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Furdui A, da Silveira Scarpellini C, Montandon G. Anatomical distribution of µ-opioid receptors, neurokinin-1 receptors, and vesicular glutamate transporter 2 in the mouse brainstem respiratory network. J Neurophysiol 2024; 132:108-129. [PMID: 38748514 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00478.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
µ-Opioid receptors (MORs) are responsible for mediating both the analgesic and respiratory effects of opioid drugs. By binding to MORs in brainstem regions involved in controlling breathing, opioids produce respiratory depressive effects characterized by slow and shallow breathing, with potential cardiorespiratory arrest and death during overdose. To better understand the mechanisms underlying opioid-induced respiratory depression, thorough knowledge of the regions and cellular subpopulations that may be vulnerable to modulation by opioid drugs is needed. Using in situ hybridization, we determined the distribution and coexpression of Oprm1 (gene encoding MORs) mRNA with glutamatergic (Vglut2) and neurokinin-1 receptor (Tacr1) mRNA in medullary and pontine regions involved in breathing control and modulation. We found that >50% of cells expressed Oprm1 mRNA in the preBötzinger complex (preBötC), nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), nucleus ambiguus (NA), postinspiratory complex (PiCo), locus coeruleus (LC), Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF), and the lateral and medial parabrachial nuclei (LBPN and MPBN, respectively). Among Tacr1 mRNA-expressing cells, >50% coexpressed Oprm1 mRNA in the preBötC, NTS, NA, Bötzinger complex (BötC), PiCo, LC, raphe magnus nucleus, KF, LPBN, and MPBN, whereas among Vglut2 mRNA-expressing cells, >50% coexpressed Oprm1 mRNA in the preBötC, NTS, NA, BötC, PiCo, LC, KF, LPBN, and MPBN. Taken together, our study provides a comprehensive map of the distribution and coexpression of Oprm1, Tacr1, and Vglut2 mRNA in brainstem regions that control and modulate breathing and identifies Tacr1 and Vglut2 mRNA-expressing cells as subpopulations with potential vulnerability to modulation by opioid drugs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Opioid drugs can cause serious respiratory side-effects by binding to µ-opioid receptors (MORs) in brainstem regions that control breathing. To better understand the regions and their cellular subpopulations that may be vulnerable to modulation by opioids, we provide a comprehensive map of Oprm1 (gene encoding MORs) mRNA expression throughout brainstem regions that control and modulate breathing. Notably, we identify glutamatergic and neurokinin-1 receptor-expressing cells as potentially vulnerable to modulation by opioid drugs and worthy of further investigation using targeted approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Furdui
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Gaspard Montandon
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wu L, Zhang D, Wu Y, Liu J, Jiang J, Zhou C. Sodium Leak Channel in Glutamatergic Neurons of the Lateral Parabrachial Nucleus Helps to Maintain Respiratory Frequency Under Sevoflurane Anesthesia. Neurosci Bull 2024:10.1007/s12264-024-01223-0. [PMID: 38767833 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The lateral parabrachial nucleus (PBL) is implicated in the regulation of respiratory activity. Sodium leak channel (NALCN) mutations disrupt the respiratory rhythm and influence anesthetic sensitivity in both rodents and humans. Here, we investigated whether the NALCN in PBL glutamatergic neurons maintains respiratory function under general anesthesia. Our results showed that chemogenetic activation of PBL glutamatergic neurons increased the respiratory frequency (RF) in mice; whereas chemogenetic inhibition suppressed RF. NALCN knockdown in PBL glutamatergic neurons but not GABAergic neurons significantly reduced RF under physiological conditions and caused more respiratory suppression under sevoflurane anesthesia. NALCN knockdown in PBL glutamatergic neurons did not further exacerbate the respiratory suppression induced by propofol or morphine. Under sevoflurane anesthesia, painful stimuli rapidly increased the RF, which was not affected by NALCN knockdown in PBL glutamatergic neurons. This study suggested that the NALCN is a key ion channel in PBL glutamatergic neurons that maintains respiratory frequency under volatile anesthetic sevoflurane but not intravenous anesthetic propofol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Donghang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yujie Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jingyao Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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González-García M, Carrillo-Franco L, Morales-Luque C, Dawid-Milner MS, López-González MV. Central Autonomic Mechanisms Involved in the Control of Laryngeal Activity and Vocalization. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:118. [PMID: 38392336 PMCID: PMC10886357 DOI: 10.3390/biology13020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
In humans, speech is a complex process that requires the coordinated involvement of various components of the phonatory system, which are monitored by the central nervous system. The larynx in particular plays a crucial role, as it enables the vocal folds to meet and converts the exhaled air from our lungs into audible sounds. Voice production requires precise and sustained exhalation, which generates an air pressure/flow that creates the pressure in the glottis required for voice production. Voluntary vocal production begins in the laryngeal motor cortex (LMC), a structure found in all mammals, although the specific location in the cortex varies in humans. The LMC interfaces with various structures of the central autonomic network associated with cardiorespiratory regulation to allow the perfect coordination between breathing and vocalization. The main subcortical structure involved in this relationship is the mesencephalic periaqueductal grey matter (PAG). The PAG is the perfect link to the autonomic pontomedullary structures such as the parabrachial complex (PBc), the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF), the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), and the nucleus retroambiguus (nRA), which modulate cardiovascular autonomic function activity in the vasomotor centers and respiratory activity at the level of the generators of the laryngeal-respiratory motor patterns that are essential for vocalization. These cores of autonomic structures are not only involved in the generation and modulation of cardiorespiratory responses to various stressors but also help to shape the cardiorespiratory motor patterns that are important for vocal production. Clinical studies show increased activity in the central circuits responsible for vocalization in certain speech disorders, such as spasmodic dysphonia because of laryngeal dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta González-García
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Unit of Neurophysiology of the Autonomic Nervous System (CIMES), University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura Carrillo-Franco
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Unit of Neurophysiology of the Autonomic Nervous System (CIMES), University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Carmen Morales-Luque
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Marc Stefan Dawid-Milner
