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Amo-Aparicio J, Dinarello CA, Lopez-Vales R. Metabolic reprogramming of the inflammatory response in the nervous system: the crossover between inflammation and metabolism. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2189-2201. [PMID: 38488552 PMCID: PMC11034585 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.391330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is a fundamental process by which biochemicals are broken down to produce energy (catabolism) or used to build macromolecules (anabolism). Metabolism has received renewed attention as a mechanism that generates molecules that modulate multiple cellular responses. This was first identified in cancer cells as the Warburg effect, but it is also present in immunocompetent cells. Studies have revealed a bidirectional influence of cellular metabolism and immune cell function, highlighting the significance of metabolic reprogramming in immune cell activation and effector functions. Metabolic processes such as glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty acid oxidation have been shown to undergo dynamic changes during immune cell response, facilitating the energetic and biosynthetic demands. This review aims to provide a better understanding of the metabolic reprogramming that occurs in different immune cells upon activation, with a special focus on central nervous system disorders. Understanding the metabolic changes of the immune response not only provides insights into the fundamental mechanisms that regulate immune cell function but also opens new approaches for therapeutic strategies aimed at manipulating the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruben Lopez-Vales
- Institute of Neurosciences, and Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
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2
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Maiworm M. The relevance of BDNF for neuroprotection and neuroplasticity in multiple sclerosis. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1385042. [PMID: 39148705 PMCID: PMC11325594 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1385042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroplasticity as a mechanism to overcome central nervous system injury resulting from different neurological diseases has gained increasing attention in recent years. However, deficiency of these repair mechanisms leads to the accumulation of neuronal damage and therefore long-term disability. To date, the mechanisms by which remyelination occurs and why the extent of remyelination differs interindividually between multiple sclerosis patients regardless of the disease course are unclear. A member of the neurotrophins family, the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has received particular attention in this context as it is thought to play a central role in remyelination and thus neuroplasticity, neuroprotection, and memory. Objective To analyse the current literature regarding BDNF in different areas of multiple sclerosis and to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge in this field. Conclusion To date, studies assessing the role of BDNF in patients with multiple sclerosis remain inconclusive. However, there is emerging evidence for a beneficial effect of BDNF in multiple sclerosis, as studies reporting positive effects on clinical as well as MRI characteristics outweighed studies assuming detrimental effects of BDNF. Furthermore, studies regarding the Val66Met polymorphism have not conclusively determined whether this is a protective or harmful factor in multiple sclerosis, but again most studies hypothesized a protective effect through modulation of BDNF secretion and anti-inflammatory effects with different effects in healthy controls and patients with multiple sclerosis, possibly due to the pro-inflammatory milieu in patients with multiple sclerosis. Further studies with larger cohorts and longitudinal follow-ups are needed to improve our understanding of the effects of BDNF in the central nervous system, especially in the context of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Maiworm
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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3
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Tateiwa H, Evers AS. Neurosteroids and their potential as a safer class of general anesthetics. J Anesth 2024; 38:261-274. [PMID: 38252143 PMCID: PMC10954990 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-023-03291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Neurosteroids (NS) are a class of steroids that are synthesized within the central nervous system (CNS). Various NS can either enhance or inhibit CNS excitability and they play important biological roles in brain development, brain function and as mediators of mood. One class of NS, 3α-hydroxy-pregnane steroids such as allopregnanolone (AlloP) or pregnanolone (Preg), inhibits neuronal excitability; these endogenous NS and their analogues have been therapeutically applied as anti-depressants, anti-epileptics and general anesthetics. While NS have many favorable properties as anesthetics (e.g. rapid onset, rapid recovery, minimal cardiorespiratory depression, neuroprotection), they are not currently in clinical use, largely due to problems with formulation. Recent advances in understanding NS mechanisms of action and improved formulations have rekindled interest in development of NS as sedatives and anesthetics. In this review, the synthesis of NS, and their mechanism of action will be reviewed with specific emphasis on their binding sites and actions on γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors. The potential advantages of NS analogues as sedative and anesthetic agents will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tateiwa
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan
| | - Alex S Evers
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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4
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Cai L, Xia M, Zhang F. Redox Regulation of Immunometabolism in Microglia Underpinning Diabetic Retinopathy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:423. [PMID: 38671871 PMCID: PMC11047590 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness among the working-age population. Microglia, resident immune cells in the retina, are recognized as crucial drivers in the DR process. Microglia activation is a tightly regulated immunometabolic process. In the early stages of DR, the M1 phenotype commonly shifts from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis for energy production. Emerging evidence suggests that microglia in DR not only engage specific metabolic pathways but also rearrange their oxidation-reduction (redox) system. This redox adaptation supports metabolic reprogramming and offers potential therapeutic strategies using antioxidants. Here, we provide an overview of recent insights into the involvement of reactive oxygen species and the distinct roles played by key cellular antioxidant pathways, including the NADPH oxidase 2 system, which promotes glycolysis via enhanced glucose transporter 4 translocation to the cell membrane through the AKT/mTOR pathway, as well as the involvement of the thioredoxin and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 antioxidant systems, which maintain microglia in an anti-inflammatory state. Therefore, we highlight the potential for targeting the modulation of microglial redox metabolism to offer new concepts for DR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwei Cai
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; (L.C.); (M.X.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Mengxue Xia
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; (L.C.); (M.X.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; (L.C.); (M.X.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
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5
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Zeng J, Xie Z, Chen L, Peng X, Luan F, Hu J, Xie H, Liu R, Zeng N. Rosmarinic acid alleviate CORT-induced depressive-like behavior by promoting neurogenesis and regulating BDNF/TrkB/PI3K signaling axis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115994. [PMID: 38070249 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA), a natural phenolic acid compound with a variety of bioactive properties. However, the antidepressant activity and mechanism of RA remain unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of RA on chronic CORT injection induced depression-like behavior in mice. Male C57BL/6 J mice were intraperitoneally injected with CORT (10 mg/kg) and were orally given RA daily (10 or 20 mg/kg) for 21 consecutive days. In vitro, the HT22 cells were exposed to CORT (200 μM) with RA (12.5, 25 or 50 μM) and LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) or ANA-12 (a TrkB inhibitor) treatment. The depression-like behavior and various neurobiological changes in the mice and cell injury and levels of target proteins in vitro were subsequently assessed. Here, RA treatment decreased the expression of p-GR/GR, HSP90, FKBP51, SGK-1 in mice hippocampi. Besides, RA increased the average optical density of Nissl bodies and number of dendritic spines in CA3 region, and enhanced Brdu and DCX expression and synaptic transduction in DG region, as well as up-regulated both the BDNF/TrkB/CREB and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. Moreover, RA reduced structural damage and apoptosis in HT22 cells, increased the differentiation and maturation of them. More importantly, LY294002, but not ANA-12, reversed the effect of RA on GR nuclear translocation. Taken together, RA exerted antidepressant activities by modulating the hippocampal glucocorticoid signaling and hippocampal neurogenesis, which related to the BDNF/TrkB/PI3K signaling axis regulating GR nuclear translocation, provide evidence for the application of RA as a candidate for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuseng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Xi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Fei Luan
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingwen Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Hongxiao Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Nan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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6
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Rentsch P, Egan T, Kuriakose A, Stayte S, Vissel B. The ratio of M1 to M2 microglia in the striatum determines the severity of L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias. J Neurochem 2023; 167:633-647. [PMID: 37916541 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
L-Dopa, while treating motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, can lead to debilitating L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias, limiting its use. To investigate the causative relationship between neuro-inflammation and dyskinesias, we assessed if striatal M1 and M2 microglia numbers correlated with dyskinesia severity and whether the anti-inflammatories, minocycline and indomethacin, reverse these numbers and mitigate against dyskinesia. In 6-OHDA lesioned mice, we used stereology to assess numbers of striatal M1 and M2 microglia populations in non-lesioned (naïve) and lesioned mice that either received no L-Dopa (PD), remained non-dyskinetic even after L-Dopa (non-LID) or became dyskinetic after L-Dopa treatment (LID). We also assessed the effect of minocycline/indomethacin treatment on striatal M1 and M2 microglia and its anti-dyskinetic potential via AIMs scoring. We report that L-Dopa treatment leading to LIDs exacerbates activated microglia numbers beyond that associated with the PD state; the severity of LIDs is strongly correlated to the ratio of the striatal M1 to M2 microglial numbers; in non-dyskinetic mice, there is no M1/M2 microglia ratio increase above that seen in PD mice; and reducing M1/M2 microglia ratio using anti-inflammatories is anti-dyskinetic. Parkinson's disease is associated with increased inflammation, but this is insufficient to underpin dyskinesia. Given that L-Dopa-treated non-LID mice show the same ratio of M1/M2 microglia as PD mice that received no L-Dopa, and, given minocycline/indomethacin reduces both the ratio of M1/M2 microglia and dyskinesia severity, our data suggest the increased microglial M1/M2 ratio that occurs following L-Dopa treatment is a contributing cause of dyskinesias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Rentsch
- St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- UNSW St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timothy Egan
- St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- UNSW St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrea Kuriakose
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sandy Stayte
- St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bryce Vissel
- St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- UNSW St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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7
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Fang S, Wu Z, Guo Y, Zhu W, Wan C, Yuan N, Chen J, Hao W, Mo X, Guo X, Fan L, Li X, Chen J. Roles of microglia in adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression and their therapeutics. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1193053. [PMID: 37881439 PMCID: PMC10597707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1193053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis generates functional neurons from neural progenitor cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) to complement and repair neurons and neural circuits, thus benefiting the treatment of depression. Increasing evidence has shown that aberrant microglial activity can disrupt the appropriate formation and development of functional properties of neurogenesis, which will play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of depression. However, the mechanisms of the crosstalk between microglia and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression are not yet fully understood. Therefore, in this review, we first introduce recent discoveries regarding the roles of microglia and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the etiology of depression. Then, we systematically discuss the possible mechanisms of how microglia regulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression according to recent studies, which involve toll-like receptors, microglial polarization, fractalkine-C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cytokines, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and the microbiota-gut-brain axis, etc. In addition, we summarize the promising drugs that could improve the adult hippocampal neurogenesis by regulating the microglia. These findings will help us understand the complicated pathological mechanisms of depression and shed light on the development of new treatment strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyi Fang
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhibin Wu
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yali Guo
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunmiao Wan
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Naijun Yuan
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Shenzhen People’s Hospital, 2Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianbei Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhi Hao
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Mo
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Guo
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Fan
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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8
