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Teo WP, Tan CX, Goodwill AM, Mohammad S, Ang YX, Latella C. Brain activation associated with low- and high-intensity concentric versus eccentric isokinetic contractions of the biceps brachii: An fNIRS study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14499. [PMID: 37732821 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that neural responses following concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) muscle contractions are different, which suggests differences in motor control associated with CON and ECC contractions. This study aims to determine brain activation of the left primary motor cortex (M1) and left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (DLPFCs) during ECC and CON of the right bicep brachii (BB) muscle at low- and high-contraction intensities. Eighteen young adults (13M/5F, 21-35 years) were recruited to participate in one familiarization and two testing sessions in a randomized crossover design. During each testing session, participants performed either ECC or CON contractions of the BB (3 sets × 8 reps) at low- (25% of maximum ECC/CON, 45°/s) and high-intensity (75% of maximum ECC/CON, 45°/s) on an isokinetic dynamometer. Eleven-channel functional near-infrared spectroscopy was used to measure changes in oxyhemoglobin (O2 Hb) from the left M1, and left and right DLPFC during ECC and CON contractions. Maximum torque for ECC was higher than CON (43.3 ± 14.1 vs. 46.2 ± 15.7 N m, p = 0.025); however, no differences in O2 Hb were observed between contraction types at low or high intensities in measured brain regions. High-intensity ECC and CON contractions resulted in greater increases in O2 Hb of M1 and bilateral DLPFC compared to low-intensity ECC and CON contractions (p = 0.014). Our findings suggest no differences in O2 Hb responses between contraction types at high and low intensities. High-contraction intensities resulted in greater brain activation of the M1 and bilateral DLPFC, which may have implications for neurorehabilitation to increase central adaptations from exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Peng Teo
- Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clara Xinru Tan
- Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alicia M Goodwill
- Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Saqif Mohammad
- Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi-Xuan Ang
- Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Latella
- Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Gueugneau N, Martin A, Gaveau J, Papaxanthis C. Gravity-efficient motor control is associated with contraction-dependent intracortical inhibition. iScience 2023; 26:107150. [PMID: 37534144 PMCID: PMC10391940 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, moving efficiently along the gravity axis requires shifts in muscular contraction modes. Raising the arm up involves shortening contractions of arm flexors, whereas the reverse movement can rely on lengthening contractions with the help of gravity. Although this control mode is universal, the neuromuscular mechanisms that drive gravity-oriented movements remain unknown. Here, we designed neurophysiological experiments that aimed to track the modulations of cortical, spinal, and muscular outputs of arm flexors during vertical movements with specific kinematics (i.e., optimal motor commands). We report a specific drop of corticospinal excitability during lengthening versus shortening contractions, with an increase of intracortical inhibition and no change in spinal motoneuron responsiveness. We discuss these contraction-dependent modulations of the supraspinal motor output in the light of feedforward mechanisms that may support gravity-tuned motor control. Generally, these results shed a new perspective on the neural policy that optimizes movement control along the gravity axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gueugneau
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Alain Martin
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jérémie Gaveau
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Charalambos Papaxanthis
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, 21000 Dijon, France
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Singh B, Natsume K. Readiness potential reflects the intention of sit-to-stand movement. Cogn Neurodyn 2023; 17:605-620. [PMID: 37265646 PMCID: PMC10229514 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-022-09864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The negative-going movement-related cortical potentials are associated with the preparation and execution of the voluntary movements. Thus far, the readiness potential (RP) for simple movements involving either the upper or lower body segments has been studied. We investigated the ability to decode the sit-to-stand movement's intention from the RP, which uses the upper and lower body segments. Therefore, we performed scalp electroencephalography in healthy volunteers. A gyro sensor was placed on the back to detect the movement of the upper body segment, and an electromyogram electrode was placed on the surface of the hamstrings and quadriceps to detect movement of the lower body segment. Our study revealed that a negative RP was evoked around 2 to 3 s before the onset of the upper body movement in the sit-to-stand movement in response to the start cue. The RP had a negative peak and a steeper negative slope from - 0.8 to - 0.001 s just before the onset of the upper body movement. Negative-going RPs reflect the intention of preparation/execution of the sit-to-stand movement. Therefore, we used the morphological component analysis method to extract the morphology of RPs from a single trial. This morphology of RPs is a promising aspect for limb neurotrophies or neurorehabilitation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balbir Singh
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 USA
| | - Kiyohisa Natsume
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
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Stone WJ, Tolusso DV, Duchette C, Malone G, Dolan A. Eccentric resistance training with neurological conditions: A meta analysis. Gait Posture 2023; 100:14-26. [PMID: 36463713 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with neurological conditions are exposed to muscle wasting resulting in reduced strength and endurance. Both deficiencies negatively impact gait and balance, each of which can be benefited by strengthening exercises. Unfortunately, people with neurological conditions often do not have the ability to perform traditional weight training as their endurance and strength fail to meet the minimum threshold for improvement. An alternative to traditional, full range of motion lifting is eccentric resistance training (ERT). RESEARCH QUESTION The current systematic review and meta-analysis sought to evaluate the efficacy of ERT against conventional therapeutic modalities or weightlifting on walking speed, Timed Up and Go (TUG), and maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) in individuals with neurological conditions. METHODS Web of Science, PubMed, and Academic Search Complete were searched until September 1, 2020, followed by a manual search on December 3, 2021. Publications were included if they were peer reviewed, available in English, consisted of a pre-specified neurological disorder, involved human subjects, had an eccentric and "traditional" therapy; and reported at least one of the outcome measures at both pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS Thirteen studies of human subjects (n = 297) and 47 standardized mean differences (SMD) were included in the multilevel model analysis. The analysis revealed a small, albeit non-significant effect on performance (TUG, MVIC, walking speed) when comparing traditional therapies and ERT (SMD: 0.136; 96; 95 % CI: -0.0002, 0.050). SIGNIFICANCE There appears to be no difference between ERT and traditional therapy or weightlifting on measured outcomes. In this way, ERT is as effective as traditional therapeutics and full range of motion weightlifting to improve movement in clinical populations. Practitioners working with populations with neurological conditions may consider supplementing or replacing traditional strengthening activities with ERT as clients can complete greater volumes of work with lower metabolic demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitley J Stone
- School of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport, Western Kentucky University, USA.
