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Raffaelli B, Do TP, Chaudhry BA, Ashina M, Amin FM, Ashina H. Menstrual migraine is caused by estrogen withdrawal: revisiting the evidence. J Headache Pain 2023; 24:131. [PMID: 37730536 PMCID: PMC10512516 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01664-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore and critically appraise the evidence supporting the role of estrogen withdrawal in menstrual migraine. MAIN BODY Menstrual migraine, impacting about 6% of reproductive-age women, manifests as migraine attacks closely related to the menstrual cycle. The estrogen withdrawal hypothesis posits that the premenstrual drop in estrogen levels serves as a trigger of migraine attacks. Despite its wide acceptance, the current body of evidence supporting this hypothesis remains limited, warranting further validation. Estrogen is believed to exert a modulatory effect on pain, particularly within the trigeminovascular system - the anatomic and physiologic substrate of migraine pathogenesis. Nevertheless, existing studies are limited by methodologic inconsistencies, small sample sizes, and variable case definitions, precluding definitive conclusions. To improve our understanding of menstrual migraine, future research should concentrate on untangling the intricate interplay between estrogen, the trigeminovascular system, and migraine itself. This necessitates the use of robust methods, larger sample sizes, and standardized case definitions to surmount the limitations encountered in previous investigations. CONCLUSION Further research is thus needed to ascertain the involvement of estrogen withdrawal in menstrual migraine and advance the development of effective management strategies to address unmet treatment needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Raffaelli
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Thien Phu Do
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Knowledge Center On Headache Disorders, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Basit Ali Chaudhry
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Messoud Ashina
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Knowledge Center On Headache Disorders, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Faisal Mohammad Amin
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Håkan Ashina
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Sadighparvar S, Al-Hamed FS, Sharif-Naeini R, Meloto CB. Preclinical orofacial pain assays and measures and chronic primary orofacial pain research: where we are and where we need to go. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:1150749. [PMID: 37293433 PMCID: PMC10244561 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1150749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic primary orofacial pain (OFP) conditions such as painful temporomandibular disorders (pTMDs; i.e., myofascial pain and arthralgia), idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (TN), and burning mouth syndrome (BMS) are seemingly idiopathic, but evidence support complex and multifactorial etiology and pathophysiology. Important fragments of this complex array of factors have been identified over the years largely with the help of preclinical studies. However, findings have yet to translate into better pain care for chronic OFP patients. The need to develop preclinical assays that better simulate the etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical symptoms of OFP patients and to assess OFP measures consistent with their clinical symptoms is a challenge that needs to be overcome to support this translation process. In this review, we describe rodent assays and OFP pain measures that can be used in support of chronic primary OFP research, in specific pTMDs, TN, and BMS. We discuss their suitability and limitations considering the current knowledge of the etiology and pathophysiology of these conditions and suggest possible future directions. Our goal is to foster the development of innovative animal models with greater translatability and potential to lead to better care for patients living with chronic primary OFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Sadighparvar
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Reza Sharif-Naeini
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Cell Information Systems, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carolina Beraldo Meloto
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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3
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Abstract
Migraine is considered mostly a woman’s complaint, even if it affects also men. Epidemiological data show a higher incidence of the disease in women, starting from puberty throughout life. The sex-related differences of migraine hold clinical relevance too. The frequency, duration, and disability of attacks tend to be higher in women. Because of this, probably, they also consult specialists more frequently and take more prescription drugs than men. Different mechanisms have been evaluated to explain these differences. Hormonal milieu and its modulation of neuronal and vascular reactivity is probably one of the most important aspects. Estrogens and progesterone regulate a host of biological functions through two mechanisms: nongenomic and genomic. They influence several neuromediators and neurotransmitters, and they may cause functional and structural differences in several brain regions, involved in migraine pathogenesis. In addition to their central action, sex hormones exert rapid modulation of vascular tone. The resulting specific sex phenotype should be considered during clinical management and experimental studies.
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Increased substance P and synaptic remodeling occur in the trigeminal sensory system with sustained osteoarthritic temporomandibular joint sensitivity. Pain Rep 2021; 6:e911. [PMID: 33977183 PMCID: PMC8104398 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Increased substance P and a loss of inhibitory synapses occurs within the brain's trigeminal sensory system with persistent, but not transient, temporomandibular joint sensitivity. Introduction: Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain is among the most prevalent musculoskeletal conditions and can result from atypical joint loading. Although TMJ pain is typically self-resolving, 15% of patients develop chronic TMJ pain that is recalcitrant to therapy and may be attributed to changes in pain processing centers. Although TMJ overloading induces pain and osteoarthritis, whether neuronal modifications in the trigeminal sensory system contribute to persistent TMJ pain is unknown. Objective: This study investigates changes in excitatory neuropeptides and synaptic transmission proteins in cases of transient and persistent TMJ sensitivity in a rat model. Methods: Rats underwent repeated jaw loading that produces transient (2N-load) or persistent (3.5N-load) sensitivity. In both groups, immunolabeling was used to assess substance P in the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Sp5C) and glutamate transporter 1 in the ventroposteriomedial thalamus early after loading. Synaptosomal Western blots were used to measure synaptic proteins in the caudal medulla and thalamus at a later time after loading. Results: Substance P increases transiently in the Sp5C early after loading that induces persistent sensitivity. However, glutamate transporter 1 is unchanged in the ventroposteriomedial thalamus. At a later time, synaptosomal Western blots show loss of the presynaptic tethering protein, synapsin, and the inhibitory scaffolding protein, gephyrin, in the thalamus with persistent, but not transient, sensitivity. No changes are identified in synapsin, phosphorylated synapsin, homer, or gephyrin in the caudal medulla. Conclusions: Substance P in the Sp5C and later loss of inhibitory synapses in the thalamus likely contribute to, or indicate, persistent TMJ pain.
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5
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Hornung RS, Benton WL, Tongkhuya S, Uphouse L, Kramer PR, Averitt DL. Progesterone and Allopregnanolone Rapidly Attenuate Estrogen-Associated Mechanical Allodynia in Rats with Persistent Temporomandibular Joint Inflammation. Front Integr Neurosci 2020; 14:26. [PMID: 32457584 PMCID: PMC7225267 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2020.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) is associated with pain in the joint (temporomandibular joint, TMJ) and muscles involved in mastication. TMD pain dissipates following menopause but returns in some women undergoing estrogen replacement therapy. Progesterone has both anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties, while estrogen's effects on nociception are variable and highly dependent on both natural hormone fluctuations and estrogen dosage during pharmacological treatments, with high doses increasing pain. Allopregnanolone, a progesterone metabolite and positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor, also has antinociceptive properties. While progesterone and allopregnanolone are antinociceptive, their effect on estrogen-exacerbated TMD pain has not been determined. We hypothesized that removing the source of endogenous ovarian hormones would reduce inflammatory allodynia in the TMJ of rats and both progesterone and allopregnanolone would attenuate the estrogen-provoked return of allodynia. Baseline mechanical sensitivity was measured in female Sprague-Dawley rats (150-175 g) using the von Frey filament method followed by a unilateral injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the TMJ. Mechanical allodynia was confirmed 24 h later; then rats were ovariectomized or received sham surgery. Two weeks later, allodynia was reassessed and rats received one of the following subcutaneous hormone treatments over 5 days: a daily pharmacological dose of estradiol benzoate (E2; 50 μg/kg), daily E2 and pharmacological to sub-physiological doses of progesterone (P4; 16 mg/kg, 16 μg/kg, or 16 ng/kg), E2 daily and interrupted P4 given every other day, daily P4, or daily vehicle control. A separate group of animals received allopregnanolone (0.16 mg/kg) instead of P4. Allodynia was reassessed 1 h following injections. Here, we report that CFA-evoked mechanical allodynia was attenuated following ovariectomy and daily high E2 treatment triggered the return of allodynia, which was rapidly attenuated when P4 was also administered either daily or every other day. Allopregnanolone treatment, whether daily or every other day, also attenuated estrogen-exacerbated allodynia within 1 h of treatment, but only on the first treatment day. These data indicate that when gonadal hormone levels have diminished, treatment with a lower dose of progesterone may be effective at rapidly reducing the estrogen-evoked recurrence of inflammatory mechanical allodynia in the TMJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S. Hornung
- Department of Biology, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, United States
| | - William L. Benton
- Department of Biology, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Sirima Tongkhuya
- Department of Biology, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Lynda Uphouse
- Department of Biology, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Phillip R. Kramer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Dayna Loyd Averitt
- Department of Biology, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, United States
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6
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Tashiro A, Bereiter DA. The effects of estrogen on temporomandibular joint pain as influenced by trigeminal caudalis neurons. J Oral Sci 2020; 62:150-155. [PMID: 32132330 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.19-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The signs and symptoms of persistent temporomandibular joint (TMJ)/muscle disorder (TMJD) pain suggest the existence of a central neural dysfunction or a problem of pain amplification. The etiology of chronic TMJD is not known; however, female sex hormones have been identified as significant risk factors. Converging lines of evidence indicate that the junctional region between the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) and the upper cervical spinal cord, termed the Vc/C1-2 region, is the primary site for the synaptic integration of sensory input from TMJ nociceptors. In this paper, the mechanisms behind the estrogen effects on the processing of nociceptive inputs by neurons in the Vc/C1-2 region reported by human and animal studies are reviewed. The Vc/C1-2 region has direct connections to endogenous pain and autonomic control pathways, which are modified by estrogen status and are suggested to be critical for somatomotor and autonomic reflex responses of TMJ-related sensory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A Bereiter
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry
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7
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Effects of 17β-Estradiol combined with cyclical compressive stress on the proliferation and differentiation of mandibular condylar chondrocytes. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 109:104570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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8
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Willett JA, Cao J, Johnson A, Patel OH, Dorris DM, Meitzen J. The estrous cycle modulates rat caudate-putamen medium spiny neuron physiology. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 52:2737-2755. [PMID: 31278786 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine environment in which the brain operates is both dynamic and differs by sex. How differences in neuroendocrine state affect neuron properties has been significantly neglected in neuroscience research. Behavioral data across humans and rodents indicate that natural cyclical changes in steroid sex hormone production affect sensorimotor and cognitive behaviors in both normal and pathological contexts. These behaviors are critically mediated by the caudate-putamen. In the caudate-putamen, medium spiny neurons (MSNs) are the predominant and primary output neurons. MSNs express membrane-associated estrogen receptors and demonstrate estrogen sensitivity. However, how the cyclical hormone changes across the estrous cycle may modulate caudate-putamen MSN electrophysiological properties remains unknown. Here, we performed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings on male, diestrus female, proestrus female, and estrus female caudate-putamen MSNs. Action potential, passive membrane, and miniature excitatory post-synaptic current properties were assessed. Numerous MSN electrical properties robustly differed by cycle state, including resting membrane potential, rheobase, action potential threshold, maximum evoked action potential firing rate, and inward rectification. Strikingly, when considered independent of estrous cycle phase, all but one of these properties do not significantly differ from male MSNs. These data indicate that female caudate-putamen MSNs are sensitive to the estrous cycle, and more broadly, the importance of considering neuroendocrine state in studies of neuron physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A Willett
