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Aurup C, Bendig J, Blackman SG, McCune EP, Bae S, Jimenez-Gambin S, Ji R, Konofagou EE. Transcranial Functional Ultrasound Imaging Detects Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation Induced Hemodynamic Changes in Mouse and Nonhuman Primate Brains In Vivo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.08.583971. [PMID: 38559149 PMCID: PMC10979885 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.08.583971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Focused ultrasound (FUS) is an emerging noinvasive technique for neuromodulation in the central nervous system (CNS). To evaluate the effects of FUS-induced neuromodulation, many studies used behavioral changes, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or electroencephalography (EEG). However, behavioral readouts are often not easily mapped to specific brain activity, EEG has low spatial resolution limited to the surface of the brain and fMRI requires a large importable scanner that limits additional readouts and manipulations. In this context, functional ultrasound imaging (fUSI) holds promise to directly monitor the effects of FUS neuromodulation with high spatiotemporal resolution in a large field of view, with a comparatively simple and flexible setup. fUSI uses ultrafast Power Doppler Imaging (PDI) to measure changes in cerebral blood volume, which correlates well with neuronal activity and local field potentials. We designed a setup that aligns a FUS transducer with a linear array to allow immediate subsequent monitoring of the hemodynamic response with fUSI during and after FUS neuromodulation. We established a positive correlation between FUS pressure and the size of the activated area, as well as changes in cerebral blood volume (CBV) and found that unilateral sonications produce bilateral hemodynamic changes with ipsilateral accentuation in mice. We further demonstrated the ability to perform fully noninvasive, transcranial FUS-fUSI in nonhuman primates for the first time by using a lower-frequency transducer configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Aurup
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonas Bendig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel G. Blackman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erica P. McCune
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sua Bae
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Robin Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisa E. Konofagou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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2
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Zhou B, Fan K, Zhai J, Jin C, Kong L. Upconversion-Luminescent Fiber Microchannel Sensors for Temperature Monitoring at High Spatial Resolution in the Brains of Freely Moving Animals. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303527. [PMID: 37712115 PMCID: PMC10602553 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Brain temperature is a critical factor affecting neural activity and function, whose fluctuations may result in acute life-threatening health complications and chronic neuropathology. To monitor brain temperature, luminescent nanothermometry (LN) based on upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with low autofluorescence has received extensive attention for its advantages in high temperature sensitivity and high response speed. However, most of current the LNs are based on optical imaging, which fails in temperature monitoring in deep brain regions at high spatial resolution. Here, the fiber microchannel sensor (FMS) loaded with UCNPs (UCNP-FMS) is presented for temperature monitoring at high spatial resolution in the deep brains of freely moving animals. The UCNP-FMS is fabricated by incorporating UCNPs in microchannels of optical fibers, whose diameter is ∼50 µm processed by femtosecond laser micromachining for spatially resolved sensing. The UCNPs provide thermal-sensitive upconversion emissions at dual wavelengths for ratiometric temperature sensing, ensuring a detection accuracy of ± 0.3 °C at 37 °C. Superior performances of UCNP-FMS are demonstrated by real-time temperature monitoring in different brain regions of freely moving animals under various conditions such as taking food, undergoing anesthesia/wakefulness, and suffering external temperature changes. Moreover, this study shows the capability of UCNP-FMS in distributed temperature sensing in mammalian brains in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and InstrumentsDepartment of Precision InstrumentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Kuikui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and InstrumentsDepartment of Precision InstrumentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Jiazhen Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and InstrumentsDepartment of Precision InstrumentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Cheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and InstrumentsDepartment of Precision InstrumentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Lingjie Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and InstrumentsDepartment of Precision InstrumentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
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3
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Gheres KW, Ünsal HS, Han X, Zhang Q, Turner KL, Zhang N, Drew PJ. Arousal state transitions occlude sensory-evoked neurovascular coupling in neonatal mice. Commun Biol 2023; 6:738. [PMID: 37460780 PMCID: PMC10352318 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the adult sensory cortex, increases in neural activity elicited by sensory stimulation usually drive vasodilation mediated by neurovascular coupling. However, whether neurovascular coupling is the same in neonatal animals as adults is controversial, as both canonical and inverted responses have been observed. We investigated the nature of neurovascular coupling in unanesthetized neonatal mice using optical imaging, electrophysiology, and BOLD fMRI. We find in neonatal (postnatal day 15, P15) mice, sensory stimulation induces a small increase in blood volume/BOLD signal, often followed by a large decrease in blood volume. An examination of arousal state of the mice revealed that neonatal mice were asleep a substantial fraction of the time, and that stimulation caused the animal to awaken. As cortical blood volume is much higher during REM and NREM sleep than the awake state, awakening occludes any sensory-evoked neurovascular coupling. When neonatal mice are stimulated during an awake period, they showed relatively normal (but slowed) neurovascular coupling, showing that that the typically observed constriction is due to arousal state changes. These result show that sleep-related vascular changes dominate over any sensory-evoked changes, and hemodynamic measures need to be considered in the context of arousal state changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Gheres
- Molecular Cellular and Integrative Bioscience program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Hayreddin S Ünsal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Xu Han
- Molecular Cellular and Integrative Bioscience program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Qingguang Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kevin L Turner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Nanyin Zhang