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Tessier M, Garcia MS, Goubert E, Blasco E, Consumi A, Dehapiot B, Tian L, Molinari F, Laurin J, Guillemot F, Hübner CA, Pellegrino C, Rivera C. Bumetanide induces post-traumatic microglia-interneuron contact to promote neurogenesis and recovery. Brain 2023; 146:4247-4261. [PMID: 37082944 PMCID: PMC10545516 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC1) inhibitor bumetanide has prominent positive effects on the pathophysiology of many neurological disorders, the mechanism of action is obscure. Attention paid to elucidating the role of Nkcc1 has mainly been focused on neurons, but recent single cell mRNA sequencing analysis has demonstrated that the major cellular populations expressing NKCC1 in the cortex are non-neuronal. We used a combination of conditional transgenic animals, in vivo electrophysiology, two-photon imaging, cognitive behavioural tests and flow cytometry to investigate the role of Nkcc1 inhibition by bumetanide in a mouse model of controlled cortical impact (CCI). Here, we found that bumetanide rescues parvalbumin-positive interneurons by increasing interneuron-microglia contacts shortly after injury. The longitudinal phenotypic changes in microglia were significantly modified by bumetanide, including an increase in the expression of microglial-derived BDNF. These effects were accompanied by the prevention of CCI-induced decrease in hippocampal neurogenesis. Treatment with bumetanide during the first week post-CCI resulted in significant recovery of working and episodic memory as well as changes in theta band oscillations 1 month later. These results disclose a novel mechanism for the neuroprotective action of bumetanide mediated by an acceleration of microglial activation dynamics that leads to an increase in parvalbumin interneuron survival following CCI, possibly resulting from increased microglial BDNF expression and contact with interneurons. Salvage of interneurons may normalize ambient GABA, resulting in the preservation of adult neurogenesis processes as well as contributing to bumetanide-mediated improvement of cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Tessier
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INMED, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Marta Saez Garcia
- Neuroscience Center, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Edith Blasco
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INMED, 13273 Marseille, France
| | | | - Benoit Dehapiot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Li Tian
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Jerome Laurin
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INMED, 13273 Marseille, France
| | | | - Christian A Hübner
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Claudio Rivera
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INMED, 13273 Marseille, France
- Neuroscience Center, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Liu J, Cao C, Jin Y, Wang Y, Ma X, Li J, Guo S, Yang J, Niu J, Liang X. Induced neural stem cells suppressed neuroinflammation by inhibiting the microglial pyroptotic pathway in intracerebral hemorrhage rats. iScience 2023; 26:107022. [PMID: 37360683 PMCID: PMC10285565 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage usually manifests as strong neuroinflammation and neurological deficits. There is an urgent need to explore effective methods for the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage. The therapeutic effect and the possible mechanism of induced neural stem cell transplantation in an intracerebral hemorrhage rat model are still unclear. Our results showed that transplantation of induced neural stem cells could improve neurological deficits by inhibiting inflammation in an intracerebral hemorrhage rat model. Additionally, induced neural stem cell treatment could effectively suppress microglial pyroptosis, which might occur through inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Induced neural stem cells could also regulate the polarization of microglia and promote the transition of microglia from pro-inflammatory phenotypes to anti-inflammatory phenotypes to exert their anti-inflammatory effects. Overall, induced neural stem cells may be a promising tool for the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage and other neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, 750001 Yinchuan, China
| | - Chuanshang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, 750001 Yinchuan, China
| | - Yiran Jin
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, 750001 Yinchuan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, 750001 Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaona Ma
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, 750001 Yinchuan, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, 750001 Yinchuan, China
| | - Songlin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, 750001 Yinchuan, China
| | - Jiancheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, 750001 Yinchuan, China
| | - Jianguo Niu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, 750004 Yinchuan, China
| | - Xueyun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, 750001 Yinchuan, China
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10
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Wang H, Li J, Zhang H, Wang M, Xiao L, Wang Y, Cheng Q. Regulation of microglia polarization after cerebral ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1182621. [PMID: 37361996 PMCID: PMC10285223 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1182621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke ranks second as a leading cause of death and permanent disability globally. Microglia, innate immune cells in the brain, respond rapidly to ischemic injury, triggering a robust and persistent neuroinflammatory reaction throughout the disease's progression. Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the mechanism of secondary injury in ischemic stroke and is a significant controllable factor. Microglia activation takes on two general phenotypes: the pro-inflammatory M1 type and the anti-inflammatory M2 type, although the reality is more complex. The regulation of microglia phenotype is crucial to controlling the neuroinflammatory response. This review summarized the key molecules and mechanisms of microglia polarization, function, and phenotypic transformation following cerebral ischemia, with a focus on the influence of autophagy on microglia polarization. The goal is to provide a reference for the development of new targets for the treatment for ischemic stroke treatment based on the regulation of microglia polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Han Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lifang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yitong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qiong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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11
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Qiu Y, Duan A, Yin Z, Xie M, Chen Z, Sun X, Wang Z, Zhang X. Efficacy and tolerability of minocycline in depressive patients with or without treatment-resistant: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1139273. [PMID: 37342175 PMCID: PMC10277685 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1139273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Minocycline, an antibiotic with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties, has been used for treating psychiatric disorders in research. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of minocycline in patients having depression with or without treatment-resistance. Methods Electronic databases including Embase, PubMed, and the Cochrane library were searched for relevant studies published up to October 17, 2022. The primary efficacy outcome was the change in depression severity scores and the secondary efficacy outcomes included the changes in Clinical Global Impression (CGI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores and the incidence of response and partial response. Safety outcomes were evaluated based on the incidence of classified adverse events and all-cause discontinuation. Results Five studies with 374 patients were selected for analysis. The minocycline group demonstrated a significant reduction in depression severity scale (standardized mean difference [SMD]: -0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.98 to -0.20, P = 0.003) and CGI (SMD: -0.28, 95% CI: -0.56 to -0.01, P = 0.042) scores; however, no statistical difference was found in terms of the BDI score, response, and partial response. No significant differences were found between the groups in terms of adverse events (other than dizziness) and discontinuation rates. Subgroup analysis showed that minocycline was also effective in reducing depression severity scores in treatment-resistant depression (SMD: -0.36, 95% CI: -0.64 to -0.09, P = 0.010). Subgroup analysis of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (17-item) scores showed a statistical difference in response in patients with depression (relative risk: 2.51, 95% CI: 1.13 to 5.57, P = 0.024). Conclusions Minocycline may improve depressive symptoms and augment response to treatment in patients with depression irrespective of treatment-resistance. However, clinical trials with large sample sizes are warranted for evaluating long-term outcomes with minocycline. Systematic review registration https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2022-12-0051/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjia Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lianyungang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aojie Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziqian Yin
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minjia Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhouqing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoou Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lianyungang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lianyungang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Jia P, Wang J, Ren X, He J, Wang S, Xing Y, Chen D, Zhang X, Zhou S, Liu X, Yu S, Li Z, Jiang C, Zang W, Chen X, Wang J. An enriched environment improves long-term functional outcomes in mice after intracerebral hemorrhage by mechanisms that involve the Nrf2/BDNF/glutaminase pathway. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:694-711. [PMID: 36635875 PMCID: PMC10108193 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221135419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Post-stroke depression exacerbates neurologic deficits and quality of life. Depression after ischemic stroke is known to some extent. However, depression after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is relatively unknown. Increasing evidence shows that exposure to an enriched environment (EE) after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury has neuroprotective effects in animal models, but its impact after ICH is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of EE on long-term functional outcomes in mice subjected to collagenase-induced striatal ICH. Mice were subjected to ICH with the standard environment (SE) or ICH with EE for 6 h/day (8:00 am-2:00 pm). Depressive, anxiety-like behaviors and cognitive tests were evaluated on day 28 with the sucrose preference test, tail suspension test, forced swim test, light-dark transition experiment, morris water maze, and novel object recognition test. Exposure to EE improved neurologic function, attenuated depressive and anxiety-like behaviors, and promoted spatial learning and memory. These changes were associated with increased expression of transcription factor Nrf2 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and inhibited glutaminase activity in the perihematomal tissue. However, EE did not change the above behavioral outcomes in Nrf2-/- mice on day 28. Furthermore, exposure to EE did not increase BDNF expression compared to exposure to SE in Nrf2-/- mice on day 28 after ICH. These findings indicate that EE improves long-term outcomes in sensorimotor, emotional, and cognitive behavior after ICH and that the underlying mechanism involves the Nrf2/BDNF/glutaminase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijun Jia
- Department of Anatomy,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, , Zhengzhou
University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences,
Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Anatomy,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, , Zhengzhou
University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiuhua Ren
- Department of Anatomy,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, , Zhengzhou
University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinxin He
- Department of Anatomy,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, , Zhengzhou
University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaoshuai Wang
- Department of Anatomy,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, , Zhengzhou
University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yinpei Xing
- Department of Anatomy,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, , Zhengzhou
University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Danyang Chen
- Department of Anatomy,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, , Zhengzhou
University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinling Zhang
- Department of Anatomy,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, , Zhengzhou
University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Siqi Zhou
- Department of Anatomy,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, , Zhengzhou
University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Neurology,
The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou,
China
| | - Shangchen Yu
- Department of Anatomy,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, , Zhengzhou
University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zefu Li
- Department of Anatomy,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, , Zhengzhou
University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Neurology,
The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou,
China
| | - Weidong Zang
- Department of Anatomy,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, , Zhengzhou
University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Anatomy,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, , Zhengzhou
University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anatomy,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, , Zhengzhou
University, Zhengzhou, China
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13
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Cure of Alzheimer's Dementia Requires Addressing All of the Affected Brain Cell Types. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12052049. [PMID: 36902833 PMCID: PMC10004473 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12052049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple genetic, metabolic, and environmental abnormalities are known to contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's dementia (AD). If all of those abnormalities were addressed it should be possible to reverse the dementia; however, that would require a suffocating volume of drugs. Nevertheless, the problem may be simplified by using available data to address, instead, the brain cells whose functions become changed as a result of the abnormalities, because at least eleven drugs are available from which to formulate a rational therapy to correct those changes. The affected brain cell types are astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons, endothelial cells/pericytes, and microglia. The available drugs include clemastine, dantrolene, erythropoietin, fingolimod, fluoxetine, lithium, memantine, minocycline, pioglitazone, piracetam, and riluzole. This article describes the ways by which the individual cell types contribute to AD's pathogenesis and how each of the drugs corrects the changes in the cell types. All five of the cell types may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD; of the 11 drugs, fingolimod, fluoxetine, lithium, memantine, and pioglitazone, each address all five of the cell types. Fingolimod only slightly addresses endothelial cells, and memantine is the weakest of the remaining four. Low doses of either two or three drugs are suggested in order to minimize the likelihood of toxicity and drug-drug interactions (including drugs used for co-morbidities). Suggested two-drug combinations are pioglitazone plus lithium and pioglitazone plus fluoxetine; a three-drug combination could add either clemastine or memantine. Clinical trials are required to validate that the suggest combinations may reverse AD.