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Graduate Program in Physiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Grass Laboratory, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Jinyan Cao
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ashlyn Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Opal H Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - David M Dorris
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - John Meitzen
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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9
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Stinson C, Logan SM, Bellinger LL, Rao M, Kinchington PR, Kramer PR. Estradiol Acts in Lateral Thalamic Region to Attenuate Varicella Zoster Virus Associated Affective Pain. Neuroscience 2019; 414:99-111. [PMID: 31271831 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) results in chicken pox and herpes zoster. Female rats show a higher level of herpes zoster associated pain than males, consistent with human studies. In this study, we addressed the novel hypothesis that sex difference in herpes zoster associated pain is due, in part, to estradiol modulating activity in the thalamus. To test this hypothesis a high and low physiological dose of estradiol was administered to castrated and ovariectomized rats and the affective pain response was measured after injection of VZV into the whisker pad. Thalamic infusion of the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780 concomitant with a high dose of estradiol addressed the role of estradiol binding to its receptor to effect pain. Phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (pERK) positive cells were measured in excitatory (glutaminase positive) and inhibitory (glutamate decarboxylase 67 positive) cells of the lateral thalamic region. Our results show that a high dose of estradiol significantly reduced the pain response in both males and females. pERK significantly increased in excitatory cells after treatment with a low dose of estradiol and increased in inhibitory cells after treatment with a high dose of estradiol. Administration of ICI 182,780 significantly increased the pain response, reduced expression of GABA related genes in the thalamic region and significantly reduced the number of inhibitory cells expressing pERK. The results suggest that estradiol attenuates herpes zoster pain by increasing the activity of inhibitory neurons within the thalamus and that this reduction includes an estrogen receptor dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Stinson
- Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, United States of America
| | - Shaun M Logan
- Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, United States of America
| | - Larry L Bellinger
- Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, United States of America
| | - Mahesh Rao
- Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, United States of America
| | - Paul R Kinchington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Room 1020 EEI building 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
| | - Phillip R Kramer
- Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, United States of America.
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10
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Sperry MM, Kartha S, Winkelstein BA, Granquist EJ. Experimental Methods to Inform Diagnostic Approaches for Painful TMJ Osteoarthritis. J Dent Res 2019; 98:388-397. [PMID: 30819041 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519828731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of the joint that can produce persistent orofacial pain as well as functional and structural changes to its bone, cartilage, and ligaments. Despite advances in the clinical utility and reliability of the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders, clinical tools inadequately predict which patients will develop chronic TMJ pain and degeneration, limiting clinical management. The challenges of managing and treating TMJ OA are due, in part, to a limited understanding of the mechanisms contributing to the development and maintenance of TMJ pain. OA is initiated by multiple factors, including injury, aging, abnormal joint mechanics, and atypical joint shape, which can produce microtrauma, remodeling of joint tissues, and synovial inflammation. TMJ microtrauma and remodeling can increase expression of cytokines, chemokines, and catabolic factors that damage synovial tissues and can activate free nerve endings in the joint. Although studies have separately investigated inflammation-driven orofacial pain, acute activity of the trigeminal nerve, or TMJ tissue degeneration and/or damage, the temporal mechanistic factors leading to chronic TMJ pain are undefined. Limited understanding of the interaction between degeneration, intra-articular chemical factors, and pain has further restricted the development of targeted, disease-modifying drugs to help patients avoid long-term pain and invasive procedures, like TMJ replacement. A range of animal models captures features of intra-articular inflammation, joint overloading, and tissue damage. Although those models traditionally measure peripheral sensitivity as a surrogate for pain, recent studies recognize the brain's role in integrating, modulating, and interpreting nociceptive inputs in the TMJ, particularly in light of psychosocial influences on TMJ pain. The articular and neural contributors to TMJ pain, imaging modalities with clinical potential to identify TMJ OA early, and future directions for clinical management of TMJ OA are reviewed in the context of evidence in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Sperry
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S Kartha
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - B A Winkelstein
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E J Granquist
- 3 Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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11
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Bereiter DA, Thompson R, Rahman M. Sex Differences in Estradiol Secretion by Trigeminal Brainstem Neurons. Front Integr Neurosci 2019; 13:3. [PMID: 30809134 PMCID: PMC6379465 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2019.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen status is a significant risk factor in the development of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD). Classically, estrogen status is thought to derive mainly from ovarian sources; however, it is well known that estradiol (E2) also is synthesized by neurons in the brain. This study tested the hypothesis that E2 is produced by neurons in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc), the principal site of termination for sensory afferents that supply the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), to modify evoked responses in a model of TMJ nociception in male and female rats. Intra-TMJ injection of the small fiber excitant, allyl isothiocyanate (AIC), increased the levels of E2 collected from microdialysis probes sites at Vc of ovariectomized (OvX) female rats, ipsilateral to the stimulus, whereas males displayed no change. Dialysate levels of E2 collected from probe sites in the contralateral Vc or cerebellum in OvX rats were not affected by TMJ stimulation. Reverse dialysis of anastrozole, an aromatase (ARO) inhibitor, via the probe reduced perfusate levels of E2 in Vc. Systemic administration of letrozole, a non-steroid ARO inhibitor, for 4 days prevented TMJ-evoked increases in masseter muscle electromyography (MMemg) activity. ARO-positive neurons were distributed mainly in superficial laminae (I-III) at Vc and cell counts revealed no significant difference between OvX and male rats. Intra-TMJ injection of AIC revealed similar numbers of ARO/Fos dual-labeled neurons in OvX and male rats. By contrast, the percentage of ARO neurons co-labeled for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the biosynthetic enzyme for GABA, was greater in OvX (35%) than male rats (14%). Few ARO-positive neurons were co-labeled for estrogen receptor alpha. These data indicate that E2 is secreted continuously by Vc neurons and that acute stimulation of TMJ nociceptors evokes further secretion in a sex-dependent manner. Reduced TMJ-evoked MMemg activity after ARO inhibition suggests that locally produced E2 by Vc neurons acts via paracrine mechanisms to modify TMJ nociception in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Bereiter
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Randall Thompson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Mostafeezur Rahman
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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12
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Proaño SB, Morris HJ, Kunz LM, Dorris DM, Meitzen J. Estrous cycle-induced sex differences in medium spiny neuron excitatory synaptic transmission and intrinsic excitability in adult rat nucleus accumbens core. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:1356-1373. [PMID: 29947588 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00263.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring hormone cycles in adult female humans and rodents create a dynamic neuroendocrine environment. These cycles include the menstrual cycle in humans and its counterpart in rodents, the estrous cycle. These hormone fluctuations induce sex differences in the phenotypes of many behaviors, including those related to motivation, and associated disorders such as depression and addiction. This suggests that the neural substrate instrumental for these behaviors, including the nucleus accumbens core (AcbC), likewise differs between estrous cycle phases. It is unknown whether the electrophysiological properties of AcbC output neurons, medium spiny neurons (MSNs), change between estrous cycle phases. This is a critical knowledge gap given that MSN electrophysiological properties are instrumental for determining AcbC output to efferent targets. Here we test whether the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of adult rat AcbC MSNs differ across female estrous cycle phases and from males. We recorded MSNs with whole cell patch-clamp technique in two experiments, the first using gonad-intact adult males and females in differing phases of the estrous cycle and the second using gonadectomized males and females in which the estrous cycle was eliminated. MSN intrinsic electrophysiological and excitatory synaptic input properties robustly changed between female estrous cycle phases and males. Sex differences in MSN electrophysiology disappeared when the estrous cycle was eliminated. These novel findings indicate that AcbC MSN electrophysiological properties change across the estrous cycle, providing a new framework for understanding how biological sex and hormone cyclicity regulate motivated behaviors and other AcbC functions and disorders. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This research is the first demonstration that medium spiny neuron electrophysiological properties change across adult female hormone cycle phases in any striatal region. This influence of estrous cycle engenders sex differences in electrophysiological properties that are eliminated by gonadectomy. Broadly, these findings indicate that adult female hormone cycles are an important factor for neurophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie B Proaño
- Graduate Program in Biology, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina.,W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina.,Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Hannah J Morris
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Lindsey M Kunz
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - David M Dorris
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - John Meitzen
- W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina.,Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina.,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
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13
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Tashiro A, Nishida Y, Bereiter DA. Local group I mGluR antagonists reduce TMJ-evoked activity of trigeminal subnucleus caudalis neurons in female rats. Neuroscience 2015; 299:125-33. [PMID: 25934040 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1 and mGluR5) are functionally linked to estrogen receptors and play a key role in the plasticity of central neurons. Estrogen status strongly influences sensory input from the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) to neurons at the spinomedullary (Vc/C1-2) region. This study tested the hypothesis that TMJ input to trigeminal subnucleus caudalis/upper cervical cord (Vc/C1-2) neurons involved group I mGluR activation and depended on estrogen status. TMJ-responsive neurons were recorded in superficial laminae at the Vc/C1-2 region in ovariectomized (OvX) female rats treated with low-dose estradiol (2 μg/day, LE) or high-dose estradiol (20 μg/day, HE) for 2 days. TMJ-responsive units were activated by adenosine triphosphate (ATP, 1mM) injected into the joint space. Receptor antagonists selective for mGluR1 (CPCCOEt) or mGluR5 (MPEP) were applied topically to the Vc/C1-2 surface at the site of recording 10 min prior to the intra-TMJ ATP stimulus. In HE rats, CPCCOEt (50 and 500 μM) markedly reduced ATP-evoked unit activity. By contrast, in LE rats, a small but significant increase in neural activity was seen after 50 μM CPCCOEt, while 500 μM caused a large reduction in activity that was similar in magnitude as that seen in HE rats. Local application of MPEP produced a significant inhibition of TMJ-evoked unit activity independent of estrogen status. Neither mGluR1 nor mGluR5 antagonism altered the spontaneous activity of TMJ units in HE or LE rats. High-dose MPEP caused a small reduction in the size of the convergent cutaneous receptive field in HE rats, while CPCCOEt had no effect. These data suggest that group I mGluRs play a key role in sensory integration of TMJ nociceptive input to the Vc/C1-2 region and are largely independent of estrogen status.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tashiro
- Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa City, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.