- Molecular Cellular and Integrative Bioscience program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Center for Neurotechnology in Mental Health Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Patrick J Drew
- Molecular Cellular and Integrative Bioscience program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Center for Neurotechnology in Mental Health Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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4
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Bidirectional alterations in brain temperature profoundly modulate spatiotemporal neurovascular responses in-vivo. Commun Biol 2023; 6:185. [PMID: 36797344 PMCID: PMC9935519 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04542-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurovascular coupling (NVC) is a mechanism that, amongst other known and latent critical functions, ensures activated brain regions are adequately supplied with oxygen and glucose. This biological phenomenon underpins non-invasive perfusion-related neuroimaging techniques and recent reports have implicated NVC impairment in several neurodegenerative disorders. Yet, much remains unknown regarding NVC in health and disease, and only recently has there been burgeoning recognition of a close interplay with brain thermodynamics. Accordingly, we developed a novel multi-modal approach to systematically modulate cortical temperature and interrogate the spatiotemporal dynamics of sensory-evoked NVC. We show that changes in cortical temperature profoundly and intricately modulate NVC, with low temperatures associated with diminished oxygen delivery, and high temperatures inducing a distinct vascular oscillation. These observations provide novel insights into the relationship between NVC and brain thermodynamics, with important implications for brain-temperature related therapies, functional biomarkers of elevated brain temperature, and in-vivo methods to study neurovascular coupling.
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5
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Zhang Q, Turner KL, Gheres KW, Hossain MS, Drew PJ. Behavioral and physiological monitoring for awake neurovascular coupling experiments: a how-to guide. NEUROPHOTONICS 2022; 9:021905. [PMID: 35639834 PMCID: PMC8802326 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.9.2.021905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Functional brain imaging in awake animal models is a popular and powerful technique that allows the investigation of neurovascular coupling (NVC) under physiological conditions. However, ubiquitous facial and body motions (fidgeting) are prime drivers of spontaneous fluctuations in neural and hemodynamic signals. During periods without movement, animals can rapidly transition into sleep, and the hemodynamic signals tied to arousal state changes can be several times larger than sensory-evoked responses. Given the outsized influence of facial and body motions and arousal signals in neural and hemodynamic signals, it is imperative to detect and monitor these events in experiments with un-anesthetized animals. Aim: To cover the importance of monitoring behavioral state in imaging experiments using un-anesthetized rodents, and describe how to incorporate detailed behavioral and physiological measurements in imaging experiments. Approach: We review the effects of movements and sleep-related signals (heart rate, respiration rate, electromyography, intracranial pressure, whisking, and other body movements) on brain hemodynamics and electrophysiological signals, with a focus on head-fixed experimental setup. We summarize the measurement methods currently used in animal models for detection of those behaviors and arousal changes. We then provide a guide on how to incorporate this measurements with functional brain imaging and electrophysiology measurements. Results: We provide a how-to guide on monitoring and interpreting a variety of physiological signals and their applications to NVC experiments in awake behaving mice. Conclusion: This guide facilitates the application of neuroimaging in awake animal models and provides neuroscientists with a standard approach for monitoring behavior and other associated physiological parameters in head-fixed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguang Zhang
- The Pennsylvania State University, Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kevin L. Turner
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kyle W. Gheres
- The Pennsylvania State University, Graduate Program in Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Md Shakhawat Hossain
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Patrick J. Drew
- The Pennsylvania State University, Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Neurosurgery, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
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6
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Şencan İ, Esipova T, Kılıç K, Li B, Desjardins M, Yaseen MA, Wang H, Porter JE, Kura S, Fu B, Secomb TW, Boas DA, Vinogradov SA, Devor A, Sakadžić S. Optical measurement of microvascular oxygenation and blood flow responses in awake mouse cortex during functional activation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:510-525. [PMID: 32515672 PMCID: PMC8985437 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20928011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex has a number of conserved morphological and functional characteristics across brain regions and species. Among them, the laminar differences in microvascular density and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase staining suggest potential laminar variability in the baseline O2 metabolism and/or laminar variability in both O2 demand and hemodynamic response. Here, we investigate the laminar profile of stimulus-induced intravascular partial pressure of O2 (pO2) transients to stimulus-induced neuronal activation in fully awake mice using two-photon phosphorescence lifetime microscopy. Our results demonstrate that stimulus-induced changes in intravascular pO2 are conserved across cortical layers I-IV, suggesting a tightly controlled neurovascular response to provide adequate O2 supply across cortical depth. In addition, we observed a larger change in venular O2 saturation (ΔsO2) compared to arterioles, a gradual increase in venular ΔsO2 response towards the cortical surface, and absence of the intravascular "initial dip" previously reported under anesthesia. This study paves the way for quantification of layer-specific cerebral O2 metabolic responses, facilitating investigation of brain energetics in health and disease and informed interpretation of laminar blood oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- İkbal Şencan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Tatiana Esipova
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kıvılcım Kılıç
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Baoqiang Li
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Michèle Desjardins
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Optics, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Mohammad A Yaseen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Jason E Porter
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Sreekanth Kura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Buyin Fu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Timothy W Secomb