| | - Danilo V Tolusso
- School of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport, Western Kentucky University, USA
| | - Catie Duchette
- School of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport, Western Kentucky University, USA; Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, USA
| | - Grant Malone
- School of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport, Western Kentucky University, USA
| | - Angie Dolan
- School of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport, Western Kentucky University, USA; Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, Hanover College, USA
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Coratella G, Tornatore G, Longo S, Esposito F, Cè E. Bilateral Biceps Curl Shows Distinct Biceps Brachii and Anterior Deltoid Excitation Comparing Straight vs. EZ Barbell Coupled with Arms Flexion/No-Flexion. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8010013. [PMID: 36810497 PMCID: PMC9944112 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the excitation of the biceps brachii and anterior deltoid during bilateral biceps curl performed using the straight vs. EZ barbell and with or without flexing the arms. Ten competitive bodybuilders performed bilateral biceps curl in non-exhaustive 6-rep sets using 8-RM in four variations: using the straight barbell flexing (STflex) or not flexing the arms (STno-flex) or the EZ barbell flexing (EZflex) or not flexing the arms (EZno-flex). The ascending and descending phases were separately analyzed using the normalized root mean square (nRMS) collected using surface electro-myography. For the biceps brachii, during the ascending phase, a greater nRMS was observed in STno-flex vs. EZno-flex (+1.8%, effect size [ES]: 0.74), in STflex vs. STno-flex (+17.7%, ES: 3.93) and in EZflex vs. EZno-flex (+20.3%, ES: 5.87). During the descending phase, a greater nRMS was observed in STflex vs. EZflex (+3.8%, ES: 1.15), in STno-flex vs. STflex (+2.8%, ES: 0.86) and in EZno-flex vs. EZflex (+8.1%, ES: 1.81). The anterior deltoid showed distinct excitation based on the arm flexion/no-flexion. A slight advantage in biceps brachii excitation appears when using the straight vs. EZ barbell. Flexing or not flexing the arms seems to uniquely excite the biceps brachii and anterior deltoid. Practitioners should consider including different bilateral biceps barbell curls in their routine to vary the neural and mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0280214653
| | - Gianpaolo Tornatore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Longo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, 20161 Milan, Italy
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Schaefer LV, Carnarius F, Dech S, Bittmann FN. Repeated measurements of Adaptive Force: Maximal holding capacity differs from other maximal strength parameters and preliminary characteristics for non-professional strength vs. endurance athletes. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1020954. [PMID: 36909246 PMCID: PMC9992808 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1020954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Adaptive Force (AF) reflects the neuromuscular capacity to adapt to external loads during holding muscle actions and is similar to motions in real life and sports. The maximal isometric AF (AFisomax) was considered to be the most relevant parameter and was assumed to have major importance regarding injury mechanisms and the development of musculoskeletal pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the behavior of different torque parameters over the course of 30 repeated maximal AF trials. In addition, maximal holding vs. maximal pushing isometric muscle actions were compared. A side consideration was the behavior of torques in the course of repeated AF actions when comparing strength and endurance athletes. The elbow flexors of n = 12 males (six strength/six endurance athletes, non-professionals) were measured 30 times (120 s rest) using a pneumatic device. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) was measured pre and post. MVIC, AFisomax, and AFmax (maximal torque of one AF measurement) were evaluated regarding different considerations and statistical tests. AFmax and AFisomax declined in the course of 30 trials [slope regression (mean ± standard deviation): AFmax = -0.323 ± 0.263; AFisomax = -0.45 ± 0.45]. The decline from start to end amounted to -12.8% ± 8.3% (p < 0.001) for AFmax and -25.41% ± 26.40% (p < 0.001) for AFisomax. AF parameters declined more in strength vs. endurance athletes. Thereby, strength athletes showed a rather stable decline for AFmax and a plateau formation for AFisomax after 15 trials. In contrast, endurance athletes reduced their AFmax, especially after the first five trials, and remained on a rather similar level for AFisomax. The maximum of AFisomax of all 30 trials amounted 67.67% ± 13.60% of MVIC (p < 0.001, n = 12), supporting the hypothesis of two types of isometric muscle action (holding vs. pushing). The findings provided the first data on the behavior of torque parameters after repeated isometric-eccentric actions and revealed further insights into neuromuscular control strategies. Additionally, they highlight the importance of investigating AF parameters in athletes based on the different behaviors compared to MVIC. This is assumed to be especially relevant regarding injury mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V Schaefer
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Regulative Physiology and Prevention, Department Sports and Health Sciences, University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Friederike Carnarius
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Regulative Physiology and Prevention, Department Sports and Health Sciences, University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Silas Dech
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Regulative Physiology and Prevention, Department Sports and Health Sciences, University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Frank N Bittmann
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Regulative Physiology and Prevention, Department Sports and Health Sciences, University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Wochatz M, Schraplau A, Engel T, Zecher MM, Sharon H, Alt Y, Mayer F, Kalron A. Application of eccentric training in various clinical populations: Protocol for a multi-centered pilot and feasibility study in people with low back pain and people with multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270875. [PMID: 36548298 PMCID: PMC9779041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity and exercise are effective approaches in prevention and therapy of multiple diseases. Although the specific characteristics of lengthening contractions have the potential to be beneficial in many clinical conditions, eccentric training is not commonly used in clinical populations with metabolic, orthopaedic, or neurologic conditions. The purpose of this pilot study is to investigate the feasibility, functional benefits, and systemic responses of an eccentric exercise program focused on the trunk and lower extremities in people with low back pain (LBP) and multiple sclerosis (MS). A six-week eccentric training program with three weekly sessions is performed by people with LBP and MS. The program consists of ten exercises addressing strength of the trunk and lower extremities. The study follows a four-group design (N = 12 per group) in two study centers (Israel and Germany): three groups perform the eccentric training program: A) control group (healthy, asymptomatic); B) people with LBP; C) people with MS; group D (people with MS) receives standard care physiotherapy. Baseline measurements are conducted before first training, post-measurement takes place after the last session both comprise blood sampling, self-reported questionnaires, mobility, balance, and strength testing. The feasibility of the eccentric training program will be evaluated using quantitative and qualitative measures related to the study process, compliance and adherence, safety, and overall program assessment. For preliminary assessment of potential intervention effects, surrogate parameters related to mobility, postural control, muscle strength and systemic effects are assessed. The presented study will add knowledge regarding safety, feasibility, and initial effects of eccentric training in people with orthopaedic and neurological conditions. The simple exercises, that are easily modifiable in complexity and intensity, are likely beneficial to other populations. Thus, multiple applications and implementation pathways for the herein presented training program are conceivable. Trial registration: DRKS00020483 (DRKS, German Clinical Trials Register; 24th January 2020 -retrospectively registered; https://www.drks.de/DRKS00020483).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Wochatz
- University of Potsdam, University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine and Sports Orthopaedics, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anne Schraplau
- University of Potsdam, University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine and Sports Orthopaedics, Potsdam, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the University of Potsdam, The Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Tilman Engel
- University of Potsdam, University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine and Sports Orthopaedics, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mahli M. Zecher
- University of Potsdam, University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine and Sports Orthopaedics, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hadar Sharon
