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Martinec Nováková L, Georgi H, Vlčková K, Kopeček M, Babuská A, Havlíček J. Small effects of olfactory identification and discrimination on global cognitive and executive performance over 1 year in aging people without a history of age-related cognitive impairment. Physiol Behav 2024; 282:114579. [PMID: 38710351 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Olfactory and cognitive performance share neural correlates profoundly affected by physiological aging. However, whether odor identification and discrimination scores predict global cognitive status and executive function in healthy older people with intact cognition is unclear. Therefore, in the present study, we set out to elucidate these links in a convenience sample of 204 independently living, cognitively intact healthy Czech adults aged 77.4 ± 8.7 (61-97 years) over two waves of data collection (one-year interval). We used the Czech versions of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) to evaluate global cognition, and the Prague Stroop Test (PST), Trail Making Test (TMT), and several verbal fluency (VF) tests to assess executive function. As a subsidiary aim, we aimed to examine the contribution of olfactory performance towards achieving a MoCA score above vs. below the published cut-off value. We found that the MoCA scores exhibited moderate associations with both odor identification and discrimination. Furthermore, odor identification significantly predicted PST C and C/D scores. Odor discrimination significantly predicted PST C/D, TMT B/A, and standardized composite VF scores. Our findings demonstrate that olfaction, on the one hand, and global cognition and executive function, on the other, are related even in healthy older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Martinec Nováková
- Department of Psychology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, Pátkova 2137/5, 182 00 Prague 8 - Libeň, Czech Republic; Department of Chemical Education and Humanities, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6 - Dejvice, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Georgi
- Prague College of Psychosocial Studies, Hekrova 805, 149 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Vlčková
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00 Prague 10 - Vršovice, Czech Republic; Thomayer Teaching Hospital, Vídeňská 800, 140 59 Prague 4 - Krč, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Kopeček
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00 Prague 10 - Vršovice, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Babuská
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Havlíček
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Stout J, Anderson RJ, Mahzarnia A, Han Z, Beck K, Browndyke J, Johnson K, O’Brien RJ, Badea A. Mapping the impact of age and APOE risk factors for late onset Alzheimer's disease on long range brain connections through multiscale bundle analysis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.24.599407. [PMID: 38979335 PMCID: PMC11230216 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.24.599407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease currently has no cure and is usually detected too late for interventions to be effective. In this study we have focused on cognitively normal subjects to study the impact of risk factors on their long-range brain connections. To detect vulnerable connections, we devised a multiscale, hierarchical method for spatial clustering of the whole brain tractogram and examined the impact of age and APOE allelic variation on cognitive abilities and bundle properties including texture e.g., mean fractional anisotropy, variability, and geometric properties including streamline length, volume, and shape, as well as asymmetry. We found that the third level subdivision in the bundle hierarchy provided the most sensitive ability to detect age and genotype differences associated with risk factors. Our results indicate that frontal bundles were a major age predictor, while the occipital cortex and cerebellar connections were important risk predictors that were heavily genotype dependent, and showed accelerated decline in fractional anisotropy, shape similarity, and increased asymmetry. Cognitive metrics related to olfactory memory were mapped to bundles, providing possible early markers of neurodegeneration. In addition, physiological metrics such as diastolic blood pressure were associated with changes in white matter tracts. Our novel method for a data driven analysis of sensitive changes in tractography may differentiate populations at risk for AD and isolate specific vulnerable networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Stout
- Duke Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Robert J Anderson
- Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine. Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ali Mahzarnia
- Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine. Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Zay Han
- Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine. Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kate Beck
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine. Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jeffrey Browndyke
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine. Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kim Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine. Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine. Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Richard J O’Brien
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine. Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Alexandra Badea
- Duke Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine. Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine. Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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Yesantharao LV, Vohra V, Cheng M, Simonsick EM, Agrawal Y, du Lac S, Rowan NR. Olfactory Dysfunction and Balance Dysfunction are Associated with Increased Falls in Older Adults. Laryngoscope 2023; 133:1964-1969. [PMID: 37159236 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to characterize the association between impairments in olfaction and balance, both of which are mediated in part by the cerebellum, and how this relates to prospective incidence of falls in a cohort of aging adults. METHODS The Health ABC study was queried to identify 296 participants with data on both olfaction (measured using the 12-item Brief Smell Identification Test) and balance-related function (measured using the Romberg test). The relationship between olfaction and balance was investigated using multivariable logistic regression. Predictors of performance on a standing balance assessment and predictors of falls were studied. RESULTS Of 296 participants, 52.7% had isolated olfactory dysfunction, 7.4% had isolated balance dysfunction, and 5.7% had dual dysfunction. Severe olfactory dysfunction was associated with increased odds of balance dysfunction when compared to those without olfactory dysfunction, even when adjusting for age, gender, race, education, BMI, smoking, diabetes, depression, and dementia (OR = 4.1, 95% CI [1.5, 13.7], p = 0.011). Dual sensory dysfunction was associated with worse performance on a standing balance assessment (β = -22.8, 95% CI [-35.6, -10.1], p = 0.0005) and increased falls (β = 1.5, 95% CI [1.0, 2.3], p = 0.037). CONCLUSION This study highlights a unique relationship between olfaction and balance, and how dual dysfunction is associated with increased falls. With substantial implications of falls on morbidity and mortality in older adults, this novel relationship between olfaction and balance emphasizes a potentially shared mechanism between olfactory dysfunction and increased fall risk in older adults; however, further study is required to explore the novel relationship of olfaction with balance and future falls. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 133:1964-1969, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekha V Yesantharao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Varun Vohra
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eleanor M Simonsick
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuri Agrawal
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sascha du Lac
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas R Rowan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Harvesting Context and Mining Emotions Related to Olfactory Cultural Heritage. MULTIMODAL TECHNOLOGIES AND INTERACTION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/mti6070057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an Artificial Intelligence approach to mining context and emotions related to olfactory cultural heritage narratives, particularly to fairy tales. We provide an overview of the role of smell and emotions in literature, as well as highlight the importance of olfactory experience and emotions from psychology and linguistic perspectives. We introduce a methodology for extracting smells and emotions from text, as well as demonstrate the context-based visualizations related to smells and emotions implemented in a novel smell tracker tool. The evaluation is performed using a collection of fairy tales from Grimm and Andersen. We find out that fairy tales often connect smell with the emotional charge of situations. The experimental results show that we can detect smells and emotions in fairy tales with an F1 score of 91.62 and 79.2, respectively.