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Unit of Neurophysiology of the Autonomic Nervous System (CIMES), University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Víctor López-González
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Unit of Neurophysiology of the Autonomic Nervous System (CIMES), University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 Málaga, Spain
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Sun L, Zhu M, Wang M, Hao Y, Hao Y, Jing X, Yu H, Shi Y, Zhang X, Wang S, Yuan F, Yuan XS. Whole-brain monosynaptic inputs and outputs of leptin receptor b neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarii in mice. Brain Res Bull 2023; 201:110693. [PMID: 37348822 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) is the primary central station that integrates visceral afferent information and regulates respiratory, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and other physiological functions. Leptin receptor b (LepRb)-expressing neurons of the NTS (NTSLepRb neurons) are implicated in central respiration regulation, respiratory facilitation, and respiratory drive enhancement. Furthermore, LepRb dysfunction is involved in obesity, insulin resistance, and sleep-disordered breathing. However, the monosynaptic inputs and outputs of NTSLepRb neurons in whole-brain mapping remain to be elucidated. Therefore, the exploration of its whole-brain connection system may provide strong support for comprehensively understanding the physiological and pathological functions of NTSLepRb neurons. In the present study, we used a cell type-specific, modified rabies virus and adeno-associated virus with the Cre-loxp system to map monosynaptic inputs and outputs of NTSLepRb neurons in LepRb-Cre mice. The results showed that NTSLepRb neurons received inputs from 48 nuclei in the whole brain from five brain regions, including especially the medulla. We found that NTSLepRb neurons received inputs from nuclei associated with respiration, such as the pre-Bötzinger complex, ambiguus nucleus, and parabrachial nucleus. Interestingly, some brain areas related to cardiovascular regulation-i.e., the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray and locus coeruleus-also sent a small number of inputs to NTSLepRb neurons. In addition, anterograde tracing results demonstrated that NTSLepRb neurons sent efferent projections to 15 nuclei, including the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and arcuate hypothalamic nucleus, which are involved in regulation of energy metabolism and feeding behaviors. Quantitative statistical analysis revealed that the inputs of the whole brain to NTSLepRb neurons were significantly greater than the outputs. Our study comprehensively revealed neuronal connections of NTSLepRb neurons in the whole brain and provided a neuroanatomical basis for further research on physiological and pathological functions of NTSLepRb neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China; Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mengchu Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China; Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yinchao Hao
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yaxin Hao
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xinyi Jing
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hongxiao Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yishuo Shi
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Xiang Shan Yuan
- Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Palkovic B, Mustapic S, Saric I, Stuth EAE, Stucke AG, Zuperku EJ. Changes in pontine and preBötzinger/Bötzinger complex neuronal activity during remifentanil-induced respiratory depression in decerebrate dogs. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1156076. [PMID: 37362432 PMCID: PMC10285059 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1156076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In vivo studies using selective, localized opioid antagonist injections or localized opioid receptor deletion have identified that systemic opioids dose-dependently depress respiratory output through effects in multiple respiratory-related brainstem areas. Methods: With approval of the subcommittee on animal studies of the Zablocki VA Medical Center, experiments were performed in 53 decerebrate, vagotomized, mechanically ventilated dogs of either sex during isocapnic hyperoxia. We performed single neuron recordings in the Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG, n = 432) and preBötzinger/Bötzinger complex region (preBötC/BötC, n = 213) before and during intravenous remifentanil infusion (0.1-1 mcg/kg/min) and then until complete recovery of phrenic nerve activity. A generalized linear mixed model was used to determine changes in Fn with remifentanil and the statistical association between remifentanil-induced changes in Fn and changes in inspiratory and expiratory duration and peak phrenic activity. Analysis was controlled via random effects for animal, run, and neuron type. Results: Remifentanil decreased Fn in most neuron subtypes in the preBötC/BötC as well as in inspiratory (I), inspiratory-expiratory, expiratory (E) decrementing and non-respiratory modulated neurons in the PRG. The decrease in PRG inspiratory and non-respiratory modulated neuronal activity was associated with an increase in inspiratory duration. In the preBötC, the decrease in I-decrementing neuron activity was associated with an increase in expiratory and of E-decrementing activity with an increase in inspiratory duration. In contrast, decreased activity of I-augmenting neurons was associated with a decrease in inspiratory duration. Discussion: While statistical associations do not necessarily imply a causal relationship, our data suggest mechanisms for the opioid-induced increase in expiratory duration in the PRG and preBötC/BötC and how inspiratory failure at high opioid doses may result from a decrease in activity and decrease in slope of the pre-inspiratory ramp-like activity in preBötC/BötC pre-inspiratory neurons combined with a depression of preBötC/BötC I-augmenting neurons. Additional studies must clarify whether the observed changes in neuronal activity are due to direct neuronal inhibition or decreased excitatory inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Palkovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Sanda Mustapic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Saric
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- University Hospital Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Eckehard A. E. Stuth
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Astrid G. Stucke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Edward J. Zuperku
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Clement J Zablocki Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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Ju Wang JD, Doherty D, Ramirez JM, Chen M. Central sleep apnea in patients with pontine tegmental cap dysplasia treated with supplemental oxygen: a case report. J Clin Sleep Med 2023; 19:843-849. [PMID: 36708265 PMCID: PMC10071390 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.10452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This is the first case report of sleep-disordered breathing in patients with pontine tegmental cap dysplasia, a very rare neurological disorder characterized by an anatomic malformation in the pons. Patients present with hypotonia, cognitive dysfunction, and cranial nerve palsies (eg, hearing loss, trigeminal anesthesia, and swallow dysfunction). Extensive studies have demonstrated the relevance of different pontine neuronal nuclei in breathing regulation, which are structurally abnormal in pontine tegmental cap dysplasia. We present detailed polysomnography data for 3 patients aged 41 years, 20 years, and 1.5 years revealing significant central sleep apnea. We discuss our experience with managing their sleep-disordered breathing in the setting of multiple cranial nerve palsies and corneal anesthesia, and its relative contraindication of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation treatment. CITATION Ju Wang J-D, Doherty D, Ramirez J-M, Chen M. Central sleep apnea in patients with pontine tegmental cap dysplasia treated with supplemental oxygen: a case report. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(4):843-849.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Der Ju Wang