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David A Boas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sergei A Vinogradov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anna Devor
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sava Sakadžić
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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7
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Zhang Q, Gheres KW, Drew PJ. Origins of 1/f-like tissue oxygenation fluctuations in the murine cortex. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001298. [PMID: 34264930 PMCID: PMC8282088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The concentration of oxygen in the brain spontaneously fluctuates, and the distribution of power in these fluctuations has a 1/f-like spectra, where the power present at low frequencies of the power spectrum is orders of magnitude higher than at higher frequencies. Though these oscillations have been interpreted as being driven by neural activity, the origin of these 1/f-like oscillations is not well understood. Here, to gain insight of the origin of the 1/f-like oxygen fluctuations, we investigated the dynamics of tissue oxygenation and neural activity in awake behaving mice. We found that oxygen signal recorded from the cortex of mice had 1/f-like spectra. However, band-limited power in the local field potential did not show corresponding 1/f-like fluctuations. When local neural activity was suppressed, the 1/f-like fluctuations in oxygen concentration persisted. Two-photon measurements of erythrocyte spacing fluctuations and mathematical modeling show that stochastic fluctuations in erythrocyte flow could underlie 1/f-like dynamics in oxygenation. These results suggest that the discrete nature of erythrocytes and their irregular flow, rather than fluctuations in neural activity, could drive 1/f-like fluctuations in tissue oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguang Zhang
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (QZ); (PJD)
| | - Kyle W. Gheres
- Graduate Program in Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Drew
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (QZ); (PJD)
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8
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Sela Y, Hoekstra MM, Franken P. Sub-minute prediction of brain temperature based on sleep-wake state in the mouse. eLife 2021; 10:62073. [PMID: 33683202 PMCID: PMC7939547 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although brain temperature has neurobiological and clinical importance, it remains unclear which factors contribute to its daily dynamics and to what extent. Using a statistical approach, we previously demonstrated that hourly brain temperature values co-varied strongly with time spent awake (Hoekstra et al., 2019). Here we develop and make available a mathematical tool to simulate and predict cortical temperature in mice based on a 4-s sleep-wake sequence. Our model estimated cortical temperature with remarkable precision and accounted for 91% of the variance based on three factors: sleep-wake sequence, time-of-day ('circadian'), and a novel 'prior wake prevalence' factor, contributing with 74%, 9%, and 43%, respectively (including shared variance). We applied these optimized parameters to an independent cohort of mice and predicted cortical temperature with similar accuracy. This model confirms the profound influence of sleep-wake state on brain temperature, and can be harnessed to differentiate between thermoregulatory and sleep-wake-driven effects in experiments affecting both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Sela
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marieke Mb Hoekstra
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Franken
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Turner KL, Gheres KW, Proctor EA, Drew PJ. Neurovascular coupling and bilateral connectivity during NREM and REM sleep. eLife 2020; 9:62071. [PMID: 33118932 PMCID: PMC7758068 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how arousal state impacts cerebral hemodynamics and neurovascular coupling, we monitored neural activity, behavior, and hemodynamic signals in un-anesthetized, head-fixed mice. Mice frequently fell asleep during imaging, and these sleep events were interspersed with periods of wake. During both NREM and REM sleep, mice showed large increases in cerebral blood volume ([HbT]) and arteriole diameter relative to the awake state, two to five times larger than those evoked by sensory stimulation. During NREM, the amplitude of bilateral low-frequency oscillations in [HbT] increased markedly, and coherency between neural activity and hemodynamic signals was higher than the awake resting and REM states. Bilateral correlations in neural activity and [HbT] were highest during NREM, and lowest in the awake state. Hemodynamic signals in the cortex are strongly modulated by arousal state, and changes during sleep are substantially larger than sensory-evoked responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Turner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Kyle W Gheres
- Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Biosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Proctor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Patrick J Drew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
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10
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Zhang X, Baer AG, Price JM, Jones PC, Garcia BJ, Romero J, Cliff AM, Mi W, Brown JB, Jacobson DA, Lydic R, Baghdoyan HA. Neurotransmitter networks in mouse prefrontal cortex are reconfigured by isoflurane anesthesia. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:2285-2296. [PMID: 32347157 PMCID: PMC7311717 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00092.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study quantified eight small-molecule neurotransmitters collected simultaneously from prefrontal cortex of C57BL/6J mice (n = 23) during wakefulness and during isoflurane anesthesia (1.3%). Using isoflurane anesthesia as an independent variable enabled evaluation of the hypothesis that isoflurane anesthesia differentially alters concentrations of multiple neurotransmitters and their interactions. Machine learning was applied to reveal higher order interactions among neurotransmitters. Using a between-subjects design, microdialysis was performed during wakefulness and during anesthesia. Concentrations (nM) of acetylcholine, adenosine, dopamine, GABA, glutamate, histamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the dialysis samples are reported (means ± SD). Relative to wakefulness, acetylcholine concentration was lower during isoflurane anesthesia (1.254 ± 1.118 vs. 0.401 ± 0.134, P = 0.009), and concentrations of adenosine (29.456 ± 29.756 vs. 101.321 ± 38.603, P < 0.001), dopamine (0.0578 ± 0.0384 vs. 0.113 ± 0.084, P = 0.036), and norepinephrine (0.126 ± 0.080 vs. 0.219 ± 0.066, P = 0.010) were higher during anesthesia. Isoflurane reconfigured neurotransmitter interactions in prefrontal cortex, and the state of isoflurane anesthesia was reliably predicted by prefrontal cortex concentrations of adenosine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine. A novel finding to emerge from machine learning analyses is that neurotransmitter concentration profiles in mouse prefrontal cortex undergo functional reconfiguration during isoflurane anesthesia. Adenosine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine showed high feature importance, supporting the interpretation that interactions among these three transmitters may play a key role in modulating levels of cortical and behavioral arousal.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study discovered that interactions between neurotransmitters in mouse prefrontal cortex were altered during isoflurane anesthesia relative to wakefulness. Machine learning further demonstrated that, relative to wakefulness, higher order interactions among neurotransmitters were disrupted during isoflurane administration. These findings extend to the neurochemical domain the concept that anesthetic-induced loss of wakefulness results from a disruption of neural network connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, Tennessee