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Carrieri CR, Rodrigues A, Lopes PS, Andréo-Filho N, Santos YR, Cairolli OB, Stevic M, Duque MD, Minarini PRR, Leite-Silva VR. Sensory Priming: The olfaction as an attention inducer. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Niesen M, Trotta N, Noel A, Coolen T, Fayad G, Leurkin-Sterk G, Delpierre I, Henrard S, Sadeghi N, Goffard JC, Goldman S, De Tiège X. Structural and metabolic brain abnormalities in COVID-19 patients with sudden loss of smell. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:1890-1901. [PMID: 33398411 PMCID: PMC7781559 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-05154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sudden loss of smell is a very common symptom of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). This study characterizes the structural and metabolic cerebral correlates of dysosmia in patients with COVID-19. METHODS Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography with [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) were prospectively acquired simultaneously on a hybrid PET-MR in 12 patients (2 males, 10 females, mean age: 42.6 years, age range: 23-60 years) with sudden dysosmia and positive detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on nasopharyngeal swab specimens. FDG-PET data were analyzed using a voxel-based approach and compared with that of a group of healthy subjects. RESULTS Bilateral blocking of the olfactory cleft was observed in six patients, while subtle olfactory bulb asymmetry was found in three patients. No MRI signal abnormality downstream of the olfactory tract was observed. Decrease or increase in glucose metabolism abnormalities was observed (p < .001 uncorrected, k ≥ 50 voxels) in core olfactory and high-order neocortical areas. A modulation of regional cerebral glucose metabolism by the severity and the duration of COVID-19-related dysosmia was disclosed using correlation analyses. CONCLUSIONS This PET-MR study suggests that sudden loss of smell in COVID-19 is not related to central involvement due to SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasiveness. Loss of smell is associated with subtle cerebral metabolic changes in core olfactory and high-order cortical areas likely related to combined processes of deafferentation and active functional reorganization secondary to the lack of olfactory stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Niesen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Nicola Trotta
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antoine Noel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tim Coolen
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Radiology, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Georges Fayad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gil Leurkin-Sterk
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Delpierre
- Department of Radiology, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Henrard
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Niloufar Sadeghi
- Department of Radiology, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Goffard
- Department of Internal Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Serge Goldman
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier De Tiège
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Zhang ZH, Liu X, Jing B, Hu BM, Ai Z, Xing BK, Jiang T, Peng P. Cerebellar involvement in olfaction: An fMRI Study. J Neuroimaging 2021; 31:517-523. [PMID: 33783911 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The role of the cerebellum in olfactory function is not fully understood. In this study, we tried to combine resting state and task functional MRI (fMRI) to improve the understanding of the cerebellum during olfactory processing. METHODS A resting state and a block paradigm of olfactory stimulation fMRI were scanned in 50 subjects. The olfactory stimuli, including phenylethyl alcohol and isovaleric acid, were alternately delivered to the subject using a custom-built olfactometer through air flow. The cerebellar activations elicited by isovaleric acid were subsequently used in the seed-based resting-state functional connectivity study. RESULTS Phenylethyl alcohol did not induce any cerebellum activation, while isovaleric acid with a more unpleasant smell elicited significant cerebellum activations, primarily in the bilateral posterior lateral hemispheres (bilateral lobule crus I and right lobule VI). Seed-based functional connectivity analysis revealed significant within-cerebellum and corticocerebellar connections. CONCLUSIONS The results imply that the cerebellum is probably involved in olfactory-related responses caused by unpleasant odor but does not directly participate in olfactory perception. Our results may further improve the understanding of the cerebellum in olfactory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hao Zhang
- Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Radiology Department, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Radiology Department, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bin Jing
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Min Hu
- Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Radiology Department, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Ai
- Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Radiology Department, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bo-Kai Xing
- Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Radiology Department, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Radiology Department, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Peng Peng
- Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Radiology Department, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
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Spence C. Olfactory-colour crossmodal correspondences in art, science, and design. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2020; 5:52. [PMID: 33113051 PMCID: PMC7593372 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-020-00246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The last few years have seen a rapid growth of interest amongst researchers in the crossmodal correspondences. One of the correspondences that has long intrigued artists is the putative association between colours and odours. While traditionally conceptualised in terms of synaesthesia, over the last quarter century or so, at least 20 published peer-reviewed articles have assessed the consistent, and non-random, nature of the colours that people intuitively associate with specific (both familiar and unfamiliar) odours in a non-food context. Having demonstrated such consistent mappings amongst the general (i.e. non-synaesthetic) population, researchers have now started to investigate whether they are shared cross-culturally, and to document their developmental acquisition. Over the years, several different explanations have been put forward by researchers for the existence of crossmodal correspondences, including the statistical, semantic, structural, and emotional-mediation accounts. While several of these approaches would appear to have some explanatory validity as far as the odour-colour correspondences are concerned, contemporary researchers have focussed on learned associations as the dominant explanatory framework. The nature of the colour-odour associations that have been reported to date appear to depend on the familiarity of the odour and the ease of source naming, and hence the kind of association/representation that is accessed. While the bidirectionality of odour-colour correspondences has not yet been rigorously assessed, many designers are nevertheless already starting to build on odour-colour crossmodal correspondences in their packaging/labelling/branding work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Spence
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Anna Watts Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK.