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14
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Fessel J. Supplementary Pharmacotherapy for the Behavioral Abnormalities Caused by Stressors in Humans, Focused on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041680. [PMID: 36836215 PMCID: PMC9967886 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Used as a supplement to psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy that addresses all of the known metabolic and genetic contributions to the pathogenesis of psychiatric conditions caused by stressors would require an inordinate number of drugs. Far simpler is to address the abnormalities caused by those metabolic and genetic changes in the cell types of the brain that mediate the behavioral abnormality. Relevant data regarding the changed brain cell types are described in this article and are derived from subjects with the paradigmatic behavioral abnormality of PTSD and from subjects with traumatic brain injury or chronic traumatic encephalopathy. If this analysis is correct, then therapy is required that benefits all of the affected brain cell types; those are astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, synapses and neurons, endothelial cells, and microglia (the pro-inflammatory (M1) subtype requires switching to the anti-inflammatory (M2) subtype). Combinations are advocated using several drugs, erythropoietin, fluoxetine, lithium, and pioglitazone, that benefit all of the five cell types, and that should be used to form a two-drug combination, suggested as pioglitazone with either fluoxetine or lithium. Clemastine, fingolimod, and memantine benefit four of the cell types, and one chosen from those could be added to the two-drug combination to form a three-drug combination. Using low doses of chosen drugs will limit both toxicity and drug-drug interactions. A clinical trial is required to validate both the advocated concept and the choice of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Fessel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, 2069 Filbert Street, San Francisco, CA 94123, USA
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15
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Fessel J. Formulating treatment of major psychiatric disorders: algorithm targets the dominantly affected brain cell-types. DISCOVER MENTAL HEALTH 2023; 3:3. [PMID: 37861813 PMCID: PMC10501034 DOI: 10.1007/s44192-022-00029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacotherapy for most psychiatric conditions was developed from serendipitous observations of benefit from drugs prescribed for different reasons. An algorithmic approach to formulating pharmacotherapy is proposed, based upon which combination of changed activities by brain cell-types is dominant for any particular condition, because those cell-types contain and surrogate for genetic, metabolic and environmental information, that has affected their function. The algorithm performs because functions of some or all the affected cell-types benefit from several available drugs: clemastine, dantrolene, erythropoietin, fingolimod, fluoxetine, lithium, memantine, minocycline, pioglitazone, piracetam, and riluzole PROCEDURES/FINDINGS: Bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and post-traumatic stress disorder, illustrate the algorithm; for them, literature reviews show that no single combination of altered cell-types accounts for all cases; but they identify, for each condition, which combination occurs most frequently, i.e., dominates, as compared with other possible combinations. Knowing the dominant combination of altered cell-types in a particular condition, permits formulation of therapy with combinations of drugs taken from the above list. The percentage of patients who might benefit from that therapy, depends upon the frequency with which the dominant combination occurs in patients with that particular condition. CONCLUSIONS Knowing the dominant combination of changed cell types in psychiatric conditions, permits an algorithmically formulated, rationally-based treatment. Different studies of the same condition often produce discrepant results; all might be correct, because identical clinical phenotypes result from different combinations of impaired cell-types, thus producing different results. Clinical trials would validate both the proposed concept and choice of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Fessel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, 2069 Filbert Street, San Francisco, CA, 94123, USA.
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16
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Hu J, Wang P, Wang Z, Xu Y, Peng W, Chen X, Fang Y, Zhu L, Wang D, Wang X, Lin L, Ruan L. Fibroblast-Conditioned Media Enhance the Yield of Microglia Isolated from Mixed Glial Cultures. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:395-408. [PMID: 35152327 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01193-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the main immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and comprise various model systems used to investigate inflammatory mechanisms in CNS disorders. Currently, shaking and mild trypsinization are widely used microglial culture methods; however, the problems with culturing microglia include low yield and a time-consuming process. In this study, we replaced normal culture media (NM) with media containing 25% fibroblast-conditioned media (F-CM) to culture mixed glia and compared microglia obtained by these two methods. We found that F-CM significantly improved the yield and purity of microglia and reduced the total culture time of mixed glia. The microglia obtained from the F-CM group showed longer ramified morphology than those from the NM group, but no difference was observed in cell size. Microglia from the two groups had similar phagocytic function and baseline phenotype markers. Both methods yielded microglia were responsive to various stimuli such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and interleukin-4 (IL-4). The current results suggest that F-CM affect the growth of primary microglia in mixed glia culture. This method can produce a high yield of primary microglia within a short time and may be a convenient method for researchers to investigate inflammatory mechanisms and some CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hu
- Pingyang Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 555 Kunao Dadao, Kunyang Town, Wenzhou, 325400, Zhejiang, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan Higher Education Park, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan Higher Education Park, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhengyi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan Higher Education Park, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuyun Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan Higher Education Park, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenshuo Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan Higher Education Park, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiongjian Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan Higher Education Park, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yani Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan Higher Education Park, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liyun Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan Higher Education Park, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongxue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan Higher Education Park, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan Higher Education Park, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan Higher Education Park, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lixin Ruan
- Pingyang Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 555 Kunao Dadao, Kunyang Town, Wenzhou, 325400, Zhejiang, China.
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17
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Zhang M, Yin Y. Dual roles of anesthetics in postoperative cognitive dysfunction: Regulation of microglial activation through inflammatory signaling pathways. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1102312. [PMID: 36776829 PMCID: PMC9911670 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1102312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a prevalent clinical entity following surgery and is characterized by declined neurocognitive function. Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia is the essential mechanism of POCD. Anesthetics are thought to be a major contributor to the development of POCD, as they promote microglial activation and induce neuroinflammation. However, this claim remains controversial. Anesthetics can exert both anti- and pro-inflammatory effects by modulating microglial activation, suggesting that anesthetics may play dual roles in the pathogenesis of POCD. Here, we review the mechanisms by which the commonly used anesthetics regulate microglial activation via inflammatory signaling pathways, showing both anti- and pro-inflammatory properties of anesthetics, and indicating how perioperative administration of anesthetics might either relieve or worsen POCD development. The potential for anesthetics to enhance cognitive performance based on their anti-inflammatory properties is further discussed, emphasizing that the beneficial effects of anesthetics vary depending on dose, exposure time, and patients' characteristics. To minimize the incidence of POCD, we recommend considering these factors to select appropriate anesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiqing Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
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18
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Chen S, Huang W, He T, Zhang M, Jin X, Jiang L, Xu H, Chen K. Exploring the Causality Between Plasma Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Neurological Diseases: A Mendelian Randomization Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:135-148. [PMID: 37742652 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a protein synthesized in the brain and widely expressed in the nervous system. Previous studies have demonstrated a controversial role of BDNF in neurological diseases. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to assess the association between BDNF levels and the risk of neurological diseases by Mendelian randomization analysis. METHODS From a genome-wide association analysis of plasma proteins comprising 3,301 European participants, we isolated 25 genetic variations as instrumental variables for BDNF levels. Summary statistics data on six common neurological diseases as outcome variables. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was used to assess whether plasma BDNF is causally related to neurological diseases. We also performed sensitivity analysis to ensure the robustness of the results and reverse MR to exclude potential reverse causality. RESULTS We confirmed the significant causal relationship between BDNF levels and the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.85, 0.98; p = 0.013). Other methods have also shown similar results. We infer that BDNF also reduces the risk of epilepsy (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.90, 0.98; p = 0.004). In reverse MR analysis, we also found that AD can affect the level of BDNF. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests higher plasma BDNF was associated with the reduced risk of AD. Moreover, higher plasma BDNF is a protective factor on AD and focal epilepsy. The results provide credence to the idea that BDNF may play a significant role in the development of focal epilepsy and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenting Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tao He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mulan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xing Jin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Huiqin Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Keyang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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19
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Stover KR, Stafford PM, Damian AC, Pasangulapati JP, Goodwin-Tindall J, López Vásquez LM, Lee S, Yang SP, Reed MA, Barden CJ, Weaver DF. Development and Optimization of a Target Engagement Model of Brain IDO Inhibition for Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2023; 20:705-714. [PMID: 38288825 DOI: 10.2174/0115672050283199240111111801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) inhibition is a promising target as an Alzheimer's disease (AD) Disease-modifying therapy capable of downregulating immunopathic neuroinflammatory processes. METHODS To aid in the development of IDO inhibitors as potential AD therapeutics, we optimized a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) based mouse model of brain IDO1 inhibition by examining the dosedependent and time-course of the brain kynurenine:tryptophan (K:T) ratio to LPS via intraperitoneal dosing. RESULTS We determined the optimal LPS dose to increase IDO1 activity in the brain, and the ideal time point to quantify the brain K:T ratio after LPS administration. We then used a brain penetrant tool compound, EOS200271, to validate the model, determine the optimal dosing profile and found that a complete rescue of the K:T ratio was possible with the tool compound. CONCLUSION This LPS-based model of IDO1 target engagement is a useful tool that can be used in the development of brain penetrant IDO1 inhibitors for AD. A limitation of the present study is the lack of quantification of potential clinically relevant biomarkers in this model, which could be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt R Stover
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto M5T 2S8, Canada
- Treventis Corporation, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Paul M Stafford
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Andreea C Damian
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Jagadeesh P Pasangulapati
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto M5T 2S8, Canada
- Treventis Corporation, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Jake Goodwin-Tindall
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto M5T 2S8, Canada
| | | | - Sanghyun Lee
- Treventis Corporation, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Seung-Pil Yang
- Treventis Corporation, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Mark A Reed
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto M5T 2S8, Canada
- Treventis Corporation, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S1A8, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher J Barden
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto M5T 2S8, Canada
- Treventis Corporation, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Donald F Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto M5T 2S8, Canada
- Treventis Corporation, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M55 3H6, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 2C4, Canada
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20
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Implications of fractalkine on glial function, ablation and glial proteins/receptors/markers—understanding its therapeutic usefulness in neurological settings: a narrative review. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-022-00446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Fractalkine (CX3CL1) is a chemokine predominantly released by neurons. As a signaling molecule, CX3CL1 facilitates talk between neurons and glia. CX3CL1 is considered as a potential target which could alleviate neuroinflammation. However, certain controversial results and ambiguous role of CX3CL1 make it inexorable to decipher the overall effects of CX3CL1 on the physiopathology of glial cells.
