1
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Li Y, Dai W, Wang T, Wu Y, Dou F, Xing D. Visual surround suppression at the neural and perceptual levels. Cogn Neurodyn 2024; 18:741-756. [PMID: 38699623 PMCID: PMC11061091 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-023-10027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Surround suppression was initially identified as a phenomenon at the neural level in which stimuli outside the neuron's receptive field alone cannot activate responses but can modulate neural responses to stimuli covered inside the receptive field. Subsequent studies showed that surround suppression is not only a critical property of neurons across species and brain areas but also has been found in visual perceptions. More importantly, surround suppression varies across individuals and shows significant differences between normal controls and patients with certain mental disorders. Here, we combined results from related literature and summarized the findings derived from physiological and psychophysical evidence. We first outline the basic properties of surround suppression in the visual system and perceptions. Then, we mainly summarize the differences in perceptual surround suppression among different human subjects. Our review suggests that there is no consensus regarding whether the strength of perceptual surround suppression could be used as an effective index to distinguish particular populations. Then, we summarized the similar mechanisms for surround suppression and cognitive impairments to further explore the potential clinical applications of surround suppression. A clearer understanding of the mechanisms of surround suppression in neural responses and perceptions is necessary for facilitating its clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- School of Criminology, People’s Public Security University of China, Beijing, 100038 China
| | - Weifeng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Tian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Yujie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Fei Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Dajun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
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2
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Schallmo MP, Weldon KB, Kamath RS, Moser HR, Montoya SA, Killebrew KW, Demro C, Grant AN, Marjańska M, Sponheim SR, Olman CA. The Psychosis Human Connectome Project: Design and rationale for studies of visual neurophysiology. Neuroimage 2023; 272:120060. [PMID: 36997137 PMCID: PMC10153004 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual perception is abnormal in psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. In addition to hallucinations, laboratory tests show differences in fundamental visual processes including contrast sensitivity, center-surround interactions, and perceptual organization. A number of hypotheses have been proposed to explain visual dysfunction in psychotic disorders, including an imbalance between excitation and inhibition. However, the precise neural basis of abnormal visual perception in people with psychotic psychopathology (PwPP) remains unknown. Here, we describe the behavioral and 7 tesla MRI methods we used to interrogate visual neurophysiology in PwPP as part of the Psychosis Human Connectome Project (HCP). In addition to PwPP (n = 66) and healthy controls (n = 43), we also recruited first-degree biological relatives (n = 44) in order to examine the role of genetic liability for psychosis in visual perception. Our visual tasks were designed to assess fundamental visual processes in PwPP, whereas MR spectroscopy enabled us to examine neurochemistry, including excitatory and inhibitory markers. We show that it is feasible to collect high-quality data across multiple psychophysical, functional MRI, and MR spectroscopy experiments with a sizable number of participants at a single research site. These data, in addition to those from our previously described 3 tesla experiments, will be made publicly available in order to facilitate further investigations by other research groups. By combining visual neuroscience techniques and HCP brain imaging methods, our experiments offer new opportunities to investigate the neural basis of abnormal visual perception in PwPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael-Paul Schallmo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
| | - Kimberly B Weldon
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Rohit S Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Hannah R Moser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Samantha A Montoya
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kyle W Killebrew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Caroline Demro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Andrea N Grant
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Małgorzata Marjańska
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Cheryl A Olman
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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3
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Mechanisms of Surround Suppression Effect on the Contrast Sensitivity of V1 Neurons in Cats. Neural Plast 2022; 2022:5677655. [PMID: 35299618 PMCID: PMC8923783 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5677655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Surround suppression (SS) is a phenomenon that a neuron’s response to visual stimuli within the classical receptive field (cRF) is suppressed by a concurrent stimulation in the surrounding receptive field (sRF) beyond the cRF. Studies show that SS affects neuronal response contrast sensitivity in the primary visual cortex (V1). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we examined SS effect on the contrast sensitivity of cats’ V1 neurons with different preferred SFs using external noise-masked visual stimuli and perceptual template model (PTM) analysis at the system level. The contrast sensitivity was evaluated by the inverted threshold contrast of neurons in response to circular gratings of different contrasts in the cRF with or without an annular grating in the sRF. Our results showed that SS significantly reduced the contrast sensitivity of cats’ V1 neurons. The SS-induced reduction of contrast sensitivity was not correlated with SS strength but was dependent on neuron’s preferred SF, with a larger reduction for neurons with low preferred SFs than those with high preferred SFs. PTM analysis of threshold versus external noise contrast (TvC) functions indicated that SS decreased contrast sensitivity by increasing both the internal additive noise and impact of external noise for neurons with low preferred SFs, but improving only internal additive noise for neurons with high preferred SFs. Furthermore, the SS effect on the contrast-response function of low- and high-SF neurons also exhibited different mechanisms in contrast gain and response gain. Collectively, these results suggest that the mechanisms of SS effect on neuronal contrast sensitivity may depend on neuronal populations with different SFs.
