during a running-based test using indicators from accelerometer measurements. The individual models highlight that the location of the measurement point is important and that each location provides different information. Future studies should focus on homogeneous populations to improve predictions and errors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Provot
- Department of Mechanics, EPF, Graduate School of Engineering , Sceaux, France
| | - Xavier Chiementin
- Research Institute in Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardennes , Reims, France
| | - Fabrice Bolaers
- Research Institute in Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardennes , Reims, France
| | - Marcela Munera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Colombian School of Engineering Julio Garavito , Bogota, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Weerakkody N, De Noronha M, Wiseman P, Sleeth P, Jayalath L. The use of electromyography for the assessment of sense of muscular effort: a test-retest reliability study. Somatosens Mot Res 2019; 36:1-7. [PMID: 30654672 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2018.1556629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to examine the test-retest reliability to measure sense of muscular effort with electromyography (EMG). The EMG activity of the tibialis anterior muscle from 23 participants was recorded. Targets of EMG amplitudes produced at 10 and 20% of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) were calculated. Participants matched the target EMG level with and without visual feedback (FB). With NFB, the reliability was good to excellent when errors were represented as the average standard deviation (SD) of the error from the target (ICC1,2 = 0.75 and 0.69 for 10 and 20% targets, respectively). Also, reliability was good when errors were presented as the average SD as a percentage of the MVC EMG (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC1,2) = 0.67 and 0.66, respectively, for 10 and 20% targets). Standard deviation around the target was the most reliable method to represent the error. This approach could be used as a simple cost-effective method to assess the sense of muscular effort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nivan Weerakkody
- a School of Allied Health , La Trobe University, Bendigo Campus , Bendigo , Australia
| | - Marcos De Noronha
- b Rural Health School , La Trobe University, Bendigo Campus , Bendigo , Australia
| | - Peter Wiseman
- b Rural Health School , La Trobe University, Bendigo Campus , Bendigo , Australia
| | - Peter Sleeth
- c Rural Health School , La Trobe University, Shepparton Campus , Bendigo , Australia
| | - Lakshmi Jayalath
- a School of Allied Health , La Trobe University, Bendigo Campus , Bendigo , Australia.,d Faculty of Medicine, Allied Health Sciences , University of Colombo , Colombo , Sri Lanka
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Álvarez-Herms J, Julià-Sánchez S, Corbi F, Odriozola-Martínez A, Burtscher M. Putative Role of Respiratory Muscle Training to Improve Endurance Performance in Hypoxia: A Review. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1970. [PMID: 30697170 PMCID: PMC6341067 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory/inspiratory muscle training (RMT/IMT) has been proposed to improve the endurance performance of athletes in normoxia. In recent years, due to the increased use of hypoxic training method among athletes, the RMT applicability has also been tested as a method to minimize adverse effects since hyperventilation may cause respiratory muscle fatigue during prolonged exercise in hypoxia. We performed a review in order to determine factors potentially affecting the change in endurance performance in hypoxia after RMT in healthy subjects. A comprehensive search was done in the electronic databases MEDLINE and Google Scholar including keywords: “RMT/IMT,” and/or “endurance performance,” and/or “altitude” and/or “hypoxia.” Seven appropriate studies were found until April 2018. Analysis of the studies showed that two RMT methods were used in the protocols: respiratory muscle endurance (RME) (isocapnic hyperpnea: commonly 10–30′, 3–5 d/week) in three of the seven studies, and respiratory muscle strength (RMS) (Powerbreathe device: commonly 2 × 30 reps at 50% MIP (maximal inspiratory pressure), 5–7 d/week) in the remaining four studies. The duration of the protocols ranged from 4 to 8 weeks, and it was found in synthesis that during exercise in hypoxia, RMT promoted (1) reduced respiratory muscle fatigue, (2) delayed respiratory muscle metaboreflex activation, (3) better maintenance of SaO2 and blood flow to locomotor muscles. In general, no increases of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) were described. Ventilatory function improvements (maximal inspiratory pressure) achieved by using RMT fostered the capacity to adapt to hypoxia and minimized the impact of respiratory stress during the acclimatization stage in comparison with placebo/sham. In conclusion, RMT was found to elicit general positive effects mainly on respiratory efficiency and breathing patterns, lower dyspneic perceptions and improved physical performance in conditions of hypoxia. Thus, this method is recommended to be used as a pre-exposure tool for strengthening respiratory muscles and minimizing the adverse effects caused by hypoxia related hyperventilation. Future studies will assess these effects in elite athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Álvarez-Herms
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Julià-Sánchez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Corbi
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC) - Lleida Centre, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Adrian Odriozola-Martínez
- Department of Genetics, Anthropology and Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV), Campus de Bizkaia, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fatores determinantes da estratégia de ritmo em esportes de endurance. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIÊNCIAS DO ESPORTE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbce.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
23
|