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Yasmin Alt
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Frank Mayer
- University of Potsdam, University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine and Sports Orthopaedics, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alon Kalron
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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8
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Dech S, Bittmann FN, Schaefer LV. Muscle oxygenation and time to task failure of submaximal holding and pulling isometric muscle actions and influence of intermittent voluntary muscle twitches. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:55. [PMID: 35354469 PMCID: PMC8966203 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Background Isometric muscle actions can be performed either by initiating the action, e.g., pulling on an immovable resistance (PIMA), or by reacting to an external load, e.g., holding a weight (HIMA). In the present study, it was mainly examined if these modalities could be differentiated by oxygenation variables as well as by time to task failure (TTF). Furthermore, it was analyzed if variables are changed by intermittent voluntary muscle twitches during weight holding (Twitch). It was assumed that twitches during a weight holding task change the character of the isometric muscle action from reacting (≙ HIMA) to acting (≙ PIMA). Methods Twelve subjects (two drop outs) randomly performed two tasks (HIMA vs. PIMA or HIMA vs. Twitch, n = 5 each) with the elbow flexors at 60% of maximal torque maintained until muscle failure with each arm. Local capillary venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) and relative hemoglobin amount (rHb) were measured by light spectrometry. Results Within subjects, no significant differences were found between tasks regarding the behavior of SvO2 and rHb, the slope and extent of deoxygenation (max. SvO2 decrease), SvO2 level at global rHb minimum, and time to SvO2 steady states. The TTF was significantly longer during Twitch and PIMA (incl. Twitch) compared to HIMA (p = 0.043 and 0.047, respectively). There was no substantial correlation between TTF and maximal deoxygenation independently of the task (r = − 0.13). Conclusions HIMA and PIMA seem to have a similar microvascular oxygen and blood supply. The supply might be sufficient, which is expressed by homeostatic steady states of SvO2 in all trials and increases in rHb in most of the trials. Intermittent voluntary muscle twitches might not serve as a further support but extend the TTF. A changed neuromuscular control is discussed as possible explanation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13102-022-00447-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas Dech
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Regulative Physiology and Prevention, Human Science Faculty, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14479, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Frank N Bittmann
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Regulative Physiology and Prevention, Human Science Faculty, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14479, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Laura V Schaefer
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Regulative Physiology and Prevention, Human Science Faculty, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14479, Potsdam, Germany
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9
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Clos P, Mater A, Legrand H, Poirier G, Ballay Y, Martin A, Lepers R. Corticospinal Excitability Is Lower During Eccentric Than Concentric Cycling in Men. Front Physiol 2022; 13:854824. [PMID: 35370788 PMCID: PMC8966379 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.854824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
How corticospinal excitability changes during eccentric locomotor exercise is unknown. In the present study, 13 volunteers performed 30-min strenuous concentric and eccentric cycling bouts at the same power output (60% concentric peak power output). Transcranial magnetic and electrical femoral nerve stimulations were applied at exercise onset (3rd min) and end (25th min). Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) amplitude was measured for the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles with surface electromyography (EMG) and expressed as a percentage of maximal M-wave amplitude (MMAX). EMG amplitude 100 ms prior to MEPs and the silent period duration were calculated. There was no change in any neural parameter during the exercises (all P > 0.24). VL and RF MMAX were unaffected by exercise modality (all P > 0.38). VL MEP amplitude was greater (26 ± 11.4 vs. 15.2 ± 7.7% MMAX; P = 0.008) during concentric than eccentric cycling whereas RF MEP amplitude was not different (24.4 ± 10.8 vs. 17.2 ± 9.8% MMAX; P = 0.051). While VL EMG was higher during concentric than eccentric cycling (P = 0.03), RF EMG showed no significant difference (P = 0.07). Similar silent period durations were found (RF: 120 ± 30 ms; VL: 114 ± 27 ms; all P > 0.61), but the silent period/MEP ratio was higher during eccentric than concentric cycling for both muscles (all P < 0.02). In conclusion, corticospinal excitability to the knee extensors is lower and relative silent period longer during eccentric than concentric cycling, yet both remained unaltered with time.
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Roren A, Mazarguil A, Vaquero-Ramos D, Deloose JB, Vidal PP, Nguyen C, Rannou F, Wang D, Oudre L, Lefèvre-Colau MM. Assessing Smoothness of Arm Movements With Jerk: A Comparison of Laterality, Contraction Mode and Plane of Elevation. A Pilot Study. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:782740. [PMID: 35127666 PMCID: PMC8814310 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.782740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring the quality of movement is a need and a challenge for clinicians. Jerk, defined as the quantity of acceleration variation, is a kinematic parameter used to assess the smoothness of movement. We aimed to assess and compare jerk metrics in asymptomatic participants for 3 important movement characteristics that are considered by clinicians during shoulder examination: dominant and non-dominant side, concentric and eccentric contraction mode, and arm elevation plane. In this pilot study, we measured jerk metrics by using Xsens® inertial measurement units strapped to the wrists for 11 different active arm movements (ascending and lowering phases): 3 bilateral maximal arm elevations in sagittal, scapular and frontal plane; 2 unilateral functional movements (hair combing and low back washing); and 2 unilateral maximal arm elevations in sagittal and scapular plane, performed with both arms alternately, right arm first. Each arm movement was repeated 3 times successively and the whole procedure was performed 3 times on different days. The recorded time series was segmented with semi-supervised algorithms. Comparisons involved the Wilcoxon signed rank test (p < 0.05) with Bonferroni correction. We included 30 right-handed asymptomatic individuals [17 men, mean (SD) age 31.9 (11.4) years]. Right jerk was significantly less than left jerk for bilateral arm elevations in all planes (all p < 0.05) and for functional movement (p < 0.05). Jerk was significantly reduced during the concentric (ascending) phase than eccentric (lowering) phase for bilateral and unilateral right and left arm elevations in all planes (all p < 0.05). Jerk during bilateral arm elevation was significantly reduced in the sagittal and scapular planes versus the frontal plane (both p < 0.01) and in the sagittal versus scapular plane (p < 0.05). Jerk during unilateral left arm elevation was significantly reduced in the sagittal versus scapular plane (p < 0.05). Jerk metrics did not differ between sagittal and scapular unilateral right arm elevation. Using inertial measurement units, jerk metrics can well describe differences between the dominant and non-dominant arm, concentric and eccentric modes and planes in arm elevation. Jerk metrics were reduced during arm movements performed with the dominant right arm during the concentric phase and in the sagittal plane. Using IMUs, jerk metrics are a promising method to assess the quality of basic shoulder movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Roren
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier AP-HP. Centre-Université de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Rééducation et de Réadaptation de l’Appareil Locomoteur et des Pathologies du Rachis, Paris, France
- Faculté de Santé, UFR Médecine Paris Descartes, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR-S 1153, Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Paris Sorbonne Cité, ECaMO Team, Paris, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche sur le Handicap, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Alexandra Roren, ; Antoine Mazarguil,
| | - Antoine Mazarguil
- Centre Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- *Correspondence: Alexandra Roren, ; Antoine Mazarguil,
| | - Diego Vaquero-Ramos
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier AP-HP. Centre-Université de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Rééducation et de Réadaptation de l’Appareil Locomoteur et des Pathologies du Rachis, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Deloose
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier AP-HP. Centre-Université de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Rééducation et de Réadaptation de l’Appareil Locomoteur et des Pathologies du Rachis, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Paul Vidal