Main body of the abstract
Implications of cross-talk between CX3CL1 and different glial proteins/receptors/markers will give a bird eye view of the therapeutic significance of CX3CL1. Keeping with the need, this review identifies the effects of CX3CL1 on glial physiopathology, glial ablation, and gives a wide coverage on the effects of CX3CL1 on certain glial proteins/receptors/markers.
Short conclusion
Pinpoint prediction of the therapeutic effect of CX3CL1 on neuroinflammation needs further research. This is owing to certain obscure roles and implications of CX3CL1 on different glial proteins/receptors/markers, which are crucial under neurological settings. Further challenges are imposed due to the dichotomous roles played by CX3CL1. The age-old chemokine shows many newer scopes of research in near future. Thus, overall assessment of the effect of CX3CL1 becomes crucial prior to its administration in neuroinflammation.
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21
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Guo Y, Dai W, Zheng Y, Qiao W, Chen W, Peng L, Zhou H, Zhao T, Liu H, Zheng F, Sun P. Mechanism and Regulation of Microglia Polarization in Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207080. [PMID: 36296682 PMCID: PMC9611828 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most lethal subtype of stroke, but effective treatments are lacking, and neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis. In the innate immune response to cerebral hemorrhage, microglia first appear around the injured tissue and are involved in the inflammatory cascade response. Microglia respond to acute brain injury by being activated and polarized to either a typical M1-like (pro-inflammatory) or an alternative M2-like (anti-inflammatory) phenotype. These two polarization states produce pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory. With the discovery of the molecular mechanisms and key signaling molecules related to the polarization of microglia in the brain, some targets that regulate the polarization of microglia to reduce the inflammatory response are considered a treatment for secondary brain tissue after ICH damage effective strategies. Therefore, how to promote the polarization of microglia to the M2 phenotype after ICH has become the focus of attention in recent years. This article reviews the mechanism of action of microglia’s M1 and M2 phenotypes in secondary brain injury after ICH. Moreover, it discusses compounds and natural pharmaceutical ingredients that can polarize the M1 to the M2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Guo
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Weibo Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital of traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan 528401, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Weilin Qiao
- Zhongshan Zhongzhi Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528411, China
| | - Weixuan Chen
- Zhongshan Zhongzhi Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528411, China
| | - Lihua Peng
- Zhongshan Zhongzhi Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528411, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- School of Foreign Languages, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Correspondence: (T.Z.); (H.L.); (F.Z.); (P.S.)
| | - Huimin Liu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Correspondence: (T.Z.); (H.L.); (F.Z.); (P.S.)
| | - Feng Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362002, China
- Correspondence: (T.Z.); (H.L.); (F.Z.); (P.S.)
| | - Peng Sun
- Innovation Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Correspondence: (T.Z.); (H.L.); (F.Z.); (P.S.)
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22
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Molecular Mechanism of the Protective Effects of M2 Microglia on Neurons: A Review Focused on Exosomes and Secretory Proteins. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3556-3564. [PMID: 36222957 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03760-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, as innate immune cells in the brain, closely monitor changes in the internal environment and participate in the maintenance of homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia can be polarized to the M1 or M2 phenotype in response to various stimuli in vivo or in vitro, affecting the functions of peripheral neurons. M2 microglia have attracted increasing attention in recent years owing to their beneficial effects on various diseases and injuries of the CNS, such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. They exert neuroprotective effects by various mechanisms, e.g., suppressing inflammation, promoting the degradation of misfolded and aggregated proteins, promoting neurite growth, enhancing neurogenesis, inhibiting autophagy and apoptosis, promoting myelination, maintaining blood-brain barrier integrity, and enhancing phagocytic activity.This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms by which M2 microglia exert protective effects on neurons and provides a reference for the selection of therapeutic targets for CNS diseases.
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Yang G, Fan X, Mazhar M, Guo W, Zou Y, Dechsupa N, Wang L. Neuroinflammation of microglia polarization in intracerebral hemorrhage and its potential targets for intervention. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1013706. [PMID: 36304999 PMCID: PMC9592761 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1013706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and play a key role in neurological diseases, including intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Microglia are activated to acquire either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory phenotypes. After the onset of ICH, pro-inflammatory mediators produced by microglia at the early stages serve as a crucial character in neuroinflammation. Conversely, switching the microglial shift to an anti-inflammatory phenotype could alleviate inflammatory response and incite recovery. This review will elucidate the dynamic profiles of microglia phenotypes and their available shift following ICH. This study can facilitate an understanding of the self-regulatory functions of the immune system involving the shift of microglia phenotypes in ICH. Moreover, suggestions for future preclinical and clinical research and potential intervention strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Yang
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Acupuncture and Rehabilitation Department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xuehui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- First Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maryam Mazhar
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Drug Research Center of the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wubin Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuanxia Zou
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nathupakorn Dechsupa
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Li Wang Nathupakorn Dechsupa
| | - Li Wang
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li Wang Nathupakorn Dechsupa
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Dai Y, Liu S, Chen J, Liu L, Zhou C, Zuo Y. Microglial Responses and Pain Behaviors Are Exacerbated by Chronic Sleep Deprivation in Rats with Chronic Pain Via Neuroinflammatory Pathways. Neuroscience 2022; 503:83-94. [PMID: 36096338 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory response of central nervous system (CNS) and microglial activation is important in the development of pain behaviors induced by sleep deprivation. We found that chronic sleep deprivation (CSD) aggravated pain behaviors in rats with chronic pain by upregulating expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), and interleukin 1β (IL-1β), which promoted microglial activation in the brain. We also found that CSD increased numbers of Iba1+ and TLR4+ cells, as well as neuronal apoptosis. Inhibitors of TLR4 and NLRP3 (TAK-242 and MCC950, respectively) reduced expression levels of inflammatory factor proteins and M1-related factor mRNA, decreased microglial activation, and relieved the hyperalgesia caused by CSD. These results suggest that CSD aggravated pain behavior in rats with chronic pain through the TLR4/NLRP3/IL-1β signaling pathway, which mediates microglial activation and promotes CNS inflammation and neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuee Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China; Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaoxing Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu 610021, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Core Laboratory, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunxia Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Microglial Dynamics Modulate Vestibular Compensation in a Rodent Model of Vestibulopathy and Condition the Expression of Plasticity Mechanisms in the Deafferented Vestibular Nuclei. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172693. [PMID: 36078101 PMCID: PMC9454928 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Unilateral vestibular loss (UVL) induces a vestibular syndrome composed of posturo-locomotor, oculomotor, vegetative, and perceptivo-cognitive symptoms. With time, these functional deficits progressively disappear due to a phenomenon called vestibular compensation, known to be supported by the expression in the deafferented vestibular nuclei (VNs) of various adaptative plasticity mechanisms. UVL is known to induce a neuroinflammatory response within the VNs, thought to be caused by the structural alteration of primary vestibular afferents. The acute inflammatory response, expressed in the deafferented VNs was recently proven to be crucial for the expression of the endogenous plasticity supporting functional recovery. Neuroinflammation is supported by reactive microglial cells, known to have various phenotypes with adverse effects on brain tissue. Here, we used markers of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory phenotypes of reactive microglia to study microglial dynamics following a unilateral vestibular neurectomy (UVN) in the adult rat. In addition, to highlight the role of acute inflammation in vestibular compensation and its underlying mechanisms, we enhanced the inflammatory state of the deafferented VNs using systemic injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) during the acute phase after a UVN. We observed that the UVN induced the expression of both M1 proinflammatory and M2 anti-inflammatory microglial phenotypes in the deafferented VNs. The acute LPS treatment exacerbated the inflammatory reaction and increased the M1 phenotype while decreasing M2 expression. These effects were associated with impaired postlesional plasticity in the deafferented VNs and exacerbated functional deficits. These results highlight the importance of a homeostatic inflammatory level in the expression of the adaptative plasticity mechanisms underlying vestibular compensation. Understanding the rules that govern neuroinflammation would provide therapeutic leads in neuropathologies associated with these processes.