Effects of intensity distribution changes on performance and on training loads quantification. Biol Sport 2018; 35:67-74. [PMID: 30237663 PMCID: PMC6135970 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.70753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study analyses the effects of the high-intensity distribution change within sessions on physical performance and on training loads (TL) provided by quantification methods based on heart rate (HR) and on whole body indicators of exercise-induced physiological stress. Fourteen trained physical education students (21.9±1.2 years, 68.3±7.9 kg, 180±7.3 cm) performed two sessions with the same intensities, volumes and pauses but differing in the efforts’ intensity distribution: one was composed of exercises dissociating the intensities (12 repetitions of 30 m sprints then 12 min interval runs) and the second mixed the intensities (30 m sprint followed by 60 s rest and 2 runs of 15 s - 15 s at 100% and 50% of maximal aerobic velocity – MAV). Session TL was calculated using methods based on heart rate zones, training impulse, ratings of perceived exertion (session RPE) and endurance limit. Session-induced fatigue was observed using performances in repeated sprints and counter-movement jumps. The heart rate zone method provided higher TL for the mixed session (p=0.007), while training impulse described similar TL for the two sessions (p=0.420). The endurance limit method showed borderline significantly higher TL in dissociated sessions (p=0.058) and session RPE provided similar but the largest differences between sessions’ TL (p=0.001). The dissociated session induced larger losses in counter-movement jumps (p=0.010) but lower speed decreases in sprints (p=0.007). Change in intensity distribution within sessions induced contradictory effects on performances and on TL quantification according to the method used. When high intensities are programmed, methods based on heart rate may present limitations for TL quantification, as such methods based on whole body indicators of exercise-induced physiological stress should be preferred.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abel A, Baron B, Grappe F, Francaux M. Effect of environmental feedbacks on pacing strategy and affective load during a self-paced 30 min cycling time trial. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:291-297. [PMID: 30020858 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1497934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the pacing strategy and its affective consequences during self-paced cycling time trials (TT) performed at different severity of hypoxia. Eight competitive cyclists performed five 30 min self-paced TTs at their best performance in the following conditions: 1) normobaric normoxia (NNSL); 2) normobaric hypoxia under two simulated altitudes: 2000 m (NH2000) and 3500 m (NH3500) and 3) normobaric hypoxia but the cyclists were deceived and thought to be at sea level for 2000 m (DecNH2000) and 3500 m (DecNH3500). Power Output (PO), oxygen uptake (VO2), and blood lactate concentration ([La]) were recorded to assess exercise intensity and physiological adaptations. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and pleasure were measured with a CR10 Borg scale to evaluate the affective load (AL). PO and VO2 decreased with the severity of hypoxia but no significantly difference on performance was measured between deceived and real conditions, except for pacing strategy. The started intensity depends on the exercise expectations, but PO was rapidly adjusted with the physiological constraints and the rate of increase of RPE. Finally, AL did not reach maximal values so that the athletes sustained a physiological and emotional reserve to perform a final spurt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Abel
- a Health and Sports Department , University of Franche Comte , Besançon , France.,b Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain , Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium
| | - Bertrand Baron
- c Université de La Réunion , UFR des Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportives (STAPS) , Le Tampon , France
| | - Frédéric Grappe
- d Université de Franche Comté , UFR des Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportives (STAPS) , Besançon , France
| | - Marc Francaux
- b Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain , Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bazuelo-Ruiz B, Durá-Gil JV, Palomares N, Medina E, Llana-Belloch S. Effect of fatigue and gender on kinematics and ground reaction forces variables in recreational runners. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4489. [PMID: 29576960 PMCID: PMC5865467 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of fatigue has been shown to modify running biomechanics. Overall in terms of gender, women are at lower risk than men for sustaining running-related injuries, although it depends on the factors taken into account. One possible reason for these differences in the injury rate and location might be the dissimilar running patterns between men and women. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fatigue and gender on the kinematic and ground reaction forces (GRF) parameters in recreational runners. Fifty-seven participants (28 males and 29 females) had kinematic and GRF variables measured while running at speed of 3.3 m s−1 before and after a fatigue test protocol. The fatigue protocol included (1) a running Course-Navette test, (2) running up and down a flight of stairs for 5 min, and (3) performance of alternating jumps on a step (five sets of 1 minute each with 30 resting seconds between the sets). Fatigue decreased dorsiflexion (14.24 ± 4.98° in pre-fatigue and 12.65 ± 6.21° in fatigue condition, p < 0.05) at foot strike phase in females, and plantar flexion (−19.23 ± 4.12° in pre-fatigue and −18.26 ± 5.31° in fatigue condition, p < 0.05) at toe-off phase in males. These changes led to a decreased loading rate (88.14 ± 25.82 BW/s in pre-fatigue and 83.97 ± 18.83 BW/s in fatigue condition, p < 0.05) and the impact peak in females (1.95 ± 0.31 BW in pre-fatigue and 1.90 ± 0.31 BW in fatigue condition, p < 0.05), and higher peak propulsive forces in males (−0.26 ± 0.04 BW in pre-fatigue and −0.27 ± 0.05 BW in fatigue condition, p < 0.05) in the fatigue condition. It seems that better responses to impact under a fatigue condition are observed among women. Further studies should confirm whether these changes represent a strategy to optimize shock attenuation, prevent running injuries and improve running economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bazuelo-Ruiz
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The rating-of-perceived-exertion (RPE) template is thought to regulate pacing and has been shown to be very robust in different circumstances. PURPOSE The primary purpose was to investigate whether the RPE template can be manipulated by changing the race distance during the course of a time trial. The secondary purpose was to study how athletes cope with this manipulation, especially in terms of the RPE template. METHOD Trained male subjects (N = 10) performed 3 cycling time trials: a 10-km (TT10), a 15-km (TT15), and a manipulated 15-km (TTman). During the TTman, subjects started the time trial believing that they were going to perform a 10-km time trial. However, at 7.5 km they were told that it was a 15-km time trial. RESULTS A significant main effect of time-trial condition on RPE scores until kilometer 7.5 was found (P = .016). Post hoc comparisons showed that the RPE values of the TT15 were lower than the RPE values of the TT10 (difference 0.60; CI95% 0.11, 1.0) and TTman (difference 0.73; CI95% 0.004, 1.5). After the 7.5 km, a transition phase occurs, in which an interaction effect is present (P = .011). After this transition phase, the RPE values of TTman and TT15 did not statistically differ (P = 1.00). CONCLUSIONS This novel distance-endpoint manipulation demonstrates that it is possible to switch between RPE templates. A clear shift in RPE during the TTman is present between the RPE templates of the TT10 and TT15. The shift strongly supports suggestions that pacing is regulated using an RPE template.
