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Fitzgerald JJ, Zhou W, Chase SM, Joiner WM. Dissociating the Influence of Limb Posture and Visual Feedback Shifts on the Adaptation to Novel Movement Dynamics. Neuroscience 2024; 549:24-41. [PMID: 38484835 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Accurate movements of the upper limb require the integration of various forms of sensory feedback (e.g., visual and postural information). The influence of these different sensory modalities on reaching movements has been largely studied by assessing endpoint errors after selectively perturbing sensory estimates of hand location. These studies have demonstrated that both vision and proprioception make key contributions in determining the reach endpoint. However, their influence on motor output throughout movement remains unclear. Here we used separate perturbations of posture and visual information to dissociate their effects on reaching dynamics and temporal force profiles during point-to-point reaching movements. We tested human subjects (N = 32) and found that vision and posture modulate select aspects of reaching dynamics. Specifically, altering arm posture influences the relationship between temporal force patterns and the motion-state variables of hand position and acceleration, whereas dissociating visual feedback influences the relationship between force patterns and the motion-state variables of velocity and acceleration. Next, we examined the extent these baseline motion-state relationships influence motor adaptation based on perturbations of movement dynamics. We trained subjects using a velocity-dependent force-field to probe the extent arm posture-dependent influences persisted after exposure to a motion-state dependent perturbation. Changes in the temporal force profiles due to variations in arm posture were not reduced by adaptation to novel movement dynamics, but persisted throughout learning. These results suggest that vision and posture differentially influence the internal estimation of limb state throughout movement and play distinct roles in forming the response to external perturbations during movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Fitzgerald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Clinical and Translational Science Center, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Weiwei Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Steven M Chase
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wilsaan M Joiner
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
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2
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Korte JA, Weakley A, Donjuan Fernandez K, Joiner WM, Fan AP. Neural Underpinnings of Learning in Dementia Populations: A Review of Motor Learning Studies Combined with Neuroimaging. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:734-755. [PMID: 38285732 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The intent of this review article is to serve as an overview of current research regarding the neural characteristics of motor learning in Alzheimer disease (AD) as well as prodromal phases of AD: at-risk populations, and mild cognitive impairment. This review seeks to provide a cognitive framework to compare various motor tasks. We will highlight the neural characteristics related to cognitive domains that, through imaging, display functional or structural changes because of AD progression. In turn, this motivates the use of motor learning paradigms as possible screening techniques for AD and will build upon our current understanding of learning abilities in AD populations.
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3
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Zhou W, Monsen E, Fernandez KD, Haly K, Kruse EA, Joiner WM. Motion state-dependent motor learning based on explicit visual feedback has limited spatiotemporal properties compared with adaptation to physical perturbations. J Neurophysiol 2024; 131:278-293. [PMID: 38166455 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00198.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that subjects can learn motion state-dependent changes to motor output (temporal force patterns) based on explicit visual feedback of the equivalent force field (i.e., without the physical perturbation). Here, we examined the spatiotemporal properties of this learning compared with learning based on physical perturbations. There were two human subject groups and two experimental paradigms. One group (n = 40) experienced physical perturbations (i.e., a velocity-dependent force field, vFF), whereas the second (n = 40) was given explicit visual feedback (EVF) of the force-velocity relationship. In the latter, subjects moved in force channels and we provided visual feedback of the lateral force exerted during the movement, as well as the required force pattern based on movement velocity. In the first paradigm (spatial generalization), following vFF or EVF training, generalization of learning was tested by requiring subjects to move to 14 untrained target locations (0° to ±135° around the trained location). In the second paradigm (temporal stability), following training, we examined the decay of learning over eight delay periods (0 to 90 s). Results showed that learning based on EVF did not generalize to untrained directions, whereas the generalization for the vFF was significant for targets ≤ 45° away. In addition, the decay of learning for the EVF group was significantly faster than the FF group (a time constant of 2.72 ± 1.74 s vs. 12.53 ± 11.83 s). Collectively, our results suggest that recalibrating motor output based on explicit motion state information, in contrast to physical disturbances, uses learning mechanisms with limited spatiotemporal properties.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Adjustment of motor output based on limb motion state information can be achieved based on explicit information or from physical perturbations. Here, we investigated the spatiotemporal characteristics of short-term motor learning to determine the properties of the respective learning mechanisms. Our results suggest that adjustments based on physical perturbations are more temporally stable and applied over a greater spatial range than the learning based on explicit visual feedback, suggesting largely separate learning mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Emma Monsen
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Kareelynn Donjuan Fernandez
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Katelyn Haly
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | | | - Wilsaan M Joiner
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, California, United States
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4