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Dan Doherty
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Maida Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
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7
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Summ O, Mathys C, Grimm T, Gro M. Central Bradypnea and Ataxic Breathing in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 - A Clinical Case Report. J Neuromuscul Dis 2023; 10:465-471. [PMID: 36911946 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-221652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The occurrence of obstructive and central sleep apnea syndromes, ventilator pump failure and reduced hypercapnic ventilatory drive in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is well established, and there are indications for an impairment of the hypoxic ventilator drive, too. Yet, it is still unknown, to which extent the respiratory rhythm is affected by DM1, thus if a central bradypnea, cluster breathing or ataxic ("Biot's") breathing can occur. Additionally, the causes of the impairment of the central respiratory drive in DM1 are not known. CASE PRESENTATION We present the case of a tracheotomized female patient with DM 1 with central bradypnea and ataxic breathing. A 57-year-old woman with DM1 was admitted to our Neurointensive Care Unit (NICU) due to refractory tracheobronchial retention of secretions resulting from aspiration of saliva. Due to a combination of chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure, severe central bradypnea with a minimal breathing frequency of 3 per minute and ataxic breathing a pressure-controlled home ventilation was initiated. CONCLUSIONS In our patient central bradypnea and ataxic breathing possibly were respiratory sequale of DM1, that may have been caused by pontine white matter lesions affecting the pontine respiratory nuclei. From a clinical viewpoint, polygraphy is a suitable tool to objectify disorders of the respiratory rhythm in DM1 even in tracheotomized patients. Clinical studies combining respiratory diagnostics as polygraphy, transcutaneous capnometry and blood gas analysis with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are required to better understand disorders of respiratory regulation in DM1, and to identify their anatomical correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Summ
- Department of Neurological Intensive Care and Rehabilitation, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christian Mathys
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Teresa Grimm
- Department of Neurological Intensive Care and Rehabilitation, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Martin Gro
- Department of Neurological Intensive Care and Rehabilitation, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Network on Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine Oldenburg, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carlvon Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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8
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Krohn F, Novello M, van der Giessen RS, De Zeeuw CI, Pel JJM, Bosman LWJ. The integrated brain network that controls respiration. eLife 2023; 12:83654. [PMID: 36884287 PMCID: PMC9995121 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiration is a brain function on which our lives essentially depend. Control of respiration ensures that the frequency and depth of breathing adapt continuously to metabolic needs. In addition, the respiratory control network of the brain has to organize muscular synergies that integrate ventilation with posture and body movement. Finally, respiration is coupled to cardiovascular function and emotion. Here, we argue that the brain can handle this all by integrating a brainstem central pattern generator circuit in a larger network that also comprises the cerebellum. Although currently not generally recognized as a respiratory control center, the cerebellum is well known for its coordinating and modulating role in motor behavior, as well as for its role in the autonomic nervous system. In this review, we discuss the role of brain regions involved in the control of respiration, and their anatomical and functional interactions. We discuss how sensory feedback can result in adaptation of respiration, and how these mechanisms can be compromised by various neurological and psychological disorders. Finally, we demonstrate how the respiratory pattern generators are part of a larger and integrated network of respiratory brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Krohn
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manuele Novello
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johan J M Pel
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Pranic NM, Kornbrek C, Yang C, Cleland TA, Tschida KA. Rates of ultrasonic vocalizations are more strongly related than acoustic features to non-vocal behaviors in mouse pups. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:1015484. [PMID: 36600992 PMCID: PMC9805956 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1015484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse pups produce. ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in response to isolation from the nest (i.e., isolation USVs). Rates and acoustic features of isolation USVs change dramatically over the first two weeks of life, and there is also substantial variability in the rates and acoustic features of isolation USVs at a given postnatal age. The factors that contribute to within age variability in isolation USVs remain largely unknown. Here, we explore the extent to which non-vocal behaviors of mouse pups relate to the within age variability in rates and acoustic features of their USVs. We recorded non-vocal behaviors of isolated C57BL/6J mouse pups at four postnatal ages (postnatal days 5, 10, 15, and 20), measured rates of isolation USV production, and applied a combination of pre-defined acoustic feature measurements and an unsupervised machine learning-based vocal analysis method to examine USV acoustic features. When we considered different categories of non-vocal behavior, our analyses revealed that mice in all postnatal age groups produce higher rates of isolation USVs during active non-vocal behaviors than when lying still. Moreover, rates of isolation USVs are correlated with the intensity (i.e., magnitude) of non-vocal body and limb movements within a given trial. In contrast, USVs produced during different categories of non-vocal behaviors and during different intensities of non-vocal movement do not differ substantially in their acoustic features. Our findings suggest that levels of behavioral arousal contribute to within age variability in rates, but not acoustic features, of mouse isolation USVs.