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Okumura T, Kumazaki H, Singh AK, Touhara K, Okamoto M. Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder Show Altered Event-Related Potentials in the Late Stages of Olfactory Processing. Chem Senses 2020; 45:37-44. [PMID: 31711116 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjz070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical sensory reactivities are pervasive among people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). With respect to olfaction, most previous studies have used psychophysical or questionnaire-based methodologies; thus, the neural basis of olfactory processing in ASD remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the stages of olfactory processing that are altered in ASD. Fourteen young adults with high-functioning ASD (mean age, 21 years; 3 females) were compared with 19 age-matched typically developing (TD) controls (mean age, 21 years; 4 females). Olfactory event-related potentials (OERPs) for 2-phenylethyl alcohol-a rose-like odor-were measured with 64 scalp electrodes while participants performed a simple odor detection task. Significant group differences in OERPs were found in 3 time windows 542 ms after the stimulus onset. The cortical source activities in these time windows, estimated using standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography, were significantly higher in ASD than in TD in and around the posterior cingulate cortex, which is known to play a crucial role in modality-general cognitive processing. Supplemental Bayesian analysis provided substantial evidence for an alteration in the later stages of olfactory processing, whereas conclusive evidence was not provided for the earlier stages. These results suggest that olfactory processing in ASD is altered at least at the later, modality-general processing stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Okumura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kumazaki
- Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Archana K Singh
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, JST, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushige Touhara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, JST, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,WPI International Research Center for Neurointelligence, University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Okamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, JST, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Moscovich M, Munhoz RP, Moro A, Raskin S, McFarland K, Ashizawa T, Teive HAG, Silveira-Moriyama L. Olfactory Function in SCA10. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 18:85-90. [PMID: 29922950 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0954-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although the main clinical manifestations of spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) result from damage of the cerebellum, other systems may also be involved. Olfactory deficits have been reported in other types of ataxias, especially in SCA3; however, there are no studies on olfactory deficits in SCA type 10 (SCA10). To analyze olfactory function of SCA10 patients compared with that of SCA3, Parkinson's, and healthy controls. Olfactory identification was tested in three groups of 30 patients (SCA10, SCA3, and Parkinson's disease (PD)) and 44 healthy controls using the Sniffin' Sticks (SS16) test. Mean SS16 score was 11.9 ± 2.9 for the SCA10 group, 12.3 ± 1.9 for the SCA3 group, 6.6 ± 2.8 for the PD group, and 12.1 ± 2.0 for the control group. Mean SS16 score for the SCA10 group was not significantly different from the scores for the SCA3 and control groups but was significantly higher than the score for the PD group (p < 0.001) when adjusted for age, gender, and history of smoking. There was no association between SS16 scores and disease duration in the SCA10 or SCA3 groups or number of repeat expansions. SS16 and Mini Mental State Examination scores were correlated in the three groups: SCA10 group (r = 0.59, p = 0.001), SCA3 group (r = 0.50, p = 0.005), and control group (r = 0.40, p = 0.007). We found no significant olfactory deficits in SCA10 in this large series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Moscovich
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. .,Department of Neurology, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Renato Puppi Munhoz
- Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adriana Moro
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Salmo Raskin
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation (NIMA), School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Karen McFarland
- Department of Neurology, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tetsuo Ashizawa
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Helio A G Teive
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Laura Silveira-Moriyama
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho, Uninove, São Paulo, Brazil.,Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK.,Departamento de Neurologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil.,Departamento de Neurologia, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
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Congenital olfactory impairment is linked to cortical changes in prefrontal and limbic brain regions. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 12:1569-1582. [PMID: 29442274 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9817-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human sense of smell is closely associated with morphological differences of the fronto-limbic system, specifically the piriform cortex and medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC). Still it is unclear whether cortical volume in the core olfactory areas and connected brain regions are shaped differently in individuals who suffer from lifelong olfactory deprivation relative to healthy normosmic individuals. To address this question, we examined if regional variations in gray matter volume were associated with smell ability in seventeen individuals with isolated congenital olfactory impairment (COI) matched with sixteen normosmic controls. All subjects underwent whole-brain magnetic resonance imaging, and voxel-based morphometry was used to estimate regional variations in grey matter volume. The analyses showed that relative to controls, COI subjects had significantly larger grey matter volumes in left middle frontal gyrus and right superior frontal sulcus (SFS). COI subjects with severe olfactory impairment (anosmia) had reduced grey matter volume in the left mOFC and increased volume in right piriform cortex and SFS. Within the COI group olfactory ability, measured with the "Sniffin' Sticks" test, was positively associated with larger grey matter volume in right posterior cingulate and parahippocampal cortices whereas the opposite relationship was observed in controls. Across COI subjects and controls, better olfactory detection threshold was associated with smaller volume in right piriform cortex, while olfactory identification was negatively associated with right SFS volume. Our findings suggest that lifelong olfactory deprivation trigger changes in the cortical volume of prefrontal and limbic brain regions previously linked to olfactory memory.
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Abstract
Theorizing around the topic of attention and its role in human information processing largely emerged out of research on the so-called spatial senses: vision, audition, and to a lesser extent, touch. Thus far, the chemical senses have received far less research interest (or should that be attention) from those experimental psychologists and cognitive neuroscientists interested in the topic. Nevertheless, this review highlights the key role that attentional selection also plays in chemosensory information processing and awareness. Indeed, many of the same theoretical approaches/experimental paradigms that were originally developed in the context of the spatial senses, can be (and in some cases already have been) extended to provide a useful framework for thinking about the perception of taste/flavour. Furthermore, a number of those creative individuals interested in modifying the perception of taste/flavour by manipulating product-extrinsic cues (such as, for example, music in the case of sonic seasoning) are increasingly looking to attentional accounts in order to help explain the empirical phenomena that they are starting to uncover. However, separate from its role in explaining sonic seasoning, gaining a better understanding of the role of attentional distraction in modulating our eating/drinking behaviours really ought to be a topic of growing societal concern. This is because distracted diners (e.g., those who eat while watching TV, fiddling with a mobile device or smartphone, or even while driving) consume significantly more than those who mindfully pay attention to the sensations associated with eating and drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Spence
- Crossmodal Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Psychology, Anna Watts Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
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13
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High prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in cervical dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2018; 53:33-36. [PMID: 29724603 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Olfactory dysfunction has been established as a frequent non-motor symptom in neurodegenerative and movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and hereditary ataxias. To expand knowledge of non-motor symptoms in dystonia, and to test for a potential endophenotype, we examined olfactory function in cervical dystonia (CD). METHODS In patients with CD, and neurologically healthy controls, olfactory function was examined by "Sniffin' Sticks", a test of nasal chemosensory function based on pen-like odor dispensing devices. This test enables to define an individual's odor threshold, odor discrimination, and odor identification. Owing to the etiological heterogeneity of olfactory dysfunction, strict exclusion criteria were applied, especially smoking, and sinonasal disease. RESULTS 58 CD patients completed the study. Olfactory dysfunction was present in 29 patients (50.0%), significantly more frequent than in two groups of matched healthy control subjects (20.7%; 22.4%; p = 0.001). Analysis of the pattern of hyposmia revealed that odor threshold (p = 0.002), and odor identification (p < 0.001) were significantly worse in CD patients compared to controls, while odor discrimination was unchanged. Higher age was the only clinical characteristic to correlate with olfactory dysfunction in CD. CONCLUSIONS Our observations establish olfactory dysfunction, possibly of both peripheral and central origin, as a new non-motor, and probably motor-unrelated, symptom of CD. Additionally, the potential involvement of cerebellar functions in olfactory identification and discrimination tasks, as well as in pathophysiology of dystonia, justifies further studies of olfactory dysfunction as a possible endophenotype in dystonia.