| | - Y Nishida
- Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa City, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - D A Bereiter
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Moos Tower 18-214, 515 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Okamoto K, Katagiri A, Rahman M, Thompson R, Bereiter DA. Inhibition of temporomandibular joint input to medullary dorsal horn neurons by 5HT3 receptor antagonist in female rats. Neuroscience 2015; 299:35-44. [PMID: 25913635 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Repeated forced swim (FS) conditioning enhances nociceptive responses to temporomandibular joint (TMJ) stimulation in female rats. The basis for FS-induced TMJ hyperalgesia remains unclear. To test the hypothesis that serotonin 3 receptor (5HT3R) mechanisms contribute to enhanced TMJ nociception after FS, ovariectomized female rats were treated with estradiol and subjected to FS for three days. On day 4, rats were anesthetized with isoflurane and TMJ-responsive neurons were recorded from superficial and deep laminae at the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis/upper cervical (Vc/C1-2) region and electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from the masseter muscle. Only Vc/C1-2 neurons activated by intra-TMJ injections of ATP were included for further analysis. Although neurons in both superficial and deep laminae were activated by ATP, only neurons in deep laminae displayed enhanced responses after FS. Local application of the 5HT3R antagonist, ondansetron (OND), at the Vc/C1-2 region reduced the ATP-evoked responses of neurons in superficial and deep laminae and reduced the EMG response in both sham and FS rats. OND also decreased the spontaneous firing rate of neurons in deep laminae and reduced the high-threshold convergent cutaneous receptive field area of neurons in superficial and deep laminae in both sham and FS rats. These results revealed that central application of a 5HT3R antagonist, had widespread effects on the properties of TMJ-responsive neurons at the Vc/C1-2 region and on jaw muscle reflexes under sham and FS conditions. It is concluded that 5HT3R does not play a unique role in mediating stress-induced hyperalgesia related to TMJ nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Okamoto
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| | - A Katagiri
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - M Rahman
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - R Thompson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - D A Bereiter
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
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15
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Iacovides S, Avidon I, Baker F. Does pain vary across the menstrual cycle? A review. Eur J Pain 2015; 19:1389-405. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Iacovides
- Wits Dial-a-bed Sleep Laboratory; Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - I. Avidon
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory; School of Physiology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - F.C. Baker
- Wits Dial-a-bed Sleep Laboratory; Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
- Human Sleep Research Program; SRI International; San Francisco USA
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16
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GABAergic influence on temporomandibular joint-responsive spinomedullary neurons depends on estrogen status. Neuroscience 2013; 259:53-62. [PMID: 24316475 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sensory input from the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) to neurons in superficial laminae at the spinomedullary (Vc/C1-2) region is strongly influenced by estrogen status. This study determined if GABAergic mechanisms play a role in estrogen modulation of TMJ nociceptive processing in ovariectomized female rats treated with high- (HE) or low-dose (LE) estradiol (E2) for 2days. Superficial laminae neurons were activated by ATP (1mM) injections into the joint space. The selective GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline methiodide (BMI, 5 or 50μM, 30μl), applied at the site of recording greatly enhanced the magnitude and duration of ATP-evoked responses in LE rats, but not in units from HE rats. The convergent cutaneous receptive field (RF) area of TMJ neurons was enlarged after BMI in LE but not HE rats, while resting discharge rates were increased after BMI independent of estrogen status. By contrast, the selective GABAA receptor agonist, muscimol (50μM, 30μl), significantly reduced the magnitude and duration of ATP-evoked activity, resting discharge rate, and cutaneous RF area of TMJ neurons in LE and HE rats, whereas lower doses (5μM) affected only units from LE rats. Protein levels of GABAA receptor β3 isoform at the Vc/C1-2 region were similar for HE and LE rats. These results suggest that GABAergic mechanisms contribute significantly to background discharge rates and TMJ-evoked input to superficial laminae neurons at the Vc/C1-2 region. Estrogen status may gate the magnitude of GABAergic influence on TMJ neurons at the earliest stages of nociceptive processing at the spinomedullary region.
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17
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Traub RJ, Ji Y. Sex differences and hormonal modulation of deep tissue pain. Front Neuroendocrinol 2013; 34:350-66. [PMID: 23872333 PMCID: PMC3830473 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Women disproportionately suffer from many deep tissue pain conditions. Experimental studies show that women have lower pain thresholds, higher pain ratings and less tolerance to a range of painful stimuli. Most clinical and epidemiological reports suggest female gonadal hormones modulate pain for some, but not all, conditions. Similarly, animal studies support greater nociceptive sensitivity in females in many deep tissue pain models. Gonadal hormones modulate responses in primary afferents, dorsal horn neurons and supraspinal sites, but the direction of modulation is variable. This review will examine sex differences in deep tissue pain in humans and animals focusing on the role of gonadal hormones (mainly estradiol) as an underlying component of the modulation of pain sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Traub
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, 650 W. Baltimore St., 8 South, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center for Pain Studies, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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18
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Amandusson Å, Blomqvist A. Estrogenic influences in pain processing. Front Neuroendocrinol 2013; 34:329-49. [PMID: 23817054 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gonadal hormones not only play a pivotal role in reproductive behavior and sexual differentiation, they also contribute to thermoregulation, feeding, memory, neuronal survival, and the perception of somatosensory stimuli. Numerous studies on both animals and human subjects have also demonstrated the potential effects of gonadal hormones, such as estrogens, on pain transmission. These effects most likely involve multiple neuroanatomical circuits as well as diverse neurochemical systems and they therefore need to be evaluated specifically to determine the localization and intrinsic characteristics of the neurons engaged. The aim of this review is to summarize the morphological as well as biochemical evidence in support for gonadal hormone modulation of nociceptive processing, with particular focus on estrogens and spinal cord mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Amandusson
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Okamoto K, Thompson R, Katagiri A, Bereiter DA. Estrogen status and psychophysical stress modify temporomandibular joint input to medullary dorsal horn neurons in a lamina-specific manner in female rats. Pain 2013; 154:1057-64. [PMID: 23607965 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen status and psychological stress contribute to the expression of several chronic pain conditions including temporomandibular muscle and joint disorders (TMJD). Sensory neurons that supply the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) region terminate in laminae I and V of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Vc/C1-2 region); however, little is known about lamina-specificity and environmental influences on the encoding properties of TMJ brainstem neurons. To test the hypothesis that Vc/C1-2 neurons integrate both interoceptive and exteroceptive signals relevant for TMJ nociception, we recorded TMJ-evoked activity in superficial and deep laminae of ovariectomized rats under high and low estradiol (E2) and stress conditions. Rats received daily injections of low (LE) or high (HE) dose E2 and were subjected to forced swim (FS) or sham swim conditioning for 3days. The results revealed marked lamina-specificity in that HE rats displayed enhanced TMJ-evoked activity in superficial, but not deep, laminae independent of stress conditioning. By contrast, FS conditioned rats displayed increased background firing and TMJ-evoked activity of neurons in deep, but not superficial, laminae independent of E2 status. FS also enhanced TMJ-evoked masseter muscle activity and suggested the importance of deep dorsal horn neurons in mediating evoked jaw muscle activity. In conclusion, E2 status and psychophysical stress play a significant role in modifying the encoding properties of TMJ-responsive medullary dorsal horn neurons with a marked lamina-specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Okamoto
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, SE Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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20
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Torres-Chávez KE, Sanfins JM, Clemente-Napimoga JT, Pelegrini-Da-Silva A, Parada CA, Fischer L, Tambeli CH. Effect of gonadal steroid hormones on formalin-induced temporomandibular joint inflammation. Eur J Pain 2012; 16:204-16. [PMID: 22323373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that gonadal steroid hormones decrease formalin-induced temporomandibular joint nociception in rats. Given that the attenuation of inflammation is a potential mechanism underlying this antinociceptive effect, we evaluated the effect of gonadal steroid hormones on formalin-induced temporomandibular joint inflammation. Plasma extravasation, a major sign of acute inflammation, and neutrophil migration, an important event related to tissue injury, were evaluated. Formalin induced significantly lower temporomandibular joint plasma extravasation and neutrophil migration in proestrus females than in males and in diestrus females. Since estradiol serum level is high in proestrus females and low in diestrus females and in males, these findings suggest that the high physiological level of estradiol decreases temporomandibular joint inflammation. Estradiol but not progesterone administration in ovariectomized females significantly decreased formalin-induced plasma extravasation and neutrophil migration, an effect that was blocked by the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182780. Plasma extravasation and neutrophil migration were not affected by orchiectomy, but testosterone or estradiol administration in orchidectomized males significantly decreased them. The androgen receptor antagonist flutamide blocked the anti-inflammatory effect of testosterone while ICI 182780 blocked that of estradiol in males. Previous intravenous administration of a nonspecific selectin inhibitor significantly decreased formalin-induced temporomandibular joint nociception and neutrophil migration in males, revealing a potent and positive correlation between temporomandibular joint nociception and inflammation. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect of estradiol and testosterone in the temporomandibular joint region and suggest that this effect may mediate, at least in part, the antinociceptive effect of these hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Torres-Chávez
- Department of Physiology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Hara N, Takeda M, Takahashi M, Matsumoto S. Iontophoretic application of an A-type potassium channel blocker to the trigeminal ganglion neurons enhances the excitability of Aδ- and C-neurons innervating the temporomandibular joint in rats. Neurosci Res 2012; 74:216-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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22