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Wang L, Li M, Zhu C, Qin A, Wang J, Wei X. The protective effect of Palmatine on depressive like behavior by modulating microglia polarization in LPS-induced mice. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3178-3191. [PMID: 35917005 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of Palmatine on LPS-induced depressive like behavior and explore its potential mechanism. The mice were intragastrically treated with Fluoxetine or Palmatine once daily for 1 week. After the last drug administration, the mice were intraperitoneally challenged with LPS and suffered for Sucrose preference test, Tail suspension test, Forced swimming test and Open field test. The pro-inflammatory biomarkers were measured by ELISA, qPCR, WB and immunofluorescence. As a result, the administration of Palmatine effectively lessened depressive-like behavior. Palmatine could decrease the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, the expressions of CD68, iNOS mRNA, as well as increase the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-10, the expressions of CD206, Arg1 mRNA, Ym1 mRNA both in LPS-induced mice and in LPS-induced BV2 cells. The beneficial effect of Palmatine might be attributed to the suppression of M1 microglia polarization and the promotion of M2 microglia polarization via PDE4B/KLF4 signaling. The similar results were observed in CUMS-induced depressive mice. The transfection with PDE4B SiRNA or KLF4 SiRNA indicated that PDE4B and KLF4 were both involved in the Palmatine-mediated microglia polarization. Molecular docking indicated that Palmatine could interact with PDE4B. In conclusion, this research demonstrated that Palmatine attenuated depressive like behavior by modulating microglia polarization via PDE4B/KLF4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, No.69, Huangshanling Road, 211800, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 16369, Jingshi Road, 250014, Jinan, China
| | - Cuiping Zhu
- Pukou branch of Jiangsu Province Hospital, No.166, Shanghe street, 211800, Nanjing, China
| | - Aiping Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, No.69, Huangshanling Road, 211800, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinchun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, No.69, Huangshanling Road, 211800, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xianni Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiamen Haicang Hospital, No. 89, Haiyu Road, 361026, Xiamen, China.
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27
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Li YF, Ren X, Zhang L, Wang YH, Chen T. Microglial polarization in TBI: Signaling pathways and influencing pharmaceuticals. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:901117. [PMID: 35978950 PMCID: PMC9376354 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.901117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious disease that threatens life and health of people. It poses a great economic burden on the healthcare system. Thus, seeking effective therapy to cure a patient with TBI is a matter of great urgency. Microglia are macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS) and play an important role in neuroinflammation. When TBI occurs, the human body environment changes dramatically and microglia polarize to one of two different phenotypes: M1 and M2. M1 microglia play a role in promoting the development of inflammation, while M2 microglia play a role in inhibiting inflammation. How to regulate the polarization direction of microglia is of great significance for the treatment of patients with TBI. The polarization of microglia involves many cellular signal transduction pathways, such as the TLR-4/NF-κB, JAK/STAT, HMGB1, MAPK, and PPAR-γ pathways. These provide a theoretical basis for us to seek therapeutic drugs for the patient with TBI. There are several drugs that target these pathways, including fingolimod, minocycline, Tak-242 and erythropoietin (EPO), and CSF-1. In this study, we will review signaling pathways involved in microglial polarization and medications that influence this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yu-Hai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, China
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Minocycline Alleviates White Matter Injury following Intracerebral Hemorrhage by Regulating CD4+ T Cell Differentiation via Notch1 Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3435267. [PMID: 35571238 PMCID: PMC9098346 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3435267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a major reason for white matter injury (WMI) after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Apart from microglia/macrophage activation, T cells also play an important role in regulating immune responses after ICH. In a previous study, we have revealed the role of minocycline in modulating microglia/macrophage activation after ICH. However, the exact mechanisms of minocycline in regulating T cells differentiation after ICH are still not well understood. Hence, this study explored the relationship between minocycline and CD4+ T cell differentiation after ICH. Piglet ICH model was used to investigate naive CD4+ T cell differentiation and T cells signal gene activation after ICH with immunofluorescence and whole transcriptome sequencing. Naive CD4+ T cells and primary oligodendrocyte coculture model were established to explore the effect and mechanism of minocycline in modulating CD4+ T cell differentiation after ICH. Flow cytometry was used to indicate CD4+ T cell differentiation after ICH. The mechanism of minocycline in modulating CD4+ T cell differentiation was demonstrated with immunofluorescence and western blot. Double immunostaining of representative CD4+ T cell marker CD3 and different subtype CD4+ T cell assisted proteins (IL17, IL4, Foxp3, and IFNγ) demonstrated naive CD4+ T cell differentiation in piglet after ICH. Whole transcriptome sequencing for perihematomal white matter sorted from piglet brains indicated T cell signal gene activation after ICH. The results of luxol fast blue staining, immunofluorescent staining, and electron microscopy showed that minocycline alleviated white matter injury after ICH in piglets. For our in vitro model, minocycline reduced oligodendrocyte injury and neuroinflammation by regulating CD4+ T cell differentiation after ICH. Moreover, minocycline increased the expression of NOTCH1, ACT1, RBP-J, and NICD1 in cultured CD4+ T cell when stimulated with hemoglobin. Hence, minocycline treatment could modulate naive CD4+ T cell differentiation and attenuate white matter injury via regulating Notch1 signaling pathway after ICH.
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Polarization of Microglia and Its Therapeutic Potential in Sepsis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094925. [PMID: 35563317 PMCID: PMC9101892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, leaving the inflammation process without a proper resolution, leading to tissue damage and possibly sequelae. The central nervous system (CNS) is one of the first regions affected by the peripheral inflammation caused by sepsis, exposing the neurons to an environment of oxidative stress, triggering neuronal dysfunction and apoptosis. Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is the most frequent sepsis-associated organ dysfunction, with symptoms such as deliriums, seizures, and coma, linked to increased mortality, morbidity, and cognitive disability. However, the current therapy does not avoid those patients’ symptoms, evidencing the search for a more optimal approach. Herein we focus on microglia as a prominent therapeutic target due to its multiple functions maintaining CNS homeostasis and its polarizing capabilities, stimulating and resolving neuroinflammation depending on the stimuli. Microglia polarization is a target of multiple studies involving nerve cell preservation in diseases caused or aggravated by neuroinflammation, but in sepsis, its therapeutic potential is overlooked. We highlight the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) neuroprotective properties, its role in microglia polarization and inflammation resolution, and the interaction with nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated kinases (MAPK), making PPARγ a molecular target for sepsis-related studies to come.
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30
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Duan T, Li L, Yu Y, Li T, Han R, Sun X, Cui Y, Liu T, Wang X, Wang Y, Fan X, Liu Y, Zhang H. Traditional Chinese medicine use in the pathophysiological processes of intracerebral hemorrhage and comparison with conventional therapy. Pharmacol Res 2022; 179:106200. [PMID: 35367344 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) refers to hemorrhage caused by non-traumatic vascular rupture in the brain parenchyma, which is characterized by acute onset, severe illness, and high mortality and disability. The influx of blood into the brain tissue after cerebrovascular rupture causes severe brain damage, including primary injury caused by persistent hemorrhage and secondary brain injury (SBI) induced by hematoma. The mechanism of brain injury is complicated and is a significant cause of disability after ICH. Therefore, it is essential to understand the mechanism of brain injury after ICH to develop drugs to prevent and treat ICH. Studies have confirmed that many traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) can reduce brain injury by improving neurotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress (OS), blood-brain barrier (BBB), apoptosis, and neurological dysfunction after ICH. Starting from the pathophysiological process of brain injury after ICH, this paper summarizes the mechanisms by which TCM improves cerebral injury after ICH and its comparison with conventional western medicine, so as to provide clues and a reference for the clinical application of TCM in the prevention and treatment of hemorrhagic stroke and further research and development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yajun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Rui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xingyi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiang Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Zhang R, Yong VW, Xue M. Revisiting Minocycline in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Mechanisms and Clinical Translation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:844163. [PMID: 35401553 PMCID: PMC8993500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.844163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is an important subtype of stroke with an unsatisfactory prognosis of high mortality and disability. Although many pre-clinical studies and clinical trials have been performed in the past decades, effective therapy that meaningfully improve prognosis and outcomes of ICH patients is still lacking. An active area of research is towards alleviating secondary brain injury after ICH through neuroprotective pharmaceuticals and in which minocycline is a promising candidate. Here, we will first discuss new insights into the protective mechanisms of minocycline for ICH including reducing iron-related toxicity, maintenance of blood-brain barrier, and alleviating different types of cell death from preclinical data, then consider its shortcomings. Finally, we will review clinical trial perspectives for minocycline in ICH. We hope that this summary and discussion about updated information on minocycline as a viable treatment for ICH can facilitate further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyi Zhang
- The Departments of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - V. Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- The Departments of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Silpa L, Sim R, Russell AJ. Recent Advances in Small Molecule Stimulation of Regeneration and Repair. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 61:128601. [PMID: 35123003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches to stimulate regeneration and repair have the potential to transform healthcare and improve outcomes for patients suffering from numerous chronic degenerative diseases. To date most approaches have involved the transplantation of therapeutic cells, and while there have been a small number of clinical approvals, major hurdles exist to the routine adoption of such therapies. In recent years humans and other mammals have been shown to possess a regenerative capacity across multiple tissues and organs, and an innate regenerative and repair response has been shown to be activated in these organs in response to injury. These realisations have inspired a transformative approach in regenerative medicine: the development of new agents to directly target these innate regeneration and repair pathways. In this article we will review the current state of the art in the discovery of small molecule modulators of regeneration and their translation towards therapeutic agents, focussing specifically on the areas of neuroregeneration and cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Silpa
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford OX1 3TA
| | - Rachel Sim
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford OX1 3TA
| | - Angela J Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford OX1 3TA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, University of Oxford OX1 3QT.