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4
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Huang Q, Pereira AC, Velthuis H, Wong NML, Ellis CL, Ponteduro FM, Dimitrov M, Kowalewski L, Lythgoe DJ, Rotaru D, Edden RAE, Leonard A, Ivin G, Ahmad J, Pretzsch CM, Daly E, Murphy DGM, McAlonan GM. GABA B receptor modulation of visual sensory processing in adults with and without autism spectrum disorder. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabg7859. [PMID: 34985973 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abg7859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyun Huang
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.,Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Andreia C Pereira
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.,Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.,Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal.,Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Hester Velthuis
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.,Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Nichol M L Wong
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.,Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Claire L Ellis
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.,Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Francesca M Ponteduro
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.,Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Mihail Dimitrov
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.,Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Lukasz Kowalewski
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.,Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - David J Lythgoe
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Diana Rotaru
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Alison Leonard
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.,Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Glynis Ivin
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust Pharmacy, London SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Jumana Ahmad
- School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, UK
| | - Charlotte M Pretzsch
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.,Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Eileen Daly
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.,Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Declan G M Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.,Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Gráinne M McAlonan
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.,Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
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5
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Baker DH, Vilidaite G, Wade AR. Steady-state measures of visual suppression. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009507. [PMID: 34644292 PMCID: PMC8544832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the early visual system, suppression occurs between neurons representing different stimulus properties. This includes features such as orientation (cross-orientation suppression), eye-of-origin (interocular suppression) and spatial location (surround suppression), which are thought to involve distinct anatomical pathways. We asked if these separate routes to suppression can be differentiated by their pattern of gain control on the contrast response function measured in human participants using steady-state electroencephalography. Changes in contrast gain shift the contrast response function laterally, whereas changes in response gain scale the function vertically. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to summarise the evidence for each type of gain control. A computational meta-analysis of 16 previous studies found the most evidence for contrast gain effects with overlaid masks, but no clear evidence favouring either response gain or contrast gain for other mask types. We then conducted two new experiments, comparing suppression from four mask types (monocular and dichoptic overlay masks, and aligned and orthogonal surround masks) on responses to sine wave grating patches flickering at 5Hz. At the occipital pole, there was strong evidence for contrast gain effects in all four mask types at the first harmonic frequency (5Hz). Suppression generally became stronger at more lateral electrode sites, but there was little evidence of response gain effects. At the second harmonic frequency (10Hz) suppression was stronger overall, and involved both contrast and response gain effects. Although suppression from different mask types involves distinct anatomical pathways, gain control processes appear to serve a common purpose, which we suggest might be to suppress less reliable inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Baker
- Department of Psychology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Greta Vilidaite
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alex R. Wade
- Department of Psychology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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6
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Nentwich M, Ai L, Madsen J, Telesford QK, Haufe S, Milham MP, Parra LC. Functional connectivity of EEG is subject-specific, associated with phenotype, and different from fMRI. Neuroimage 2020; 218:117001. [PMID: 32492509 PMCID: PMC7457369 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of psychiatric, behavioral and cognitive phenotypes have been linked to brain ''functional connectivity'' -- the pattern of correlation observed between different brain regions. Most commonly assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), here, we investigate the connectivity-phenotype associations with functional connectivity measured with electroencephalography (EEG), using phase-coupling. We analyzed data from the publicly available Healthy Brain Network Biobank. This database compiles a growing sample of children and adolescents, currently encompassing 1657 individuals. Among a variety of assessment instruments we focus on ten phenotypic and additional demographic measures that capture most of the variance in this sample. The largest effect sizes are found for age and sex for both fMRI and EEG. We replicate previous findings of an association of Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with the pattern of fMRI functional connectivity. We also find an association with socioeconomic status, anxiety and the Child Behavior Checklist Score. For EEG we find a significant connectivity-phenotype relationship with IQ. The actual spatial patterns of functional connectivity are quite different between fMRI and source-space EEG. However, within EEG we observe clusters of functional connectivity that are consistent across frequency bands. Additionally we analyzed reproducibility of functional connectivity. We compare connectivity obtained with different tasks, including resting state, a video and a visual flicker task. For both EEG and fMRI the variation between tasks was smaller than the variability observed between subjects. We also found an increase of reliability with increasing frequency of the EEG, and increased sampling duration. We conclude that, while the patterns of functional connectivity are distinct between fMRI and phase-coupling of EEG, they are nonetheless similar in their robustness to the task, and similar in that idiosyncratic patterns of connectivity predict individual phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Nentwich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lei Ai