Collapse
|
27
|
Reliability and Seasonal Changes of Submaximal Variables to Evaluate Professional Cyclists. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2017; 12:1356-1362. [PMID: 28338371 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of several submaximal variables that can be easily obtained by monitoring cyclists' performances. METHODS Eighteen professional cyclists participated in this study. In a first part (n = 15) the test-retest reliability of heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during a progressive maximal test was measured. Derived submaximal variables based on HR, RPE, and power output (PO) responses were analyzed. In a second part (n = 7) the pattern of the submaximal variables according to cyclists' training status was analyzed. Cyclists were assessed 3 times during the season: at the beginning of the season, before the Vuelta a España, and the day after this Grand Tour. RESULTS Part 1: No significant differences in maximal and submaximal variables between test-retest were found. Excellent ICCs (0.81-0.98) were obtained in all variables. Part 2: The HR and RPE showed a rightward shift from early to peak season. In addition, RPE showed a left shift after the Vuelta a España. Submaximal variables based on RPE had the best relationship with both performance and changes in performance. CONCLUSION The present study showed the reliability of different maximal and submaximal variables used to assess cyclists' performances. Submaximal variables based on RPE seem to be the best to monitor changes in training status over a season.
Collapse
|
28
|
Flood TR, Waldron M, Jeffries O. Oral L-menthol reduces thermal sensation, increases work-rate and extends time to exhaustion, in the heat at a fixed rating of perceived exertion. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1501-1512. [PMID: 28508114 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3645-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study investigated the effect of a non-thermal cooling agent, L-menthol, on exercise at a fixed subjective rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in a hot environment. METHOD Eight male participants completed two trials at an exercise intensity between 'hard' and 'very hard', equating to 16 on the RPE scale at ~35 °C. Participants were instructed to continually adjust their power output to maintain an RPE of 16 throughout the exercise trial, stopping once power output had fallen by 30%. In a randomized crossover design, either L-menthol or placebo mouthwash was administered prior to exercise and at 10 min intervals. Power output, [Formula: see text]O2, heart rate, core and skin temperature was monitored, alongside thermal sensation and thermal comfort. Isokinetic peak power sprints were conducted prior to and immediately after the fixed RPE trial. RESULTS Exercise time was greater (23:23 ± 3:36 vs. 21:44 ± 2:32 min; P = 0.049) and average power output increased (173 ± 24 vs. 167 ± 24 W; P = 0.044) in the L-menthol condition. Peak isokinetic sprint power declined from pre-post trial in the L-menthol l (9.0%; P = 0.015) but not in the placebo condition (3.4%; P = 0.275). Thermal sensation was lower in the L-menthol condition (P = 0.036), despite no changes in skin or core temperature (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION These results indicate that a non-thermal cooling mouth rinse lowered thermal sensation, resulting in an elevated work rate, which extended exercise time in the heat at a fixed RPE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T R Flood
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, Waldegrave Road, Twickenham, London, TW1 4SX, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - M Waldron
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, Waldegrave Road, Twickenham, London, TW1 4SX, UK
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - O Jeffries
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, Waldegrave Road, Twickenham, London, TW1 4SX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Coquart J, Tabben M, Farooq A, Tourny C, Eston R. Submaximal, Perceptually Regulated Exercise Testing Predicts Maximal Oxygen Uptake: A Meta-Analysis Study. Sports Med 2017; 46:885-97. [PMID: 26790419 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0465-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, several authors have proposed the use of a submaximal 'perceptually regulated exercise test' (PRET) to predict maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]). The PRET involves asking the individual to self-regulate a series of short bouts of exercise corresponding to pre-set ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). The individual linear relationship between RPE and oxygen uptake (RPE:[Formula: see text]) is then extrapolated to the [Formula: see text], which corresponds to the theoretical maximal RPE (RPE20). Studies suggest that prediction accuracy from this method may be better improved during a second PRET. Similarly, some authors have recommended an extrapolation to RPE19 rather than RPE20. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the meta-analysis was to examine the validity of the method of predicting [Formula: see text] from the RPE:[Formula: see text] during a PRET, and to determine the level of agreement and accuracy of predicting [Formula: see text] from an initial PRET and retest using RPE19 and RPE20. DATA SOURCES From a systematic search of the literature, 512 research articles were identified. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA The eligible manuscripts were those which used the relationship between the RPE≤15 and [Formula: see text], and used only the Borg's RPE scale. PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS Ten studies (n = 274 individuals) were included. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS For each study, actual and predicted [Formula: see text] from four subgroup outcomes (RPE19 in the initial test, RPE19 in the retest, RPE20 in the initial test, RPE20 in the retest) were identified, and then compared. The magnitude of the difference regardless of subgroup outcomes was examined to determine if it is better to predict [Formula: see text] from extrapolation to RPE19 or RPE20. The magnitude of differences was examined for the best PRET (test vs retest). RESULTS The results revealed that [Formula: see text] may be predicted from RPE:[Formula: see text] during PRET in different populations and in various PRET modalities, regardless of the subgroup outcomes. To obtain greater accuracy of predictions, extrapolation to RPE20 during a retest may be recommended. LIMITATIONS The included studies reported poor selection bias and data collection methods. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF KEY FINDINGS The [Formula: see text] may be predicted from RPE:[Formula: see text] during PRET, especially when [Formula: see text] is extrapolated to RPE20 during a second PRET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Coquart
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Rouen, CETAPS, Boulevard Siegfried, 76821, Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France.