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Almouaalamy NA, Alshamrani M, Alnejadi WK, Alharbi ZM, Aldosari FM, Alsulimani EF, Saif SA, Aldawsari MK. Opioid-induced respiratory depression and risk factors in a tertiary hospital: A retrospective study. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:1095-1100. [PMID: 36164577 PMCID: PMC9508628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Opioids are potent analgesics used for the treatment of moderate to severe acute and chronic cancer and non-cancer pain. However, opioid usage may be limited by negative side effects, such as potentially life-threatening respiratory depression. Objectives The aim of our study is to investigate the prevalence of opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD) and its predictors at King Abdulaziz Medical City in Jeddah (KAMC-JD). Method This is a retrospective cross-sectional (chart review) study conducted from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2020. Results A total of 15,753 patients received opioids during admission to KAMC-JD, and only 144 (0.915%) of them received naloxone from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2020. Only 91 patients (0.57%) developed opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD), which was more frequently reported among young and middle-aged adults. OIRD was significantly associated with receiving a daily morphine milligram equivalent (MME) dose of ≥150 MME and with having a low urea concentration at the baseline and at admission under surgery. Also, fentanyl use remained a significant risk factor for OIRD. Conclusion In conclusion, monitoring patient receiving opioids with a daily MME dose of ≥150 MME, prescribed Fentanyl, low urea concentration at the baseline, and patients’ admissions to the surgery department may mitigate the risk of developing OIRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A. Almouaalamy
- Oncology Department, Princess Noorah Oncology Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author at: Consultant Geriatric & Palliative Medicine, Princess Noorah Oncology Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Makkah/Jeddah Highway, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Majed Alshamrani
- Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed K. Alnejadi
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziyad M. Alharbi
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal M. Aldosari
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Enad F. Alsulimani
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saif A. Saif
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed K. Aldawsari
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Disordered breathing in severe cerebral illness - towards a conceptual framework. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2022; 300:103869. [PMID: 35181538 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2022.103869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite potentially life-threatening symptoms of disordered breathing in severe cerebral illness, there are no clear recommendations on diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for these patients. To identify types of breathing disorders observed in severely neurological comprised patients, to direct further research on classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment for disordered breathing in cerebral disease. Data including polygraphy, transcutaneous capnometry, blood gas analysis and radiological examinations of patients with severe cerebral illness and disordered breathing admitted to the neurological intensive care were analyzed. Patients (15) presented with acquired central hypoventilation syndrome (ACHS), central bradypnea, central tachypnea, obstructive, mixed and central apneas and hypopneas, Cheyne Stokes respiration, ataxic (Biot's) breathing, cluster breathing and respiration alternans. Severe cerebral illness may result in an ACHS and in a variety of disorders of the respiratory rhythm. Two of these, abrupt switches between breathing patterns and respiration alternans, suggest the existence of a rhythmogenic respiratory network. Polygraphy, transcutaneous capnometry, blood gas analysis and MRI are promising tools for diagnosis and research alike.
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12
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Palkovic B, Marchenko V, Zuperku EJ, Stuth EAE, Stucke AG. Multi-Level Regulation of Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 35:391-404. [PMID: 33052772 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00015.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioids depress minute ventilation primarily by reducing respiratory rate. This results from direct effects on the preBötzinger Complex as well as from depression of the Parabrachial/Kölliker-Fuse Complex, which provides excitatory drive to preBötzinger Complex neurons mediating respiratory phase-switch. Opioids also depress awake drive from the forebrain and chemodrive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Palkovic
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | | | - Edward J Zuperku
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Eckehard A E Stuth
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Astrid G Stucke
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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13
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Baertsch NA, Bush NE, Burgraff NJ, Ramirez JM. Dual mechanisms of opioid-induced respiratory depression in the inspiratory rhythm-generating network. eLife 2021; 10:e67523. [PMID: 34402425 PMCID: PMC8390004 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The analgesic utility of opioid-based drugs is limited by the life-threatening risk of respiratory depression. Opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD), mediated by the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), is characterized by a pronounced decrease in the frequency and regularity of the inspiratory rhythm, which originates from the medullary preBötzinger Complex (preBötC). To unravel the cellular- and network-level consequences of MOR activation in the preBötC, MOR-expressing neurons were optogenetically identified and manipulated in transgenic mice in vitro and in vivo. Based on these results, a model of OIRD was developed in silico. We conclude that hyperpolarization of MOR-expressing preBötC neurons alone does not phenocopy OIRD. Instead, the effects of MOR activation are twofold: (1) pre-inspiratory spiking is reduced and (2) excitatory synaptic transmission is suppressed, thereby disrupting network-driven rhythmogenesis. These dual mechanisms of opioid action act synergistically to make the normally robust inspiratory rhythm-generating network particularly prone to collapse when challenged with exogenous opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Baertsch
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research InstituteSeattleUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Nicholas E Bush
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Nicholas J Burgraff
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research InstituteSeattleUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Department Neurological Surgery, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
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14
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Interaction between the pulmonary stretch receptor and pontine control of expiratory duration. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 293:103715. [PMID: 34126261 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Medial parabrachial nucleus (mPBN) neuronal activity plays a key role in controlling expiratory (E)-duration (TE). Pulmonary stretch receptor (PSR) activity during the E-phase prolongs TE. The aims of this study were to characterize the interaction between the PSR and mPBN control of TE and underlying mechanisms. Decerebrated mechanically ventilated dogs were studied. The mPBN subregion was activated by electrical stimulation via bipolar microelectrode. PSR afferents were activated by low-level currents applied to the transected central vagus nerve. Both stimulus-frequency patterns during the E-phase were synchronized to the phrenic neurogram; TE was measured. A functional mathematical model for the control of TE and extracellular recordings from neurons in the preBötzinger/Bötzinger complex (preBC/BC) were used to understand mechanisms. Findings show that the mPBN gain-modulates, via attenuation, the PSR-mediated reflex. The model suggested functional sites for attenuation and neuronal data suggested correlates. The PSR- and PB-inputs appear to interact on E-decrementing neurons, which synaptically inhibit pre-I neurons, delaying the onset of the next I-phase.