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Takeda M, Takahashi M, Matsumoto S. Suppression of neurokinin-1 receptor in trigeminal ganglia attenuates central sensitization following inflammation. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2012; 17:169-81. [PMID: 22734902 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2012.00404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether local application of a neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist into the trigeminal ganglia (TRGs) modulates hyperexcitability of trigeminal spinal nucleus caudalis (SpVc) wide-dynamic range (WDR) neuron activity innervating both the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) region and facial skin following TMJ inflammation. Extracellular single unit recording combined with multibarrel electrodes was used. TMJ inflammation was induced by the injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). WDR neurons responding to electrical stimuli of the TMJ region and facial skin were recorded from the SpVc in anesthetized rats. The spontaneous and mechanical stimulation-induced discharge frequencies of WDR neurons were significantly larger in inflamed rats than in control rats. The spontaneous WDR activities were current-dependently decreased by local iontophoretic application of an NK1 receptor antagonist into the TRGs after 1 and 2 days of inflammation. The firing frequency of WDR neurons and threshold evoked by mechanical stimulation of facial skin returned to control levels by application of the NK1 receptor antagonist into TRGs after 1 day, but not 2 days, of inflammation. These results suggest that in the early stages of inflammation suppression of the NK1 receptor mechanism in TRGs may prevent central sensitization of SpVc nociceptive neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Takeda
- Department of Physiology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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23
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Wu YW, Kou XX, Bi RY, Xu W, Wang KW, Gan YH, Ma XC. Hippocampal nerve growth factor potentiated by 17β-estradiol and involved in allodynia of inflamed TMJ in rat. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2012; 13:555-63. [PMID: 22560003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The hippocampus is believed to play an important role in sex-based differences of pain perception. Whether estrogen potentiates allodynia in the inflamed temporomandibular joint (TMJ) through affecting the expressions of pain-related genes in the hippocampus remains largely unknown. Because the nerve growth factor (NGF) is an important gene related to inflammatory pain, we tested whether hippocampal NGF may be involved in TMJ inflammatory pain. Here we showed that the rat hippocampal NGF was upregulated by TMJ inflammation induced by complete Freund adjuvant. NGF upregulation was further potentiated by estradiol in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, NGF transcription in the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and thalamus was not affected by TMJ inflammation and estradiol. An intrahippocampal injection of NGF antibody or NGF receptor inhibitor K252a (inhibitor for tropomyosin receptor kinase A, TrkA) reduced the allodynia of inflamed TMJ in proestrous rats. Our data suggest that the hippocampal NGF is involved in estradiol-sensitized allodynia of inflammatory TMJ pain. PERSPECTIVE We report that complete Freund adjuvant-induced temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammation upregulated hippocampal nerve growth factor (NGF) expression, and estradiol replacement potentiated this upregulation. These results propose that estradiol could modulate TMJ pain through the NGF signaling pathway in the hippocampus to exacerbate TMJ pain and offer a possible mechanism of sexual dimorphism of temporomandibular disorder pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Wu
- Center for TMD & Orofacial Pain, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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24
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Okamoto K, Tashiro A, Chang Z, Thompson R, Bereiter DA. Temporomandibular joint-evoked responses by spinomedullary neurons and masseter muscle are enhanced after repeated psychophysical stress. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:2025-34. [PMID: 22519876 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Psychological stress is a risk factor for the development of musculoskeletal pain of the head and neck; however, the basis for this relationship remains uncertain. This study tested the hypothesis that psychophysical stress alone was sufficient to alter the encoding properties of spinomedullary dorsal horn neurons and masseter muscle activity in male rats. Repeated forced swim conditioning increased markedly both the background firing rate and temporomandibular joint (TMJ)-evoked activity of neurons in deep dorsal horn, while neurons in superficial laminae were less affected. Stress also increased the responses to stimulation of facial skin overlying the TMJ of neurons in deep and superficial dorsal horn. TMJ-evoked masseter muscle activity was enhanced significantly in stressed rats, an effect that was reduced by prior blockade of the spinomedullary junction region. These data indicated that repeated psychophysical stress induced widespread effects on the properties of medullary dorsal horn neurons and masseter muscle activity. The effects of stress were seen preferentially on neurons in deep dorsal horn and included enhanced responses to chemosensory input from the TMJ and mechanical input from overlying facial skin. The stress-induced elevation in TMJ-evoked masseter muscle activity matched well with the changes seen in dorsal horn neurons. It is concluded that the spinomedullary junction region plays a critical role in the integration of psychophysical stress and sensory information relevant for nociception involving deep craniofacial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Okamoto
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, 18-186 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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25
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Puri J, Vinothini P, Reuben J, Bellinger LL, Ailing L, Peng YB, Kramer PR. Reduced GABA(A) receptor α6 expression in the trigeminal ganglion alters inflammatory TMJ hypersensitivity. Neuroscience 2012; 213:179-90. [PMID: 22521829 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trigeminal ganglia neurons express the GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha 6 (Gabrα6) but the role of this particular subunit in orofacial hypersensitivity is unknown. In this report the function of Gabrα6 was tested by reducing its expression in the trigeminal ganglia and measuring the effect of this reduction on inflammatory temporomandibular joint (TMJ) hypersensitivity. Gabrα6 expression was reduced by infusing the trigeminal ganglia of male Sprague Dawley rats with small interfering RNA (siRNA) having homology to either the Gabrα6 gene (Gabrα6 siRNA) or no known gene (control siRNA). Sixty hours after siRNA infusion the rats received a bilateral TMJ injection of complete Freund's adjuvant to induce an inflammatory response. Hypersensitivity was then quantitated by measuring meal duration, which lengthens when hypersensitivity increases. Neuronal activity in the trigeminal ganglia was also measured by quantitating the amount of phosphorylated ERK. Rats in a different group that did not have TMJ inflammation had an electrode placed in the spinal cord at the level of C1 sixty hours after siRNA infusion to record extracellular electrical activity of neurons that responded to TMJ stimulation. Our results show that Gabrα6 was expressed in both neurons and satellite glia of the trigeminal ganglia and that Gabrα6 positive neurons within the trigeminal ganglia have afferents in the TMJ. Gabrα6 siRNA infusion reduced Gabrα6 gene expression by 30% and significantly lengthened meal duration in rats with TMJ inflammation. Gabrα6 siRNA infusion also significantly increased p-ERK expression in the trigeminal ganglia of rats with TMJ inflammation and increased electrical activity in the spinal cord of rats without TMJ inflammation. These results suggest that maintaining Gabrα6 expression was necessary to inhibit primary sensory afferents in the trigeminal pathway and reduce inflammatory orofacial nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
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26
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Tashiro A, Okamoto K, Bereiter DA. Rapid estrogenic effects on TMJ-responsive brainstem neurons. J Dent Res 2011; 91:210-4. [PMID: 22058119 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511428156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen status is a risk factor for temporomandibular muscle and joint disorders (TMJD) and other craniofacial pain conditions. The basis for estrogen modulation of pain is poorly understood and has often been attributed to long-term genomic effects. However, estrogens also act rapidly through membrane-initiated mechanisms to alter neural activity. To assess if estrogens act rapidly to affect TMJ-responsive neurons, we applied 17β-estradiol (E2) directly at the spinomedullary (Vc/C(1-2)) region, the initial brainstem site for synaptic integration of TMJ sensory signals, while recording single neuron activity. In ovariectomized female rats, E2 rapidly (within 10 minutes) and reversibly reduced TMJ-evoked neural activity at the Vc/C(1-2) region. The effect was estrogen receptor (ER) subtype-specific, since ERβ agonists inhibited, while an ERβ agonist enhanced, evoked activity. A membrane-mediated mechanism was indicated, since the membrane-impermeable analogue, E(2)-BSA, mimicked the inhibitory effect of E2 and was prevented by an ER antagonist. This study demonstrated that E2 acted rapidly, through membrane-mediated pathways, and locally at the Vc/C(1-2) region, to modulate sensory signals from the TMJ region. These results were consistent with the hypothesis that estrogens can act rapidly at the level of the trigeminal brainstem complex to influence sensory integration of TMJ-related information.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tashiro
- Dept. of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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27
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Bolay H, Berman NEJ, Akcali D. Sex-Related Differences in Animal Models of Migraine Headache. Headache 2011; 51:891-904. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Bereiter DA, Okamoto K. Neurobiology of estrogen status in deep craniofacial pain. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2011; 97:251-84. [PMID: 21708314 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385198-7.00010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pain in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) region often occurs with no overt signs of injury or inflammation. Although the etiology of TMJ-related pain may involve multiple factors, one likely risk factor is female gender or estrogen status. Evidence is reviewed from human and animal studies, supporting the proposition that estrogen status acts peripherally or centrally to influence TMJ nociceptive processing. A new model termed the "TMJ pain matrix" is proposed as critical for the initial integration of TMJ-related sensory signals in the lower brainstem that is both modified by estrogen status, and closely linked to endogenous pain and autonomic control pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Bereiter
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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29
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Tashiro A, Okamoto K, Bereiter DA. NMDA receptor blockade reduces temporomandibular joint-evoked activity of trigeminal subnucleus caudalis neurons in an estrogen-dependent manner. Neuroscience 2009; 164:1805-12. [PMID: 19799971 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen status is a risk factor in painful temporomandibular disorders (TMJD). Previously we reported that estradiol (E2) enhanced nociceptive processing of TMJ input by neurons in superficial laminae at the spinomedullary (Vc/C(1-2)) region; however, the mechanisms for this enhancement are not known. The present study determined if ionotropic glutamate receptors contribute to TMJ nociceptive processing in an E2-dependent manner. Ovariectomized (OvX) female rats were treated with high E2 (HE2) or low dose E2 (LE2) for 2 days and neural activity was recorded in laminae I-II at the Vc/C(1-2) region. TMJ-responsive units were activated by ATP injections into the joint space. ATP-evoked unit responses in HE2 rats were reduced significantly by topical application of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5) in a dose-related manner, while units from LE2 were not affected. Application of the non-NMDA receptor antagonist, 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX), inhibited the ATP-evoked responses in both groups. Spontaneous activity of TMJ units was not influenced by AP5, whereas it was reduced by DNQX similarly in both groups. The high threshold convergent cutaneous receptive field area of TMJ units was not changed by AP5, whereas DNQX caused a significant reduction in both groups. These results suggest that NMDA-dependent mechanisms contribute to the enhanced ATP-evoked responses of TMJ units in superficial laminae at the Vc/C(1-2) region under high E2 conditions, while non-NMDA-dependent mechanisms modify the encoding properties of TMJ units independent of E2 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tashiro