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14
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Reichert JL, Postma EM, Smeets PAM, Boek WM, de Graaf K, Schöpf V, Boesveldt S. Severity of olfactory deficits is reflected in functional brain networks-An fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:3166-3177. [PMID: 29602198 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though deficits in olfactory function affect a considerable part of the population, the neuronal basis of olfactory deficits remains scarcely investigated. To achieve a better understanding of how smell loss affects neural activation patterns and functional networks, we set out to investigate patients with olfactory dysfunction using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and olfactory stimulation. We used patients' scores on a standardized olfactory test as continuous measure of olfactory function. 48 patients (mean olfactory threshold discrimination identification (TDI) score = 16.33, SD = 6.4, range 6 - 28.5) were investigated. Overall, patients showed piriform cortex activation during odor stimulation compared to pure sniffing. Group independent component analysis indicated that the recruitment of three networks during odor stimulation was correlated with olfactory function: a sensory processing network (including regions such as insula, thalamus and piriform cortex), a cerebellar network and an occipital network. Interestingly, recruitment of these networks during pure sniffing was related to olfactory function as well. Our results support previous findings that sniffing alone can activate olfactory regions. Extending this, we found that the severity of olfactory deficits is related to the extent to which neural networks are recruited both during olfactory stimulation and pure sniffing. This indicates that olfactory deficits are not only reflected in changes in specific olfactory areas but also in the recruitment of occipital and cerebellar networks. These findings pave the way for future investigations on whether characteristics of these networks might be of use for the prediction of disease prognosis or of treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna L Reichert
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Elbrich M Postma
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,ENT Department, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A M Smeets
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert M Boek
- ENT Department, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Kees de Graaf
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Veronika Schöpf
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Sanne Boesveldt
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Wang J, Sun X, Yang QX. Early Aging Effect on the Function of the Human Central Olfactory System. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72:1007-1014. [PMID: 27289103 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
During normal aging process, the smell function declines significantly, starting from the sixth decade of age. While it has been shown that activity in the central olfactory system of seniors responding to odor stimulation is significantly less than that of young people, no information of the aging effect on the functions of this system during normal adulthood and early aging has been gathered. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the olfaction-related brain activity in the central olfactory structures of 43 healthy adult volunteers aged from 22 to 64 years. The participants' smell identification function was negatively correlated with age (r = -.32, p = .037). Significant negative correlation was observed between age and the olfaction-related activities in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left insular cortex, and left orbitofrontal cortex (p < .001, corrected with cluster size ≥28 voxels). There was no significant correlation observed between age and the activity in the primary olfactory cortex detected in this age group. These results suggest that age-related functional decline in the human brain is more prominent in the secondary and higher-order central olfactory structures than the primary olfactory cortex in the early aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Wang
- Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey
| | - Qing X Yang
- Departments of Radiology and Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey
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16
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Velázquez-Pérez LC, Rodríguez-Labrada R, Fernandez-Ruiz J. Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2: Clinicogenetic Aspects, Mechanistic Insights, and Management Approaches. Front Neurol 2017; 8:472. [PMID: 28955296 PMCID: PMC5601978 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is an autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia that occurs as a consequence of abnormal CAG expansions in the ATXN2 gene. Progressive clinical features result from the neurodegeneration of cerebellum and extra-cerebellar structures including the pons, the basal ganglia, and the cerebral cortex. Clinical, electrophysiological, and imaging approaches have been used to characterize the natural history of the disease, allowing its classification into four distinct stages, with special emphasis on the prodromal stage, which is characterized by a plethora of motor and non-motor features. Neuropathological investigations of brain tissue from SCA2 patients reveal a widespread involvement of multiple brain systems, mainly cerebellar and brainstem systems. Recent findings linking ataxin-2 intermediate expansions to other neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have provided insights into the ataxin-2-related toxicity mechanism in neurodegenerative diseases and have raised new ethical challenges to molecular predictive diagnosis of SCA2. No effective neuroprotective therapies are currently available for SCA2 patients, but some therapeutic options such as neurorehabilitation and some emerging neuroprotective drugs have shown palliative benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis C Velázquez-Pérez
- Centre for the Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias, Holguín, Cuba.,Medical University of Holguín "Mariana Grajales", Holguín, Cuba
| | - Roberto Rodríguez-Labrada
- Centre for the Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias, Holguín, Cuba.,Physical Culture School, University of Holguin "Oscar Lucero", Holguín, Cuba
| | - Juan Fernandez-Ruiz
- Department of Physiology, Medicine School, UNAM, Cuernavaca, Mexico.,Psychology School, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
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17
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Velázquez-Pérez L, Rodríguez-Labrada R, Laffita-Mesa JM. Prodromal spinocerebellar ataxia type 2: Prospects for early interventions and ethical challenges. Mov Disord 2017; 32:708-718. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Miguel Laffita-Mesa
- Centre for the Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias; Holguín Cuba
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset; Stockholm Sweden
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18
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Fiore A, Pazzaglia M. Commentary: Cortical Plasticity and Olfactory Function in Early Blindness. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 10:689. [PMID: 28119592 PMCID: PMC5220096 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fiore
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome “La Sapienza”Rome, Italy
| | - Mariella Pazzaglia
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome “La Sapienza”Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Mariella Pazzaglia
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19
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Cerebral bases of emotion regulation toward odours: A first approach. Behav Brain Res 2017; 317:37-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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20
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Vivancos J, Tena N, Morales MT, Aparicio R, García-González DL. A neuroimaging study of pleasant and unpleasant olfactory perceptions of virgin olive oil. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2016. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.0329161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been used to collect information from neurons that receive direct input from olfactory bulbs when subjects smell virgin olive oil. The pleasant aroma of three extra virgin olive oils (var. Royal, Arbequina and Picual) and three virgin olive oils with sensory defects (rancid, fusty and winey/vinegary) were presented to 14 subjects while a fMRI scan acquired data from the brain activity. Data were subjected to a two-sample t test analysis, which allows a better interpretation of results particularly when data are studied across different subjects. Most of the activations, which were located in the frontal lobe, are related to the olfactory task regardless of the hedonic component of perception (e.g. Brodmann areas 10, 11). Comparing the samples with pleasant and unpleasant aromas, differences were found at the anterior cingulate gyrus (Brodmann area 32), at the temporal lobe (Brodmann area 38), and inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann area 47), while intense aromas activated Brodmann area 6. The actual perceptions described by the subjects and the concentration of the odorant compounds in the samples were considered in the interpretation of the results.