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15
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Ramirez JM, Burgraff NJ, Wei AD, Baertsch NA, Varga AG, Baghdoyan HA, Lydic R, Morris KF, Bolser DC, Levitt ES. Neuronal mechanisms underlying opioid-induced respiratory depression: our current understanding. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:1899-1919. [PMID: 33826874 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00017.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD) represents the primary cause of death associated with therapeutic and recreational opioid use. Within the United States, the rate of death from opioid abuse since the early 1990s has grown disproportionally, prompting the classification as a nationwide "epidemic." Since this time, we have begun to unravel many fundamental cellular and systems-level mechanisms associated with opioid-related death. However, factors such as individual vulnerability, neuromodulatory compensation, and redundancy of opioid effects across central and peripheral nervous systems have created a barrier to a concise, integrative view of OIRD. Within this review, we bring together multiple perspectives in the field of OIRD to create an overarching viewpoint of what we know, and where we view this essential topic of research going forward into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nicholas J Burgraff
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Aguan D Wei
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nathan A Baertsch
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Adrienn G Varga
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Helen A Baghdoyan
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee.,Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Ralph Lydic
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee.,Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Kendall F Morris
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Donald C Bolser
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Erica S Levitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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16
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Ghali MGZ. Retracted: Control of hypoglossal pre‐inspiratory discharge. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1232-1255. [DOI: 10.1113/ep087329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael George Zaki Ghali
- Departments of Neurological Surgery, Internal Medicine, General Surgery, and Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Huddinge Stockholm Sweden
- Departments of Neurological Surgery, Neurophysiology, Neuroscience University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Departments of Neurological Surgery and Neurochemistry University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Departments of Neurological Surgery, Internal Medicine, Cardiothoracic Surgery, and Neuroscience University of California Francisco San Francisco CA USA
- Departments of Neurological Surgery and Neuroscience Barrow Neurological Institute Phoenix AZ USA
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17
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Barkan CL, Zornik E. Inspiring song: The role of respiratory circuitry in the evolution of vertebrate vocal behavior. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 80:31-41. [PMID: 32329162 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vocalization is a common means of communication across vertebrates, but the evolutionary origins of the neural circuits controlling these behaviors are not clear. Peripheral mechanisms of sound production vary widely: fish produce sounds with a swimbladder or pectoral fins; amphibians, reptiles, and mammalians vocalize using a larynx; birds vocalize with a syrinx. Despite the diversity of vocal effectors across taxa, there are many similarities in the neural circuits underlying the control of these organs. Do similarities in vocal circuit structure and function indicate that vocal behaviors first arose in a single common ancestor, or have similar neural circuits arisen independently multiple times during evolution? In this review, we describe the hindbrain circuits that are involved in vocal production across vertebrates. Given that vocalization depends on respiration in most tetrapods, it is not surprising that vocal and respiratory hindbrain circuits across distantly related species are anatomically intermingled and functionally linked. Such vocal-respiratory circuit integration supports the hypothesis that vocal evolution involved the expansion and functional diversification of breathing circuits. Recent phylogenetic analyses, however, suggest vocal behaviors arose independently in all major tetrapod clades, indicating that similarities in vocal control circuits are the result of repeated co-options of respiratory circuits in each lineage. It is currently unknown whether vocal circuits across taxa are made up of homologous neurons, or whether vocal neurons in each lineage arose from developmentally and evolutionarily distinct progenitors. Integrative comparative studies of vocal neurons across brain regions and taxa will be required to distinguish between these two scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Zornik
- Biology Department, Reed College, Portland, OR, USA
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18
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Breathing under Anesthesia: A Key Role for the Retrotrapezoid Nucleus Revealed by Conditional Phox2b Mutant Mice. Anesthesiology 2020; 130:995-1006. [PMID: 31091200 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal management of anesthesia-induced respiratory depression requires identification of the neural pathways that are most effective in maintaining breathing during anesthesia. Lesion studies point to the brainstem retrotrapezoid nucleus. We therefore examined the respiratory effects of common anesthetic/analgesic agents in mice with selective genetic loss of retrotrapezoid nucleus neurons (Phox2b mice, hereafter designated "mutants"). METHODS All mice received intraperitoneal ketamine doses ranging from 100 mg/kg at postnatal day (P) 8 to 250 mg/kg at P60 to P62. Anesthesia effects in P8 and P14 to P16 mice were then analyzed by administering propofol (100 and 150 mg/kg at P8 and P14 to P16, respectively) and fentanyl at an anesthetic dose (1 mg/kg at P8 and P14 to P16). RESULTS Most mutant mice died of respiratory arrest within 13 min of ketamine injection at P8 (12 of 13, 92% vs. 0 of 8, 0% wild type; Fisher exact test, P < 0.001) and P14 to P16 (32 of 42, 76% vs. 0 of 59, 0% wild type; P < 0.001). Cardiac activity continued after terminal apnea, and mortality was prevented by mechanical ventilation, supporting respiratory arrest as the cause of death in the mutants. Ketamine-induced mortality in mutants compared to wild types was confirmed at P29 to P31 (24 of 36, 67% vs. 9 of 45, 20%; P < 0.001) and P60 to P62 (8 of 19, 42% vs. 0 of 12, 0%; P = 0.011). Anesthesia-induced mortality in mutants compared to wild types was also observed with propofol at P8 (7 of 7, 100% vs. 0 of 17,7/7, 100% vs. 0/17, 0%; P < 0.001) and P14 to P16 (8 of 10, 80% vs. 0 of 10, 0%; P < 0.001) and with fentanyl at P8 (15 of 16, 94% vs. 0 of 13, 0%; P < 0.001) and P14 to P16 (5 of 7, 71% vs. 0 of 11, 0%; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Ketamine, propofol, and fentanyl caused death by respiratory arrest in most mice with selective loss of retrotrapezoid nucleus neurons, in doses that were safe in their wild type littermates. The retrotrapezoid nucleus is critical to sustain breathing during deep anesthesia and may prove to be a pharmacologic target for this purpose.