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Warburton M, Mon-Williams M, Mushtaq F, Morehead JR. Measuring motion-to-photon latency for sensorimotor experiments with virtual reality systems. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:3658-3678. [PMID: 36217006 PMCID: PMC10616216 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01983-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Consumer virtual reality (VR) systems are increasingly being deployed in research to study sensorimotor behaviors, but properties of such systems require verification before being used as scientific tools. The 'motion-to-photon' latency (the lag between a user making a movement and the movement being displayed within the display) is a particularly important metric as temporal delays can degrade sensorimotor performance. Extant approaches to quantifying this measure have involved the use of bespoke software and hardware and produce a single measure of latency and ignore the effect of the motion prediction algorithms used in modern VR systems. This reduces confidence in the generalizability of the results. We developed a novel, system-independent, high-speed camera-based latency measurement technique to co-register real and virtual controller movements, allowing assessment of how latencies change through a movement. We applied this technique to measure the motion-to-photon latency of controller movements in the HTC Vive, Oculus Rift, Oculus Rift S, and Valve Index, using the Unity game engine and SteamVR. For the start of a sudden movement, all measured headsets had mean latencies between 21 and 42 ms. Once motion prediction could account for the inherent delays, the latency was functionally reduced to 2-13 ms, and our technique revealed that this reduction occurs within ~25-58 ms of movement onset. Our findings indicate that sudden accelerations (e.g., movement onset, impacts, and direction changes) will increase latencies and lower spatial accuracy. Our technique allows researchers to measure these factors and determine the impact on their experimental design before collecting sensorimotor data from VR systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Centre for Immersive Technologies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, University of South-Eastern Norway, Hasbergs vei 36, 3616, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Faisal Mushtaq
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Centre for Immersive Technologies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - J Ryan Morehead
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Centre for Immersive Technologies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Hoffmann AH, Crevecoeur F. Task Instructions and the Need for Feedback Correction Influence the Contribution of Visual Errors to Reach Adaptation. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0068-23.2023. [PMID: 37596049 PMCID: PMC10481641 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0068-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has questioned whether motor adaptation is shaped by an optimal combination of multisensory error signals. Here, we expanded on this work by investigating how the use of visual and somatosensory error signals during online correction influences single-trial adaptation. To this end, we exposed participants to a random sequence of force-field perturbations and recorded their corrective responses as well as the after-effects exhibited during the subsequent unperturbed movement. In addition to the force perturbation, we artificially decreased or increased visual errors by multiplying hand deviations by a gain smaller or larger than one. Corrective responses to the force perturbation clearly scaled with the size of the visual error, but this scaling did not transfer one-to-one to motor adaptation and we observed no consistent interaction between limb and visual errors on adaptation. However, reducing visual errors during perturbation led to a small reduction of after-effects and this residual influence of visual feedback was eliminated when we instructed participants to control their hidden hand instead of the visual hand cursor. Taken together, our results demonstrate that task instructions and the need to correct for errors during perturbation are important factors to consider if we want to understand how the sensorimotor system uses and combines multimodal error signals to adapt movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H Hoffmann
- Institute for Information and Communication Technologies, Electronics and Applied Mathematics (ICTEAM), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
- Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Crevecoeur
- Institute for Information and Communication Technologies, Electronics and Applied Mathematics (ICTEAM), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
- Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
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Zhou W, Kruse EA, Brower R, North R, Joiner WM. Motion state-dependent motor learning based on explicit visual feedback is quickly recalled, but is less stable than adaptation to physical perturbations. J Neurophysiol 2022; 128:854-871. [PMID: 36043804 PMCID: PMC9529258 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00520.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that adaptation to visual feedback perturbations during arm reaching movements involves implicit and explicit learning components. Evidence also suggests that explicit, intentional learning mechanisms are largely responsible for savings—a faster recalibration compared with initial training. However, the extent explicit learning mechanisms facilitate learning and early savings (i.e., the rapid recall of previous performance) for motion state-dependent learning is generally unknown. To address this question, we compared the early savings/recall achieved by two groups of human subjects. One experienced physical perturbations (a velocity-dependent force-field, vFF) to promote adaptation that is thought to be a largely implicit process. The second was only given visual feedback of the required force-velocity relationship; subjects moved in force channels and we provided visual feedback of the lateral force exerted during the movement, as well as the required force pattern based on the movement velocity. Thus, subjects were shown explicit information on the extent the applied temporal pattern of force matched the required velocity-dependent force profile if the force-field perturbation had been applied. After training, both groups experienced a decay and washout period, which was followed by a reexposure block to assess early savings/recall. Although decay was faster for the explicit visual feedback group, the single-trial recall was similar to the physical perturbation group. Thus, compared with visual feedback perturbations, conscious modification of motor output based on motion state-dependent feedback demonstrates rapid recall, but this adjustment is less stable than adaptation based on experiencing the multisensory errors that accompany physical perturbations. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The extent explicit feedback facilitates motion state-dependent changes to motor output is largely unknown. Here, we examined motor adaptation for subjects that experienced physical perturbations and another that made adjustments based on explicit visual feedback information of the required force-velocity relationship. Our results suggest that adjustment of motor output can be based on explicit motion state-dependent information and demonstrates rapid recall, but this learning is less stable than adaptation based on physical perturbations to movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Kruse