| | - Montassar Tabben
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Rouen, CETAPS, Boulevard Siegfried, 76821, Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | | | - Claire Tourny
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Rouen, CETAPS, Boulevard Siegfried, 76821, Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Roger Eston
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Physical Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kim TW, Kim CJ, Seo J. Effects of colostrum serum on the serotonergic system in the dorsal raphe nuclei of exercised rats. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2017; 21:33-39. [PMID: 28712263 PMCID: PMC5508057 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2017.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The central fatigue hypothesis suggests that exhaustion, or the maximum level of exercise, induces excessive stress and increases serotonin concentrations in the brain, which in turn decreases central nervous system (CNS) function and induces fatigue. Our aim was to determine the effects of colostrum serum on the serotonergic system in the dorsal raphe nuclei during exhaustive exercise. [Methods] Animals were randomly divided into five groups: control, exercise, exercise and treatment with 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of colostrum serum. The rats in the colostrum serum treatment groups were fed colostrum serum at three different doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg per day for seven days. The rats in the control and exercise groups received water by oral gavage once per day for seven days. [Results] The time to exhaustion in response to treadmill running increased after treatment with colostrum serum. These results show that exhaustive exercise led to over activation of the serotonergic system in the dorsal raphe nuclei, and that treatment with colostrum serum suppressed of the exercise-induced expression of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and serotonin (5-HT). The results also indicated that exhaustive exercise induced 5-HT1A autoreceptor and serotonin transporter (5-HTT) overexpression in the dorsal raphe nuclei, and that colostrum serum treatment suppressed exhaustive exercise-induced 5-HT1A and 5-HTT expression in the dorsal raphe nuclei. The most effective dose of colostrum serum was 100 mg/kg. [Conclusion] Overall, our study suggests that colostrum serum has positive effects on exercise performance and recovery by increasing the resistance to fatigue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Woon Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, KyungHee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ju Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, KyungHee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Seo
- Division of Adaptive Physical Education, Baek Seok University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Greer BK, Young PR, Thompson B, Rickert BJ, Moran MF. Impact of Direction of Unloading Influence on Template Rate of Perceived Exertion. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 32:3398-3404. [PMID: 28346316 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Greer, BK, Young, PR, Thompson, B, Rickert, BJ, and Moran, MF. Impact of direction of unloading influence on template rate of perceived exertion. J Strength Cond Res 32(12): 3407-3413, 2018-It is suggested that exercisers engage in a process of teleoanticipation and create an exercise template based on previous experience with the exercise task that guides their perceptions of the amount of effort required for task completion. This study examined how altering workload intensity during a positive-pressure treadmill task may impact Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE). In a counterbalanced design, 15 collegiate cross-country runners (7 men and 8 women) performed 2 25-minute runs at a constant velocity, while body mass (BM) was either increased from 60 to 100% (low-to-high progression trial [INC]) or decreased from 100 to 60% (high-to-low progression trial) in 5-minutes increments. Oxygen consumption (V[Combining Dot Above]O2), heart rate (HR), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were collected. RPE was recorded at the end of each stage, and energy expenditure (EE) was calculated with V[Combining Dot Above]O2 and RER data. There were no significant differences between direction of loading conditions for V[Combining Dot Above]O2, EE, HR, and RER (p > 0.05). Between-trial differences in RPE at 100, 90, and 80% BM were statistically significant (p < 0.001), with higher RPEs observed during the INC. Differences in RPE observed between conditions cannot be explained by physiological mechanisms. These findings suggest that RPE is a multifaceted construct that can be impacted by subjectively based anticipatory factors such as exercise intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beau Kjerulf Greer
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Science, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, Connecticut
| | - Patrick R Young
- Department of Psychology, Wingate University, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Brooke Thompson
- Department of Psychology, Gardner-Webb University, Boiling Springs, North Carolina
| | - Brendan J Rickert
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Science, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, Connecticut
| | - Matthew F Moran
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Science, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Stone MR, Thomas K, Wilkinson M, Stevenson E, St. Clair Gibson A, Jones AM, Thompson KG. Exploring the performance reserve: Effect of different magnitudes of power output deception on 4,000 m cycling time-trial performance. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173120. [PMID: 28278174 PMCID: PMC5344378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a magnitude of deception of 5% in power output would lead to a greater reduction in the amount of time taken for participants to complete a 4000 m cycling TT than a magnitude of deception of 2% in power output, which we have previously shown can lead to a small change in 4000 m cycling TT performance. Methods Ten trained male cyclists completed four, 4000 m cycling TTs. The first served as a habituation and the second as a baseline for future trials. During trials three and four participants raced against a pacer which was set, in a randomized order, at a mean power output equal to 2% (+2% TT) or 5% (+5% TT) higher than their baseline performance. However participants were misled into believing that the power output of the pacer was an accurate representation of their baseline performance on both occasions. Cardiorespiratory responses were recorded throughout each TT, and used to estimate energy contribution from aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. Results Participants were able to finish the +2% TT in a significantly shorter duration than at baseline (p = 0.01), with the difference in performance likely attributable to a greater anaerobic contribution to total power output (p = 0.06). There was no difference in performance between the +5% TT and +2% TT or baseline trials. Conclusions Results suggest that a performance reserve is conserved, involving anaerobic energy contribution, which can be utilised given a belief that the exercise will be sustainable however there is an upper limit to how much deception can be tolerated. These findings have implications for performance enhancement in athletes and for our understanding of the nature of fatigue during high-intensity exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Stone