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Aaron G Baer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Joshua M Price
- Office of Information Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Piet C Jones
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | | | - Jonathon Romero
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Ashley M Cliff
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Weidong Mi
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - James B Brown
- Molecular Ecosystems Biology Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
| | | | - Ralph Lydic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, Tennessee
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Helen A Baghdoyan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, Tennessee
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
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11
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Roche M, Chaigneau E, Rungta RL, Boido D, Weber B, Charpak S. In vivo imaging with a water immersion objective affects brain temperature, blood flow and oxygenation. eLife 2019; 8:47324. [PMID: 31397668 PMCID: PMC6707784 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported the first oxygen partial pressure (Po2) measurements in the brain of awake mice, by performing two-photon phosphorescence lifetime microscopy at micrometer resolution (Lyons et al., 2016). However, this study disregarded that imaging through a cranial window lowers brain temperature, an effect capable of affecting cerebral blood flow, the properties of the oxygen sensors and thus Po2 measurements. Here, we show that in awake mice chronically implanted with a glass window over a craniotomy or a thinned-skull surface, the postsurgical decrease of brain temperature recovers within a few days. However, upon imaging with a water immersion objective at room temperature, brain temperature decreases by ~2-3°C, causing drops in resting capillary blood flow, capillary Po2, hemoglobin saturation, and tissue Po2. These adverse effects are corrected by heating the immersion objective or avoided by imaging through a dry air objective, thereby revealing the physiological values of brain oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Roche
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and New Microscopy, INSERM U1128, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Chaigneau
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and New Microscopy, INSERM U1128, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Ravi L Rungta
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and New Microscopy, INSERM U1128, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Davide Boido
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and New Microscopy, INSERM U1128, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Weber
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Serge Charpak
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and New Microscopy, INSERM U1128, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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12
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Drew PJ, Winder AT, Zhang Q. Twitches, Blinks, and Fidgets: Important Generators of Ongoing Neural Activity. Neuroscientist 2019; 25:298-313. [PMID: 30311838 PMCID: PMC6800083 DOI: 10.1177/1073858418805427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Animals and humans continuously engage in small, spontaneous motor actions, such as blinking, whisking, and postural adjustments ("fidgeting"). These movements are accompanied by changes in neural activity in sensory and motor regions of the brain. The frequency of these motions varies in time, is affected by sensory stimuli, arousal levels, and pathology. These fidgeting behaviors can be entrained by sensory stimuli. Fidgeting behaviors will cause distributed, bilateral functional activation in the 0.01 to 0.1 Hz frequency range that will show up in functional magnetic resonance imaging and wide-field calcium neuroimaging studies, and will contribute to the observed functional connectivity among brain regions. However, despite the large potential of these behaviors to drive brain-wide activity, these fidget-like behaviors are rarely monitored. We argue that studies of spontaneous and evoked brain dynamics in awake animals and humans should closely monitor these fidgeting behaviors. Differences in these fidgeting behaviors due to arousal or pathology will "contaminate" ongoing neural activity, and lead to apparent differences in functional connectivity. Monitoring and accounting for the brain-wide activations by these behaviors is essential during experiments to differentiate fidget-driven activity from internally driven neural dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Drew
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Aaron T Winder
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Qingguang Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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13
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Li B, Esipova TV, Sencan I, Kılıç K, Fu B, Desjardins M, Moeini M, Kura S, Yaseen MA, Lesage F, Østergaard L, Devor A, Boas DA, Vinogradov SA, Sakadžić S. More homogeneous capillary flow and oxygenation in deeper cortical layers correlate with increased oxygen extraction. eLife 2019; 8:42299. [PMID: 31305237 PMCID: PMC6636997 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of how capillary blood flow and oxygen distribute across cortical layers to meet the local metabolic demand is incomplete. We addressed this question by using two-photon imaging of resting-state microvascular oxygen partial pressure (PO2) and flow in the whisker barrel cortex in awake mice. Our measurements in layers I-V show that the capillary red-blood-cell flux and oxygenation heterogeneity, and the intracapillary resistance to oxygen delivery, all decrease with depth, reaching a minimum around layer IV, while the depth-dependent oxygen extraction fraction is increased in layer IV, where oxygen demand is presumably the highest. Our findings suggest that more homogeneous distribution of the physiological observables relevant to oxygen transport to tissue is an important part of the microvascular network adaptation to local brain metabolism. These results will inform the biophysical models of layer-specific cerebral oxygen delivery and consumption and improve our understanding of the diseases that affect cerebral microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqiang Li