- Center for the Developing Brain, The Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jens Madsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qawi K Telesford
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Stefan Haufe
- Berlin Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael P Milham
- Center for the Developing Brain, The Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Lucas C Parra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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de Lissa P, Caldara R, Nicholls V, Miellet S. In pursuit of visual attention: SSVEP frequency-tagging moving targets. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236967. [PMID: 32750065 PMCID: PMC7402507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that visual attention does not always exactly follow gaze direction, leading to the concepts of overt and covert attention. However, it is not yet clear how such covert shifts of visual attention to peripheral regions impact the processing of the targets we directly foveate as they move in our visual field. The current study utilised the co-registration of eye-position and EEG recordings while participants tracked moving targets that were embedded with a 30 Hz frequency tag in a Steady State Visually Evoked Potentials (SSVEP) paradigm. When the task required attention to be divided between the moving target (overt attention) and a peripheral region where a second target might appear (covert attention), the SSVEPs elicited by the tracked target at the 30 Hz frequency band were significantly, but transiently, lower than when participants did not have to covertly monitor for a second target. Our findings suggest that neural responses of overt attention are only briefly reduced when attention is divided between covert and overt areas. This neural evidence is in line with theoretical accounts describing attention as a pool of finite resources, such as the perceptual load theory. Altogether, these results have practical implications for many real-world situations where covert shifts of attention may discretely reduce visual processing of objects even when they are directly being tracked with the eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter de Lissa
- Department of Psychology, Eye and Brain Mapping Laboratory (iBMLab), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Roberto Caldara
- Department of Psychology, Eye and Brain Mapping Laboratory (iBMLab), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Victoria Nicholls
- Department of Psychology, University of Bournemouth, Poole, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastien Miellet
- Active Vision Lab, School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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8
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Otero M, Prado-Gutiérrez P, Weinstein A, Escobar MJ, El-Deredy W. Persistence of EEG Alpha Entrainment Depends on Stimulus Phase at Offset. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:139. [PMID: 32327989 PMCID: PMC7161378 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural entrainment is the synchronization of neural activity to the frequency of repetitive external stimuli, which can be observed as an increase in the electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectrum at the driving frequency, -also known as the steady-state response. Although it has been systematically reported that the entrained EEG oscillation persists for approximately three cycles after stimulus offset, the neural mechanisms underpinning it remain unknown. Focusing on alpha oscillations, we adopt the dynamical excitation/inhibition framework, which suggests that phases of entrained EEG signals correspond to alternating excitatory/inhibitory states of the neural circuitry. We hypothesize that the duration of the persistence of entrainment is determined by the specific functional state of the entrained neural network at the time the stimulus ends. Steady-state visually evoked potentials (SSVEP) were elicited in 19 healthy volunteers at the participants’ individual alpha peaks. Visual stimulation consisted of a sinusoidally-varying light terminating at one of four phases: 0, π/2, π, and 3π/2. The persistence duration of the oscillatory activity was analyzed as a function of the terminating phase of the stimulus. Phases of the SSVEP at the stimulus termination were distributed within a constant range of values relative to the phase of the stimulus. Longer persistence durations were obtained when visual stimulation terminated towards the troughs of the alpha oscillations, while shorter persistence durations occurred when stimuli terminated near the peaks. Source localization analysis suggests that the persistence of entrainment reflects the functioning of fronto-occipital neuronal circuits, which might prime the sensory representation of incoming visual stimuli based on predictions about stimulus rhythmicity. Consequently, different states of the network at the end of the stimulation, corresponding to different states of intrinsic neuronal coupling, may determine the time windows over which coding of incoming sensory stimulation is modulated by the preceding oscillatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Otero
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile.,Advanced Center for Electrical and Electronic Engineering (AC3E), Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Pavel Prado-Gutiérrez
- Advanced Center for Electrical and Electronic Engineering (AC3E), Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Alejandro Weinstein
- Advanced Center for Electrical and Electronic Engineering (AC3E), Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile.,Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería en Salud, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - María-José Escobar
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile.,Advanced Center for Electrical and Electronic Engineering (AC3E), Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Wael El-Deredy
- Advanced Center for Electrical and Electronic Engineering (AC3E), Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile.,Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería en Salud, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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9