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Porter GA, O’Connor JC. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inflammation in depression: Pathogenic partners in crime? World J Psychiatry 2022; 12:77-97. [PMID: 35111580 PMCID: PMC8783167 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a debilitating disorder affecting millions of people each year. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and inflammation are two prominent biologic risk factors in the pathogenesis of depression that have received considerable attention. Many clinical and animal studies have highlighted associations between low levels of BDNF or high levels of inflammatory markers and the development of behavioral symptoms of depression. However, less is known about potential interaction between BDNF and inflammation, particularly within the central nervous system. Emerging evidence suggests that there is bidirectional regulation between these factors with important implications for the development of depressive symptoms and anti-depressant response. Elevated levels of inflammatory mediators have been shown to reduce expression of BDNF, and BDNF may play an important negative regulatory role on inflammation within the brain. Understanding this interaction more fully within the context of neuropsychiatric disease is important for both developing a fuller understanding of biological pathogenesis of depression and for identifying novel therapeutic opportunities. Here we review these two prominent risk factors for depression with a particular focus on pathogenic implications of their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Porter
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Jason C O’Connor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
- Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health System, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
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34
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Carrier M, Šimončičová E, St-Pierre MK, McKee C, Tremblay MÈ. Psychological Stress as a Risk Factor for Accelerated Cellular Aging and Cognitive Decline: The Involvement of Microglia-Neuron Crosstalk. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:749737. [PMID: 34803607 PMCID: PMC8599581 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.749737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the central nervous system (CNS) and microglia is lifelong. Microglia originate in the embryonic yolk sac during development and populate the CNS before the blood-brain barrier forms. In the CNS, they constitute a self-renewing population. Although they represent up to 10% of all brain cells, we are only beginning to understand how much brain homeostasis relies on their physiological functions. Often compared to a double-edged sword, microglia hold the potential to exert neuroprotective roles that can also exacerbate neurodegeneration once compromised. Microglia can promote synaptic growth in addition to eliminating synapses that are less active. Synaptic loss, which is considered one of the best pathological correlates of cognitive decline, is a distinctive feature of major depressive disorder (MDD) and cognitive aging. Long-term psychological stress accelerates cellular aging and predisposes to various diseases, including MDD, and cognitive decline. Among the underlying mechanisms, stress-induced neuroinflammation alters microglial interactions with the surrounding parenchymal cells and exacerbates oxidative burden and cellular damage, hence inducing changes in microglia and neurons typical of cognitive aging. Focusing on microglial interactions with neurons and their synapses, this review discusses the disrupted communication between these cells, notably involving fractalkine signaling and the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM). Overall, chronic stress emerges as a key player in cellular aging by altering the microglial sensome, notably via fractalkine signaling deficiency. To study cellular aging, novel positron emission tomography radiotracers for TREM and the purinergic family of receptors show interest for human study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaël Carrier
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Eva Šimončičová
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Chloe McKee
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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35
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Li F, Geng X, Yun HJ, Haddad Y, Chen Y, Ding Y. Neuroplastic Effect of Exercise Through Astrocytes Activation and Cellular Crosstalk. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1644-1657. [PMID: 34631212 PMCID: PMC8460294 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is an effective therapy for neurorehabilitation. Exercise has been shown to induce remodeling and proliferation of astrocyte. Astrocytes potentially affect the recruitment and function of neurons; they could intensify responses of neurons and bring more neurons for the process of neuroplasticity. Interactions between astrocytes, microglia and neurons modulate neuroplasticity and, subsequently, neural circuit function. These cellular interactions promote the number and function of synapses, neurogenesis, and cerebrovascular remodeling. However, the roles and crosstalk of astrocytes with neurons and microglia and any subsequent neuroplastic effects have not been studied extensively in exercise-induced settings. This article discusses the impact of physical exercise on astrocyte proliferation and highlights the interplay between astrocytes, microglia and neurons. The crosstalk between these cells may enhance neuroplasticity, leading to the neuroplastic effects of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwu Li
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Ho Jun Yun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Yazeed Haddad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Yuhua Chen
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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36
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Prowse N, Hayley S. Microglia and BDNF at the crossroads of stressor related disorders: Towards a unique trophic phenotype. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:135-163. [PMID: 34537262 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stressors ranging from psychogenic/social to neurogenic/injury to systemic/microbial can impact microglial inflammatory processes, but less is known regarding their effects on trophic properties of microglia. Recent studies do suggest that microglia can modulate neuronal plasticity, possibly through brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This is particularly important given the link between BDNF and neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative pathology. We posit that certain activated states of microglia play a role in maintaining the delicate balance of BDNF release onto neuronal synapses. This focused review will address how different "activators" influence the expression and release of microglial BDNF and address the question of tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) expression on microglia. We will then assess sex-based differences in microglial function and BDNF expression, and how microglia are involved in the stress response and related disorders such as depression. Drawing on research from a variety of other disorders, we will highlight challenges and opportunities for modulators that can shift microglia to a "trophic" phenotype with a view to potential therapeutics relevant for stressor-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Prowse
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Shawn Hayley
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
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37
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Wang XL, Chen F, Shi H, Zhang M, Yan L, Pei XY, Peng XD. Oxymatrine inhibits neuroinflammation byRegulating M1/M2 polarization in N9 microglia through the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 100:108139. [PMID: 34517275 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the primary immune cells involved in the immune response, inflammation, and injury repair in the central nervous system. Under different stimuli, the dual polarization of classically-activated M1 microglia and anti-inflammatory selectively-activated M2 microglia is observed. Oxymatrine (OMT) exerts various anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, but the mechanism underlying its action remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effects of OMT on the polarization of M1/M2 microglia in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation model in order to elucidate the potential molecular mechanism of action of OMT in vitro. We first used a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) to evaluate the effects of different concentrations OMT on the viability of N9 microglia to determine the appropriate concentration for follow-up experiments. Next, Griess reagent and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to detect the expression of the inflammation-related factors nitric oxide (NO), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-6, -1β, and -10. To evaluate the protective effects of OMT, the ultrastructure of the cells was observed using electron microscopy. Immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and western blotting were performed to evaluate the effects of OMT on the following markers of M1 and M2 microglia: CD16/32, CD206, Arginase-10 (Arg-1), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Lastly, western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were used to detect factors associated with the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB (TLR4/NF-κB) signalling pathway in order to explore the potential mechanism by which OMT regulates microglial polarization. The viability of N9 cells did not decrease when treated with a concentration of 1000 μg/mL OMT. Electron microscopy revealed that a concentration of 100 μg/mL OMT exerted a protective effect on N9 cells stimulated by LPS. The results of the present study indicated that OMT inhibited the over-activation of microglia, increased the levels of the M2 marker IL-10, decreased the levels of the M1 markers NO, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, promoted the polarization of N9 microglia to the M2 phenotype, and regulated M1/M2 polarization in the microglia by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB signalling, which effectively attenuated the LPS-induced inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Wang
- Department of Basic Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Basic Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Basic Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
| | - Man Zhang
- Department of Basic Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
| | - Lin Yan
- Functional Experiment Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Xiu-Ying Pei
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Peng
- Department of Basic Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China; Ningxia Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China; Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China; Functional Experiment Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
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38
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Guo M, Schwartz TD, Dunaief JL, Cui QN. Myeloid cells in retinal and brain degeneration. FEBS J 2021; 289:2337-2361. [PMID: 34478598 PMCID: PMC8891394 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Retinal inflammation underlies multiple prevalent ocular and neurological diseases. Similar inflammatory processes are observed in glaucomatous optic neuropathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, posterior uveitis, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. In particular, human and animal studies have demonstrated the important role microglia/macrophages play in initiating and maintaining a pro-inflammatory environment in degenerative processes impacting vision. On the other hand, microglia have also been shown to have a protective role in multiple central nervous system diseases. Identifying the mechanisms underlying cell dysfunction and death is the first step toward developing novel therapeutics for these diseases impacting the central nervous system. In addition to reviewing recent key studies defining important mediators of retinal inflammation, with an emphasis on translational studies that bridge this research from bench to bedside, we also highlight a promising therapeutic class of medications, the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Finally, we propose areas where additional research is necessary to identify mechanisms that can be modulated to shift the balance from a neurotoxic to a neuroprotective retinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Turner D Schwartz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joshua L Dunaief
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qi N Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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39
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Ni L, Zhuge F, Yang S, Ma L, Zheng A, Zhao Y, Hu L, Fu Z, Ni Y. Hydrolyzed Chicken Meat Extract Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Impairment in Middle-Aged Mouse by Regulating M1/M2 Microglial Polarization. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9800-9812. [PMID: 34404209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aging is the most common cause of several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The pathological hallmarks of age-dependent neuropathology consist of chronic neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, gliosis, learning disability, and cognitive decline. A novel hydrolyzed bioactive peptide mixture extracted from chicken meat, that is, hydrolyzed chicken extract (HCE) has been previously demonstrated to exert neuroprotective effects in rodents and humans. However, the mechanism of HCE on age-related neurological disorders remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to clarify the impact and mechanism of isolated bioactive components (BCs) from HCE on age-dependent neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in middle-aged mice. We found that both BC and HCE supplementation ameliorated age-induced memory loss, alleviated hippocampal neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, followed by promoting hippocampal neurogenesis in mice. BC and HCE treatment also ameliorated age-dependent morphological anomalies and alleviated microgliosis and astrogliosis. In parallel, BC and HCE treatment showed a significant decrease in the NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK signaling, which were associated with the enhancement of antioxidative enzymes activities. Furthermore, BC treatment attenuated the neuroinflammatory phenotypes by the decrease in M1-polarized microglia and the increase in M2-polarized microglia in vivo and in vitro. In addition, we found that cyclo(Phe-Phe), one of the cyclopeptides purified from BC, showed notable anti-inflammatory effects in BV2 cells. Taken together, BC might be used as a dietary supplement for alleviating age-dependent neuropathology in middle-aged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Ni