- Centre for Human Performance, Health and Wellbeing, Buckinghamshire New University, High Wycombe, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Wilkinson
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Stevenson
- Institute of Cellular Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alan St. Clair Gibson
- School of Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Andrew M. Jones
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin G. Thompson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Viana BF, Pires FO, Inoue A, Micklewright D, Santos TM. Correlates of Mood and RPE During Multi-Lap Off-Road Cycling. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2016; 41:1-7. [PMID: 26242877 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-015-9305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between mood and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during a simulated multiple-lap time trial (MLTT). Nineteen male cyclists performed a MLTT consisting of four 9.9 km laps, each lap with a gradient ranging from 0 to 10 %. Mood as measured by the Profile of Mood States Questionnaire (POMS) and perceived exertion as measured by the Borg CR100 scale (RPE) were obtained at the end of each lap. A categorical multiple regressive model, having median of POMS subscales as independent variables, was obtained to explain the variance in median RPE responses. Increases in POMS fatigue scores and decreases in POMS vigour scores were observed throughout the MLTT (P < 0.001). A linear increase in RPE during the MLTT was also observed (P < 0.001). POMS fatigue subscale scores accounted for 88 % of the variance in RPE during the MLTT (R(2) = 0.88, P = 0.002), and no other POMS subscale improved the final predictive model. With the exception of fatigue these results suggest that most aspects of mood do not have a discernable effect on RPE during a MLTT. The rate of increase in RPE can predict the MLTT endpoint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ferreira Viana
- Biomedical Engineering Program-COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Flávio Oliveira Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Allan Inoue
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Physical Education, Estácio de Sá University, Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Tony Meireles Santos
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Physical Education Department of Pernambuco Federal University, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Glenn JM, Smith K, Moyen NE, Binns A, Gray M. Effects of Acute Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Anaerobic Performance in Trained Female Cyclists. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2016; 61:161-6. [PMID: 26052147 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.61.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal beta-alanine (BA) supplementation can improve exercise performance in males through increases in carnosine; however, females experience greater relative increases in carnosine compared to males. This potentially allows females to benefit from acute BA doses; however, effects of an acute BA dose on performance in females remain unknown. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate how an acute dose of 1.6 g BA affects anaerobic performance in female cyclists. Twelve females (age=26.6±1.3 y) volunteered to participate in this randomized, double-blind study. All participants completed two supplement trials: 1) Placebo=34 g dextrose and 2) BA=1.6 g BA + 34 g dextrose. Thirty-minutes after supplementation, participants performed three repeated Wingate cycling tests with 2 min of active rest after each. Fatigue index, mean power, and peak power were measured during each Wingate. Lactate, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured at rest, immediately after each Wingate, and after each active rest period. RPE significantly decreased (p<0.001) immediately following Wingates 1 and 2 and after each 2-min rest period for the BA trials; however, no differences were observed immediately after Wingate 3 (p>0.05). No significant supplementation effect was observed for any performance or physiological variable (p>0.05 for all variables). Findings suggest that an acute dose of BA (1.6 g) decreases RPE during anaerobic power activities in trained female cyclists.
Collapse
|
35
|
Keramidas ME, Stavrou NAM, Kounalakis SN, Eiken O, Mekjavic IB. Severe hypoxia during incremental exercise to exhaustion provokes negative post-exercise affects. Physiol Behav 2016; 156:171-6. [PMID: 26802281 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The post-exercise emotional response is mainly dependent on the intensity of the exercise performed; moderate exercise causes positive feelings, whereas maximal exercise may prompt negative affects. Acute hypoxia impairs peak O2 uptake (V̇O2peak), resulting in a shift to a lower absolute intensity at the point of exhaustion. Hence, the purpose of the study was to examine whether a severe hypoxic stimulus would influence the post-exercise affective state in healthy lowlanders performing an incremental exercise to exhaustion. Thirty-six male lowlanders performed, in a counter-balanced order and separated by a 48-h interval, two incremental exercise trials to exhaustion to determine their V̇O2peak, while they were breathing either room air (AIR; FiO2: 0.21), or a hypoxic gas mixture (HYPO; FiO2: 0.12). Before and immediately after each trial, subjects were requested to complete two questionnaires, based on how they felt at that particular moment: (i) the Profile of Mood States-Short Form, and (ii) the Activation Deactivation Adjective Check List. During the post-exercise phase, they also completed the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory. V̇O2peak was significantly lower in the HYPO than the AIR trial (~15%; p<0.001). Still, after the HYPO trial, energy, calmness and motivation were markedly impaired, whereas tension, confusion, and perception of physical and general fatigue were exaggerated (p≤0.05). Accordingly, present findings suggest that an incremental exercise to exhaustion performed in severe hypoxia provokes negative post-exercise emotions, induces higher levels of perceived fatigue and decreases motivation; the affective responses coincide with the comparatively lower V̇O2peak than that achieved in normoxic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michail E Keramidas
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, School of Technology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Nektarios A M Stavrou
- Exercise and Sport Science Department, ASPETAR Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stylianos N Kounalakis
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ola Eiken
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, School of Technology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Igor B Mekjavic
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Glenn JM, Gray M, Wethington LN, Stone MS, Stewart RW, Moyen NE. Acute citrulline malate supplementation improves upper- and lower-body submaximal weightlifting exercise performance in resistance-trained females. Eur J Nutr 2015; 56:775-784. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