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, 18-214 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Tashiro A, Okamoto K, Bereiter DA. Chronic inflammation and estradiol interact through MAPK activation to affect TMJ nociceptive processing by trigeminal caudalis neurons. Neuroscience 2009; 164:1813-20. [PMID: 19786077 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway plays a key role in mediating estrogen actions in the brain and neuronal sensitization during inflammation. Estrogen status is a risk factor in chronic temporomandibular muscle/joint (TMJ) disorders; however, the basis for this relationship is not known. The present study tested the hypothesis that estrogen status acts through the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway to alter TMJ nociceptive processing. Single TMJ-responsive neurons were recorded in laminae I-II at the spinomedullary (Vc/C(1-2)) junction in naïve ovariectomized (OvX) female rats treated for 2 days with high-dose (20 microg/day; HE2) or low-dose estradiol (2 microg/day; LE2) and after chronic inflammation of the TMJ region by complete Freund's adjuvant for 12-14 days. Intra-TMJ injection of ATP (1 mM) was used to activate Vc/C(1-2) neurons. The MAPK/ERK inhibitor (PD98059, 0.01-1 mM) was applied topically to the dorsal Vc/C(1-2) surface at the site of recording 10 min prior to each ATP stimulus. In naïve HE2 rats, low-dose PD98059 caused a maximal inhibition of ATP-evoked activity, whereas even high doses had only minor effects on units in LE2 rats. By contrast, after chronic TMJ inflammation, PD98059 produced a marked and similar dose-related inhibition of ATP-evoked activity in HE2 and LE2 rats. These results suggested that E2 status and chronic inflammation acted, at least in part, through a common MAPK/ERK-dependent signaling pathway to enhance TMJ nociceptive processing by laminae I-II neurons at the spinomedullary junction region.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tashiro
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, 18214 Moos Tower, Minneapolis, 515 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Fávaro-Moreira NC, Torres-Chávez KE, Fischer L, Tambeli CH. Peripheral estradiol induces temporomandibular joint antinociception in rats by activating the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling pathway. Neuroscience 2009; 164:724-32. [PMID: 19679171 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have reported that high physiological estradiol level during the proestrus phase of the estrous cycle or systemic estradiol administration in ovariectomized rats decreases formalin-induced temporomandibular joint nociception. However, the mechanisms underlying the antinociceptive effect of estradiol are presently unknown. In this study, we used the temporomandibular joint formalin model in rats to investigate whether estradiol decreases nociception by a peripheral non-genomic mechanism, and if so, whether this mechanism is mediated by the activation of the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling pathway and of opioid receptors. The administration of estradiol into the ipsilateral, but not into the contralateral temporomandibular joint significantly reduced formalin-induced temporomandibular joint nociception in ovariectomized and diestrus but not in proestrus females. However, the administration of the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182780 into the ipsilateral, but not into the contralateral temporomandibular joint blocked the antinociceptive effect of serum estradiol in proestrus females, suggesting that the physiological effect of estradiol in nociception is mediated, at least in part, by a peripheral mechanism. The administration of estradiol into the ipisilateral temporomandibular joint did not affect formalin-induced nociception in male rats. The antinociceptive effect of temporomandibular joint estradiol administration in ovariectomized and diestrus females was mimicked by estradiol conjugated with bovine serum albumin, which does not diffuse through the plasma membrane, and was blocked by the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182780. The administration of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (nitro-l-arginine) or of a guanylate cyclase inhibitor (1H-(1,2,4)-oxadiasolo (4,2-a) quinoxalin-1-one) into the ipsilateral, but not into the contralateral temporomandibular joint blocked the antinociceptive effect of estradiol and of estradiol conjugated with bovine serum albumin, while the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone had no effect. These findings suggest that estradiol decreases temporomandibular joint nociception in female rats through a peripheral non-genomic activation of the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Fávaro-Moreira
- Laboratory of Orofacial Pain, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Avenue Limeira 901, CEP 13414-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Yu S, Xing X, Liang S, Ma Z, Li F, Wang M, Li Y. Locally synthesized estrogen plays an important role in the development of TMD. Med Hypotheses 2009; 72:720-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tashiro A, Okamoto K, Bereiter DA. Morphine modulation of temporomandibular joint-responsive units in superficial laminae at the spinomedullary junction in female rats depends on estrogen status. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 28:2065-74. [PMID: 19046387 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The influence of analgesic agents on neurons activated by stimulation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) region is not well defined. The spinomedullary junction [trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc)/C(1-2)] is a major site of termination for TMJ sensory afferents. To determine whether estrogen status influences opioid-induced modulation of TMJ units, the classical opioid analgesic, morphine, was given to ovariectomized (OvX) rats and OvX rats treated for 2 days with low-dose (LE2) or high-dose (HE2) 17beta-estradiol-3-benzoate. Under thiopental anesthesia, TMJ units in superficial and deep laminae at the Vc/C(1-2) junction were activated by injection of ATP (1 mm) directly into the joint space. In superficial laminae, morphine inhibited evoked activity in units from OvX and LE2 rats in a dose-related and naloxone-reversible manner, whereas units from HE2 rats were not inhibited. By contrast, in deep laminae, morphine reduced TMJ-evoked unit activity similarly in all groups. Morphine reduced the background activity of units in superficial and deep laminae and resting arterial pressure similarly in all groups. Morphine applied to the dorsal surface of the Vc/C(1-2) junction inhibited all units independently of E2 treatment. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblots revealed a similar level of expression for mu-opioid receptors at the Vc/C(1-2) junction in LE2 and HE2 rats. These results indicated that estrogen status differentially affected morphine modulation of TMJ unit activity in superficial, but not deep, laminae at the Vc/C(1-2) junction in female rats. The site(s) for estrogen influence on morphine-induced modulation of TMJ unit activity was probably outside the medullary dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tashiro
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Liverman CS, Brown JW, Sandhir R, McCarson KE, Berman NEJ. Role of the oestrogen receptors GPR30 and ERalpha in peripheral sensitization: relevance to trigeminal pain disorders in women. Cephalalgia 2009; 29:729-41. [PMID: 19220308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Oestrogen increases facial allodynia through its actions on activation of the MAPK extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) in trigeminal ganglion neurons. This goal of study was to determine which oestrogen receptor is required for behavioural sensitization. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated the presence of oestrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) in nuclei of larger neurons and cytoplasm of smaller neurons, and the novel oestrogen receptor G-protein coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) in small diameter neurons that also contained peripherin, a marker of unmyelinated C-fibres. Specific agonists for ERalpha (PPT) and GPR30 (G-1), but not ERbeta (DPN), activated ERK in trigeminal ganglion neurons in vitro. Both G-1 and PPT treatment increased allodynia after CFA injections into the masseter of ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats. Treatment with oestrogen increased expression of ERalpha but not GPR30, while masseter inflammation increased GRP30 but not ERalpha. Differential modulation of these ERK-coupled receptors by oestrogen and inflammation may play a role in painful episodes of temporomandibular disorder and migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Liverman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Ovarian hormones and pain response: A review of clinical and basic science studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 6 Suppl 2:168-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genm.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Eikermann-Haerter K, Dileköz E, Kudo C, Savitz SI, Waeber C, Baum MJ, Ferrari MD, van den Maagdenberg AM, Moskowitz MA, Ayata C. Genetic and hormonal factors modulate spreading depression and transient hemiparesis in mouse models of familial hemiplegic migraine type 1. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:99-109. [PMID: 19104150 PMCID: PMC2613474 DOI: 10.1172/jci36059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 (FHM1) is an autosomal dominant subtype of migraine with aura that is associated with hemiparesis. As with other types of migraine, it affects women more frequently than men. FHM1 is caused by mutations in the CACNA1A gene, which encodes the alpha1A subunit of Cav2.1 channels; the R192Q mutation in CACNA1A causes a mild form of FHM1, whereas the S218L mutation causes a severe, often lethal phenotype. Spreading depression (SD), a slowly propagating neuronal and glial cell depolarization that leads to depression of neuronal activity, is the most likely cause of migraine aura. Here, we have shown that transgenic mice expressing R192Q or S218L FHM1 mutations have increased SD frequency and propagation speed; enhanced corticostriatal propagation; and, similar to the human FHM1 phenotype, more severe and prolonged post-SD neurological deficits. The susceptibility to SD and neurological deficits is affected by allele dosage and is higher in S218L than R192Q mutants. Further, female S218L and R192Q mutant mice were more susceptible to SD and neurological deficits than males. This sex difference was abrogated by ovariectomy and senescence and was partially restored by estrogen replacement, implicating ovarian hormones in the observed sex differences in humans with FHM1. These findings demonstrate that genetic and hormonal factors modulate susceptibility to SD and neurological deficits in FHM1 mutant mice, providing a potential mechanism for the phenotypic diversity of human migraine and aura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Eikermann-Haerter
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen,
Germany. Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at
Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biology, Boston University,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Department of Neurology and
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden,
The Netherlands. Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit,
Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ergin Dileköz
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen,
Germany. Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at
Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biology, Boston University,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Department of Neurology and
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden,
The Netherlands. Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit,
Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chiho Kudo
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen,
Germany. Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at
Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biology, Boston University,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Department of Neurology and
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden,
The Netherlands. Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit,
Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sean I. Savitz
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen,
Germany. Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at
Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biology, Boston University,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Department of Neurology and
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden,
The Netherlands. Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit,
Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian Waeber
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen,
Germany. Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at
Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biology, Boston University,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Department of Neurology and
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden,
The Netherlands. Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit,
Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael J. Baum
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen,
Germany. Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at
Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biology, Boston University,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Department of Neurology and
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden,
The Netherlands. Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit,
Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michel D. Ferrari
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen,
Germany. Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at
Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biology, Boston University,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Department of Neurology and
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden,
The Netherlands. Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit,
Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arn M.J.M. van den Maagdenberg
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen,
Germany. Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at
Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biology, Boston University,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Department of Neurology and
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden,
The Netherlands. Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit,
Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael A. Moskowitz
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen,
Germany. Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at
Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biology, Boston University,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Department of Neurology and
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden,
The Netherlands. Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit,
Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen,
Germany. Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at
Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biology, Boston University,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Department of Neurology and
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden,
The Netherlands. Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit,
Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
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Fischer L, Torres-Chávez KE, Clemente-Napimoga JT, Jorge D, Arsati F, de Arruda Veiga MCF, Tambeli CH. The influence of sex and ovarian hormones on temporomandibular joint nociception in rats. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2008; 9:630-8. [PMID: 18420460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of sex and ovarian hormones on formalin- and glutamate-induced temporomandibular joint (TMJ) nociception in rats. The influence of sex and ovarian hormones on the nociceptive behavior induced by formalin or glutamate was virtually the same. The nociceptive behavior of males was similar to that of females in the proestrus phase of the estrous cycle but was significantly lower than that in the diestrus phase. Since the serum level of estradiol but not of progesterone was significantly higher in the proestrus than in the diestrus phase, these data suggest that females with lower endogenous serum level of estradiol have an exacerbation of TMJ nociception. The nociceptive behavior of ovariectomized rats was similar to that of diestrus females and significantly greater than that of proestrus females. Although the administration of estradiol or progesterone in ovariectomized females significantly reduced TMJ nociception, the combination of both hormones did not increase the antinociceptive effect induced by each of them. These findings suggest that estradiol and progesterone decrease TMJ nociception in an independent way. PERSPECTIVE We report that ovarian hormones have an antinociceptive effect on the TMJ formalin and glutamate nociceptive behavior models. Therefore, the greater prevalence and severity of TMJ pain in women of reproductive age may be a consequence of hormonal fluctuation during the reproductive cycle, in that during low endogenous estradiol serum level TMJ pain sensitivity is increased, enhancing the risk of females experiencing TMJ pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Fischer
- Laboratory of Orofacial Pain, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
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Okamoto K, Bereiter DF, Thompson R, Tashiro A, Bereiter DA. Estradiol replacement modifies c-fos expression at the spinomedullary junction evoked by temporomandibular joint stimulation in ovariectomized female rats. Neuroscience 2008; 156:729-36. [PMID: 18765271 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The influence of estradiol (E2) treatment on temporomandibular joint (TMJ) nociceptive processing in the caudal trigeminal sensory brain stem complex was assessed in ovariectomized female rats by quantitative Fos-immunoreactivity (Fos-LI). After 2 days of daily injections of high (HE2) or low (LE2) dose E2 rats were anesthetized and the small fiber excitant, mustard oil (MO, 0-20%), was injected into the TMJ and after 2 h brains were processed for Fos-LI. TMJ-evoked Fos-LI in laminae I-II at the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis/upper cervical cord (Vc/C1-2) junction and the dorsal paratrigeminal region (dPa5) was significantly greater in HE2 than LE2 rats, while Fos-LI produced at the ventral trigeminal interpolaris/caudalis transition region (Vi/Vc(vl)) was similar. E2 treatment also modified the influence of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and AMPA receptor antagonists on TMJ-evoked Fos-LI. The NMDA antagonist, MK-801, dose-dependently reduced the Fos-LI response at the Vc/C1-2 junction in HE2 rats, while only high dose MK-801 was effective in LE2 rats. MK801 reduced equally the Fos-LI response at the Vi/Vc transition in both groups, while only minor effects were seen at the dPa5 region. The AMPA receptor antagonist, NBQX, reduced Fos-LI at the Vc/C(1-2) and Vi/Vc(vl) regions in HE2 rats, while only high dose NBQX was effective in LE2 rats. NBQX did not reduce Fos-LI at the dPa5 region in either group. These results suggest that estrogen status plays a significant role in TMJ nociceptive processing at the Vc/C1-2 junction mediated, in part, through ionotropic glutamate receptor-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Okamoto
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, 18-214 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Ji Y, Tang B, Traub RJ. The visceromotor response to colorectal distention fluctuates with the estrous cycle in rats. Neuroscience 2008; 154:1562-7. [PMID: 18550290 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The existence of a sex difference in several chronic pain syndromes and the fluctuation of symptoms during the menstrual cycle strongly suggest sex hormones are involved in pain processing. The mechanisms underlying these changes are not well understood. Using the colorectal distention model in the rat, we previously reported a sex difference in the response to distention [Ji Y, Murphy AZ, Traub RJ (2006) Sex differences in morphine induced analgesia of visceral pain are supraspinally and peripherally mediated. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 291:R307-R314] and that ovariectomy decreased the responses to distention while estrogen replacement reversed the decrease [Ji Y, Murphy AZ, Traub RJ (2003) Estrogen modulates the visceromotor reflex and responses of spinal dorsal horn neurons to colorectal stimulation in the rat. J Neurosci 23:3908-3915], suggesting estrogen increases visceral nociception. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that the visceromotor response to colorectal distention fluctuates with the estrous cycle. Three measurements (vaginal smears, uterine tube weight and plasma estrogen concentration) were used to determine the estrous phase. Comparison of the visceromotor response threshold and magnitude was made between proestrus and metestrus/diestrus. Our experiment demonstrated that the distention threshold was significantly lower in proestrus (median: 15 mm Hg) as compared with metestrus/diestrus (median: 25 mm Hg); and the magnitude of the visceromotor response to graded intensities of colorectal distentions (20, 40, 60, 80 mm Hg) was significantly higher in proestrus. The results indicate that the visceromotor response fluctuates with estrous phase, providing evidence for endogenous estrogen modulation of visceral nociceptive processing that could contribute to sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ji
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Tashiro A, Okamoto K, Milam SB, Bereiter DA. Differential effects of estradiol on encoding properties of TMJ units in laminae I and V at the spinomedullary junction in female rats. J Neurophysiol 2007; 98:3242-53. [PMID: 17928557 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00677.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether estrogen status modulated dorsal horn neural activity relevant to temporomandibular joint (TMJ) processing single units were recorded in superficial and deep laminae at the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis/upper cervical cord (Vc/C1-2) junction of ovariectomized (OvX) female rats under barbiturate anesthesia after 17beta-estradiol (E2) treatment for 2 days. E2 dose-dependently enhanced the response to intra-TMJ stimulation by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) of neurons classified as nociceptive specific (NS), but not wide dynamic range (WDR), in superficial laminae. ATP caused similar responses among NS and WDR neurons from deep laminae in all groups. By contrast, the cutaneous receptive field areas of WDR, but not NS, units in superficial and deep laminae were enlarged in high E2-treated (HE2) compared with low E2-treated (LE2) females. Units from untreated or vehicle-treated male rats displayed responses similar to those of LE2 females. TMJ units in superficial laminae from females were more likely to receive convergent cutaneous input and respond to jaw movement than males, independent of E2 treatment. Western blot analysis revealed similar levels of P2X2 and P2X3 receptor protein in Vc/C1-2 or trigeminal ganglion samples in all groups. Immunohistochemistry revealed dense terminal labeling for P2X3 receptors in superficial laminae and moderate labeling in deep laminae at the Vc/C1-2 junction. These data indicated a significant linkage between estrogen status and the magnitude of articular input evoked by ATP from TMJ neurons in the superficial laminae at the Vc/C1-2 junction, whereas estrogenic modulation of TMJ neurons in deep laminae affected only the convergent input from overlying facial skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tashiro
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Okamoto K, Imbe H, Kimura A, Donishi T, Tamai Y, Senba E. Activation of central 5HT2A receptors reduces the craniofacial nociception of rats. Neuroscience 2007; 147:1090-102. [PMID: 17582689 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the contribution of central 5HT2A receptors to the craniofacial tissue nociception in naïve male rats. First, we tested whether activation of central 5HT2A receptors affected nociceptive neural activities recorded from superficial laminae of the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc)/upper cervical spinal cord junction (Vc/C2) region. Two types of units, such as deep-nociceptive or skin-wide dynamic range (WDR) units were identified from extracellular recordings. Topical administration of 5HT2A receptor agonist, (+/-)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) onto the Vc/C2 region significantly reduced deep-nociceptive unit discharges evoked by formalin injection into the masseter muscle. Noxious pinch stimulation to the facial skin-evoked skin-WDR unit discharges was significantly reduced by topical administration of 0.1 mg/rat DOI onto the Vc/C2 region. Second, we tested whether i.c.v. administration of DOI affected Fos-like immunoreactivity (-LI) evoked by formalin injection into the masseter muscle. Fos-LI was significantly induced mainly at the ventrolateral (vl) area of trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris (Vi)/Vc junction (vl-Vi/Vc) region and Vc/C2 region in vehicle-treated rats. Formalin-evoked Fos-LI was significantly reduced in laminae I-II of the Vc/C2, but not vl-Vi/Vc region after i.c.v. administration of DOI. Finally, orofacial nocifensive behavioral activities evoked by formalin injection into the masseter muscle were significantly reduced by intracisternal administration of DOI. These results suggest that 5HT2A receptors in the Vc/C2 region mediate antinociceptive effects in the craniofacial nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Okamoto
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama City, 641-8509, Japan.