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19
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Zuperku EJ, Hopp FA, Stuth EA, Stucke AG. Pontine Parabrachial Nucleus (PBN) Neuron Subtypes Involved With the Control of Breathing Frequency. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.06407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francis A. Hopp
- Clement J. Zablocki Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center
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20
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Endogenous glutamatergic inputs to the Parabrachial Nucleus/Kölliker-Fuse Complex determine respiratory rate. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 277:103401. [PMID: 32036030 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Kölliker-Fuse Nucleus (KF) has been widely investigated for its contribution to "inspiratory off-switch" while more recent studies showed that activation of the Parabrachial Nucleus (PBN) shortened expiratory duration. This study used an adult, in vivo, decerebrate rabbit model to delineate the contribution of each site to inspiratory and expiratory duration through sequential block of glutamatergic excitation with the receptor antagonists 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo[f]quinoxaline-2,3-dione (NBQX) and d(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5). Glutamatergic disfacilitation caused large increases in inspiratory and expiratory duration and minor decrease in peak phrenic activity (PPA). Hypoxia only partially reversed respiratory rate depression but PPA was increased to >200 % of control. The contribution of PBN activity to inspiratory and expiratory duration was equal while block of the KF affected inspiratory duration more than expiratory. We conclude that in the in vivo preparation respiratory rate greatly depends on PBN/KF activity, which contributes to the "inspiratory on- "and "off-switch", but is of minor importance for the magnitude of phrenic motor output.
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21
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Singh K, Indovina I, Augustinack JC, Nestor K, García-Gomar MG, Staab JP, Bianciardi M. Probabilistic Template of the Lateral Parabrachial Nucleus, Medial Parabrachial Nucleus, Vestibular Nuclei Complex, and Medullary Viscero-Sensory-Motor Nuclei Complex in Living Humans From 7 Tesla MRI. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1425. [PMID: 32038134 PMCID: PMC6989551 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lateral parabrachial nucleus, medial parabrachial nucleus, vestibular nuclei complex, and medullary viscero-sensory-motor (VSM) nuclei complex (the latter including among others the solitary nucleus, vagus nerve nucleus, and hypoglossal nucleus) are anatomically and functionally connected brainstem gray matter structures that convey signals across multiple modalities between the brain and the spinal cord to regulate vital bodily functions. It is remarkably difficult to precisely extrapolate the location of these nuclei from ex vivo atlases to conventional 3 Tesla in vivo images; thus, a probabilistic brainstem template in stereotaxic neuroimaging space in living humans is needed. We delineated these nuclei using single-subject high contrast 1.1 mm isotropic resolution 7 Tesla MRI images. After precise coregistration of nuclei labels to stereotaxic space, we generated a probabilistic template of their anatomical locations. Finally, we validated the nuclei labels in the template by assessing their inter-rater agreement, consistency across subjects and volumes. We also performed a preliminary comparison of their location and microstructural properties to histologic sections of a postmortem human brainstem specimen. In future, the resulting probabilistic template of these brainstem nuclei in stereotaxic space may assist researchers and clinicians in evaluating autonomic, vestibular and VSM nuclei structure, function and connectivity in living humans using conventional 3 Tesla MRI scanners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Singh
- Brainstem Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Iole Indovina
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Jean C Augustinack
- Laboratory for Computational Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kimberly Nestor
- Laboratory for Computational Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - María G García-Gomar
- Brainstem Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey P Staab
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Marta Bianciardi
- Brainstem Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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22
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Kölliker-Fuse/Parabrachial complex mu opioid receptors contribute to fentanyl-induced apnea and respiratory rate depression. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 275:103388. [PMID: 31953234 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Overdoses caused by the opioid agonist fentanyl have increased exponentially in recent years. Identifying mechanisms to counter progression to fatal respiratory apnea during opioid overdose is desirable, but difficult to study in vivo. The pontine Kölliker-Fuse/Parabrachial complex (KF/PB) provides respiratory drive and contains opioid-sensitive neurons. The contribution of the KF/PB complex to fentanyl-induced apnea was investigated using the in situ arterially perfused preparation of rat. Systemic application of fentanyl resulted in concentration-dependent respiratory disturbances. At low concentrations, respiratory rate slowed and subsequently transitioned to an apneustic-like, 2-phase pattern. Higher concentrations caused prolonged apnea, interrupted by occasional apneustic-like bursts. Application of CTAP, a selective mu opioid receptor antagonist, directly into the KF/PB complex reversed and prevented fentanyl-induced apnea by increasing the frequency of apneustic-like bursting. These results demonstrate that countering opioid effects in the KF/PB complex is sufficient to restore phasic respiratory output at a rate similar to pre-fentanyl conditions, which could be beneficial in opioid overdose.