37
|
Predicting time to exhaustion during high-intensity exercise using rating of perceived exertion. Sci Sports 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
38
|
Lima-Silva AE, Pires FO, Bertuzzi RCM, Lira FS, Casarini D, Kiss MAPDM. Low carbohydrate diet affects the oxygen uptake on-kinetics and rating of perceived exertion in high intensity exercise. Psychophysiology 2015; 48:277-84. [PMID: 20624251 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if the carbohydrate (CHO) availability alters the rate of increase in the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during high intensity exercise and whether this would be associated with physiological changes. Six males performed high intensity exercise after 48 h of controlled, high CHO (80%) and low CHO (10%) diets. Time to exhaustion was lower in the low compared to high CHO diet. The rate of increase in RPE was greater and the VO2 slow component was lower in the low CHO diet than in the control. There was no significant condition effect for cortisol, insulin, pH, plasma glucose, potassium, or lactate concentrations. Multiple linear regression indicated that the total amplitude of VO2 and perceived muscle strain accounted for the greatest variance in the rate of increase in RPE. These results suggest that cardiorespiratory variables and muscle strain are important afferent signals from the periphery for the RPE calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano E Lima-Silva
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilSports Science Research Group, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, BrazilDepartment of Physiology, Division of Nutrition Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilNephrology Division, Hospital of the Kidney and Hypertension, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - FláVio O Pires
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilSports Science Research Group, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, BrazilDepartment of Physiology, Division of Nutrition Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilNephrology Division, Hospital of the Kidney and Hypertension, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rômulo C M Bertuzzi
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilSports Science Research Group, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, BrazilDepartment of Physiology, Division of Nutrition Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilNephrology Division, Hospital of the Kidney and Hypertension, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio S Lira
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilSports Science Research Group, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, BrazilDepartment of Physiology, Division of Nutrition Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilNephrology Division, Hospital of the Kidney and Hypertension, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dulce Casarini
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilSports Science Research Group, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, BrazilDepartment of Physiology, Division of Nutrition Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilNephrology Division, Hospital of the Kidney and Hypertension, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Augusta P D M Kiss
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilSports Science Research Group, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, BrazilDepartment of Physiology, Division of Nutrition Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilNephrology Division, Hospital of the Kidney and Hypertension, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nicolò A, Marcora SM, Sacchetti M. Respiratory frequency is strongly associated with perceived exertion during time trials of different duration. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:1199-206. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1102315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
40
|
Johnson MA, Sharpe GR, Williams NC, Hannah R. Locomotor muscle fatigue is not critically regulated after prior upper body exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:840-50. [PMID: 26272315 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00072.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of prior upper body exercise on subsequent high-intensity cycling exercise tolerance and associated changes in neuromuscular function and perceptual responses. Eight men performed three fixed work-rate (85% peak power) cycling tests: 1) to the limit of tolerance (CYC); 2) to the limit of tolerance after prior high-intensity arm-cranking exercise (ARM-CYC); and 3) without prior exercise and for an equal duration as ARM-CYC (ISOTIME). Peripheral fatigue was assessed via changes in potentiated quadriceps twitch force during supramaximal electrical femoral nerve stimulation. Voluntary activation was assessed using twitch interpolation during maximal voluntary contractions. Cycling time during ARM-CYC and ISOTIME (4.33 ± 1.10 min) was 38% shorter than during CYC (7.46 ± 2.79 min) (P < 0.001). Twitch force decreased more after CYC (-38 ± 13%) than ARM-CYC (-26 ± 10%) (P = 0.004) and ISOTIME (-24 ± 10%) (P = 0.003). Voluntary activation was 94 ± 5% at rest and decreased after CYC (89 ± 9%, P = 0.012) and ARM-CYC (91 ± 8%, P = 0.047). Rating of perceived exertion for limb discomfort increased more quickly during cycling in ARM-CYC [1.83 ± 0.46 arbitrary units (AU)/min] than CYC (1.10 ± 0.38 AU/min, P = 0.003) and ISOTIME (1.05 ± 0.43 AU/min, P = 0.002), and this was correlated with the reduced cycling time in ARM-CYC (r = -0.72, P = 0.045). In conclusion, cycling exercise tolerance after prior upper body exercise is potentially mediated by central fatigue and intolerable levels of sensory perception rather than a critical peripheral fatigue limit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Johnson
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, Department of Sports Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - G R Sharpe
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, Department of Sports Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - N C Williams
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, Department of Sports Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - R Hannah