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21
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Araneda R, Renier LA, Rombaux P, Cuevas I, De Volder AG. Cortical Plasticity and Olfactory Function in Early Blindness. Front Syst Neurosci 2016; 10:75. [PMID: 27625596 PMCID: PMC5003898 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2016.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, functional brain imaging has provided insight to the maturation processes and has helped elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in brain plasticity in the absence of vision. In case of congenital blindness, drastic changes occur within the deafferented “visual” cortex that starts receiving and processing non visual inputs, including olfactory stimuli. This functional reorganization of the occipital cortex gives rise to compensatory perceptual and cognitive mechanisms that help blind persons achieve perceptual tasks, leading to superior olfactory abilities in these subjects. This view receives support from psychophysical testing, volumetric measurements and functional brain imaging studies in humans, which are presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Araneda
- Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), Université catholique de Louvain Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent A Renier
- Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), Université catholique de Louvain Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Rombaux
- Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), Université catholique de LouvainBrussels, Belgium; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-LucBrussels, Belgium
| | - Isabel Cuevas
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Anne G De Volder
- Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), Université catholique de Louvain Brussels, Belgium
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22
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23
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24
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Silva Teixeira CS, Cerqueira NMFSA, Silva Ferreira AC. Unravelling the Olfactory Sense: From the Gene to Odor Perception. Chem Senses 2015; 41:105-21. [PMID: 26688501 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjv075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although neglected by science for a long time, the olfactory sense is now the focus of a panoply of studies that bring new insights and raises interesting questions regarding its functioning. The importance in the clarification of this process is of interest for science, but also motivated by the food and perfume industries boosted by a consumer society with increasingly demands for higher quality standards. In this review, a general overview of the state of art of science regarding the olfactory sense is presented with the main focus on the peripheral olfactory system. Special emphasis will be given to the deorphanization of the olfactory receptors (ORs), a critical issue because the specificity and functional properties of about 90% of human ORs remain unknown mainly due to the difficulties associated with the functional expression of ORs in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla S Silva Teixeira
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno M F S A Cerqueira
- UCIBIO@Requimte/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal and
| | - António C Silva Ferreira
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Institute for Wine Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag XI, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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25
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Sanganahalli BG, Rebello MR, Herman P, Papademetris X, Shepherd GM, Verhagen JV, Hyder F. Comparison of glomerular activity patterns by fMRI and wide-field calcium imaging: Implications for principles underlying odor mapping. Neuroimage 2015; 126:208-18. [PMID: 26631819 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional imaging signals arise from distinct metabolic and hemodynamic events at the neuropil, but how these processes are influenced by pre- and post-synaptic activities need to be understood for quantitative interpretation of stimulus-evoked mapping data. The olfactory bulb (OB) glomeruli, spherical neuropil regions with well-defined neuronal circuitry, can provide insights into this issue. Optical calcium-sensitive fluorescent dye imaging (OICa(2+)) reflects dynamics of pre-synaptic input to glomeruli, whereas high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using deoxyhemoglobin contrast reveals neuropil function within the glomerular layer where both pre- and post-synaptic activities contribute. We imaged odor-specific activity patterns of the dorsal OB in the same anesthetized rats with fMRI and OICa(2+) and then co-registered the respective maps to compare patterns in the same space. Maps by each modality were very reproducible as trial-to-trial patterns for a given odor, overlapping by ~80%. Maps evoked by ethyl butyrate and methyl valerate for a given modality overlapped by ~80%, suggesting activation of similar dorsal glomerular networks by these odors. Comparison of maps generated by both methods for a given odor showed ~70% overlap, indicating similar odor-specific maps by each method. These results suggest that odor-specific glomerular patterns by high-resolution fMRI primarily tracks pre-synaptic input to the OB. Thus combining OICa(2+) and fMRI lays the framework for studies of OB processing over a range of spatiotemporal scales, where OICa(2+) can feature the fast dynamics of dorsal glomerular clusters and fMRI can map the entire glomerular sheet in the OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaraju G Sanganahalli
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR) Core Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Michelle R Rebello
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peter Herman
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR) Core Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xenophon Papademetris
- Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR) Core Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Justus V Verhagen
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR) Core Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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26
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Involvement of Subcortical Brain Structures During Olfactory Stimulation in Multiple Chemical Sensitivity. Brain Topogr 2015; 29:243-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-015-0453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Daulatzai MA. Olfactory dysfunction: its early temporal relationship and neural correlates in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 122:1475-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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28
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Iannilli E, Sorokowska A, Zhigang Z, Hähner A, Warr J, Hummel T. Source localization of event-related brain activity elicited by food and nonfood odors. Neuroscience 2015; 289:99-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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29