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Cao L, Händel B. Walking enhances peripheral visual processing in humans. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000511. [PMID: 31603894 PMCID: PMC6808500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive processes are almost exclusively investigated under highly controlled settings during which voluntary body movements are suppressed. However, recent animal work suggests differences in sensory processing between movement states by showing drastically changed neural responses in early visual areas between locomotion and stillness. Does locomotion also modulate visual cortical activity in humans, and what are the perceptual consequences? Our study shows that walking increased the contrast-dependent influence of peripheral visual input on central visual input. This increase is prevalent in stimulus-locked electroencephalogram (EEG) responses (steady-state visual evoked potential [SSVEP]) alongside perceptual performance. Ongoing alpha oscillations (approximately 10 Hz) further positively correlated with the walking-induced changes of SSVEP amplitude, indicating the involvement of an altered inhibitory process during walking. The results predicted that walking leads to an increased processing of peripheral visual input. A second study indeed showed an increased contrast sensitivity for peripheral compared to central stimuli when subjects were walking. Our work shows complementary neurophysiological and behavioural evidence corroborating animal findings that walking leads to a change in early visual neuronal activity in humans. That neuronal modulation due to walking is indeed linked to specific perceptual changes extends the existing animal work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyu Cao
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Händel
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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10
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Altered dynamics of visual contextual interactions in Parkinson's disease. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2019; 5:13. [PMID: 31286057 PMCID: PMC6609710 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-019-0085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, psychophysical and electrophysiological studies in patients and animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD), have consistently revealed a number of visual abnormalities. In particular, specific alterations of contrast sensitivity curves, electroretinogram (ERG), and visual-evoked potentials (VEP), have been attributed to dopaminergic retinal depletion. However, fundamental mechanisms of cortical visual processing, such as normalization or "gain control" computations, have not yet been examined in PD patients. Here, we measured electrophysiological indices of gain control in both space (surround suppression) and time (sensory adaptation) in PD patients based on steady-state VEP (ssVEP). Compared with controls, patients exhibited a significantly higher initial ssVEP amplitude that quickly decayed over time, and greater relative suppression of ssVEP amplitude as a function of surrounding stimulus contrast. Meanwhile, EEG frequency spectra were broadly elevated in patients relative to controls. Thus, contrary to what might be expected given the reduced contrast sensitivity often reported in PD, visual neural responses are not weaker; rather, they are initially larger but undergo an exaggerated degree of spatial and temporal gain control and are embedded within a greater background noise level. These differences may reflect cortical mechanisms that compensate for dysfunctional center-surround interactions at the retinal level.
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11
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Schallmo MP, Kale AM, Murray SO. The time course of different surround suppression mechanisms. J Vis 2019; 19:12. [PMID: 30952163 PMCID: PMC6464404 DOI: 10.1167/19.4.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
What we see depends on the spatial context in which it appears. Previous work has linked the suppression of perceived contrast by surrounding stimuli to reduced neural responses in early visual cortex. This surround suppression depends on at least two separable neural mechanisms, "low-level" and "higher level," which can be differentiated by their response characteristics. We used electroencephalography to demonstrate for the first time that human occipital neural responses show evidence of these two suppression mechanisms. Eighteen adults (10 women, 8 men) each participated in three experimental sessions, in which they viewed visual stimuli through a mirror stereoscope. The first session was used to identify the C1 component, while the second and third comprised the main experiment. Event-related potentials were measured in response to center gratings either with no surround or with surrounding gratings oriented parallel or orthogonal, and presented in either the same eye (monoptic) or the opposite eye (dichoptic). We found that the earliest component of an event-related potential (C1; ∼60 ms) was suppressed by surrounding stimuli, but that suppression did not depend on surround configuration. This suggests a suppression mechanism that is not tuned for relative orientation acting on the earliest cortical response to the target. A later response component (N1; ∼160 ms) showed stronger suppression for parallel and monoptic surrounds, consistent with our earlier psychophysical results and a second form of suppression that is binocular and orientation tuned. We conclude that these two forms of surround suppression have distinct response time courses in the human visual system, which can be differentiated using electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael-Paul Schallmo
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alex M Kale
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott O Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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12
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Steinemann NA, O'Connell RG, Kelly SP. Decisions are expedited through multiple neural adjustments spanning the sensorimotor hierarchy. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3627. [PMID: 30194305 PMCID: PMC6128824 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
When decisions are made under speed pressure, "urgency" signals elevate neural activity toward action-triggering thresholds independent of the sensory evidence, thus incurring a cost to choice accuracy. While urgency signals have been observed in brain circuits involved in preparing actions, their influence at other levels of the sensorimotor pathway remains unknown. We used a novel contrast-comparison paradigm to simultaneously trace the dynamics of sensory evidence encoding, evidence accumulation, motor preparation, and muscle activation in humans. Results indicate speed pressure impacts multiple sensorimotor levels but in crucially distinct ways. Evidence-independent urgency was applied to cortical action-preparation signals and downstream muscle activation, but not directly to upstream levels. Instead, differential sensory evidence encoding was enhanced in a way that partially countered the negative impact of motor-level urgency on accuracy, and these opposing sensory-boost and motor-urgency effects had knock-on effects on the buildup and pre-response amplitude of a motor-independent representation of cumulative evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Steinemann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, 3227 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Redmond G O'Connell
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Simon P Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland.