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Fen Zhuge
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Song Yang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Lingyan Ma
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Aqian Zheng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Luting Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yinhua Ni
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
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40
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Zazula R, Husain MI, Mohebbi M, Walker AJ, Chaudhry IB, Khoso AB, Ashton MM, Agustini B, Husain N, Deakin J, Young AH, Berk M, Kanchanatawan B, Ng CH, Maes M, Berk L, Singh AB, Malhi GS, Dean OM. Minocycline as adjunctive treatment for major depressive disorder: Pooled data from two randomized controlled trials. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2021; 55:784-798. [PMID: 33092404 DOI: 10.1177/0004867420965697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Randomized controlled clinical trials that have investigated minocycline as an adjunctive treatment for major depressive disorder have proved promising. Data from two studies were pooled to evaluate more definitively whether the addition of minocycline to standard treatment for major depressive disorder leads to an improvement of depressive symptoms when compared with placebo. METHODS Both studies were multi-site, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trials of minocycline 200 mg/day added to treatment as usual during a 12-week period. The primary outcome measure was change in depressive symptoms (Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale in Dean et al. and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale in Husain et al.). Secondary outcomes were change in depression severity (Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale for Dean et al. and 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire in Husain et al.), anxiety severity (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale in Dean et al. and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale in Husain et al.) and functional status, which were also evaluated as potential mediators on the primary outcome. RESULTS A total of 112 participants were included in the pooled data (Dean et al., n = 71; Husain et al., n = 41). A significant change from baseline to week 12 was noted in depressive symptoms - differential change (Placebo vs Minocycline): 9.0, 95% confidence interval = [4.2, 13.9], Cohen's D (95% confidence interval): 0.71 [0.29, 1.14], p < 0.001 - anxiety severity - differential change (Placebo vs Minocycline): 0.38, confidence interval = [0.00, 0.75], Cohen's D (95% confidence interval): 0.41 [0.00, 0.82], p = 0.050) and functional status - differential change (Placebo vs Minocycline): 1.0, 95% confidence interval = [0.4, 1.5], Cohen's D (95% confidence interval): 0.76 [0.34, 1.19], p = 0.001). Duration of illness, current use of benzodiazepine and pain medication were identified as moderators, whereas functional status as a mediator/predictor. CONCLUSION The improvement of depressive symptoms, anxiety severity and functional status is promising and suggests that minocycline has potential as an adjunctive treatment for major depressive disorder. However, further studies are warranted to confirm therapeutic effects of minocycline in major depressive disorder. TRIAL REGISTRATIONS NCT02263872, registered October 2014, and ACTRN12612000283875, registered March 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Zazula
- Latin American Institute for the Science of Life and Nature, Federal University of Latin American Integration, Foz do Iguacu, Brazil.,Health Sciences Graduate Program, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil.,Deakin University, iMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Muhammad Ishrat Husain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mohammadreza Mohebbi
- Deakin University, iMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.,Deakin University, Faculty of Health, Biostatistics Unit, Geelong, Australia
| | - Adam J Walker
- Deakin University, iMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Imran B Chaudhry
- Department of Psychiatry, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan.,Pakistan Institute of Living and Learning, Karachi, Pakistan.,University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ameer B Khoso
- Pakistan Institute of Living and Learning, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Melanie M Ashton
- Deakin University, iMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Bruno Agustini
- Deakin University, iMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Jfw Deakin
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Allan H Young
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent, UK
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, iMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.,Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Australia.,The Melbourne Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Australia.,Orygen the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Chee H Ng
- The Melbourne Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, iMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lesley Berk
- Deakin University, iMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.,Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ajeet B Singh
- Deakin University, iMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Gin S Malhi
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Northern Clinical School, Department of Psychiatry, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Academic Department of Psychiatry, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Australia.,CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, Australia
| | - Olivia M Dean
- Deakin University, iMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.,Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
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41
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Scott MC, Bedi SS, Olson SD, Sears CM, Cox CS. Microglia as therapeutic targets after neurological injury: strategy for cell therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:365-380. [PMID: 34029505 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1934447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microglia is the resident tissue macrophages of the central nervous system. Prolonged microglial activation often occurs after traumatic brain injury and is associated with deteriorating neurocognitive outcomes. Resolution of microglial activation is associated with limited tissue loss and improved neurocognitive outcomes. Limiting the prolonged pro-inflammatory response and the associated secondary tissue injury provides the rationale and scientific premise for considering microglia as a therapeutic target. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss markers of microglial activation, such as immunophenotype and microglial response to injury, including cytokine/chemokine release, free radical formation, morphology, phagocytosis, and metabolic shifts. We compare the origin and role in neuroinflammation of microglia and monocytes/macrophages. We review potential therapeutic targets to shift microglial polarization. Finally, we review the effect of cell therapy on microglia. EXPERT OPINION Dysregulated microglial activation after neurologic injury, such as traumatic brain injury, can worsen tissue damage and functional outcomes. There are potential targets in microglia to attenuate this activation, such as proteins and molecules that regulate microglia polarization. Cellular therapeutics that limit, but do not eliminate, the inflammatory response have improved outcomes in animal models by reducing pro-inflammatory microglial activation via secondary signaling. These findings have been replicated in early phase clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Collins Scott
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Uthealth), USA
| | - Supinder S Bedi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Scott D Olson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Candice M Sears
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Charles S Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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42
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Liu J, Liu L, Wang X, Jiang R, Bai Q, Wang G. Microglia: A Double-Edged Sword in Intracerebral Hemorrhage From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Research. Front Immunol 2021; 12:675660. [PMID: 34025674 PMCID: PMC8135095 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.675660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). It is well established that microglia are activated and polarized to acquire different inflammatory phenotypes, either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory phenotypes, which act as a critical component in the neuroinflammation following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Microglia produce pro-inflammatory mediators at the early stages after ICH onset, anti-inflammatory microglia with neuroprotective effects appear to be suppressed. Previous research found that driving microglia towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype could restrict inflammation and engulf cellular debris. The principal objective of this review is to analyze the phenotypes and dynamic profiles of microglia as well as their shift in functional response following ICH. The results may further the understanding of the body's self-regulatory functions involving microglia following ICH. On this basis, suggestions for future clinical development and research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Liu
- Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lirong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rundong Jiang
- Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qinqin Bai
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Gaiqing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Sanya Central Hospital (Hainan Third People's Hospital), Sanya, China
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Zhang R, Liu C, Li Y, Chen L, Xiang J. Tenacissoside H promotes neurological recovery of cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury in mice by modulating inflammation and oxidative stress via TrkB pathway. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:757-769. [PMID: 32799328 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced acute brain injury remains a troublesome condition in clinical practice. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of tenacissoside H (TH) on I/R-induced cerebral injury in mice. Here, a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established by an improved Longa-Zea method. TH was given by intraperitoneal injection once a day within 1 week before establishing the mouse MCAO model. The neurological functions of mice were evaluated and the apoptosis of neurons was also detected by the TUNEL method and Nissl's staining. ELISA and western blot were used to detect the expression of inflammatory factors, oxidation factors and proteins in the cerebral ischaemic cortex. The results revealed that TH dose-dependently reduced neurological impairment, neuron apoptosis and brain oedema induced by MCAO. Furthermore, TH attenuated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α), iNOS and nuclear factor (NF)-κB while increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10 and BDNF) and proteins of tropomyosin-related kinase receptor B (TrkB) and PPARγ. Nevertheless, after the addition of TrkB inhibitor, the effects of TH above were mostly restrained. In conclusion, TH can protect mice against I/R-induced neurological impairments via modulating inflammation and oxidative stress through TrkB signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of NICU, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cui Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of NICU, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Interventional Department, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus (Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Xiang
- Interventional Department, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus (Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital), Shanghai, China
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Bi F, Zhang Y, Liu W, Xie K. Sinomenine activation of Nrf2 signaling prevents inflammation and cerebral injury in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:647. [PMID: 33968178 PMCID: PMC8097210 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinomenine (SINO), which is used clinically to treat rheumatoid arthritis and neuralgia, is derived from the root and stems of Sinomenium acutum. SINO has been reported to exert analgesic, sedative and anti-inflammatory effects, and provides a protective role against shock and organ damage. Studies have suggested that SINO primarily exerts it anti-inflammatory function by inhibiting NF-κB signaling. There is also evidence to indicate that SINO may regulate inflammation Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) signaling. The present study aimed to investigate whether the anti-inflammatory and cerebral protective effects of SINO were induced through Nrf2 both in vitro and in vivo. The results revealed that SINO significantly upregulated Nrf2 protein expression levels, increased Nrf2 nuclear translocation and the upregulated the protein expression levels of downstream factors. The treatment of a middle cerebral artery occlusion model mice with SINO effectively reduced cerebral damage and inflammation, and restored the balance in cerebral oxidative stress. In addition, SINO treatment also promoted Nrf2-dependent microglia M1/M2 polarization and inhibited the phosphorylation of IκBα as well as NF-κB nuclear translocation. This revealed an important upstream event that contributed to its anti-inflammatory and cerebral tissue protective effects. In conclusion, the findings of the present study identified a novel pathway through which SINO may exert its anti-inflammatory and cerebral protective functions, and provided a molecular basis for the potential applications of SINO in the treatment of cerebral inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Bi
- Department of Medicine, Xi'an Peihua University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710125, P.R. China