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Martin VT, Lee J, Behbehani MM. Sensitization of the trigeminal sensory system during different stages of the rat estrous cycle: implications for menstrual migraine. Headache 2007; 47:552-63. [PMID: 17445105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2007.00714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine if the sensitization of the trigeminal system changes after dural activation of the trigeminal nerve during different stages of the rat estrous cycle. BACKGROUND The specific mechanisms through which ovarian hormones trigger menstrual migraine are currently unknown. Past animal studies have suggested that the response properties of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) may change during the different phases of the rat estrous cycle, but none have been performed in an experimental paradigm for migraine headache. METHODS Sixty-one cycling female Sprague-Dawley rats were used for these experiments. The stage of the estrous cycle of each animal was identified by examination of the cellular morphology of vaginal lavage. The animals were anesthetized and a 7 mm portion of the skull was removed that was centered over the sagittal sinus. A tungsten electrode was used to record from neurons in the TNC or CI-CIII regions. Only neurons that had both dural and cutaneous receptive fields were used for these experiments. Facial receptive field sizes (RFS) were mapped and neurophysiologic response properties of the TNC/CI-CIII neurons to cutaneous and dural stimuli was ascertained before and after application of capsaicin to the dura. One-way and repeated measure analysis of variance were used to compare changes in RFS and response properties of TNC/CI-CIII neurons from animals during different stages of the rat estrous cycle. RESULTS When data were analyzed individually for each stage, there was greater enlargement of cutaneous receptive fields and enhanced sensitivity of the trigeminal system to cutaneous stimuli during proestrus as compared to metestrus and diestrus after dural activation with capsaicin (P values <.05). When data were pooled from stages with similar hormonal milieus, the percent change in the response magnitude of TNC neurons to electrical stimulation of the dura was greater and receptive field enlargement was larger from the proestrous/estrous group compared to those from the metestrous/diestrous group after administration of capsaicin (P values <.05). CONCLUSIONS There is enhanced sensitization of the trigeminal system during the later halves of proestrus and estrus, which represent stages of the rat estrous cycle during and immediately following an abrupt decline in ovarian hormones. If similar changes occur during the human menstrual cycle these results could have important implications for menstrual migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent T Martin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Fischer L, Clemente JT, Tambeli CH. The Protective Role of Testosterone in the Development of Temporomandibular Joint Pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2007; 8:437-42. [PMID: 17360240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Revised: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The lower prevalence of many pain conditions, including temporomandibular dysfunctions, in men than in women has not as yet been clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of testosterone on the risk of development of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain and on acute persistent TMJ pain. The TMJ formalin test was used as an experimental assay in the rat. Intra-TMJ 0.5% formalin induced a significant nociceptive behavior in naive female rats and gonadectomized male rats but not in naive male rats, suggesting that naive male rats have a lower risk for development of TMJ pain. The finding that the serum level of testosterone but not of estrogen and progesterone significantly decreased in gonadectomized male rats suggests that testosterone is the hormone underlying the decreased naive male rat's risk for development of TMJ pain. The magnitude of the nociceptive behaviors induced by intra-TMJ 1.5% formalin was similar in gonadectomized and naive male rats. Therefore, in contrast to the protective role of testosterone in TMJ pain development, testosterone, at physiological serum levels, does not appear to modulate acute persistent TMJ pain induced by the TMJ injection of 1.5% formalin. At a supraphysiological serum level, however, testosterone significantly attenuated 1.5% formalin-induced nociception in male rats but not in female rats. This antinociceptive effect was not mediated by estrogen derived from testosterone aromatization, because estrogen administration did not affect 1.5% formalin-induced TMJ nociception in gonadectomized male rats. PERSPECTIVE The present findings not only help to explain the lower prevalence of TMJ pain in males versus females but also show that testosterone reduces TMJ pain at supraphysiological serum levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Fischer
- Laboratory of Orofacial Pain, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry of Piracicaba, University of Campinas-Unicamp, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Several pain conditions localized to the craniofacial region show a remarkable sex-related difference in their prevalence. These conditions include temporomandibular disorders and burning mouth syndrome as well as tension-type, migraine, and cluster headaches. The mechanisms that underlie sex-related differences in the prevalence of these craniofacial pain conditions remain obscure and likely involve both physiological and psychosocial factors. In terms of physiological factors relevant to the development of headache, direct evidence of sex-related differences in the properties of dural afferent fibers or durally activated second-order trigeminal sensory neurons has yet to be provided. There is, however, evidence for sex-related differences in the response properties of afferent fibers and second-order trigeminal sensory neurons that convey nociceptive input from other craniofacial tissues associated with sex-related differences in chronic pain conditions, such as those that innervate the masseter muscle and temporomandibular joint. Further, modulation of craniofacial nociceptive input by opioidergic receptor mechanisms appears to be dependent on biological sex. Research into mechanisms that may contribute to sex-related differences in trigeminal nociceptive processing has primarily focused on effect of the female sex hormone estrogen, which appears to alter the excitability of trigeminal afferent fibers and sensory neurons to noxious stimulation of craniofacial tissues. This article discusses current knowledge of potential physiological mechanisms that could contribute to sex-related differences in certain craniofacial pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Cairns
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Bellinger LL, Spears R, King CM, Dahm F, Hutchins B, Kerins CA, Kramer PR. Capsaicin sensitive neurons role in the inflamed TMJ acute nociceptive response of female and male rats. Physiol Behav 2007; 90:782-9. [PMID: 17316714 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Computerized meal pattern analysis, and more specifically meal duration, has recently been used as a non-invasive biological marker of nociception in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Cells responsible for the nociceptive response in the inflamed TMJ may include capsaicin (CAP) sensitive neurons. To test the role of CAP sensitive neurons in acute nociceptive responses first, male and female rats were treated neonatally with vehicle or CAP, an agent known to destroy a majority of C fibers. Second, after 56 days the rats were divided into four groups: neonatal vehicle-injected and treated with and without complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Treatment groups included neonatal non-CAP vehicle treated and TMJ not-injected (CON); vehicle treated and TMJ CFA injected (CFA); CAP-treated and not-injected (CAP); and CAP-treated and CFA injected (CAP+CFA). Meal patterns were analyzed for two days after injection. CFA-injection in non-CAP-treated rats lengthened meal duration on the first and second day after treatment in the males, but only on the first day in the females. CAP treatment in male and female rats prevented significant lengthening of meal duration induced by CFA. CAP treatment attenuated the CFA-induced increase in calcitonin gene-related peptide expression in the trigeminal ganglia similarly in males and females. The data suggests CAP-sensitive neurons are responsible, in part, for transmission of acute nociceptive responses associated with CFA administration and suggest gender can affect nociception in the inflamed TMJ region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry L Bellinger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75246, United States.