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13
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Ahmadlou M, Tafreshiha A, Heimel JA. Visual Cortex Limits Pop-Out in the Superior Colliculus of Awake Mice. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5772-5783. [PMID: 29029071 PMCID: PMC5939206 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We detect objects more readily if they differ from their surroundings in motion, color, or texture. This increased saliency is thought to be related to increased responses in the visual cortex. The superior colliculus is another brain area involved in vision and especially in directing gaze and attention. In this study, we show that differences in texture orientation also increase responses in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus that receive retinal and cortical input. We found that gratings evoke more neural response when surrounded by orthogonal gratings than when surrounded by parallel gratings, particularly in the awake mouse. This pop-out is not originating from the visual cortex, and silencing visual cortex increased the relative difference in response. A model shows that this can result from retinotopically matched excitation from visual cortex to the superior colliculus. We suggest that the perceptual saliency of a stimulus differing from its surround in a low-level feature like grating orientation could depend on visual processing in the superior colliculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Ahmadlou
- Department of Cortical Structure and Function, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Azadeh Tafreshiha
- Department of Cortical Structure and Function, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Alexander Heimel
- Department of Cortical Structure and Function, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Petroni A, Cohen SS, Ai L, Langer N, Henin S, Vanderwal T, Milham MP, Parra LC. The Variability of Neural Responses to Naturalistic Videos Change with Age and Sex. eNeuro 2018; 5:ENEURO.0244-17.2017. [PMID: 29379880 PMCID: PMC5786826 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0244-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural development is generally marked by an increase in the efficiency and diversity of neural processes. In a large sample (n = 114) of human children and adults with ages ranging from 5 to 44 yr, we investigated the neural responses to naturalistic video stimuli. Videos from both real-life classroom settings and Hollywood feature films were used to probe different aspects of attention and engagement. For all stimuli, older ages were marked by more variable neural responses. Variability was assessed by the intersubject correlation of evoked electroencephalographic responses. Young males also had less-variable responses than young females. These results were replicated in an independent cohort (n = 303). When interpreted in the context of neural maturation, we conclude that neural function becomes more variable with maturity, at least during the passive viewing of real-world stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Petroni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
| | - Samantha S. Cohen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
- Department of Psychology, the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016
| | - Lei Ai
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY 10022
| | - Nicolas Langer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY 10022
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, 8050, Switzerland
| | - Simon Henin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
| | | | - Michael P. Milham
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY 10022
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
| | - Lucas C. Parra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
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15
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Vissers ME, Gulbinaite R, van den Bos T, Slagter HA. Protecting visual short-term memory during maintenance: Attentional modulation of target and distractor representations. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28642613 PMCID: PMC5481411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03995-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the presence of distraction, attentional filtering is a key predictor of efficient information storage in visual short-term memory (VSTM). Yet, the role of attention in distractor filtering, and the extent to which attentional filtering continues to protect information during post-perceptual stages of VSTM, remains largely unknown. In the current study, we investigated the role of spatial attention in distractor filtering during VSTM encoding and maintenance. Participants performed a change detection task with varying distractor load. Attentional deployment to target and distractor locations was tracked continuously by means of Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials (SSVEPs). Analyses revealed that attention strongly modulated the amplitude of the second harmonic SSVEP response, with larger amplitudes at target compared to distractor locations. These attentional modulations commenced during encoding, and remained present during maintenance. Furthermore, the amount of attention paid to distractor locations was directly related to behavioral distractor costs: Individuals who paid more attention to target compared to distractor locations during VSTM maintenance generally suffered less from the presence of distractors. Together, these findings support an important role of spatial attention in distractor filtering at multiple stages of VSTM, and highlight the usefulness of SSVEPs in continuously tracking attention to multiple locations during VSTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies E Vissers
- University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, Department of Brain and Cognition, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Rasa Gulbinaite