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, United States
| | - Tatiana V Esipova
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Ikbal Sencan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, United States
| | - Kıvılcım Kılıç
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Buyin Fu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, United States
| | - Michele Desjardins
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Mohammad Moeini
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | - Sreekanth Kura
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, United States
| | - Mohammad A Yaseen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, United States
| | - Frederic Lesage
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | - Leif Østergaard
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience and MINDLab, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anna Devor
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, United States.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - David A Boas
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, United States
| | - Sergei A Vinogradov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Sava Sakadžić
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, United States
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14
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Norwood JN, Zhang Q, Card D, Craine A, Ryan TM, Drew PJ. Anatomical basis and physiological role of cerebrospinal fluid transport through the murine cribriform plate. eLife 2019; 8:44278. [PMID: 31063132 PMCID: PMC6524970 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows through the brain, transporting chemical signals and removing waste. CSF production in the brain is balanced by a constant outflow of CSF, the anatomical basis of which is poorly understood. Here, we characterized the anatomy and physiological function of the CSF outflow pathway along the olfactory sensory nerves through the cribriform plate, and into the nasal epithelia. Chemical ablation of olfactory sensory nerves greatly reduced outflow of CSF through the cribriform plate. The reduction in CSF outflow did not cause an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP), consistent with an alteration in the pattern of CSF drainage or production. Our results suggest that damage to olfactory sensory neurons (such as from air pollution) could contribute to altered CSF turnover and flow, providing a potential mechanism for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan N Norwood
- Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Qingguang Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - David Card
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Amanda Craine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Timothy M Ryan
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Patrick J Drew
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
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15
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Hankenson FC, Marx JO, Gordon CJ, David JM. Effects of Rodent Thermoregulation on Animal Models in the Research Environment. Comp Med 2018; 68:425-438. [PMID: 30458902 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-18-000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To best promote animal wellbeing and the efficacy of biomedical models, scientific, husbandry, and veterinary professionals must consider the mechanisms, influences, and outcomes of rodent thermoregulation in contemporary research environments. Over the last 2 decades, numerous studies have shown that laboratory mice and rats prefer temperatures that are several degrees warmer than the environments in which they typically are housed within biomedical facilities. Physiologic changes to rodents that are cage-housed under standard temperatures (20 to 26 °C) are attributed to 'cold stress' and include alterations in metabolism, cardiovascular parameters, respiration, and immunologic function. This review article describes common behavioral and physiologic adaptations of laboratory mice and rats to cold stress within modern vivaria, with emphasis on environmental enrichment and effects of anesthesia and procedural support efforts. In addition, potential interventions and outcomes for rodents are presented, relative to the importance of repeating and reproducing experiments involving laboratory rodent research models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Claire Hankenson
- Campus Animal Resources, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - James O Marx
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher J Gordon
- Toxicity Assessment Division, Neurotoxicology Branch, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - John M David
- Comparative Medicine, Pfizer, La Jolla, California, USA
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16
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Suzuki T, Oishi N, Fukuyama H. Simultaneous infrared thermal imaging and laser speckle imaging of brain temperature and cerebral blood flow in rats. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 24:1-11. [PMID: 30468045 PMCID: PMC6975233 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.3.031014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Infrared thermal imaging of brain temperature changes is useful for evaluating cortical activity and disease states, such as stroke. However, the changes depend on a balance between changes in heat generation from metabolism and in heat convection related to blood flow. To discriminate between these effects and gain a clearer understanding of neurovascular metabolic coupling, brain temperature imaging must be improved to measure temperature and blood flow simultaneously. We develop an imaging technique that shows a two-dimensional (2-D) distribution of absolute brain temperature and relative cerebral blood flow changes in anesthetized rats by combining infrared thermal imaging with laser speckle imaging. The changes in brain metabolism and cerebral blood flow are achieved using two different anesthetics (isoflurane and α-chloralose) to evaluate our system. Isoflurane increased cerebral blood flow but decreased metabolism, whereas α-chloralose decreased both parameters. This technique enables simultaneous visualization of brain surface changes in temperature and cerebral blood flow in the same regions. This imaging system will permit further study of neurovascular metabolic coupling in normal and diseased brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Suzuki
- Kyoto University, Research and Educational Unit of Leaders for Integrated Medical System, Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Oishi
- Kyoto University, Research and Educational Unit of Leaders for Integrated Medical System, Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidenao Fukuyama
- Kyoto University, Research and Educational Unit of Leaders for Integrated Medical System, Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto, Japan
- Beijing Institute of Technology, Human Brain Research Laboratory, Intelligent Robotics Institute, Beijing, China
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17