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Rylee Brower
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ryan North
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Wilsaan M Joiner
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,NDepartment of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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7
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De Kock R, Zhou W, Joiner WM, Wiener M. Slowing the body slows down time perception. eLife 2021; 10:63607. [PMID: 33830016 PMCID: PMC8051945 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interval timing is a fundamental component of action and is susceptible to motor-related temporal distortions. Previous studies have shown that concurrent movement biases temporal estimates, but have primarily considered self-modulated movement only. However, real-world encounters often include situations in which movement is restricted or perturbed by environmental factors. In the following experiments, we introduced viscous movement environments to externally modulate movement and investigated the resulting effects on temporal perception. In two separate tasks, participants timed auditory intervals while moving a robotic arm that randomly applied four levels of viscosity. Results demonstrated that higher viscosity led to shorter perceived durations. Using a drift-diffusion model and a Bayesian observer model, we confirmed these biasing effects arose from perceptual mechanisms, instead of biases in decision making. These findings suggest that environmental perturbations are an important factor in movement-related temporal distortions, and enhance the current understanding of the interactions of motor activity and cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose De Kock
- University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Weiwei Zhou
- University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
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8
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Ranganathan R, Tomlinson AD, Lokesh R, Lin TH, Patel P. A tale of too many tasks: task fragmentation in motor learning and a call for model task paradigms. Exp Brain Res 2020; 239:1-19. [PMID: 33170341 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05908-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Motor learning encompasses a broad set of phenomena that requires a diverse set of experimental paradigms. However, excessive variation in tasks across studies creates fragmentation that can adversely affect the collective advancement of knowledge. Here, we show that motor learning studies tend toward extreme fragmentation in the choice of tasks, with almost no overlap between task paradigms across studies. We argue that this extreme level of task fragmentation poses serious theoretical and methodological barriers to advancing the field. To address these barriers, we propose the need for developing common 'model' task paradigms which could be widely used across labs. Combined with the open sharing of methods and data, we suggest that these model task paradigms could be an important step in increasing the robustness of the motor learning literature and facilitate the cumulative process of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Ranganathan
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, 308 W Circle Dr, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Aimee D Tomlinson
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, 308 W Circle Dr, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Rakshith Lokesh
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, 308 W Circle Dr, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Tzu-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, 308 W Circle Dr, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Priya Patel
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, 308 W Circle Dr, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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9
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Shiller DM, Mitsuya T, Max L. Exposure to Auditory Feedback Delay while Speaking Induces Perceptual Habituation but does not Mitigate the Disruptive Effect of Delay on Speech Auditory-motor Learning. Neuroscience 2020; 446:213-224. [PMID: 32738430 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Perceiving the sensory consequences of our actions with a delay alters the interpretation of these afferent signals and impacts motor learning. For reaching movements, delayed visual feedback of hand position reduces the rate and extent of visuomotor adaptation, but substantial adaptation still occurs. Moreover, the detrimental effect of visual feedback delay on reach motor learning-selectively affecting its implicit component-can be mitigated by prior habituation to the delay. Auditory-motor learning for speech has been reported to be more sensitive to feedback delay, and it remains unknown whether habituation to auditory delay reduces its negative impact on learning. We investigated whether 30 min of exposure to auditory delay during speaking (a) affects the subjective perception of delay, and (b) mitigates its disruptive effect on speech auditory-motor learning. During a speech adaptation task with real-time perturbation of vowel spectral properties, participants heard this frequency-shifted feedback with no delay, 75 ms delay, or 115 ms delay. In the delay groups, 50% of participants had been exposed to the delay throughout a preceding 30-minute block of speaking whereas the remaining participants completed this block without delay. Although habituation minimized awareness of the delay, no improvement in adaptation to the spectral perturbation was observed. Thus, short-term habituation to auditory feedback delays is not effective in reducing the negative impact of delay on speech auditory-motor adaptation. Combined with previous findings, the strong negative effect of delay and the absence of an influence of delay awareness suggest the involvement of predominantly implicit learning mechanisms in speech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Shiller
- École d'orthophonie et d'audiologie, Universite de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Canada; Centre for Research on Brain, Language, and Music, Montreal, Canada
| | - Takashi Mitsuya
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Ludo Max
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA; Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, USA.