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Dissociated neural representations induced by complex and simple odorant molecules. Neuroscience 2015; 287:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Gim MN, Lee SB, Yoo KT, Bae JY, Kim MK, Choi JH. The effect of olfactory stimuli on the balance ability of stroke patients. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:109-13. [PMID: 25642050 PMCID: PMC4305536 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The present study attempted to identify the effect of olfactory stimulation on the balance ability of stroke patients. [Subjects] Thirty-three (33 males) stroke patients participated in the study. The stroke patients were divided into three groups: a black pepper oil (BPO) group (n=11), lavender oil (LVO) group (n=11), and distilled water (DW) group (n=11). [Methods] Two sessions (control trial/stimulus trial) of Romberg's test (eyes open 1 min/eyes closed 1 min) were conducted on a force platform to measure the data for the COP (center of pressure). Olfactory stimulation was provided at as a stimulus. [Results] With the eyes open, a statistically significant difference was found in average anterior posterior displacement (Ymean) and average medial lateral displacement (Xmean) among the three groups when comparing the groups before and after stimulation. The comparison between the eyes open and eyes closed conditions in each group showed a significant difference in the area of the 95% confidence ellipse (area) and Xmean of the BPO group and in the area of the LVO group (area, Xmean). [Conclusion] The findings indicate that the interaction of brain areas activated by the olfactory stimulation exerts an influence on the balance ability of stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Na Gim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Namseoul University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-bin Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Namseoul University, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Yoo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Namseoul University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Bae
- Department of Physical Therapy, Namseoul University, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Namseoul University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Choi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Namseoul University, Republic of Korea
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31
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Pazart L, Comte A, Magnin E, Millot JL, Moulin T. An fMRI study on the influence of sommeliers' expertise on the integration of flavor. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:358. [PMID: 25360093 PMCID: PMC4199283 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavors guide consumers' choice of foodstuffs, preferring those that they like and meet their needs, and dismissing those for which they have a conditioned aversion. Flavor affects the learning and consumption of foods and drinks; what is already well-known is favored and what is new is apprehended. The flavor of foodstuffs is also crucial in explaining some eating behaviors such as overconsumption. The "blind" taste test of wine is a good model for assessing the ability of people to convert mouth feelings into flavor. To determine the relative importance of memory and sensory capabilities, we present the results of an fMRI neuro-imaging study involving 10 experts and 10 matched control subjects using wine as a stimulus in a blind taste test, focusing primarily on the assessment of flavor integration. The results revealed activations in the brain areas involved in sensory integration, both in experts and control subjects (insula, frontal operculum, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala). However, experts were mainly characterized by a more immediate and targeted sensory reaction to wine stimulation with an economic mechanism reducing effort than control subjects. Wine experts showed brainstem and left-hemispheric activations in the hippocampal and parahippocampal formations and the temporal pole, whereas control subjects showed activations in different associative cortices, predominantly in the right hemisphere. These results also confirm that wine experts work simultaneously on sensory quality assessment and on label recognition of wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Pazart
- Inserm Clinical Investigation Centre 1431, Clinical Investigation Centre, Besançon University Hospital Besancon, France
| | - Alexandre Comte
- Inserm Clinical Investigation Centre 1431, Clinical Investigation Centre, Besançon University Hospital Besancon, France ; Laboratoire de Neurosciences, (EA-481), University of Franche-Comté Besancon, France ; Département de Recherche en Imagerie Fonctionnelle, Besançon University Hospital Besancon, France
| | - Eloi Magnin
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences, (EA-481), University of Franche-Comté Besancon, France ; Département de Recherche en Imagerie Fonctionnelle, Besançon University Hospital Besancon, France
| | - Jean-Louis Millot
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences, (EA-481), University of Franche-Comté Besancon, France
| | - Thierry Moulin
- Inserm Clinical Investigation Centre 1431, Clinical Investigation Centre, Besançon University Hospital Besancon, France ; Laboratoire de Neurosciences, (EA-481), University of Franche-Comté Besancon, France ; Département de Recherche en Imagerie Fonctionnelle, Besançon University Hospital Besancon, France
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32
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Micarelli A, Pagani M, Chiaravalloti A, Bruno E, Pavone I, Candidi M, Danieli R, Schillaci O, Alessandrini M. Cortical metabolic arrangement during olfactory processing: proposal for a 18F FDG PET/CT methodological approach. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93:e103. [PMID: 25340494 PMCID: PMC4616321 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article is to investigate the cortical metabolic arrangements in olfactory processing by using F fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography.Twenty-six normosmic individuals (14 women and 12 men; mean age 46.7 ± 10 years) were exposed to a neutral olfactory condition (NC) and, after 1 month, to a pure olfactory condition (OC) in a relatively ecological environment, that is, outside the scanner. All the subjects were injected with 185-210 megabecquerel of F FDG during both stimulations. Statistical parametric mapping version 2 was used in order to assess differences between NC and OC.As a result, we found a significant higher glucose consumption during OC in the cuneus, lingual, and parahippocampal gyri, mainly in the left hemisphere. During NC, our results show a relative higher glucose metabolism in the left superior, inferior, middle, medial frontal, and orbital gyri as well as in the anterior cingulate cortex.The present investigation, performed with a widely available functional imaging clinical tool, may help to better understand the neural responses associated to olfactory processing in healthy individuals and in patients with olfactory disorders by acquiring data in an ecologic, noise-free, and resting condition in which possible cerebral activations related to unwanted attentional processes might be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Micarelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine (AM, EB, IP, MA), Tor Vergata University; Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies-CNR (MP), Rome, Italy; Department of Nuclear Medicine (MP), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biomedicine and Prevention (AC, RD, OS), Tor Vergata University; Department of Psychology (MC), "Sapienza" University, Rome; and IRCCS Neuromed (OS), Pozzilli, Italy
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33
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Cortico-subcortical metabolic correlates of olfactory processing in healthy resting subjects. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5146. [PMID: 24888510 PMCID: PMC4042120 DOI: 10.1038/srep05146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide network of interconnected areas was previously found in neuroimaging studies involving normal as well as pathological subjects; however literature seems to suffer from a lack of investigation in glucose metabolism behaviour under olfactory condition. Thus, the present work describe for the first time a pure olfactory related brain response of metabolism by using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography/Computer Tomography in eleven resting subjects undergoing a neutral and a pure olfactory condition. By contrasting these experimental phases, it was possible to depict a re-organization pattern of default mode network structures in a relatively ecological environment. Moreover, by correlating such pattern with a battery of validated olfactory and neuropsychological tests, our work allowed in showing peculiar correlation data that could cluster the subjects sample in a certain range of normality. We believe the present study could integrate the current knowledge in olfactory research and could be a start-up for future contributions.
