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Martinez LR, Black KC, Webb BT, Bell A, Baygani SK, Mier TJ, Dominguez L, Mackie K, Kalinovsky A. Components of Endocannabinoid Signaling System Are Expressed in the Perinatal Mouse Cerebellum and Required for Its Normal Development. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0471-19.2020. [PMID: 32179579 PMCID: PMC7189485 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0471-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling system (ECS), encompassing cannabinoid receptors and enzymes involved in the synthesis and degradation of the endogenous cannabinoid signaling lipids, is highly expressed in the cerebellar cortex of adult humans and rodents. In addition to their well-established role in neuromodulation, eCBs have been shown to play key roles in aspects of neurodevelopment in the fore- and mid-brain, including neurogenesis, cell migration, and synapse specification. However, little is known about the role of ECS in cerebellar development. In this study, we conducted immunohistochemical characterization of ECS components through key stages of cerebellar development in mice using antibodies for 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) synthetizing and degrading enzymes and the major brain cannabinoid receptor, cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), in combination with cerebellar cell markers. Our results reveal a temporally, spatially, and cytologically dynamic pattern of expression. Production, receptor binding, and degradation of eCBs are tightly controlled, thus localization of eCB receptors and the complementary cannabinoid signaling machinery determines the direction, duration, and ultimately the outcome of eCB signaling. To gain insights into the role of eCB signaling in cerebellar development, we characterized gross anatomy of cerebellar midvermis in CB1 knock-out (CB1 KO) mice, as well as their performance in cerebellar-influenced motor tasks. Our results show persistent and selective anatomic and behavioral alterations in CB1 KOs. Consequently, the insights gained from this study lay down the foundation for investigating specific cellular and molecular mechanisms regulated by eCB signaling during cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ricardo Martinez
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405 IN
| | - Kylie Caroline Black
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405 IN
| | - Brynna Tellas Webb
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405 IN
| | - Alexandria Bell
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405 IN
| | - Shawyon Kevin Baygani
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405 IN
| | - Tristen Jay Mier
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405 IN
| | - Luis Dominguez
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405 IN
| | - Ken Mackie
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405 IN
| | - Anna Kalinovsky
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405 IN
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Yamazaki T, Lennon W. Revisiting a theory of cerebellar cortex. Neurosci Res 2019; 148:1-8. [PMID: 30922970 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Long-term depression at parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses plays a principal role in learning in the cerebellum, which acts as a supervised learning machine. Recent experiments demonstrate various forms of synaptic plasticity at different sites within the cerebellum. In this article, we take into consideration synaptic plasticity at parallel fiber-molecular layer interneuron synapses as well as at parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses, and propose that the cerebellar cortex performs reinforcement learning, another form of learning that is more capable than supervised learning. We posit that through the use of reinforcement learning, the need for explicit teacher signals for learning in the cerebellum is eliminated; instead, learning can occur via responses from evaluative feedback. We demonstrate the learning capacity of cerebellar reinforcement learning using simple computer simulations of delay eyeblink conditioning and the cart-pole balancing task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Japan.