- Centre Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- Machine Learning and I-health International Cooperation Base of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Neurosciences, Universitá Cattolica del SacroCuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Christelle Nguyen
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier AP-HP. Centre-Université de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Rééducation et de Réadaptation de l’Appareil Locomoteur et des Pathologies du Rachis, Paris, France
- Faculté de Santé, UFR Médecine Paris Descartes, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Toxicité Environnementale, Cibles Thérapeutiques, Signalisation Cellulaire et Biomarqueurs (T3S), Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - François Rannou
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier AP-HP. Centre-Université de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Rééducation et de Réadaptation de l’Appareil Locomoteur et des Pathologies du Rachis, Paris, France
- Faculté de Santé, UFR Médecine Paris Descartes, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche sur le Handicap, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Toxicité Environnementale, Cibles Thérapeutiques, Signalisation Cellulaire et Biomarqueurs (T3S), Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Danping Wang
- Machine Learning and I-health International Cooperation Base of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
- Plateforme Sensorimotricité, BioMedTech Facilities INSERM US36-CNRS UMS2009-Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Oudre
- Centre Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Martine Lefèvre-Colau
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier AP-HP. Centre-Université de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Rééducation et de Réadaptation de l’Appareil Locomoteur et des Pathologies du Rachis, Paris, France
- Faculté de Santé, UFR Médecine Paris Descartes, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR-S 1153, Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Paris Sorbonne Cité, ECaMO Team, Paris, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche sur le Handicap, Paris, France
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11
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Faw TD, Lakhani B, Schmalbrock P, Knopp MV, Lohse KR, Kramer JLK, Liu H, Nguyen HT, Phillips EG, Bratasz A, Fisher LC, Deibert RJ, Boyd LA, McTigue DM, Basso DM. Eccentric rehabilitation induces white matter plasticity and sensorimotor recovery in chronic spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 346:113853. [PMID: 34464653 PMCID: PMC10084731 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Experience-dependent white matter plasticity offers new potential for rehabilitation-induced recovery after neurotrauma. This first-in-human translational experiment combined myelin water imaging in humans and genetic fate-mapping of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in mice to investigate whether downhill locomotor rehabilitation that emphasizes eccentric muscle actions promotes white matter plasticity and recovery in chronic, incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI). In humans, of 20 individuals with SCI that enrolled, four passed the imaging screen and had myelin water imaging before and after a 12-week (3 times/week) downhill locomotor treadmill training program (SCI + DH). One individual was excluded for imaging artifacts. Uninjured control participants (n = 7) had two myelin water imaging sessions within the same day. Changes in myelin water fraction (MWF), a histopathologically-validated myelin biomarker, were analyzed in a priori motor learning and non-motor learning brain regions and the cervical spinal cord using statistical approaches appropriate for small sample sizes. PDGFRα-CreERT2:mT/mG mice, that express green fluorescent protein on oligodendrocyte precursor cells and subsequent newly-differentiated oligodendrocytes upon tamoxifen-induced recombination, were either naive (n = 6) or received a moderate (75 kilodyne), contusive SCI at T9 and were randomized to downhill training (n = 6) or unexercised groups (n = 6). We initiated recombination 29 days post-injury, seven days prior to downhill training. Mice underwent two weeks of daily downhill training on the same 10% decline grade used in humans. Between-group comparison of functional (motor and sensory) and histological (oligodendrogenesis, oligodendroglial/axon interaction, paranodal structure) outcomes occurred post-training. In humans with SCI, downhill training increased MWF in brain motor learning regions (postcentral, precuneus) and mixed motor and sensory tracts of the ventral cervical spinal cord compared to control participants (P < 0.05). In mice with thoracic SCI, downhill training induced oligodendrogenesis in cervical dorsal and lateral white matter, increased axon-oligodendroglial interactions, and normalized paranodal structure in dorsal column sensory tracts (P < 0.05). Downhill training improved sensorimotor recovery in mice by normalizing hip and knee motor control and reducing hyperalgesia, both of which were associated with new oligodendrocytes in the cervical dorsal columns (P < 0.05). Our findings indicate that eccentric-focused, downhill rehabilitation promotes white matter plasticity and improved function in chronic SCI, likely via oligodendrogenesis in nervous system regions activated by the training paradigm. Together, these data reveal an exciting role for eccentric training in white matter plasticity and sensorimotor recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Faw
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bimal Lakhani
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Petra Schmalbrock
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael V Knopp
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Keith R Lohse
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - John L K Kramer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Hanwen Liu
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Huyen T Nguyen
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eileen G Phillips
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anna Bratasz
- Small Animal Imaging Shared Resources, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lesley C Fisher
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rochelle J Deibert
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lara A Boyd
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Dana M McTigue
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - D Michele Basso
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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12
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Canepa P, Papaxanthis C, Bisio A, Biggio M, Paizis C, Faelli E, Avanzino L, Bove M. Motor Cortical Excitability Changes in Preparation to Concentric and Eccentric Movements. Neuroscience 2021; 475:73-82. [PMID: 34425159 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Specific neural mechanisms operate at corticospinal levels during eccentric and concentric contractions. Here, we investigated the difference in corticospinal excitability (CSE) when preparing these two types of contraction. In this study we enrolled 16 healthy participants. They were asked to perform an instructed-delay reaction time (RT) task involving a concentric or an eccentric contraction of the right first dorsal interosseus muscle, as a response to a proprioceptive cue (Go signal) presented 1 s after a warning signal. We tested CSE at different time points ranging from 300 ms before up to 40 ms after a Go signal. CSE increased 300-150 ms before the Go signal for both contractions. Interestingly, significant changes in CSE in the time interval around the Go signal (from -150 ms to +40 ms) were only revealed in eccentric contraction. We observed a significant decrease in excitability immediately before the Go cue (Pre_50) and a significant increase 40 ms after it (Post_40) with respect to the MEPs recorded at Pre_150. Finally, CSE in eccentric contraction was lower before the Go cue (Pre_50) and greater after it (Post_40) compared to the concentric contraction. A similar result was also found in NoMov paradigm, used to disentangle the effects induced by movement preparation from those induced by the movement preparation linked to the proprioceptive cue. We could conclude that different neural mechanisms observed during concentric and eccentric contractions are mirrored with a different time-specific modulation of CSE in the preparatory phase to the movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizio Canepa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des Sciences du Sport, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Charalambos Papaxanthis
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des Sciences du Sport, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Ambra Bisio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Monica Biggio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Christos Paizis
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des Sciences du Sport, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France; Centre for Performance Expertise, CAPS, U1093 INSERM, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Dijon, France
| | - Emanuela Faelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Avanzino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Bove
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS, Genoa, Italy.