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5549, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5549, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Tijl van den Bos
- University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, Department of Brain and Cognition, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Heleen A Slagter
- University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, Department of Brain and Cognition, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Brain and Cognition center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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16
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Egan JM, Loughnane GM, Fletcher H, Meade E, Lalor EC. A gaze independent hybrid-BCI based on visual spatial attention. J Neural Eng 2017; 14:046006. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aa6bb2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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17
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Effects of Stimulus Size and Contrast on the Initial Primary Visual Cortical Response in Humans. Brain Topogr 2017; 30:450-460. [PMID: 28474167 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-016-0530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Decades of intracranial electrophysiological investigation into the primary visual cortex (V1) have produced many fundamental insights into the computations carried out in low-level visual circuits of the brain. Some of the most important work has been simply concerned with the precise measurement of neural response variations as a function of elementary stimulus attributes such as contrast and size. Surprisingly, such simple but fundamental characterization of V1 responses has not been carried out in human electrophysiology. Here we report such a detailed characterization for the initial "C1" component of the scalp-recorded visual evoked potential (VEP). The C1 is known to be dominantly generated by initial afferent activation in V1, but is difficult to record reliably due to interindividual anatomical variability. We used pattern-pulse multifocal VEP mapping to identify a stimulus position that activates the left lower calcarine bank in each individual, and afterwards measured robust negative C1s over posterior midline scalp to gratings presented sequentially at that location. We found clear and systematic increases in C1 peak amplitude and decreases in peak latency with increasing size as well as with increasing contrast. With a sample of 15 subjects and ~180 trials per condition, reliable C1 amplitudes of -0.46 µV were evoked at as low a contrast as 3.13% and as large as -4.82 µV at 100% contrast, using stimuli of 3.33° diameter. A practical implication is that by placing sufficiently-sized stimuli to target favorable calcarine cortical loci, robust V1 responses can be measured at contrasts close to perceptual thresholds, which could greatly facilitate principled studies of early visual perception and attention.
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18
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Langer N, Ho EJ, Alexander LM, Xu HY, Jozanovic RK, Henin S, Petroni A, Cohen S, Marcelle ET, Parra LC, Milham MP, Kelly SP. A resource for assessing information processing in the developing brain using EEG and eye tracking. Sci Data 2017; 4:170040. [PMID: 28398357 PMCID: PMC5387929 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2017.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a dataset combining electrophysiology and eye tracking intended as a resource for the investigation of information processing in the developing brain. The dataset includes high-density task-based and task-free EEG, eye tracking, and cognitive and behavioral data collected from 126 individuals (ages: 6–44). The task battery spans both the simple/complex and passive/active dimensions to cover a range of approaches prevalent in modern cognitive neuroscience. The active task paradigms facilitate principled deconstruction of core components of task performance in the developing brain, whereas the passive paradigms permit the examination of intrinsic functional network activity during varying amounts of external stimulation. Alongside these neurophysiological data, we include an abbreviated cognitive test battery and questionnaire-based measures of psychiatric functioning. We hope that this dataset will lead to the development of novel assays of neural processes fundamental to information processing, which can be used to index healthy brain development as well as detect pathologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Langer
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York 10022, USA.,Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland
| | - Erica J Ho
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York 10022, USA.,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Lindsay M Alexander
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York 10022, USA
| | - Helen Y Xu
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York 10022, USA
| | - Renee K Jozanovic
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York 10022, USA
| | - Simon Henin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Agustin Petroni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Samantha Cohen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York 10031, USA.,Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Enitan T Marcelle
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York 10022, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, California, Berkeley 94720, USA
| | - Lucas C Parra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Michael P Milham
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York 10022, USA.,Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York 10962, USA
| | - Simon P Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York 10031, USA.,School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
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