| | - William Lennon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, United States
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Kakegawa W, Katoh A, Narumi S, Miura E, Motohashi J, Takahashi A, Kohda K, Fukazawa Y, Yuzaki M, Matsuda S. Optogenetic Control of Synaptic AMPA Receptor Endocytosis Reveals Roles of LTD in Motor Learning. Neuron 2018; 99:985-998.e6. [PMID: 30122381 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Long-term depression (LTD) of AMPA-type glutamate receptor (AMPA receptor)-mediated synaptic transmission has been proposed as a cellular substrate for learning and memory. Although activity-induced AMPA receptor endocytosis is believed to underlie LTD, it remains largely unclear whether LTD and AMPA receptor endocytosis at specific synapses are causally linked to learning and memory in vivo. Here we developed a new optogenetic tool, termed PhotonSABER, which enabled the temporal, spatial, and cell-type-specific control of AMPA receptor endocytosis at active synapses, while the basal synaptic properties and other forms of synaptic plasticity were unaffected. We found that fiberoptic illumination to Purkinje cells expressing PhotonSABER in vivo inhibited cerebellar motor learning during adaptation of the horizontal optokinetic response and vestibulo-ocular reflex, as well as synaptic AMPA receptor decrease in the flocculus. Our results demonstrate that LTD and AMPA receptor endocytosis at specific neuronal circuits were directly responsible for motor learning in vivo. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Kakegawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akira Katoh
- Department of Physiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Sakae Narumi
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Eriko Miura
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Junko Motohashi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akiyo Takahashi
- Department of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Kohda
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Yugo Fukazawa
- Department of Anatomy, University of Fukui School of Medical Sciences, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Shinji Matsuda
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center (BLSC), The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
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Marcaggi P. Cerebellar Endocannabinoids: Retrograde Signaling from Purkinje Cells. THE CEREBELLUM 2014; 14:341-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-014-0629-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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5
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Persistent posttetanic depression at cerebellar parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70277. [PMID: 23922966 PMCID: PMC3726549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasticity at the cerebellar parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapse may underlie information processing and motor learning. In vivo, parallel fibers appear to fire in short high frequency bursts likely to activate sparsely distributed synapses over the Purkinje cell dendritic tree. Here, we report that short parallel fiber tetanic stimulation evokes a ∼7–15% depression which develops over 2 min and lasts for at least 20 min. In contrast to the concomitantly evoked short-term endocannabinoid-mediated depression, this persistent posttetanic depression (PTD) does not exhibit a dependency on the spatial pattern of synapse activation and is not caused by any detectable change in presynaptic calcium signaling. This persistent PTD is however associated with increased paired-pulse facilitation and coefficient of variation of synaptic responses, suggesting that its expression is presynaptic. The chelation of postsynaptic calcium prevents its induction, suggesting that post- to presynaptic (retrograde) signaling is required. We rule out endocannabinoid signaling since the inhibition of type 1 cannabinoid receptors, monoacylglycerol lipase or vanilloid receptor 1, or incubation with anandamide had no detectable effect. The persistent PTD is maximal in pre-adolescent mice, abolished by adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors block, but unaffected by adrenergic and dopaminergic agonists. Our data unveils a novel form of plasticity at parallel fiber synapses: a persistent PTD induced by physiologically relevant input patterns, age-dependent, and strongly modulated by the monoaminergic system. We further provide evidence supporting that the plasticity mechanism involves retrograde signaling and presynaptic diacylglycerol.
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Fatemi SH, Aldinger KA, Ashwood P, Bauman ML, Blaha CD, Blatt GJ, Chauhan A, Chauhan V, Dager SR, Dickson PE, Estes AM, Goldowitz D, Heck DH, Kemper TL, King BH, Martin LA, Millen KJ, Mittleman G, Mosconi MW, Persico AM, Sweeney JA, Webb SJ, Welsh JP. Consensus paper: pathological role of the cerebellum in autism. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 11:777-807. [PMID: 22370873 PMCID: PMC3677555 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-012-0355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