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Mesholam-Gately RI, Gibson LE, Seidman LJ, Green AI. Schizophrenia and co-occurring substance use disorder: reward, olfaction and clozapine. Schizophr Res 2014; 155:45-51. [PMID: 24685823 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Co-occurring substance use disorders (SUD), including alcohol, are common in schizophrenia (SZ) and are associated with poor outcome. Emerging data suggest that individuals with SZ have a dysfunctional brain reward circuit that may underlie their frequent use of alcohol and other substances, and further, that the atypical antipsychotic, clozapine (CLOZ), limits alcohol/substance use in these individuals, potentially by ameliorating this brain reward circuit dysfunction. To explore this hypothesis, reward functioning in a SZ sample with a history of co-occurring SUD, treated with either CLOZ (n=13) or typical antipsychotic agents (TYP), haloperidol or fluphenazine (n=14), as well as healthy controls (n=16), was evaluated through ratings of pleasurable and aversive odors, stimuli that are processed by several neural structures thought to play a key role in processing rewarding stimuli. Results suggest that CLOZ treatment is associated with broadening and strengthening the hedonic experience of these rewarding olfactory stimuli, both of a pleasant and unpleasant nature. This hedonic appraisal of odors appeared to be independent of odor perception (intensity ratings) and clinical symptoms. These preliminary findings provide important new data in support of the hypothesis that CLOZ ameliorates some aspects of abnormal brain reward functioning in individuals with co-occurring SZ and SUD. Further research may have valuable treatment implications for this population including interventions for other reward-associated deficits in learning, social interactions and other aspects of behavior and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquelle I Mesholam-Gately
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Lauren E Gibson
- Psychology Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Larry J Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alan I Green
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, The Dartmouth Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, The Dartmouth Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Hanover, NH, USA
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35
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Immunohistochemical localization of oxytocin receptors in human brain. Neuroscience 2013; 253:155-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Peng P, Gu H, Xiao W, Si LF, Wang JF, Wang SK, Zhai RY, Wei YX. A voxel-based morphometry study of anosmic patients. Br J Radiol 2013; 86:20130207. [PMID: 24133057 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20130207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to compare volume change in grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) in a group of subjects with anosmia and a healthy control group. We tried to find a regular pattern of atrophy within and between GM and WM and to determine whether any particular areas are more sensitive to olfactory injury. METHODS There were 19 anosmic patients and 20 age- and sex-matched control subjects. We acquired MR images on a 3-T scanner and performed voxel-based morphometry using the VBM8 toolbox and SPM8 in a MATLAB® (MathWorks®, Natick, MA) environment. RESULTS Patients with anosmia showed a significant decrease in GM volume, mainly in the anterior cingulate cortex, middle temporal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, anterior insular cortex and cerebellum. In addition, we observed volume decreases in smaller areas such as the piriform cortex, the inferior temporal gyrus, the precuneus and the subcallosal gyrus. All WM areas with atrophy were near those GM areas that experienced volume loss. There was more volume atrophy in GM areas corresponding to WM areas with more volume loss. Atrophy increased with disease duration. CONCLUSION There is simultaneous atrophy in GM and WM, and the degree of atrophy is greater with longer disease duration. Different GM and WM areas have different sensitivities to olfactory injury. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE This study examines the atrophy pattern in and between GM and WM-a subject that has not been widely researched previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Peng
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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37
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Gray matter alteration in isolated congenital anosmia patient: a voxel-based morphometry study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 270:2569-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-013-2595-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wu T, Hallett M. The cerebellum in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2013; 136:696-709. [PMID: 23404337 PMCID: PMC7273201 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by resting tremor, slowness of movements, rigidity, gait disturbance and postural instability. Most investigations on Parkinson's disease focused on the basal ganglia, whereas the cerebellum has often been overlooked. However, increasing evidence suggests that the cerebellum may have certain roles in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Anatomical studies identified reciprocal connections between the basal ganglia and cerebellum. There are Parkinson's disease-related pathological changes in the cerebellum. Functional or morphological modulations in the cerebellum were detected related to akinesia/rigidity, tremor, gait disturbance, dyskinesia and some non-motor symptoms. It is likely that the major roles of the cerebellum in Parkinson's disease include pathological and compensatory effects. Pathological changes in the cerebellum might be induced by dopaminergic degeneration, abnormal drives from the basal ganglia and dopaminergic treatment, and may account for some clinical symptoms in Parkinson's disease. The compensatory effect may help maintain better motor and non-motor functions. The cerebellum is also a potential target for some parkinsonian symptoms. Our knowledge about the roles of the cerebellum in Parkinson's disease remains limited, and further attention to the cerebellum is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disorders of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.
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Bensafi M, Croy I, Phillips N, Rouby C, Sezille C, Gerber J, Small DM, Hummel T. The effect of verbal context on olfactory neural responses. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 35:810-8. [PMID: 23225581 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Odor names refer usually to "source" object categories. For example, the smell of rose is often described with its source category (flower). However, linguistic studies suggest that odors can also be named with labels referring to categories of "practices". This is the case when rose odor is described with a verbal label referring to its use in fragrance practices ("body lotion," cosmetic for example). It remains unknown whether naming an odor by its practice category influences olfactory neural responses differently than that observed when named with its source category. The aim of this study was to investigate this question. To this end, functional MRI was used in a within-subjects design comparing brain responses to four different odors (peach, chocolate, linden blossom, and rose) under two conditions whereby smells were described either (1) with their source category label (food and flower) or (2) with a practice category label (body lotion). Both types of labels induced activations in secondary olfactory areas (orbitofrontal cortex), whereas only the source label condition induced activation in the cingulate cortex and the insula. In summary, our findings offer a new look at olfactory perception by indicating differential brain responses depending on whether odors are named according to their source or practice category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa Bensafi
- CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Lyon, F-69000, France
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40
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Brain processing of biologically relevant odors in the awake rat, as revealed by manganese-enhanced MRI. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48491. [PMID: 23119035 PMCID: PMC3485357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background So far, an overall view of olfactory structures activated by natural biologically relevant odors in the awake rat is not available. Manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) is appropriate for this purpose. While MEMRI has been used for anatomical labeling of olfactory pathways, functional imaging analyses have not yet been performed beyond the olfactory bulb. Here, we have used MEMRI for functional imaging of rat central olfactory structures and for comparing activation maps obtained with odors conveying different biological messages. Methodology/Principal Findings Odors of male fox feces and of chocolate flavored cereals were used to stimulate conscious rats previously treated by intranasal instillation of manganese (Mn). MEMRI activation maps showed Mn enhancement all along the primary olfactory cortex. Mn enhancement elicited by male fox feces odor and to a lesser extent that elicited by chocolate odor, differed from that elicited by deodorized air. This result was partly confirmed by c-Fos immunohistochemistry in the piriform cortex. Conclusion/Significance By providing an overall image of brain structures activated in awake rats by odorous stimulation, and by showing that Mn enhancement is differently sensitive to different stimulating odors, the present results demonstrate the interest of MEMRI for functional studies of olfaction in the primary olfactory cortex of laboratory small animals, under conditions close to natural perception. Finally, the factors that may cause the variability of the MEMRI signal in response to different odor are discussed.