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23
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Baertsch NA, Ramirez JM. Insights into the dynamic control of breathing revealed through cell-type-specific responses to substance P. eLife 2019; 8:51350. [PMID: 31804180 PMCID: PMC6957314 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The rhythm generating network for breathing must continuously adjust to changing metabolic and behavioral demands. Here, we examined network-based mechanisms in the mouse preBötzinger complex using substance P, a potent excitatory modulator of breathing frequency and stability, as a tool to dissect network properties that underlie dynamic breathing. We find that substance P does not alter the balance of excitation and inhibition during breaths or the duration of the resulting refractory period. Instead, mechanisms of recurrent excitation between breaths are enhanced such that the rate that excitation percolates through the network is increased. We propose a conceptual framework in which three distinct phases of inspiration, the burst phase, refractory phase, and percolation phase, can be differentially modulated to control breathing dynamics and stability. Unraveling mechanisms that support this dynamic control may improve our understanding of nervous system disorders that destabilize breathing, many of which involve changes in brainstem neuromodulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Baertsch
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States
| | - Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, United States
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24
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Tschida K, Michael V, Takatoh J, Han BX, Zhao S, Sakurai K, Mooney R, Wang F. A Specialized Neural Circuit Gates Social Vocalizations in the Mouse. Neuron 2019; 103:459-472.e4. [PMID: 31204083 PMCID: PMC6687542 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vocalizations are fundamental to mammalian communication, but the underlying neural circuits await detailed characterization. Here, we used an intersectional genetic method to label and manipulate neurons in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) that are transiently active in male mice when they produce ultrasonic courtship vocalizations (USVs). Genetic silencing of PAG-USV neurons rendered males unable to produce USVs and impaired their ability to attract females. Conversely, activating PAG-USV neurons selectively triggered USV production, even in the absence of any female cues. Optogenetic stimulation combined with axonal tracing indicates that PAG-USV neurons gate downstream vocal-patterning circuits. Indeed, activating PAG neurons that innervate the nucleus retroambiguus, but not those innervating the parabrachial nucleus, elicited USVs in both male and female mice. These experiments establish that a dedicated population of PAG neurons gives rise to a descending circuit necessary and sufficient for USV production while also demonstrating the communicative salience of male USVs. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Tschida
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Valerie Michael
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jun Takatoh
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bao-Xia Han
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Shengli Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Katsuyasu Sakurai
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Richard Mooney
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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25
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Zhuang J, Zang N, Ye C, Xu F. Lethal avian influenza A (H5N1) virus replicates in pontomedullary chemosensitive neurons and depresses hypercapnic ventilatory response in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L525-L536. [PMID: 30628490 PMCID: PMC6459289 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00324.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly pathogenic H5N1 (HK483) viral infection causes a depressed hypercapnic ventilatory response (dHCVR, 20%↓) at 2 days postinfection (dpi) and death at 7 dpi in mice, but the relevant mechanisms are not fully understood. Glomus cells in the carotid body and catecholaminergic neurons in locus coeruleus (LC), neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R)-expressing neurons in the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), and serotonergic neurons in the raphe are chemosensitive and responsible for HCVR. We asked whether the dHCVR became worse over the infection period with viral replication in these cells/neurons. Mice intranasally inoculated with saline or the HK483 virus were exposed to hypercapnia for 5 min at 0, 2, 4, or 6 dpi, followed by immunohistochemistry to determine the expression of nucleoprotein of H5N1 influenza A (NP) alone and coupled with 1) tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the carotid body and LC, 2) NK1R in the RTN, and 3) tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) in the raphe. HK483 viral infection blunted HCVR by ∼20, 50, and 65% at 2, 4, and 6 dpi. The NP was observed in the pontomedullary respiratory-related nuclei (but not in the carotid body) at 4 and 6 dpi, especially in 20% of RTN NK1R, 35% of LC TH, and ∼10% raphe TPH neurons. The infection significantly reduced the local NK1R or TPH immunoreactivity and population of neurons expressing NK1R or TPH. We conclude that the HK483 virus infects the pontomedullary respiratory nuclei, particularly chemosensitive neurons in the RTN, LC, and raphe, contributing to the severe depression of HCVR and respiratory failure at 6 dpi. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The H5N1 virus infection is lethal due to respiratory failure, but the relevant mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated a gradual diminution of hypercapnic ventilatory response to a degree, leading to respiratory failure over a 6-day infection. Death was associated with viral replication in the pontomedullary respiratory-related nuclei, especially the central chemosensitive neurons. These results not only provide insight into the mechanisms of the lethality of H5N1 viral infection but also offer clues in the development of corresponding treatments to minimize and prevent respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Zhuang
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Na Zang
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Chunyan Ye
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Fadi Xu
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque, New Mexico
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26
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Ramirez JM, Baertsch N. Defining the Rhythmogenic Elements of Mammalian Breathing. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 33:302-316. [PMID: 30109823 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00025.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Breathing's remarkable ability to adapt to changes in metabolic, environmental, and behavioral demands stems from a complex integration of its rhythm-generating network within the wider nervous system. Yet, this integration complicates identification of its specific rhythmogenic elements. Based on principles learned from smaller rhythmic networks of invertebrates, we define criteria that identify rhythmogenic elements of the mammalian breathing network and discuss how they interact to produce robust, dynamic breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington
| | - Nathan Baertsch
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington
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27
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Lindsey BG, Nuding SC, Segers LS, Morris KF. Carotid Bodies and the Integrated Cardiorespiratory Response to Hypoxia. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 33:281-297. [PMID: 29897299 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00014.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in our understanding of brain mechanisms for the hypoxic ventilatory response, coordinated changes in blood pressure, and the long-term consequences of chronic intermittent hypoxia as in sleep apnea, such as hypertension and heart failure, are giving impetus to the search for therapies to "erase" dysfunctional memories distributed in the carotid bodies and central nervous system. We review current network models, open questions, sex differences, and implications for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce G Lindsey
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida
| | - Sarah C Nuding
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida
| | - Lauren S Segers
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida
| | - Kendall F Morris
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida
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28