There has been significant advancement in various aspects of scientific knowledge concerning the role of cerebellum in the etiopathogenesis of autism. In the current consensus paper, we will observe the diversity of opinions regarding the involvement of this important site in the pathology of autism. Recent emergent findings in literature related to cerebellar involvement in autism are discussed, including: cerebellar pathology, cerebellar imaging and symptom expression in autism, cerebellar genetics, cerebellar immune function, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, GABAergic and glutamatergic systems, cholinergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and oxytocin-related changes in autism, motor control and cognitive deficits, cerebellar coordination of movements and cognition, gene-environment interactions, therapeutics in autism, and relevant animal models of autism. Points of consensus include presence of abnormal cerebellar anatomy, abnormal neurotransmitter systems, oxidative stress, cerebellar motor and cognitive deficits, and neuroinflammation in subjects with autism. Undefined areas or areas requiring further investigation include lack of treatment options for core symptoms of autism, vermal hypoplasia, and other vermal abnormalities as a consistent feature of autism, mechanisms underlying cerebellar contributions to cognition, and unknown mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hossein Fatemi
- University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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7
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Crépel F, Galante M, Habbas S, McLean H, Daniel H. Role of the vesicular transporter VGLUT3 in retrograde release of glutamate by cerebellar Purkinje cells. J Neurophysiol 2010; 105:1023-32. [PMID: 21177991 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00736.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the cerebellum, retrograde release of glutamate (Glu) by Purkinje cells (PCs) participates in the control of presynaptic neurotransmitter release responsible for the late component of depolarization-induced suppression of excitation (DSE), as well as for depolarization-induced potentiation of inhibition (DPI). It might also participate in the depolarization-induced slow current (DISC) in PCs, although this contribution was later challenged. We also know that both DPI and DISC are soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE)-dependent processes, although the molecular nature of the vesicular transporter was not determined. In PCs, VGLUT3 is the only known vesicular glutamate transporter identified and is expressed during the same developmental frame as when DPI, DISC, and the Glu-dependent component of DSE are observed. We therefore tested the hypothesis that all these processes depend on the presence of VGLUT3 by comparing the Glu-dependent component of DSE, DPI, and DISC in nearly mature (2- to 3-wk-old) wild-type and VGLUT3 knockout mice. Our data demonstrate that, in nearly mature mice, the slow component of DSE occurs through vesicular release of Glu that involves VGLUT3. This Glu-dependent component of DSE is no longer present in fully mature mice. This study also establishes that, in nearly mature mice, DPI also depends on the presence of VGLUT3, whereas this is not the case for DISC. Finally, the unusually large basal paired-pulse facilitation observed in nearly mature VGLUT3(-/-) mice but not in adult ones suggests that some basal retrograde release of Glu occurs during development and contributes to basal concentrations of extracellular Glu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françis Crépel
- Pharmacologie de la Synapse, Institut de Biochimie et de Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Paris-Sud and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Orsay Cedex, France.
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Cervetto C, Maura G, Marcoli M. Inhibition of presynaptic release-facilitatory kainate autoreceptors by extracellular cyclic GMP. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 332:210-9. [PMID: 19794031 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.154955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We found that both alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and kainate autoreceptors were present on the glutamate-releasing terminals of cerebellar parallel/climbing fibers and that they functioned as facilitatory autoreceptors. Extracellular cGMP inhibited the neurotransmitter release evoked by presynaptic kainate receptor activation; the inhibitory effect of extracellular cGMP was selective for the kainate autoreceptor-mediated response and did not affect the AMPA autoreceptor-mediated response. Endogenously synthesized cGMP might be the physiological source for the extracellular cGMP modulating the response to kainate autoreceptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cervetto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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9
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Atterbury A, Wall MJ. Adenosine signalling at immature parallel fibre-Purkinje cell synapses in rat cerebellum. J Physiol 2009; 587:4497-508. [PMID: 19651764 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.176420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The purine adenosine is an extracellular signalling molecule involved in a large number of physiological and pathological conditions throughout the mammalian brain. However little is known about how adenosine release and its subsequent clearance change during brain development. We have combined electrophysiology and microelectrode biosensor measurements to investigate the properties of adenosine signalling at early stages of cerebellar development, when parallel fibre-Purkinje cell synapses have recently been formed (postnatal days 9-12). At this stage of development, we could