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13
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Clos P, Mater A, Laroche D, Lepers R. Concentric versus eccentric cycling at equal power output or effort perception: Neuromuscular alterations and muscle pain. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32:45-59. [PMID: 34533875 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare neuromuscular alterations and perceptions of effort and muscle pain induced by concentric and eccentric cycling performed at the same power output or effort perception. Fifteen participants completed three 30-min sessions: one in concentric at 60% peak power output (CON) and two in eccentric, at the same power output (ECCPOWER ) or same perceived effort (ECCEFFORT ). Muscle pain, perception of effort, oxygen uptake as well as rectus femoris and vastus lateralis electromyographic activities were collected when pedaling. The knee extensors maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque, the torque evoked by double stimulations at 100 Hz and 10 Hz (Dt100; Dt10), and the voluntary activation level (VAL) were evaluated before and after exercise. Power output was higher in ECCEFFORT than CON (89.1 ± 23.3% peak power). Muscle pain and effort perception were greater in CON than ECCPOWER (p < 0.03) while muscle pain was similar in CON and ECCEFFORT (p > 0.43). MVC torque, Dt100, and VAL dropped in all conditions (p < 0.04). MVC torque (p < 0.001) and the Dt10/ Dt100 ratio declined further in ECCEFFORT (p < 0.001). Eccentric cycling perceived as difficult as concentric cycling caused similar muscle pain but more MVC torque decrease. A given power output induced lower perceptions of pain and effort in eccentric than in concentric yet similar MVC torque decline. While neural impairments were similar in all conditions, eccentric cycling seemed to alter excitation-contraction coupling. Clinicians should thus be cautious when setting eccentric cycling intensity based on effort perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Clos
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
| | - Adrien Mater
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
| | - Davy Laroche
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
| | - Romuald Lepers
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
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Pelet DCS, Orsatti FL. Effects of resistance training at different intensities of load on cross-education of muscle strength. APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY, NUTRITION, AND METABOLISM = PHYSIOLOGIE APPLIQUEE, NUTRITION ET METABOLISME 2021; 46:1279-1289. [PMID: 33984253 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were 1) to compare the extent of cross-transfer of high- versus low-load unilateral resistance training performed with external pacing of the movement (URTEP) and 2) to compare the time course of the two approaches. Fifty subjects were randomized to one of the following three groups: G80 [two sets at 80% and two sets at 40% of one maximum repetition (1RM), 1 concentric second and 3 eccentric seconds controlled by a metronome]; G40 (four sets at 40% of 1 RM, 1s and 3s controlled by a metronome); or CG (control group). At week 1, the G80 increased the elbow flexion 1RM (P<0.05) in contralateral arm. At week 4, both G80 and G40 increased the elbow flexion 1RM (P<0.05) in contralateral arm. However, a greater 1RM gain was observed in the G80 than in the G40 (P< .05). Thus, although higher-load URTEP seems to enhance the cross-education effect when compared to lower-load URTEP, the cross-education of dynamic strength can be achieved in the two approaches after four weeks. Many patients would benefit from cross-education of muscle strength through URPEP, even who are unable to exercise with high loads and in short periods of immobilization. Novelty bullets: (1) Unilateral resistance training promotes cross-education of dynamic muscle strength. (2) However, higher-load resistance training enhances the effects of cross-education of muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fábio Lera Orsatti
- Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro , Department of Sport Sciences, Uberaba, Brazil;
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15
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Schaefer LV, Bittmann FN. Paired personal interaction reveals objective differences between pushing and holding isometric muscle action. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0238331. [PMID: 33956801 PMCID: PMC8101915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In sports and movement sciences isometric muscle function is usually measured by pushing against a stable resistance. However, subjectively one can hold or push isometrically. Several investigations suggest a distinction of those forms. The aim of this study was to investigate whether these two forms of isometric muscle action can be distinguished by objective parameters in an interpersonal setting. 20 subjects were grouped in 10 same sex pairs, in which one partner should perform the pushing isometric muscle action (PIMA) and the other partner executed the holding isometric muscle action (HIMA). The partners had contact at the distal forearms via an interface, which included a strain gauge and an acceleration sensor. The mechanical oscillations of the triceps brachii (MMGtri) muscle, its tendon (MTGtri) and the abdominal muscle (MMGobl) were recorded by a piezoelectric-sensor-based measurement system. Each partner performed three 15s (80% MVIC) and two fatiguing trials (90% MVIC) during PIMA and HIMA, respectively. Parameters to compare PIMA and HIMA were the mean frequency, the normalized mean amplitude, the amplitude variation, the power in the frequency range of 8 to 15 Hz, a special power-frequency ratio and the number of task failures during HIMA or PIMA (partner who quit the task). A "HIMA failure" occurred in 85% of trials (p < 0.001). No significant differences between PIMA and HIMA were found for the mean frequency and normalized amplitude. The MMGobl showed significantly higher values of amplitude variation (15s: p = 0.013; fatiguing: p = 0.007) and of power-frequency-ratio (15s: p = 0.040; fatiguing: p = 0.002) during HIMA and a higher power in the range of 8 to 15 Hz during PIMA (15s: p = 0.001; fatiguing: p = 0.011). MMGtri and MTGtri showed no significant differences. Based on the findings it is suggested that a holding and a pushing isometric muscle action can be distinguished objectively, whereby a more complex neural control is assumed for HIMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V. Schaefer
- Division Regulative Physiology and Prevention, Department Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Frank N. Bittmann
- Division Regulative Physiology and Prevention, Department Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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16
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Clos P, Lepers R, Garnier YM. Locomotor activities as a way of inducing neuroplasticity: insights from conventional approaches and perspectives on eccentric exercises. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:697-706. [PMID: 33389143 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Corticospinal excitability, and particularly the balance between cortical inhibitory and excitatory processes (assessed in a muscle using single and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation), are affected by neurodegenerative pathologies or following a stroke. This review describes how locomotor exercises may counterbalance these neuroplastic alterations, either when performed under its conventional form (e.g., walking or cycling) or when comprising eccentric (i.e., active lengthening) muscle contractions. Non-fatiguing conventional locomotor exercise decreases intracortical inhibition and/or increases intracortical facilitation. These modifications notably seem to be a consequence of neurotrophic factors (e.g., brain-derived neurotrophic factor) resulting from the hemodynamic solicitation. Furthermore, it can be inferred from non-invasive brain and peripheral stimulation studies that repeated activation of neural networks can endogenously shape neuroplasticity. Such mechanisms could also occur following eccentric exercises (lengthening of the muscle), during which motor-related cortical potential (electroencephalography) is of greater magnitude and lasts longer than during concentric exercises (i.e., muscle shortening). As single-joint eccentric exercise decreased short- and long-interval intracortical inhibition and increased intracortical facilitation, locomotor eccentric exercise (e.g., downhill walking or eccentric cycling) may be even more potent by adding hemodynamic-related neuroplastic processes to endogenous processes. Besides, eccentric exercise is especially useful to develop relatively high force levels at low cardiorespiratory and perceived intensities, which can be a training goal alongside the induction of neuroplastic changes. Even though indirect evidence let us think that locomotor eccentric exercise could shape neuroplasticity in ways relevant to neurorehabilitation, its efficacy remains speculative. We provide future research directions on the neuroplastic effects and underlying mechanisms of locomotor exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Clos