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Luo T, Yu S, Cai S, Zhang Y, Jiao Y, Yu T, Yu W. Parabrachial Neurons Promote Behavior and Electroencephalographic Arousal From General Anesthesia. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:420. [PMID: 30564094 PMCID: PMC6288364 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia has been used clinically for more than 170 years, yet its underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. The parabrachial nucleus (PBN) in the brainstem has been known to be crucial for regulating wakefulness and signs of arousal on the cortical electroencephalogram (EEG). Lesions of the parabrachial complex lead to unresponsiveness and a monotonous high-voltage, and a slow-wave EEG, which are the two main features of general anesthesia. However, it is unclear whether and how the PBN functions in the process of general anesthesia. By recording the levels of calcium in vivo in real-time, we found that the neural activity in PBN is suppressed during anesthesia, while it is robustly activated during recovery from propofol and isoflurane anesthesia. The activation of PBN neurons by “designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs” (DREADDs) shortened the recovery time but did not change the induction time. Cortical EEG recordings revealed that the neural activation of PBN specifically affected the recovery period, with a decrease of δ-band power or an increase in β-band power; no EEG changes were seen in the anesthesia period. Furthermore, the activation of PBN elicited neural activation in the prefrontal cortex, basal forebrain, lateral hypothalamus, thalamus, and supramammillary nucleus. Thus, PBN is critical for behavioral and electroencephalographic arousal without affecting the induction of general anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Shouyang Yu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Shuang Cai
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Yingfu Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Yu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Weifeng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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29
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Cook-Snyder DR, Miller JR, Navarrete-Opazo AA, Callison JJ, Peterson RC, Hopp FA, Stuth EAE, Zuperku EJ, Stucke AG. The contribution of endogenous glutamatergic input in the ventral respiratory column to respiratory rhythm. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2018; 260:37-52. [PMID: 30502519 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the ventral respiratory column; however, the contribution of glutamatergic excitation in the individual subregions to respiratory rhythm generation has not been fully delineated. In an adult, in vivo, decerebrate rabbit model during conditions of mild hyperoxic hypercapnia we blocked glutamatergic excitation using the receptor antagonists 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo[f]quinoxaline-2,3-dione (NBQX) and d(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5). Disfacilitation of the preBötzinger Complex caused a decrease in inspiratory and expiratory duration as well as peak phrenic amplitude and ultimately apnea. Disfacilitation of the Bötzinger Complex caused a decrease in inspiratory and expiratory duration; subsequent disfacilitation of the preBötzinger Complex resulted in complete loss of the respiratory pattern but maintained tonic inspiratory activity. We conclude that glutamatergic drive to the preBötzinger Complex is essential for respiratory rhythm generation. Glutamatergic drive to the Bötzinger Complex significantly affects inspiratory and expiratory phase duration. Bötzinger Complex neurons are responsible for maintaining the silent expiratory phase of the phrenic neurogram.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin R Miller
- Department of Biology, Carthage College, Kenosha, WI, United States
| | | | - Jennifer J Callison
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Robin C Peterson
- Department of Neuroscience, Carthage College, Kenosha, WI, United States
| | - Francis A Hopp
- Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Eckehard A E Stuth
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Edward J Zuperku
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Astrid G Stucke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
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30
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Zuperku EJ, Stucke AG, Krolikowski JG, Tomlinson J, Hopp FA, Stuth EA. Inputs to medullary respiratory neurons from a pontine subregion that controls breathing frequency. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2018; 265:127-140. [PMID: 29964165 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in a subregion of the medial parabrachial (PB) complex control expiratory duration (TE) and the inspiratory on-switch. To better understanding the underlying mechanisms, this study aimed to determine the types of medullary neurons in the rhythmogenic preBötzinger/Bötzinger Complex (preBötC/BötC) and adjacent areas that receive synaptic inputs from the PB subregion and whether these inputs are excitatory or inhibitory in nature. Highly localized electrical stimuli in the PB subregion combined with multi-electrode recordings from respiratory neurons and phrenic nerve activities were used to generate stimulus-to-spike event histograms to detect correlations in decerebrate, vagotomized dogs during isocapnic hyperoxia. Short-time scale correlations were found in 237/442 or ∼54% of the ventral respiratory column (VRC) neurons. Inhibition of E-neurons was ∼2.5X greater than for I-neurons, while Pre-I and I-neurons were excited. These findings indicate that the control of TE and the inspiratory on-switch by the PB subregion are mediated by a marked inhibition of BötC E-neurons combined with an excitation of I-neurons, especially pre-I neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Zuperku
- Clement J. Zablocki Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
| | - Astrid G Stucke
- Clement J. Zablocki Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Pediatric Anesthesia, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - John G Krolikowski
- Clement J. Zablocki Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Jack Tomlinson
- Clement J. Zablocki Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Francis A Hopp
- Clement J. Zablocki Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Eckehard A Stuth
- Clement J. Zablocki Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Pediatric Anesthesia, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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31
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Abstract
Rhythmicity is a universal timing mechanism in the brain, and the rhythmogenic mechanisms are generally dynamic. This is illustrated for the neuronal control of breathing, a behavior that occurs as a one-, two-, or three-phase rhythm. Each breath is assembled stochastically, and increasing evidence suggests that each phase can be generated independently by a dedicated excitatory microcircuit. Within each microcircuit, rhythmicity emerges through three entangled mechanisms: ( a) glutamatergic transmission, which is amplified by ( b) intrinsic bursting and opposed by ( c) concurrent inhibition. This rhythmogenic triangle is dynamically tuned by neuromodulators and other network interactions. The ability of coupled oscillators to reconfigure and recombine may allow breathing to remain robust yet plastic enough to conform to nonventilatory behaviors such as vocalization, swallowing, and coughing. Lessons learned from the respiratory network may translate to other highly dynamic and integrated rhythmic systems, if approached one breath at a time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA;
| | - Nathan A Baertsch
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA;
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32
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Zuperku EJ, Stucke AG, Tomlinson J, Krolikowski JG, Hopp FA, Stuth EA. Neurons in a Subregion of the Medial Parabrachial Nucleus (mPBN) Attenuate the Gain of the Hering‐Breuer (H‐B) Reflex. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.893.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Zuperku
- Research ServiceZablocki VA Medical CenterMilwaukeeWI
- AnesthesiologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI
| | - Astrid G. Stucke
- Research ServiceZablocki VA Medical CenterMilwaukeeWI
- AnesthesiologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI
- Pediatric AnesthesiaChildrens Hospital of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI
| | | | | | | | - Eckehard A. Stuth
- Research ServiceZablocki VA Medical CenterMilwaukeeWI
- AnesthesiologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI
- Pediatric AnesthesiaChildrens Hospital of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI
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