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Harris SS, Boorman LW, Das D, Kennerley AJ, Sharp PS, Martin C, Redgrave P, Schwartz TH, Berwick J. Physiological and Pathological Brain Activation in the Anesthetized Rat Produces Hemodynamic-Dependent Cortical Temperature Increases That Can Confound the BOLD fMRI Signal. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:550. [PMID: 30154690 PMCID: PMC6102348 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anesthetized rodent models are ubiquitous in pre-clinical neuroimaging studies. However, because the associated cerebral morphology and experimental methodology results in a profound negative brain-core temperature differential, cerebral temperature changes during functional activation are likely to be principally driven by local inflow of fresh, core-temperature, blood. This presents a confound to the interpretation of blood-oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data acquired from such models, since this signal is also critically temperature-dependent. Nevertheless, previous investigation on the subject is surprisingly sparse. Here, we address this issue through use of a novel multi-modal methodology in the urethane anesthetized rat. We reveal that sensory stimulation, hypercapnia and recurrent acute seizures induce significant increases in cortical temperature that are preferentially correlated to changes in total hemoglobin concentration (Hbt), relative to cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism. Furthermore, using a phantom-based evaluation of the effect of such temperature changes on the BOLD fMRI signal, we demonstrate a robust inverse relationship between both variables. These findings suggest that temperature increases, due to functional hyperemia, should be accounted for to ensure accurate interpretation of BOLD fMRI signals in pre-clinical neuroimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Harris
- Neurovascular and Neuroimaging Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Luke W Boorman
- Neurovascular and Neuroimaging Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Devashish Das
- Neurovascular and Neuroimaging Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Aneurin J Kennerley
- Neurovascular and Neuroimaging Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Paul S Sharp
- Neurovascular and Neuroimaging Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Martin
- Neurovascular and Neuroimaging Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Redgrave
- Neurovascular and Neuroimaging Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Theodore H Schwartz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jason Berwick
- Neurovascular and Neuroimaging Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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18
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The pial vasculature of the mouse develops according to a sensory-independent program. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9860. [PMID: 29959346 PMCID: PMC6026131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27910-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral vasculature is organized to supply the brain’s metabolic needs. Sensory deprivation during the early postnatal period causes altered neural activity and lower metabolic demand. Neural activity is instructional for some aspects of vascular development, and deprivation causes changes in capillary density in the deprived brain region. However, it is not known if the pial arteriole network, which contains many leptomeningeal anastomoses (LMAs) that endow the network with redundancy against occlusions, is also affected by sensory deprivation. We quantified the effects of early-life sensory deprivation via whisker plucking on the densities of LMAs and penetrating arterioles (PAs) in anatomically-identified primary sensory regions (vibrissae cortex, forelimb/hindlimb cortex, visual cortex and auditory cortex) in mice. We found that the densities of penetrating arterioles were the same across cortical regions, though the hindlimb representation had a higher density of LMAs than other sensory regions. We found that the densities of PAs and LMAs, as well as quantitative measures of network topology, were not affected by sensory deprivation. Our results show that the postnatal development of the pial arterial network is robust to sensory deprivation.
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19
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Kisler K, Lazic D, Sweeney MD, Plunkett S, Khatib ME, Vinogradov SA, Boas DA, Sakadžić S, Zlokovic BV. In vivo imaging and analysis of cerebrovascular hemodynamic responses and tissue oxygenation in the mouse brain. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:1377-1402. [PMID: 29844521 PMCID: PMC6402338 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2018.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular dysfunction has an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple brain disorders. Measurement of hemodynamic responses in vivo can be challenging, particularly as techniques are often not described in sufficient detail and vary between laboratories. We present a set of standardized in vivo protocols that describe high-resolution two-photon microscopy and intrinsic optical signal (IOS) imaging to evaluate capillary and arteriolar responses to a stimulus, regional hemodynamic responses, and oxygen delivery to the brain. The protocol also describes how to measure intrinsic NADH fluorescence to understand how blood O2 supply meets the metabolic demands of activated brain tissue, and to perform resting-state absolute oxygen partial pressure (pO2) measurements of brain tissue. These methods can detect cerebrovascular changes at far higher resolution than MRI techniques, although the optical nature of these techniques limits their achievable imaging depths. Each individual procedure requires 1-2 h to complete, with two to three procedures typically performed per animal at a time. These protocols are broadly applicable in studies of cerebrovascular function in healthy and diseased brain in any of the existing mouse models of neurological and vascular disorders. All these procedures can be accomplished by a competent graduate student or experienced technician, except the two-photon measurement of absolute pO2 level, which is better suited to a more experienced, postdoctoral-level researcher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassandra Kisler
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Divna Lazic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Melanie D. Sweeney
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Shane Plunkett
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics and of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Mirna El Khatib
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics and of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Sergei A. Vinogradov
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics and of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - David A. Boas
- Optics Division, MGH/HMS/MIT Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Sava Sakadžić
- Optics Division, MGH/HMS/MIT Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
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20