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, 21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Romuald Lepers
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Yoann M Garnier
- Clermont-Auvergne University, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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17
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Wilk M, Tufano JJ, Zajac A. The Influence of Movement Tempo on Acute Neuromuscular, Hormonal, and Mechanical Responses to Resistance Exercise-A Mini Review. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:2369-2383. [PMID: 32735429 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Wilk, M, Tufano, JJ, and Zajac, A. The influence of movement tempo on acute neuromuscular, hormonal, and mechanical responses to resistance exercise-a mini review. J Strength Cond Res 34(8): 2369-2383, 2020-Resistance training studies mainly analyze variables such as the type and order of exercise, intensity, number of sets, number of repetitions, and duration and frequency of rest periods. However, one variable that is often overlooked in resistance training research, as well as in practice, is premeditated movement tempo, which can influence a myriad of mechanical and physiological factors associated with training and adaptation. Specifically, this article provides an overview of the available scientific literature and describes how slower tempos negatively affect the 1-repetition maximum, the possible load to be used, and the number of repetitions performed with a given load, while also increasing the total time under tension, which can mediate acute cardiovascular and hormonal responses. As a result, coaches should consider testing maximal strength and the maximal number of repetitions that can be performed with each movement tempo that is to be used during training. Otherwise, programming resistance training using various movement tempos is more of a trial-and-error approach, rather than being evidence or practice based. Furthermore, practical applications are provided to show how movement tempo can be adjusted for a variety of case study-type scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland; and
| | - James J Tufano
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland; and
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18
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Benford J, Hughes J, Waldron M, Theis N. Concentric versus eccentric training: Effect on muscle strength, regional morphology, and architecture. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Benford
- School of Sport and Exercise University of Gloucestershire Gloucester UK
| | - Jonathan Hughes
- School of Sport and Exercise University of Gloucestershire Gloucester UK
| | - Mark Waldron
- College of Engineering Swansea University Swansea UK
- School of Science and Technology University of New England Armidale NSW Australia
| | - Nicola Theis
- School of Sport and Exercise University of Gloucestershire Gloucester UK
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19
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Pedrosa GF, Machado SC, Diniz RCR, de Lacerda LT, Martins-Costa HC, de Andrade AGP, Bemben M, Chagas MH, Lima FV. The Effects of Altering the Concentric/Eccentric Phase Times on EMG Response, Lactate Accumulation and Work Completed When Training to Failure. J Hum Kinet 2020; 73:33-44. [PMID: 32774535 PMCID: PMC7386151 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the electromyographic response, the blood lactate concentration (BLC), and the maximum number of repetitions (MNR) between protocols of different concentric/eccentric duration taken to muscle failure. This comparison may help to understand how different concentric/eccentric duration may influence performance and the central and metabolic responses in trained men. Seventeen strength-trained men performed two protocols in a counterbalanced design. Three sets of the Smith bench press exercise were performed to failure at 60% of the one-repetition maximum (1RM) using each protocol (4-s concentric/2-s eccentric [4 s: 2 s]; and 2-s concentric/4-s eccentric [2 s: 4 s]). The normalized root mean square (EMGRMS) and the mean frequency (EMGMF) of the electromyographic signals for the pectoralis major and the triceps brachii were compared in the first, middle, and last repetitions. The BLC was assessed at rest, during and after the test sessions. To compare the EMG and BLC, a 3-way ANOVA with repeated measures with a post hoc Tukey's test was used. To compare the MNR performed across the sets, an ANOVA-type rank test with the Dunn's post hoc test was used. The ANOVA indicated a greater EMGRMS for Protocol 4 s: 2 s in the pectoralis major and a lower EMGMF for Protocol 4 s: 2 s in the triceps brachii at the middle and last repetitions. Both protocols increased the EMGRMS and decreased the EMGMF across repetitions. Despite the results show different levels of activation and neuromuscular fatigue between protocols, the BLC and the MNR were similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ferreira Pedrosa
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Centro de Instrução e Adaptação da Aeronáutica, Lagoa Santa, Brazil
| | - Sandra Carvalho Machado
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo César Ribeiro Diniz
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lucas Túlio de Lacerda
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Technological Education Federal Center of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Human Performance, Department of Physical Education, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Hugo Cesar Martins-Costa
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Human Performance, Department of Physical Education, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - André Gustavo Pereira de Andrade
- Biomechanical Laboratory of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Michael Bemben
- Department of Health and Exercise Science. University of Oklahoma, Norman, United States
| | - Mauro Heleno Chagas
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernando Vitor Lima
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Martinez JA, Wittstein MW, Folger SF, Bailey SP. Brain Activity During Unilateral Physical and Imagined Isometric Contractions. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 13:413. [PMID: 32082130 PMCID: PMC7004234 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
By convention, it is believed that the ipsilateral side of the body is controlled by the contralateral side of the brain. Past studies measuring brain activity primarily recorded changes before and after an intervention is performed on one side of the body within one hemisphere (usually the contralateral) of the brain. The purpose of this investigation was to observe the brain activity within the left and right hemispheres of the prefrontal and sensorimotor cortices during physical and imagined, dominant and non-dominant unilateral isometric elbow flexion. Fifteen right hand dominant individuals (six males and nine females) between the ages of 18 and 21 performed four different isometric contractions of their biceps brachii at a preacher curl bench: dominant physical contraction (DomCon), non-dominant physical contraction (NonCon), dominant imagined contraction (DomImagine), and non-dominant imagined contraction (NonImagine). Each contraction was sustained for 5 s followed by 30 s of rest. Motor activity-related cortical potential (MRCP) and event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) within the right and left hemispheres of the sensorimotor and prefrontal cortices were determined for each condition at 500–1,000 ms and 2,000–2,500 ms after initiation of contraction. MRCP and ERSP were both changed at the 500–1,000 ms time window for all conditions. Changes in the 2,000–2,500 ms window were most consistently observed during physical contractions. While the changes during DomCon occurred in the left (contralateral) side of the brain, the greatest changes observed in MRCP and ERSP occurred in both sides of the brain during the NonCon condition. Further understanding of bilateral changes in brain activity during unilateral tasks is valuable for improving rehabilitation practices through mental and physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen F Folger