detect little or no inhibitory A(1) receptor tone in basal conditions and during trains of stimuli. Addition of pharmacological agents, to inhibit adenosine clearance, had only minor effects on synaptic transmission suggesting that under basal conditions, the concentration of adenosine moving in and out of the extracellular space is small. Active adenosine release was stimulated with hypoxia and trains of electrical stimuli. Although hypoxia released significant concentrations of adenosine, the release was delayed and slow. No adenosine release could be detected following electrical stimulation in the molecular layer. In conclusion, at this stage of development, although adenosine receptors and the mechanisms of adenosine clearance are present there is very little adenosine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Atterbury
- Neuroscience Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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10
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Crépel F. Role of presynaptic kainate receptors at parallel fiber-purkinje cell synapses in induction of cerebellar LTD: interplay with climbing fiber input. J Neurophysiol 2009; 102:965-73. [PMID: 19535482 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00269.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, except for A1 adenosine, N-methyl-d-aspartate, and cannabinoid receptors, little effort has been made to unravel possible roles of parallel fiber (PF) presynaptic receptors in long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmission at PF-Purkinje cell (PC) synapses. Presynaptic kainate (KA) receptors are also present on PFs and might also influence LTD induction by modulating glutamate (Glu) release at PF-PC synapses. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the efficacy of two pairing protocols in inducing LTD in adult wild-type and knock-out mice for the Glu receptor 6 (GluR6) subunit of KA receptors. Activation of presynaptic KA receptors was unnecessary for LTD induction when PF inputs were paired with climbing fiber (CF) stimulation but became crucial when CF input was replaced by direct depolarization of PCs. By comparing basal paired-pulse facilitation of PF-excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and depolarization-induced suppression of excitation in adult wild-type and GluR6 knock-out mice, it was shown that the participation of PF presynaptic KA receptors in LTD induction was likely to mainly result from their tonic activation by basal extracellular Glu, rather than from their activation by retrograde release of Glu by PCs during pairing protocols. Finally, this study suggests that, in adult mice, CFs not only participate in LTD induction by depolarizing postsynaptic cells but also by activating postsynaptic mGluR1alpha metabotropic glutamate receptors at CF-PC synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Crépel
- Pharmacologie de la Synapse, Institut de Biochimie et de Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Paris-Sud and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
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11
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Tanimura A, Kawata S, Hashimoto K, Kano M. Not glutamate but endocannabinoids mediate retrograde suppression of cerebellar parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synaptic transmission in young adult rodents. Neuropharmacology 2009; 57:157-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2009] [Revised: 04/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Dopamine signaling is required for depolarization-induced slow current in cerebellar Purkinje cells. J Neurosci 2009; 29:8530-8. [PMID: 19571144 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0468-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brief strong depolarization of cerebellar Purkinje cells produces a slow inward cation current. This current, called depolarization-induced slow current (DISC), is triggered by Ca influx in the Purkinje cell and is attenuated by a blocker of vesicular fusion. Previous work in other brain regions, such as the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, has shown that dopamine can be released from dendrites to produce paracrine and autocrine signaling. Here, we test the hypothesis that postsynaptic release of dopamine and autocrine activation of dopamine receptors is involved in DISC. Light immunohistochemistry showed that D(3) dopamine receptors, vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2), and dopamine plasma membrane transporters (DATs) were all expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells. However, their expression was strongest in the gyrus region of cerebellar lobules IX and X. Comparison of DISC across lobules revealed that it was weak in the anterior portions of the cerebellum (lobules II, V, and VI) and strong in lobules IX and X. DISC was blocked by dopamine receptor antagonists (haloperidol, clozapine, eticlopride, and SCH23390). Likewise, DISC was strongly attenuated by inhibitors of VMAT (reserpine and tetrabenazine) and DAT (GBR12909 and rimcazole). These drugs did not produce DISC attenuation through blockade of depolarization-evoked Purkinje cell Ca transients. Purkinje cells in cerebellar slices derived from DAT-null mice expressed DISC, but this DISC ran down at a significantly higher rate than littermate controls. Together, these results suggest that strong Purkinje cell depolarization produces Ca-dependent release of vesicular postsynaptic dopamine that then excites Purkinje cells in an autocrine manner.