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Busse L. The influence of locomotion on sensory processing and its underlying neuronal circuits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/nf-2017-a046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractProcessing of sensory information can be modulated in both cortex and thalamus by behavioral context, such as locomotion. During active behaviors, coding of sensory stimuli and perception are improved, in particular during physical activity of moderate intensity. These locomotion-related modulations seem to arise from a combination of mechanisms, including neuromodulation, the recruitment of inhibitory interneurons, and specific top-down or motor-related inputs. The application of new experimental methods in mice during walking under head-fixation on treadmills made it possible to study the circuit and cellular basis underlying modulations by behavioral context with unprecedented detail. This article reviews the current state of these studies and highlights some important open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Busse
- Division of Neurobiology, Department Biology II, LMU Munich, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany, Phone: 49 (0) 89 218074305
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21
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Weak correlations between hemodynamic signals and ongoing neural activity during the resting state. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:1761-1769. [PMID: 29184204 PMCID: PMC5816345 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-017-0007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous fluctuations in hemodynamic signals in the absence of a task or overt stimulation are used to infer neural activity. We tested this coupling by simultaneously measuring neural activity and changes in cerebral blood volume (CBV) in the somatosensory cortex of awake, head-fixed mice during periods of true rest, and during whisker stimulation and volitional whisking. Here we show that neurovascular coupling was similar across states, and large spontaneous CBV changes in the absence of sensory input were driven by volitional whisker and body movements. Hemodynamic signals during periods of rest were weakly correlated with neural activity. Spontaneous fluctuations in CBV and vessel diameter persisted when local neural spiking and glutamatergic input was blocked, and during blockade of noradrenergic receptors, suggesting a non-neuronal origin for spontaneous CBV fluctuations. Spontaneous hemodynamic signals reflect a combination of behavior, local neural activity, and putatively non-neural processes.
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22
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Rungta RL, Osmanski BF, Boido D, Tanter M, Charpak S. Light controls cerebral blood flow in naive animals. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14191. [PMID: 28139643 PMCID: PMC5290324 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics is increasingly used to map brain activation using techniques that rely on functional hyperaemia, such as opto-fMRI. Here we test whether light stimulation protocols similar to those commonly used in opto-fMRI or to study neurovascular coupling modulate blood flow in mice that do not express light sensitive proteins. Combining two-photon laser scanning microscopy and ultrafast functional ultrasound imaging, we report that in the naive mouse brain, light per se causes a calcium decrease in arteriolar smooth muscle cells, leading to pronounced vasodilation, without excitation of neurons and astrocytes. This photodilation is reversible, reproducible and energy-dependent, appearing at about 0.5 mJ. These results impose careful consideration on the use of photo-activation in studies involving blood flow regulation, as well as in studies requiring prolonged and repetitive stimulations to correct cellular defects in pathological models. They also suggest that light could be used to locally increase blood flow in a controlled fashion. Combination of optogenetics and BOLD fMRI is routinely used to map neuronal activity upon photostimulation. Here the authors show that light, shone at intensities used in optogenetic studies, dilates vessels and increases blood flow independently of exogenous light-sensitive proteins in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi L Rungta
- INSERM U1128, Laboratory of Neurophysiology and New Microscopies, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75006, France
| | - Bruno-Félix Osmanski
- INSERM U1128, Laboratory of Neurophysiology and New Microscopies, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75006, France
| | - Davide Boido
- INSERM U1128, Laboratory of Neurophysiology and New Microscopies, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75006, France
| | - Mickael Tanter
- Institut Langevin, Espci Paris, CNRS UMR 7587, INSERM U979, PSL Research University, 17 rue Moreau, Paris 75012, France
| | - Serge Charpak
- INSERM U1128, Laboratory of Neurophysiology and New Microscopies, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75006, France
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23
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Gao YR, Ma Y, Zhang Q, Winder AT, Liang Z, Antinori L, Drew PJ, Zhang N. Time to wake up: Studying neurovascular coupling and brain-wide circuit function in the un-anesthetized animal. Neuroimage 2016; 153:382-398. [PMID: 27908788 PMCID: PMC5526447 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has allowed the noninvasive study of task-based and resting-state brain dynamics in humans by inferring neural activity from blood-oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) signal changes. An accurate interpretation of the hemodynamic changes that underlie fMRI signals depends on the understanding of the quantitative relationship between changes in neural activity and changes in cerebral blood flow, oxygenation and volume. While there has been extensive study of neurovascular coupling in anesthetized animal models, anesthesia causes large disruptions of brain metabolism, neural responsiveness and cardiovascular function. Here, we review work showing that neurovascular coupling and brain circuit function in the awake animal are profoundly different from those in the anesthetized state. We argue that the time is right to study neurovascular coupling and brain circuit function in the awake animal to bridge the physiological mechanisms that underlie animal and human neuroimaging signals, and to interpret them in light of underlying neural mechanisms. Lastly, we discuss recent experimental innovations that have enabled the study of neurovascular coupling and brain-wide circuit function in un-anesthetized and behaving animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Rong Gao
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, Unidted States; Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, Unidted States
| | - Yuncong Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, Unidted States
| | - Qingguang Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, Unidted States
| | - Aaron T Winder
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, Unidted States
| | - Zhifeng Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, Unidted States
| | - Lilith Antinori
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, Unidted States
| | - Patrick J Drew
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, Unidted States; Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, Unidted States; Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, Unidted States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, Unidted States.
| | - Nanyin Zhang
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, Unidted States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, Unidted States.