- Department of Physical Therapy Education, Elon University, Elon, NC, United States
| | - Stephen P Bailey
- Department of Physical Therapy Education, Elon University, Elon, NC, United States
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21
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Walsh JA, Stapley PJ, Shemmell JBH, Lepers R, McAndrew DJ. Global Corticospinal Excitability as Assessed in A Non-Exercised Upper Limb Muscle Compared Between Concentric and Eccentric Modes of Leg Cycling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19212. [PMID: 31844115 PMCID: PMC6915732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55858-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of eccentric (ECC) and concentric (CON) semi-recumbent leg cycling on global corticospinal excitability (CSE), assessed through the activity of a non-exercised hand muscle. Thirteen healthy male adults completed two 30-min bouts of moderate intensity ECC and CON recumbent cycling on separate days. Power output (POutput), heart rate (HR) and cadence were monitored during cycling. Global CSE was assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation to elicit motor-evoked potentials (MEP) in the right first dorsal interosseous muscle before (‘Pre’), interleaved (at 10 and 20 mins, t10 and t20, respectively), immediately after (post, P0), and 30-min post exercise (P30). Participants briefly stopped pedalling (no more than 60 s) while stimulation was applied at the t10 and t20 time-points of cycling. Mean POutput, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) did not differ between ECC and CON cycling and HR was significantly lower during ECC cycling (P = 0.01). Group mean MEP amplitudes were not significantly different between ECC and CON cycling at P0, t10, t20, and P30 and CON (at P > 0.05). Individual participant ratios of POutput and MEP amplitude showed large variability across the two modes of cycling, as did changes in slope of stimulus-response curves. These results suggest that compared to ‘Pre’ values, group mean CSE is not significantly affected by low-moderate intensity leg cycling in both modes. However, POutput and CSE show wide inter-participant variability which has implications for individual neural responses to CON and ECC cycling and rates of adaptation to a novel (ECC) mode. The study of CSE should therefore be analysed for each participant individually in relation to relevant physiological variables and account for familiarisation to semi-recumbent ECC leg cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Walsh
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. .,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI) University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Paul J Stapley
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI) University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan B H Shemmell
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Neuromotor Adaptation Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI) University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Romuald Lepers
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
| | - Darryl J McAndrew
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Graduate Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI) University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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22
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Colomer-Poveda D, Hortobágyi T, Keller M, Romero-Arenas S, Márquez G. Training intensity-dependent increases in corticospinal but not intracortical excitability after acute strength training. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 30:652-661. [PMID: 31785009 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the increases in corticospinal excitability (CSE) observed after one session of unilateral isometric strength training (ST) are related to changes in intracortical excitability measured by magnetic brain stimulation (TMS) in the trained and the contralateral untrained biceps brachii (BB) and whether such changes scale with training intensity. On three separate days, 15 healthy young men performed one ST session of 12 sets of eight isometric contractions of the right elbow flexors at 0% (control session), 25%, or 75% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in a random order. Before and after each session separated at least by 1 week, motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude, short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), contralateral silent period (SP), and intracortical facilitation (ICF) generated by TMS were measured in the trained and the untrained BBs. Compared with baseline, MEPs recorded from the trained BB increased by ~47% after training at 75% of MVC (P < .05) but not after training at 0% (~4%) or 25% MVC (~5%, both P > .05). MEPs in the untrained BB and SICI, SP, and ICF in either BB did not change. Therefore, acute high-intensity but not low-intensity unilateral isometric ST increases CSE in the trained BB without modifications in intracortical inhibition or facilitation. Thus, increases in corticospinal neurons or α-α-motoneuron excitability could underlie the increases in CSE. Regardless of contraction intensity, acute isometric ST did not modify the excitability of the ipsilateral primary motor cortex measured by TMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Colomer-Poveda
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Keller
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Salvador Romero-Arenas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Márquez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
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Current Evidence and Practical Applications of Flywheel Eccentric Overload Exercises as Postactivation Potentiation Protocols: A Brief Review. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 15:154-161. [PMID: 31743092 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To summarize the evidence on postactivation potentiation (PAP) protocols using flywheel eccentric overload (EOL) exercises. METHODS Studies were searched using the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and Institute for Scientific Information Web of Knowledge. RESULTS In total, 7 eligible studies were identified based on the following results: First, practitioners can use different inertia intensities (eg, 0.03-0.88 kg·m2), based on the exercise selected, to enhance sport-specific performance. Second, the PAP time window following EOL exercise seems to be consistent with traditional PAP literature, where acute fatigue is dominant in the early part of the recovery period (eg, 30 s), and PAP is dominant in the second part (eg, 3 and 6 min). Third, as EOL exercises require large force and power outputs, a volume of 3 sets with the conditioning activity (eg, half-squat or lunge) seems to be a sensible approach. This could reduce the transitory muscle fatigue and thereby allow for a stronger potentiation effect compared with larger exercise volumes. Fourth, athletes should gain experience by performing EOL exercises before using the tool as part of a PAP protocol (3 or 4 sessions of familiarization). Finally, the dimensions of common flywheel devices offer useful and practical solutions to induce PAP effects outside of normal training environments and prior to competitions. CONCLUSIONS EOL exercise can be used to stimulate PAP responses to obtain performance advantages in various sports. However, future research is needed to determine which EOL exercise modalities among intensity, volume, and rest intervals optimally induce the PAP phenomenon and facilitate transfer effects on athletic performances.