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Seubert J, Freiherr J, Djordjevic J, Lundström JN. Statistical localization of human olfactory cortex. Neuroimage 2012; 66:333-42. [PMID: 23103688 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging methods have been used extensively during the last decades to explore the neural substrates of olfactory processing. While a general consensus on the functional anatomy of olfactory cortex is beginning to emerge, the mechanisms behind the functions of individual processing nodes still remain debated. Further, it remains unclear to which extent divergent findings result from differences in methodological approaches. Using Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE), the aim of the present study was to statistically combine all published data on functional neuroimaging of olfaction to provide a probability map reflecting the state of the field to date. Additionally, we grouped studies according to various methodological approaches to investigate whether these systematically affected the reported findings. A total of 45 studies (69 contrasts, 594 foci) met our inclusion criteria. Significant ALE peaks for odor against baseline were observed in areas commonly labeled as primary and secondary olfactory cortex, such as the piriform and orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, anterior insula, and ventral putamen. In addition, differences were observed in the extent to which different methods were able to induce activation in these different nodes of the olfactory network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Freiherr
- Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Johan N Lundström
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Aparicio R, Morales MT, García-González DL. Towards new analyses of aroma and volatiles to understand sensory perception of olive oil. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201200193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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43
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Moscovich M, Munhoz RP, Teive HA, Raskin S, Carvalho MJ, Barbosa ER, Ranvaud R, Liu J, McFarland K, Ashizawa T, Lees AJ, Silveira-Moriyama L. Olfactory impairment in familial ataxias. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012; 83:970-4. [PMID: 22791905 PMCID: PMC3521149 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-302770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The main clinical manifestations of the spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) result from the involvement of the cerebellum and its connections. Cerebellar activity has been consistently observed in functional imaging studies of olfaction, but the anatomical pathways responsible for this connection have not yet been elucidated. Previous studies have demonstrated olfactory deficit in SCA2, Friedreich's ataxia and in small groups of ataxia of diverse aetiology. The authors used a validated version of the 16-item smell identification test from Sniffin' Sticks (SS-16) was used to evaluate 37 patients with genetically determined autosomal dominant ataxia, and 31 with familial ataxia of unknown genetic basis. This data was also compared with results in 106 Parkinson's disease patients and 218 healthy controls. The SS-16 score was significantly lower in ataxia than in the control group (p<0.001, 95% CI for β=0.55 to 1.90) and significantly higher in ataxia than in Parkinson's disease (p<0.001, 95% CI for β=-4.58 to -3.00) when adjusted for age (p=0.001, 95% CI for β=-0.05 to -0.01), gender (p=0.19) and history of tobacco use (p=0.41). When adjusted for general cognitive function, no significant difference was found between the ataxia and control groups. This study confirms previous findings of mild hyposmia in ataxia, and further suggests this may be due to general cognitive deficits rather than specific olfactory problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Moscovich
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba-PR, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Center for Movement Disorders & Neurorestoration, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neurology, Pontifical Catholic University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Renato Puppi Munhoz
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba-PR, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, Pontifical Catholic University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Helio A Teive
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba-PR, Brazil
| | - Salmo Raskin
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba-PR, Brazil
- Core for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Margaret J Carvalho
- Department of Neurology, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Egberto R Barbosa
- Department of Neurology, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronald Ranvaud
- Department of Neurology, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jilin Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Center for Movement Disorders & Neurorestoration, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Karen McFarland
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Center for Movement Disorders & Neurorestoration, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tetsuo Ashizawa
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Center for Movement Disorders & Neurorestoration, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Andrew J Lees
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Laura Silveira-Moriyama
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Brazil
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Lehn H, Kjønigsen LJ, Kjelvik G, Håberg AK. Hippocampal involvement in retrieval of odor vs. object memories. Hippocampus 2012; 23:122-8. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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45
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Braga-Neto P, Felicio AC, Hoexter MQ, Pedroso JL, Dutra LA, Alessi H, Minett T, Santos-Galduroz RF, da Rocha AJ, Garcia LA, Bertolucci PHF, Bressan RA, Barsottini OGP. Cognitive and olfactory deficits in Machado–Joseph disease: A dopamine transporter study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012; 18:854-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
When attempting to identify an object based on smell alone, people often visualize the perceived source of the odorant. This close association between olfactory and visual functions is supported by neuroimaging studies demonstrating activation of visual cortex during performance of purely olfactory tasks. Such activation might simply reflect the correlation between olfactory percepts and the corresponding visual images, or it might reflect a causal contribution of visual processing to olfactory perception. Here we provide evidence in support of the latter possibility. Using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, we show that stimulating human visual cortex improves performance on a task requiring discrimination among different odor qualities. No significant improvement is found for tasks involving discrimination between intensities of the same odor, from stimulation of auditory cortex, or from "sham" stimulation. These results are thus consistent with a specific visual cortical influence on high-level olfactory perception. They also demonstrate that unimodal perceptual tasks are influenced by processing within cortical areas of other, seemingly unrelated, sensory systems.
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Braga-Neto P, Dutra LA, Pedroso JL, Felício AC, Alessi H, Santos-Galduroz RF, Bertolucci PHF, Castiglioni MLV, Bressan RA, de Garrido GEJ, Barsottini OGP, Jackowski A. Cognitive Deficits in Machado–Joseph Disease Correlate with Hypoperfusion of Visual System Areas. THE CEREBELLUM 2012; 11:1037-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-012-0354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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48
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Djordjevic J, Boyle JA, Jones-Gotman M. Pleasant or Unpleasant: Attentional Modulation of Odor Perception. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-011-9107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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49
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Bensafi M. The Role of the Piriform Cortex in Human Olfactory Perception: Insights from Functional Neuroimaging Studies. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-011-9110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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50
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May T, Brewer WJ, Rinehart NJ, Enticott PG, Brereton AV, Tonge BJ. Differential olfactory identification in children with autism and Asperger's disorder: a comparative and longitudinal study. J Autism Dev Disord 2011; 41:837-47. [PMID: 20853022 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-010-1101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Key theories of autism implicate orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) compromise, while olfactory identification (OI) deficits are associated with OFC dysfunction. This study aimed to complete a 5-year follow-up of children with high-functioning autism (HFA) who previously lacked the normal age-OI association; and compare unirhinal-OI in children with HFA, Asperger's disorder (ASP), and controls. While both HFA and controls had improved birhinal-OI at follow-up, reduced OI in some HFA participants suggested OFC deterioration and heterogeneous OFC development. Unirhinal-OI was impaired in HFA but not ASP relative to controls, suggesting orbitofrontal compromise in HFA but integrity in ASP. Differing IQ-OI relationships existed between HFA and ASP. Findings support the hypothesis of separate neurobiological underpinnings in ASP and HFA, specifically differential orbitofrontal functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara May
- Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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