| | - Yiyong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinan Jiyang District People's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 251401, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, College of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Keliang Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinan Jiyang District People's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 251401, P.R. China.,Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University (Weifang People's Hospital), Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
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45
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McCarty MF, Lerner A. The second phase of brain trauma can be controlled by nutraceuticals that suppress DAMP-mediated microglial activation. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:559-570. [PMID: 33749495 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1907182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A delayed second wave of brain trauma is mediated in large part by microglia that are activated to a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype by DAMP proteins released by dying neurons. These microglia can promote apoptosis or necrosis in neighboring neurons by producing a range of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the deadly oxidant peroxynitrite. This second wave could therefore be mitigated with agents that blunt the post-traumatic M1 activation of microglia and that preferentially promote a pro-healing M2 phenotype. AREAS COVERED The literature on nutraceuticals that might have clinical potential in this regard. EXPERT OPINION The chief signaling pathway whereby DAMPs promote M1 microglial activation involves activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), NADPH oxidase, NF-kappaB, and the stress activated kinases JNK and p38. The green tea catechin EGCG can suppress TLR4 expression. Phycocyanobilin can inhibit NOX2-dependent NADPH oxidase, ferulate and melatonin can oppose pro-inflammatory signal modulation by NADPH oxidase-derived oxidants. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, the soy isoflavone genistein, the AMPK activator berberine, glucosamine, and ketone bodies can down-regulate NF-kappaB activation. Vitamin D activity can oppose JNK/p38 activation. A sophisticated program of nutraceutical supplementation may have important potential for mitigating the second phase of neuronal death and aiding subsequent healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F McCarty
- Department of research, Catalytic Longevity Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Aaron Lerner
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Zabludowicz Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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46
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Kalafatakis I, Patellis A, Charalampopoulos I, Gravanis A, Karagogeos D. The beneficial role of the synthetic microneurotrophin BNN20 in a focal demyelination model. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1474-1495. [PMID: 33583101 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BNN20, a C17-spiroepoxy derivative of the neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone, has been shown to exhibit strong neuroprotective properties but its role in glial populations has not been assessed. Our aim was to investigate the effect of BNN20 on glial populations by using in vitro and in vivo approaches, taking advantage of the well-established lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)-induced focal demyelination mouse model. Our in vivo studies, performed in male mice, showed that BNN20 treatment leads to an increased number of mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) in this model. It diminishes astrocytic accumulation during the demyelination phase leading to a faster remyelination process, while it does not affect oligodendrocyte precursor cell recruitment or microglia/macrophage accumulation. Additionally, our in vitro studies showed that BNN20 acts directly to OLs and enhances their maturation even after they were treated with LPC. This beneficial effect of BNN20 is mediated, primarily, through the neurotrophin receptor TrkA. In addition, BNN20 reduces microglial activation and their transition to their pro-inflammatory state upon lipopolysaccharides stimulation in vitro. Taken together our results suggest that BNN20 could serve as an important molecule to develop blood-brain barrier-permeable synthetic agonists of neurotrophin receptors that could reduce inflammation, protect and increase the number of functional OLs by promoting their differentiation/maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Kalafatakis
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology - FoRTH, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Charalampopoulos
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology - FoRTH, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - Achille Gravanis
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology - FoRTH, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology - FoRTH, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Li Y, Wang N, Pan J, Wang X, Zhao Y, Guo Z. Hippocampal miRNA-144 Modulates Depressive-Like Behaviors in Rats by Targeting PTP1B. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:389-399. [PMID: 33603377 PMCID: PMC7883630 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s263079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is the common mental disorder in the world. However, the pathophysiology mechanism underlying depression remains elusive. It has been reported that aberrant expression of miR-144 is closely related to depression. This study was to investigate whether and how miR-144 involves in depressive-like behaviors in a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) animal model. METHODS A rat model of CUMS was established, and qRT-PCR was performed to detect the expression of miR-144 in the hippocampus of a depressed rat. The lentiviral vector carried miR-144 (LV-miR-144) was injected into the hippocampus of the CUMS rat to investigate the effects of miR-144 on the behaviors and PTP1B/TrkB/BDNF signal transduction in the hippocampus of the rat. The interaction between miR-144 and PTP1B was investigated by biological analyses and dual-luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS The results showed that CUMS rats had typical depressive behaviors, and the expression of miR-144 in the hippocampus of CUMS rats was significantly lower than that of the control group. In addition, PTP1B protein expression was significantly up-regulated, while the expression of pTrkB and BDNF protein was significantly down-regulated in the hippocampus of CUMS rats. Moreover, PTP1B was a direct target of miR-144, and miR-144 could activate the downstream TrkB/BDNF signaling pathway by inhibiting the expression of PTP1B in primary hippocampus neurons. CONCLUSION MiR-144 played an anti-depressive role in hippocampus dysfunction by inhibiting PTP1B and activating the TrkB/BDNF signaling pathway in the hippocampus of CUMS rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuan Li
- Department of Psychology, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, 266000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nina Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, 266000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Pan
- Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, 266000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinrui Wang
- Department of Psychology, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, 266000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Methadone Clinic, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, 266000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zongjun Guo
- Department of Geriatric Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, 266000, People’s Republic of China
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48
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Jackson-Cowan L, Eldahshan W, Dumanli S, Dong G, Jamil S, Abdul Y, Althomali W, Baban B, Fagan SC, Ergul A. Delayed Administration of Angiotensin Receptor (AT2R) Agonist C21 Improves Survival and Preserves Sensorimotor Outcomes in Female Diabetic Rats Post-Stroke through Modulation of Microglial Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031356. [PMID: 33572986 PMCID: PMC7866408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
About 70% of stroke victims present with comorbid diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. The integration of comorbidities in pre-clinical experimental design is important in understanding the mechanisms involved in the development of stroke injury and recovery. We recently showed that administration of compound C21, an angiotensin II type 2 receptor agonist, at day 3 post-stroke improved sensorimotor outcomes by lowering neuroinflammation in diabetic male animals. In the current study, we hypothesized that a delayed administration of C21 would also lower chronic inflammation post-stroke in diabetic female animals. Young female diabetic rats were subjected to 1 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Three days post-stroke, rats were administered C21 or vehicle in drinking water at a dose of 0.12 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. The impact of C21 on microglial polarization was analyzed by flow cytometry in vivo and in vitro. Compound 21 treatment improved fine motor skills after MCAO through modulation of the microglia/macrophage inflammatory properties. In addition, C21 increased M2 polarization and reduced the M1:M2 ratio in vitro. In conclusion, delayed administration of C21 downregulates post-stroke inflammation in female diabetic animals. C21 may be a useful therapeutic option to lower neuro-inflammation and improve the post-stroke recovery in diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Line
- Cognition/drug effects
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Female
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/complications
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/drug therapy
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology
- Mice
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/pathology
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/agonists
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Stroke/complications
- Stroke/drug therapy
- Stroke/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- LaDonya Jackson-Cowan
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Wael Eldahshan
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Selin Dumanli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Guangkuo Dong
- Department Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Sarah Jamil
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Yasir Abdul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Waleed Althomali
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Babak Baban
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Susan C Fagan
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Adviye Ergul
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
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He Q, Li Z, Li T, Zhang Z, Zhao J. ATP Stimulation Promotes Functional Recovery after Intracerebral Haemorrhage by Increasing the mBDNF/proBDNF Ratio. Neuroscience 2021; 459:104-117. [PMID: 33421569 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), including mature BDNF (mBDNF) and precursor BDNF (proBDNF), plays a pivotal role in neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. However, the functional effect of the mBDNF/proBDNF ratio in haemorrhagic stroke remains unclear. ATP is a known mediator of BDNF production in neurons and glia. Therefore, we hypothesized that ATP could facilitate BDNF production, increase the mBDNF/proBDNF ratio and thereby alleviate cerebral haemorrhage-induced injury. In this experiment, a model of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) was produced by injecting 50 μL autologous blood into the right corpus striatum in healthy male rats. ATP was injected to promote BDNF production and increase the mBDNF/proBDNF ratio. After ATP pretreatment, P2X4R-shRNA and SB203580 were used to inhibit P2X4R and p38-MAPK, respectively. We provide direct evidence that ATP administration was successful in promoting mBDNF expression and increasing the mBDNF/proBDNF ratio after ICH injury. Additionally, ATP stimulation could significantly improve cerebral neurological function and alleviate neuronal damage. Furthermore, ATP injection was able to upregulate the expression of P2X4R and p-p38-MAPK. Moreover, both P2X4R-shRNA and SB203580 could effectively abolish the effect of ATP injection on the levels of P2X4R and p-p38-MAPK and the mBDNF/proBDNF ratio. Together, these findings show that ATP stimulation contributes to functional recovery after cerebral haemorrhage and that neuroprotection induced by ATP administration in ICH rats is accompanied by a strong increase in the mBDNF/proBDNF ratio. Here, we also show a significant role of P2X4R-p38-MAPK signalling in the ATP-induced increase in the mBDNF/proBDNF ratio in ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi He
- The School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiegang Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqian Zhang
- The School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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Kwon HS, Koh SH. Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders: the roles of microglia and astrocytes. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:42. [PMID: 33239064 PMCID: PMC7689983 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1006] [Impact Index Per Article: 251.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Microglia and astrocytes are key regulators of inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. The activation of microglia and astrocytes is heterogeneous and traditionally categorized as neurotoxic (M1-phenotype microglia and A1-phenotype astrocytes) or neuroprotective (M2-phenotype microglia and A2-phenotype astrocytes). However, this dichotomized classification may not reflect the various phenotypes of microglia and astrocytes. The relationship between these activated glial cells is also very complicated, and the phenotypic distribution can change, based on the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. A better understanding of the roles of microglia and astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases is essential for developing effective therapies. In this review, we discuss the roles of inflammatory response in neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on the contributions of microglia and astrocytes and their relationship. In addition, we discuss biomarkers to measure neuroinflammation and studies on therapeutic drugs that can modulate neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Sung Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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