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Waldron M, Highton J. Fatigue and pacing in high-intensity intermittent team sport: an update. Sports Med 2015; 44:1645-58. [PMID: 25047854 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With the advancements in player tracking technology, the topic of fatigue and pacing in team sport has become increasingly popular in recent years. Initially based upon a pre-conceived pacing schema, a central metabolic control system is proposed to guide the movement of players during team sport matches, which can be consciously modified based on afferent signals from the various physiological systems and in response to environmental cues. On the basis of this theory, coupled with the collective findings from motion-analysis research, we sought to define the different pacing strategies employed by team sport players. Whole-match players adopt a 'slow-positive' pacing profile (gradual decline in total running intensity), which appears to be global across the different team sports. High-intensity movement also declines in a 'slow-positive' manner across most team sport matches. The duration of the exercise bout appears to be important for the selected exercise intensity, with the first introduction to a match as a substitute or interchange player resulting in a 'one bout, all out' strategy. In a limited interchange environment, a second introduction to the match results in a 'second-bout reserve' strategy; otherwise, the 'one bout, all out' strategy is likely to be adopted. These pacing profiles are proposed to reflect the presence of a central regulator that controls the movement intensity of the player to optimize performance, as well as avoiding the harmful failure of any physiological system. The presence of 'temporary fatigue' reflects this process, whereby exercise intensity is consciously modulated from within the framework of a global pacing schema.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Waldron
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2350, Australia,
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Price OJ, Hull JH, Backer V, Hostrup M, Ansley L. The impact of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction on athletic performance: a systematic review. Sports Med 2015; 44:1749-61. [PMID: 25129699 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0238-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) describes the phenomenon of transient airway narrowing in association with physical activity. Although it may seem likely that EIB would have a detrimental impact on athletic performance, this has yet to be established. OBJECTIVES The aim of this review is to provide a systematic appraisal of the current status of knowledge regarding EIB and exercise performance and to highlight potential mechanisms by which performance may be compromised by EIB. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION PubMed/Medline and EBSCO databases were searched up to May 2014 using the search parameter: [('exercise' OR 'athlete') AND ('asthma' OR 'bronchoconstriction' OR 'hypersensitivity') AND 'performance']. This search string returned 243 citations. After systematically reviewing all of the abstracts, 101 duplicate papers were removed, with 132 papers excluded for not including an exercise performance outcome measure. RESULTS The remaining ten studies that met the initial criteria were included in this review; six evaluated the performance of physically active individuals with asthma and/or EIB while four assessed the effects of medication on performance in a comparable population. CONCLUSION The evidence concludes that whilst it is reasonable to suspect that EIB does impact athletic performance, there is currently insufficient evidence to provide a definitive answer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Price
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cruz RSDO, de Aguiar RA, Turnes T, Guglielmo LGA, Beneke R, Caputo F. Caffeine Affects Time to Exhaustion and Substrate Oxidation during Cycling at Maximal Lactate Steady State. Nutrients 2015; 7:5254-64. [PMID: 26133971 PMCID: PMC4516996 DOI: 10.3390/nu7075219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the effects of caffeine intake on whole-body substrate metabolism and exercise tolerance during cycling by using a more individualized intensity for merging the subjects into homogeneous metabolic responses (the workload associated with the maximal lactate steady state—MLSS). MLSS was firstly determined in eight active males (25 ± 4 years, 176 ± 7 cm, 77 ± 11 kg) using from two to four constant-load tests of 30 min. On two following occasions, participants performed a test until exhaustion at the MLSS workload 1 h after taking either 6 mg/kg of body mass of caffeine or placebo (dextrose), in a randomized, double-blinded manner. Respiratory exchange ratio was calculated from gas exchange measurements. There was an improvement of 22.7% in time to exhaustion at MLSS workload following caffeine ingestion (95% confidence limits of ±10.3%, p = 0.002), which was accompanied by decrease in respiratory exchange ratio (p = 0.001). These results reinforce findings indicating that sparing of the endogenous carbohydrate stores could be one of the several physiological effects of caffeine during submaximal performance around 1 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Santos de Oliveira Cruz
- Santa Catarina State University, Human Performance Research Group, Rua Pascoal Simone, 358, Coqueiros, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88080-350, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Alves de Aguiar
- Santa Catarina State University, Human Performance Research Group, Rua Pascoal Simone, 358, Coqueiros, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88080-350, Brazil.
| | - Tiago Turnes
- Santa Catarina State University, Human Performance Research Group, Rua Pascoal Simone, 358, Coqueiros, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88080-350, Brazil.
| | | | - Ralph Beneke
- Abt. Medizin, Training und Gesundheit, Inst. Sportwissenschaft und Motologie, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany.
| | - Fabrizio Caputo
- Santa Catarina State University, Human Performance Research Group, Rua Pascoal Simone, 358, Coqueiros, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88080-350, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Flouris AD, Schlader ZJ. Human behavioral thermoregulation during exercise in the heat. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 25 Suppl 1:52-64. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. D. Flouris
- FAME Laboratory; Department of Exercise Science; University of Thessaly; Trikala Greece
| | - Z. J. Schlader
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas Texas USA
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences; University at Buffalo; Buffalo New York USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lopes-Silva JP, Lima-Silva AE, Bertuzzi R, Silva-Cavalcante MD. Influence of music on performance and psychophysiological responses during moderate-intensity exercise preceded by fatigue. Physiol Behav 2015; 139:274-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
46
|
Smits BLM, Pepping GJ, Hettinga FJ. Pacing and decision making in sport and exercise: the roles of perception and action in the regulation of exercise intensity. Sports Med 2014; 44:763-75. [PMID: 24706362 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0163-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In pursuit of optimal performance, athletes and physical exercisers alike have to make decisions about how and when to invest their energy. The process of pacing has been associated with the goal-directed regulation of exercise intensity across an exercise bout. The current review explores divergent views on understanding underlying mechanisms of decision making in pacing. Current pacing literature provides a wide range of aspects that might be involved in the determination of an athlete's pacing strategy, but lacks in explaining how perception and action are coupled in establishing behaviour. In contrast, decision-making literature rooted in the understanding that perception and action are coupled provides refreshing perspectives on explaining the mechanisms that underlie natural interactive behaviour. Contrary to the assumption of behaviour that is managed by a higher-order governor that passively constructs internal representations of the world, an ecological approach is considered. According to this approach, knowledge is rooted in the direct experience of meaningful environmental objects and events in individual environmental processes. To assist a neuropsychological explanation of decision making in exercise regulation, the relevance of the affordance competition hypothesis is explored. By considering pacing as a behavioural expression of continuous decision making, new insights on underlying mechanisms in pacing and optimal performance can be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L M Smits