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10
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Delgado-Lobete L, Pértega-Díaz S, Santos-Del-Riego S, Montes-Montes R. Sensory processing patterns in developmental coordination disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and typical development. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2020; 100:103608. [PMID: 32087509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensory processing difficulties (SPD) are present in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) and Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, little is known about sensory processing variability in these disorders. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to explore SPD among children with DCD, ADHD and co-occurring symptoms in comparison to children with typical development (TD) and to determine how potential social confounders may influence these associations. METHODS The study involved 452 children aged 6-12 years. The Short Sensory Profile-2 was used to assess sensory processing patterns. Multiple linear regressions were utilized to investigate the relationship between DCD, ADHD and co-occurring symptoms and sensory processing patterns, adjusting for social covariates. RESULTS Children with DCD and ADHD symptoms showed greater variability of atypical sensory processing patterns compared with TD children. Low registration and sensory sensibility issues were more prevalent in the DCD group. ADHD children showed higher rates of low registration, sensory sensibility and sensory seeking, and all children in the co-occurring symptoms group presented sensory sensibility. CONCLUSION This study reports significant variability in sensory processing among children with DCD, ADHD and co-occurring symptoms using a population-based sample. These differences can contribute to understand how neurological and social factors correlates across diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Delgado-Lobete
- University of A Coruña, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of A Coruña, Campus de Oza S/N, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Sonia Pértega-Díaz
- University of A Coruña, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of A Coruña, Campus de Oza S/N, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Sergio Santos-Del-Riego
- University of A Coruña, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of A Coruña, Campus de Oza S/N, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Rebeca Montes-Montes
- University of A Coruña, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of A Coruña, Campus de Oza S/N, A Coruña, Spain
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11
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Nguyen KP, Zhou W, McKenna E, Colucci-Chang K, Bray LCJ, Hosseini EA, Alhussein L, Rezazad M, Joiner WM. The 24-h savings of adaptation to novel movement dynamics initially reflects the recall of previous performance. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:933-946. [PMID: 31291156 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00569.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans rapidly adapt reaching movements in response to perturbations (e.g., manipulations of movement dynamics or visual feedback). Following a break, when reexposed to the same perturbation, subjects demonstrate savings, a faster learning rate compared with the time course of initial training. Although this has been well studied, there are open questions on the extent early savings reflects the rapid recall of previous performance. To address this question, we examined how the properties of initial training (duration and final adaptive state) influence initial single-trial adaptation to force-field perturbations when training sessions were separated by 24 h. There were two main groups that were distinct based on the presence or absence of a washout period at the end of day 1 (with washout vs. without washout). We also varied the training duration on day 1 (15, 30, 90, or 160 training trials), resulting in 8 subgroups of subjects. We show that single-trial adaptation on day 2 scaled with training duration, even for similar asymptotic levels of learning on day 1 of training. Interestingly, the temporal force profile following the first perturbation on day 2 matched that at the end of day 1 for the longest training duration group that did not complete the washout. This correspondence persisted but was significantly lower for shorter training durations and the washout subject groups. Collectively, the results suggest that the adaptation observed very early in reexposure results from the rapid recall of the previously learned motor recalibration but is highly dependent on the initial training duration and final adaptive state.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The extent initial readaptation reflects the recall of previous motor performance is largely unknown. We examined early single-trial force-field adaptation on the second day of training and distinguished initial retention from recall. We found that the single-trial adaptation following the 24-h break matched that at the end of the first day, but this recall was modified by the training duration and final level of learning on the first day of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina P Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Weiwei Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Erin McKenna
- Department of Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | | | | | - Eghbal A Hosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Laith Alhussein
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Meena Rezazad
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Wilsaan M Joiner
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.,Department of Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.,Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California
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