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13
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Kano M, Ohno-Shosaku T, Hashimotodani Y, Uchigashima M, Watanabe M. Endocannabinoid-mediated control of synaptic transmission. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:309-80. [PMID: 19126760 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1048] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of cannabinoid receptors and subsequent identification of their endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids) in early 1990s have greatly accelerated research on cannabinoid actions in the brain. Then, the discovery in 2001 that endocannabinoids mediate retrograde synaptic signaling has opened up a new era for cannabinoid research and also established a new concept how diffusible messengers modulate synaptic efficacy and neural activity. The last 7 years have witnessed remarkable advances in our understanding of the endocannabinoid system. It is now well accepted that endocannabinoids are released from postsynaptic neurons, activate presynaptic cannabinoid CB(1) receptors, and cause transient and long-lasting reduction of neurotransmitter release. In this review, we aim to integrate our current understanding of functions of the endocannabinoid system, especially focusing on the control of synaptic transmission in the brain. We summarize recent electrophysiological studies carried out on synapses of various brain regions and discuss how synaptic transmission is regulated by endocannabinoid signaling. Then we refer to recent anatomical studies on subcellular distribution of the molecules involved in endocannabinoid signaling and discuss how these signaling molecules are arranged around synapses. In addition, we make a brief overview of studies on cannabinoid receptors and their intracellular signaling, biochemical studies on endocannabinoid metabolism, and behavioral studies on the roles of the endocannabinoid system in various aspects of neural functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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14
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Shin JH, Kim YS, Worley PF, Linden DJ. Depolarization-induced slow current in cerebellar Purkinje cells does not require metabotropic glutamate receptor 1. Neuroscience 2009; 162:688-93. [PMID: 19409231 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activation of cerebellar Purkinje cells by either brief depolarizing steps or bursts of climbing fiber synaptic activation evokes a slow inward current, which we have previously called depolarization-induced slow current or DISC. DISC is triggered by Ca influx via voltage-sensitive Ca channels and is attenuated by inhibitors of vacuolar ATPase or vesicle fusion. This led us to suggest that DISC required vesicular release of glutamate from the somatodendritic region of Purkinje cells. Furthermore, we found that DISC was attenuated by the mGluR1 antagonist 7-(hydroxyimino)cyclopropa[b]chromen-1a-carboxylate ethyl ester (CPCCOEt), indicating that DISC required autocrine activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1). Here, we have revisited the role of mGluR1 and found that it is, in fact, not required for DISC. CPCCOEt, but not three other specific mGluR1 antagonists (JNJ16259685, alpha-amino-5-carboxy-3-methyl-2-thiopheneacetic acid (3-MATIDA), Bay 36-7620), attenuated DISC, even though all four of these drugs produced near-complete blockade of current evoked by puffs of the exogenous mGluR1/5 agonist DHPG. Cerebellar slices derived from mGluR1 null mice showed substantial DISC that was still attenuated by CPCCOEt. mGluR5 is functionally similar to mGluR1, but is not expressed at high levels in cerebellar Purkinje cells. 2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride (MPEP), an mGluR5 antagonist, did not attenuate DISC, and DISC was still present in Purkinje cells derived from mGluR1/mGluR5 double null mice. Thus, neither mGluR1 nor mGluR5 is required for DISC in cerebellar Purkinje cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Shin
- Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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15
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Sjöström PJ, Rancz EA, Roth A, Häusser M. Dendritic excitability and synaptic plasticity. Physiol Rev 2008; 88:769-840. [PMID: 18391179 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00016.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Most synaptic inputs are made onto the dendritic tree. Recent work has shown that dendrites play an active role in transforming synaptic input into neuronal output and in defining the relationships between active synapses. In this review, we discuss how these dendritic properties influence the rules governing the induction of synaptic plasticity. We argue that the location of synapses in the dendritic tree, and the type of dendritic excitability associated with each synapse, play decisive roles in determining the plastic properties of that synapse. Furthermore, since the electrical properties of the dendritic tree are not static, but can be altered by neuromodulators and by synaptic activity itself, we discuss how learning rules may be dynamically shaped by tuning dendritic function. We conclude by describing how this reciprocal relationship between plasticity of dendritic excitability and synaptic plasticity has changed our view of information processing and memory storage in neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jesper Sjöström