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Iyoho AE, MacFadden LN, Ng LJ. Prediction of performance reduction in self-paced exercise as modulated by the rating of perceived exertion. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 115:675-90. [PMID: 25417169 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-3054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is a scale of exercise difficulty and has been hypothesized to be a regulator of work rate during self-pacing. The goal of this work was to develop a dynamic prediction of RPE and to characterize the control strategy employed to reduce work rate during self-paced exercise using RPE as feedback. METHODS Training and test data were acquired from the literature to develop a linear regression of RPE as a function of four physiological variables: core temperature, mean-weighted skin temperature, metabolic rate, and integral of relative oxygen consumption (R (2) = 0.85). A thermoregulatory model was used to predict core and mean-weighted skin temperature. Utilizing self-paced cycling and running data from the literature, we characterized reductions in work rate with a proportional-derivative control algorithm with RPE as feedback. RESULTS Bland-Altman analysis revealed the necessity to parameterize RPE equations for untrained and endurance-trained individuals. Afterwards, dynamic predictions of RPE were accurate for a wide range of activity levels and air temperatures for walking, running, and cycling (LoA and bias of 2.3 and -0.03, respectively). For self-paced exercise, the control algorithm characterized the trend and magnitude of work rate reductions for cycling and running, and showed regulated RPE to be less conservative for shorter vs. longer duration exercise. CONCLUSIONS A novel methodology to characterize self-paced work intensity, based upon dynamic physiologic response, is provided. The complete model is a useful tool that estimates performance decrements during self-paced exercise and predicts tolerance time for exhaustive fixed-rate exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Iyoho
- L-3 Applied Technologies Inc., 10770 Wateridge Circle, Suite 200, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Marino FE. If only I were paramecium too! A case for the complex, intelligent system of anticipatory regulation in fatigue. FATIGUE-BIOMEDICINE HEALTH AND BEHAVIOR 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/21641846.2014.957038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
49
|
Nassif C, Gomes AR, Peixoto GHC, Chagas MH, Soares DD, Silami-Garcia E, Drinkwater EJ, Cannon J, Marino FE. The effect of double--blind carbohydrate ingestion during 60 km of self-paced exercise in warm ambient conditions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104710. [PMID: 25110952 PMCID: PMC4128743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated double blind ingestions of placebo (PLA) versus 6% carbohydrate (CHO) either as capsules (c) or beverage (b) during 60 km self-paced cycling in the heat (32°C and 50% relative humidity). Ten well-trained males (mean ± SD: 26±3 years; 64.5±7.7 kg and 70.7±8.8 ml.kg−1.min−1 maximal oxygen consumption) completed four separate 60 km time trials (TT) punctuated by 1 km sprints (14, 29, 44, 59 km) whilst ingesting either PLAb or PLAc or CHOb or CHOc. The TT was not different among treatments (PLAb 130.2±11.2 min, CHOb 140.5±18.1 min, PLAc 143.1±29.2 min, CHOc 137.3±20.1 min; P>0.05). Effect size (Cohen’s d) for time was only moderate when comparing CHOb – PLAb (d = 0.68) and PLAb – PLAc (d = 0.57) whereas all other ES were ‘trivial’ to ‘small’. Mean speed throughout the trial was significantly higher for PLAb only (P<0.05). Power output was only different (P<0.05) between the sprints and low intensity efforts within and across conditions. Core and mean skin temperatures were similar among trials. We conclude that CHO ingestion is of little or no benefit as a beverage compared with placebo during 60 km TT in the heat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Nassif
- School of Human Movement Studies, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aline Regina Gomes
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H. C. Peixoto
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Heleno Chagas
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Danusa Dias Soares
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Emerson Silami-Garcia
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Eric J. Drinkwater
- School of Human Movement Studies, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jack Cannon
- School of Human Movement Studies, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frank E. Marino
- School of Human Movement Studies, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Physiological and psychological effects of deception on pacing strategy and performance: a review. Sports Med 2014; 43:1243-57. [PMID: 24002790 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of an optimal pacing strategy during exercise is to enhance performance whilst ensuring physiological limits are not surpassed, which has been shown to result in a metabolic reserve at the end of the exercise. There has been debate surrounding the theoretical models that have been proposed to explain how pace is regulated, with more recent research investigating a central control of exercise regulation. Deception has recently emerged as a common, practical approach to manipulate key variables during exercise. There are a number of ways in which deception interventions have been designed, each intending to gain particular insights into pacing behaviour and performance. Deception methodologies can be conceptualised according to a number of dimensions such as deception timing (prior to or during exercise), presentation frequency (blind, discontinuous or continuous) and type of deception (performance, biofeedback or environmental feedback). However, research evidence on the effects of deception has been perplexing and the use of complex designs and varied methodologies makes it difficult to draw any definitive conclusions about how pacing strategy and performance are affected by deception. This review examines existing research in the area of deception and pacing strategies, and provides a critical appraisal of the different methodological approaches used to date. It is hoped that this analysis will inform the direction and methodology of future investigations in this area by addressing the mechanisms through which deception impacts upon performance and by elucidating the potential application of deception techniques in training and competitive settings.
Collapse
|