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Bereiter DA, Benetti AP. Amino acid release at the spinomedullary junction after inflammation of the TMJ region in male and female rats. Pain 2006; 126:175-83. [PMID: 16901647 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders are painful conditions that are more prevalent in women than men. This study tested the hypothesis that acute inflammation of the TMJ region evoked sex-related changes in amino acid transmitter concentrations at the trigeminal subnucleus/upper cervical cord (Vc/C2) junction, the major terminal zone for TMJ sensory afferents. Microdialysis samples were collected in male, intact and ovariectomized (OvX) female rats after injection of mustard oil into the TMJ region (TMJ-MO) under barbiturate anesthesia. Males displayed increases in glutamate, aspartate and serine at 5 min and secondary increases 40-45 min after TMJ-MO. Intact and OvX females given low dose estrogen (LE2) displayed increases in glutamate, aspartate and serine at 5 min but no secondary increase at 40 min, while OvX females given high dose estrogen (HE2) revealed no increases after TMJ-MO. Glycine increased 20 min after TMJ-MO in males and cycling females, but not in OvX rats. Perfusion of high potassium through the probe evoked similar increases in glutamate, aspartate and glycine in all groups. In separate experiments, perfusion of the glutamate-aspartate reuptake inhibitor, L-trans-2,4-pyrrolidine dicarboxylate (PDC), through the probe caused a prompt elevation in glutamate that was significantly greater in HE2 than LE2 females or males. These results suggested sex hormone status affects glutamatergic neurotransmission at the Vc/C2 junction by acting, in part, through modulation of glutamate reuptake. Altered amino acid transmitter release and/or availability at the Vc/C2 junction may contribute to differential processing of sensory input from the TMJ region in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Bereiter
- Department of Surgery, Brown Medical School, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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Okamoto K, Kimura A, Donishi T, Imbe H, Nishie Y, Matsushita H, Tamai Y, Senba E. Contribution of peripheral 5-HT2A or 5-HT3 receptors to Fos expression in the trigeminal spinal nucleus produced by acute injury to the masseter muscle during persistent temporomandibular joint inflammation in rats. Neuroscience 2006; 143:597-606. [PMID: 16979827 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the contribution of peripheral 5-HT2A or 5-HT3 receptors to Fos expression in the trigeminal spinal nucleus (VSP) following acute masseter muscle injury in male rats with or without temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammation persisting for 7 days. TMJ inflammation was evoked by an injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Two hours after formalin injection into the masseter muscle produced Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) in several regions of the VSP and upper cervical spinal cord (C2), such as ventrolateral (vl) area of the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc)/subnucleus interpolaris (Vi) transition (vl-Vi/Vc), paratrigeminal nucleus (dPa5), middle portion of the Vc (mid-Vc) and Vc/C2 transition (Vc/C2) regions in both groups. Significant increases in the number of Fos-LI were observed in these areas in CFA group compared with non-CFA group. TMJ inflammation alone did not induce a significant level of Fos-LI in the VSP. In order to assess the effect of antagonizing 5-HT2A or 5-HT3 receptors on formalin-induced Fos-LI, rats were pre-treated with local (masseter muscle) administration of ketanserin or tropisetron (0.01, 0.1 mg/rat) 20 min prior to formalin injection. In CFA group, these antagonists given locally reduced the Fos-LI response in the laminae I-II at the mid-Vc and Vc/C2 regions. These antagonists reduced the Fos-LI response in the dPa5, but not in the vl-Vi/Vc region. The Fos-LI response was not affected by i.v. administration of ketanserin (0.01, 0.1 mg/rat) or tropisetron (0.01 mg/rat). In non-CFA group, these antagonists given locally did not reduce the Fos-LI response. These results suggest that peripheral 5-HT2A and 5-HT3 receptors contribute to nociceptive processing in the masseter muscle in TMJ inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Okamoto
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama City 641-8509, Japan.
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Bereiter DA, Cioffi JL, Bereiter DF, Zardeneta G, Milam SB. Local blockade of integrins in the temporomandibular joint region reduces Fos-positive neurons in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis of female rats produced by jaw movement. Pain 2006; 125:65-73. [PMID: 16762506 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the influence of integrins on trigeminal brainstem neural activity evoked during jaw movement (JM). Limited range of motion and pain during jaw opening are common complaints of patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. JM (0.5 Hz, 30 min) was presented to ovariectomized (OvX) female rats given estrogen replacement and males under barbiturate anesthesia. Quantification of Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) after JM served as an index of evoked neural activity. Rats were injected locally in the TMJ with either an active (GRGDS, 300 microM, 25 microl) or an inactive integrin antagonist (SDGRG) prior to JM. The effect of prior inflammation of the TMJ region was assessed in separate groups of rats by injecting bradykinin (10 microM, 25 microl) with or without integrin drugs prior to JM. Active integrin antagonist significantly reduced JM-evoked Fos-LI in superficial laminae at the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis/upper cervical cord (Vc/C2) junction in OvX compared to male rats independent of bradykinin pretreatment. Fos-LI produced in the dorsal paratrigeminal and trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris/caudalis (Vi/Vc) transition regions was not reduced by active integrin antagonist in males or OvX females. Active integrin antagonist did not affect Fos-LI produced after injection of bradykinin alone into the TMJ. These results suggest that RGD binding integrins contribute to JM-evoked neural activity at the Vc/C2 junction under naive and inflamed conditions in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Bereiter
- Department of Surgery, Brown Medical School, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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Bereiter DA, Cioffi JL, Bereiter DF. Oestrogen receptor-immunoreactive neurons in the trigeminal sensory system of male and cycling female rats. Arch Oral Biol 2006; 50:971-9. [PMID: 15893734 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2005.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2004] [Accepted: 03/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Many common craniofacial pain conditions are more prevalent in women than men and may be related to the phase of the menstrual cycle. Long-term effects of oestrogen in the nervous system are produced by receptor-mediated [oestrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and beta (ERbeta) isoforms] mechanisms; however, it is not known if the distribution of ER-positive neurons in the trigeminal system is similar in males and females. Quantitative immunocytochemistry was used to compare the distribution of ERalpha-labelled neurons in the trigeminal brainstem complex (TBC) and ganglion of male and female rats at different stages of the oestrous cycle. A high density of ERalpha-labelled neurons was seen in the superficial laminae (I-III) throughout the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) and the upper cervical dorsal horn. Counts of ERalpha-positive neurons in laminae I-III were similar for prooestrous and dioestrous females, while males had fewer cells. The deeper laminae (IV-V) of the Vc and the cervical dorsal horn had few ERalpha-positive neurons in all groups. At the region surrounding the central canal at caudal levels of the Vc, prooestrous females had more ERalpha-positive neurons than dioestrous females or males. Few labelled cells were seen rostral to the trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris/caudalis transition region (Vi/Vc) in any group. In the trigeminal ganglion, prooestrous and dioestrous females had a moderate (8-10%) number of nuclear-labelled small or medium-sized neurons, while males had fewer labelled cells (4.5%). Qualitatively, the pattern of staining for ERbeta was similar, although weaker, than for ERalpha in the trigeminal dorsal horn or ganglion. These results were consistent with the hypothesis that oestrogen acts through trigeminal ganglion cells and caudal portions of the Vc to modulate sensory and autonomic aspects of craniofacial pain in a sex-related manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Bereiter
- Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown Medical School, 593 Eddy Street 222 Nursing Arts, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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Okamoto K, Kimura A, Donishi T, Imbe H, Senba E, Tamai Y. Central serotonin 3 receptors play an important role in the modulation of nociceptive neural activity of trigeminal subnucleus caudalis and nocifensive orofacial behavior in rats with persistent temporomandibular joint inflammation. Neuroscience 2006; 135:569-81. [PMID: 16112478 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2005] [Revised: 06/07/2005] [Accepted: 06/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of central serotonin 3 receptors on neural activities recorded from superficial laminae of trigeminal subnucleus caudalis/upper cervical spinal cord junction region was investigated using rats with (Complete Freund's Adjuvant day 7 group) or without (non-Complete Freund's Adjuvant group) persistent temporomandibular joint inflammation evoked by Complete Freund's Adjuvant for 7 days. We identified two types of units, Deep-wide dynamic range units and Skin-wide dynamic range units from extracellular recordings. Deep-wide dynamic range units have mechanoreceptive fields in the deep craniofacial tissues including masseter muscle but do not have cutaneous mechanoreceptive fields. Deep-wide dynamic range unit discharges evoked by the formalin injection into masseter muscle were significantly enhanced in the late phase in Complete Freund's Adjuvant day 7 group. Discharges of Skin-wide dynamic range units evoked by the noxious pinch stimulation to facial skin in Complete Freund's Adjuvant day 7 group were significantly enhanced compared with those in non-Complete Freund's Adjuvant group. Topical administration of central serotonin 3 receptor antagonist, tropisetron, onto trigeminal subnucleus caudalis/upper cervical spinal cord junction region significantly reduced both formalin-evoked Deep-wide dynamic range unit and pinch-evoked Skin-wide dynamic range unit discharges in non-Complete Freund's Adjuvant and Complete Freund's Adjuvant day 7 groups significantly. The inhibitory effects of tropisetron on pinch-evoked Skin-wide dynamic range unit discharges were prolonged in Complete Freund's Adjuvant day 7 group compared with those in non-Complete Freund's Adjuvant group. The role of central serotonin 3 receptors in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis/upper cervical spinal cord junction region was also tested by orofacial formalin test in Complete Freund's Adjuvant day 7 group. Intracisternal administration of tropisetron decreased the orofacial nocifensive behavior in the late phase evoked by the injection of formalin into the masseter muscle. These results suggest that central serotonin 3 receptors in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis/upper cervical spinal cord junction region are involved in mediating pronociceptive effects in both superficial and deep craniofacial tissues nociception during persistent temporomandibular joint inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Okamoto
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama City 641-8509, Japan.
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