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Physiology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Piochon C, Irinopoulou T, Brusciano D, Bailly Y, Mariani J, Levenes C. NMDA receptor contribution to the climbing fiber response in the adult mouse Purkinje cell. J Neurosci 2007; 27:10797-809. [PMID: 17913913 PMCID: PMC6672834 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2422-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Among integrative neurons displaying long-term synaptic plasticity, adult Purkinje cells seemed to be an exception by lacking functional NMDA receptors (NMDA-Rs). Although numerous anatomical studies have shown both NR1 and NR2 NMDA-R subunits in adult Purkinje cells, patch-clamp studies failed to detect any NMDA currents. Using more recent pharmacological and immunodetection tools, we demonstrate here that Purkinje cells from adult mice respond to exogenous NMDA application and that postsynaptic NMDA-Rs carry part of the climbing fiber-mediated EPSC (CF-EPSC), with undetectable contribution from presynaptic or polysynaptic NMDA currents. We also detect NR2-A/B subunits in adult Purkinje cells by immunohistochemistry. The NMDA-mediated CF-EPSC is barely detectable before 3 weeks postnatal. From the end of the third week, the number of cells displaying the NMDA-mediated CF-EPSC rapidly increases. Soon, this EPSC becomes detectable in all the Purkinje cells but is still very small. Its amplitude continues to increase until 12 weeks after birth. In mature Purkinje cells, we show that the NMDA-Rs contribute to the depolarizing plateau of complex spikes and increase their number of spikelets. Together, these observations demonstrate that mature Purkinje cells express functional NMDA receptors that become detectable in CF-EPSCs at approximately 21 d after birth and control the complex spike waveform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Piochon
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7102, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptifs, Équipe Développement et Vieillissement du Système Nerveux, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Theano Irinopoulou
- Unité 536/Unité 706, Inserm, Institut du Fer à Moulin, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Brusciano
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7102, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptifs, Équipe Développement et Vieillissement du Système Nerveux, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yannick Bailly
- Neurotransmission et Sécrétion Neuroendocrine, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives UMR 7168, CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, 67084 Strasbourg, France, and
| | - Jean Mariani
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7102, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptifs, Équipe Développement et Vieillissement du Système Nerveux, 75005 Paris, France
- Hôpital Charles Foix, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, 94 Ivry sur Seine, France
| | - Carole Levenes
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7102, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptifs, Équipe Développement et Vieillissement du Système Nerveux, 75005 Paris, France
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Crepel F, Daniel H. Developmental changes in agonist-induced retrograde signaling at parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses: role of calcium-induced calcium release. J Neurophysiol 2007; 98:2550-65. [PMID: 17855589 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00376.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs), activation of postsynaptic mGluR1 receptors inhibits parallel fiber (PF) to PC synaptic transmission by retrograde signaling. However, results were conflicting with respect to whether endocannabinoids or glutamate (Glu) is the retrograde messenger involved. Experiments in cerebellar slices from 10- to 12-day-old rats and mice confirmed that suppression of PF-excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) by mGluR1 agonists was entirely blocked by cannabinoid receptor antagonists at this early developmental stage. In contrast, suppression of PF-EPSCs by mGluR1 agonists was only partly blocked by cannabinoid receptor antagonists in 18- to 22-day-old rats, and the remaining suppression was accompanied by an increase in paired-pulse facilitation. This endocannnabinoidindependent suppression of PF-EPSCs was potentiated by the Glu uptake inhibitor D-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate (D-TBOA) and blocked by the desensitizing kainate (KA) receptors agonist SYM 2081, by nonsaturating concentrations of 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2-3-dione (CNQX) [but not by GYKI 52466 hydrochloride (GYKI)] and by dialyzing PCs with guanosine 5'-[beta-thio]diphosphate (GDP-betaS). An endocannnabinoid-independent suppression of PF-EPSCs was also present in nearly mature wild-type mice but was absent in GluR6(-/-) mice. The endocannnabinoid-independent suppression of PF-EPSCs induced by mGluR1 agonists and the KA-dependent component of depolarization-induced suppression of excitation (DSE) were blocked by ryanodine acting at a presynaptic level. We conclude that retrograde release of Glu by PCs participates in mGluR1 agonist-induced suppression of PF-EPSCs at nearly mature PF-PC synapses and that Glu operates through activation of presynaptic KA receptors located on PFs and prolonged release of calcium from presynaptic internal calcium stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Crepel
- Pharmacologie de la Synapse, Institut de Biochimie et de Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay Cedex, France.
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