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24
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Smith JB, Liang Z, Watson GDR, Alloway KD, Zhang N. Interhemispheric resting-state functional connectivity of the claustrum in the awake and anesthetized states. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:2041-2058. [PMID: 27714529 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The claustrum is a brain region whose function remains unknown, though many investigators suggest it plays a role in conscious attention. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) has revealed how anesthesia alters many functional connections in the brain, but the functional role of the claustrum with respect to the awake versus anesthetized states remains unknown. Therefore, we employed a combination of seed-based RS-fMRI and neuroanatomical tracing to reveal how the anatomical connections of the claustrum are related to its functional connectivity during quiet wakefulness and the isoflurane-induced anesthetic state. In awake rats, RS-fMRI indicates that the claustrum has interhemispheric functional connections with the mediodorsal thalamus (MD) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), as well as other known connections with cortical areas that correspond to the connections revealed by neuroanatomical tracing. During deep isoflurane anesthesia, the functional connections of the claustrum with mPFC and MD were significantly attenuated, while those with the rest of cortex were not significantly altered. These changes in claustral functional connectivity were also observed when seeds were placed in mPFC or MD during RS-fMRI comparisons of the awake and deeply anesthetized states. Collectively, these data indicate that the claustrum has functional connections with mPFC and MD-thalamus that are significantly lessened by anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared B Smith
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Center for Neural Engineering, Penn State University, W-316 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.,Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Zhifeng Liang
- Center for Neural Engineering, Penn State University, W-316 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, W-341 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Laboratory of Comparative Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Glenn D R Watson
- Center for Neural Engineering, Penn State University, W-316 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Kevin D Alloway
- Center for Neural Engineering, Penn State University, W-316 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. .,The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. .,Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
| | - Nanyin Zhang
- Center for Neural Engineering, Penn State University, W-316 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, W-341 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. .,The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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25
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Podgorski K, Ranganathan G. Brain heating induced by near-infrared lasers during multiphoton microscopy. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:1012-23. [PMID: 27281749 PMCID: PMC5009202 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00275.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon imaging and optogenetic stimulation rely on high illumination powers, particularly for state-of-the-art applications that target deeper structures, achieve faster measurements, or probe larger brain areas. However, little information is available on heating and resulting damage induced by high-power illumination in the brain. In the current study we used thermocouple probes and quantum dot nanothermometers to measure temperature changes induced by two-photon microscopy in the neocortex of awake and anaesthetized mice. We characterized heating as a function of wavelength, exposure time, and distance from the center of illumination. Although total power is highest near the surface of the brain, heating was most severe hundreds of micrometers below the focal plane, due to heat dissipation through the cranial window. Continuous illumination of a 1-mm(2) area produced a peak temperature increase of ∼1.8°C/100 mW. Continuous illumination with powers above 250 mW induced lasting damage, detected with immunohistochemistry against Iba1, glial fibrillary acidic protein, heat shock proteins, and activated caspase-3. Higher powers were usable in experiments with limited duty ratios, suggesting an approach to mitigate damage in high-power microscopy experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaspar Podgorski
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia
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26
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Effects of Voluntary Locomotion and Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide on the Dynamics of Single Dural Vessels in Awake Mice. J Neurosci 2016; 36:2503-16. [PMID: 26911696 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3665-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dura mater is a vascularized membrane surrounding the brain and is heavily innervated by sensory nerves. Our knowledge of the dural vasculature has been limited to pathological conditions, such as headaches, but little is known about the dural blood flow regulation during behavior. To better understand the dynamics of dural vessels during behavior, we used two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2PLSM) to measure the diameter changes of single dural and pial vessels in the awake mouse during voluntary locomotion. Surprisingly, we found that voluntary locomotion drove the constriction of dural vessels, and the dynamics of these constrictions could be captured with a linear convolution model. Dural vessel constrictions did not mirror the large increases in intracranial pressure (ICP) during locomotion, indicating that dural vessel constriction was not caused passively by compression. To study how behaviorally driven dynamics of dural vessels might be altered in pathological states, we injected the vasodilator calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which induces headache in humans. CGRP dilated dural, but not pial, vessels and significantly reduced spontaneous locomotion but did not block locomotion-induced constrictions in dural vessels. Sumatriptan, a drug commonly used to treat headaches, blocked the vascular and behavioral the effects of CGRP. These findings suggest that, in the awake animal, the diameters of dural vessels are regulated dynamically during behavior and during drug-induced pathological states.
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