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Effects of acute and chronic unilateral resistance training variables on ipsilateral motor cortical excitability and cross-education: A systematic review. Phys Ther Sport 2019; 40:143-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Hoque M, Borich M, Sabatier M, Backus D, Kesar T. Effects of downslope walking on Soleus H-reflexes and walking function in individuals with multiple sclerosis: A preliminary study. NeuroRehabilitation 2019; 44:587-597. [PMID: 31256089 DOI: 10.3233/nre-192701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Downslope walking (DSW) is an eccentric-based exercise intervention that promotes neuroplasticity of spinal reflex circuitry by inducing depression of Soleus Hoffman (H)-reflexes in young, neurologically unimpaired adults. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of DSW on spinal excitability (SE) and walking function (WF) in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). METHODS Our study comprised two experiments on 12 PwMS (11 women; 45.3±11.8 years). Experiment 1 evaluated acute effects of a single 20-minute session of treadmill walking at three different walking grades on SE, 0% or level walking (LW), - 7.5% DSW, and - 15% DSW. Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of 6 sessions of DSW, at - 7.5% DSW (with second session being - 15% DSW) on SE and WF. RESULTS Experiment 1 showed significantly greater acute % H-reflex depression following - 15% DSW compared to LW (p = 0.02) and - 7.5% DSW (p = 0.05). Experiment 2 demonstrated significant improvements in WF. PwMS who showed greater acute H-reflex depression during the - 15% DSW session also demonstrated greater physical activity, long-distance WF, and the ability to have greater H-reflex depression after DSW training. Significant changes were not observed in regards to SE. CONCLUSIONS Though significant changes were not observed in SE after DSW training, we observed an improvement in WF which merits further investigation of DSW in PwMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruf Hoque
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Physical Therapy, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Borich
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Physical Therapy, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Manning Sabatier
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Physical Therapy, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Deborah Backus
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Physical Therapy, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Shepherd Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Trisha Kesar
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Physical Therapy, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Johnson SL, Stevens SL, Fuller DK, Caputo JL. Effect of Lower-Extremity Eccentric Training on Physical Function in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. PHYSICAL & OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY IN GERIATRICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/02703181.2019.1648626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Johnson
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, USA
| | - Sandra L. Stevens
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, USA
| | - Dana K. Fuller
- Department of Psychology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Caputo
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, USA
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Suchomel TJ, Wagle JP, Douglas J, Taber CB, Harden M, Haff GG, Stone MH. Implementing Eccentric Resistance Training-Part 1: A Brief Review of Existing Methods. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:jfmk4020038. [PMID: 33467353 PMCID: PMC7739257 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review was to provide a physiological rationale for the use of eccentric resistance training and to provide an overview of the most commonly prescribed eccentric training methods. Based on the existing literature, there is a strong physiological rationale for the incorporation of eccentric training into a training program for an individual seeking to maximize muscle size, strength, and power. Specific adaptations may include an increase in muscle cross-sectional area, force output, and fiber shortening velocities, all of which have the potential to benefit power production characteristics. Tempo eccentric training, flywheel inertial training, accentuated eccentric loading, and plyometric training are commonly implemented in applied contexts. These methods tend to involve different force absorption characteristics and thus, overload the muscle or musculotendinous unit in different ways during lengthening actions. For this reason, they may produce different magnitudes of improvement in hypertrophy, strength, and power. The constraints to which they are implemented can have a marked effect on the characteristics of force absorption and therefore, could affect the nature of the adaptive response. However, the versatility of the constraints when prescribing these methods mean that they can be effectively implemented to induce these adaptations within a variety of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Suchomel
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI 53186, USA
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester M6 6PU, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-262-524-7441
| | | | - Jamie Douglas
- High Performance Sport New Zealand, Mairangi Bay, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
| | - Christopher B. Taber
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Science, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT 06825, USA
| | - Mellissa Harden
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester M6 6PU, UK
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne M66PU, UK
| | - G. Gregory Haff
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester M6 6PU, UK
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia
| | - Michael H. Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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Garnier YM, Paizis C, Martin A, Lepers R. Corticospinal excitability changes following downhill and uphill walking. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:2023-2033. [PMID: 31165178 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05576-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Locomotor exercise may induce corticospinal excitability and/or cortical inhibition change in the knee extensors. This study investigated whether the mode of muscle contraction involved during a locomotor exercise modulates corticospinal and intracortical responsiveness. Eleven subjects performed two 45-min treadmill walking exercises in an uphill (+ 15%) or a downhill (- 15%) condition matched for speed. Maximal voluntary isometric torque (MVIC), voluntary activation level (VAL), doublet (Dt) twitch torque, and M-wave area of the knee extensors were assessed before and after exercise. At the same time-points, motor-evoked potential (MEP), cortical silent period (CSP), and short-interval cortical inhibition (SICI) were recorded in the vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles. After exercise, uphill and downhill conditions induced a similar loss in MVIC torque (- 9%; p < 0.001), reduction in VAL (- 7%; p < 0.001), and in M-wave area in the VL muscle (- 8%; p < 0.001). Dt twitch torque decreased only after the downhill exercise (- 11%; p < 0.001). MEP area of the VL muscle increased after the downhill condition (p = 0.007), with no change after the uphill condition. MEP area of the RF muscle remained stable after exercises. CSP and SICI did not change in the two conditions for both muscles. Downhill walking induces an increase in MEP area of the VL muscle, with no change of the CSP duration or SICI ratio. The eccentric mode of muscle contraction during a locomotor exercise can modulate specifically corticospinal excitability in the knee extensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann M Garnier
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, BP 27 877, 21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Christos Paizis
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, BP 27 877, 21000, Dijon, France.,Centre for Performance Expertise, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Alain Martin
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, BP 27 877, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Romuald Lepers
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, BP 27 877, 21000, Dijon, France
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Lacerda LT, Costa CG, Lima FV, Martins-Costa HC, Diniz RC, Andrade AG, Peixoto GH, Bemben MG, Chagas MH. Longer Concentric Action Increases Muscle Activation and Neuromuscular Fatigue Responses in Protocols Equalized by Repetition Duration. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:1629-1639. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Prasartwuth O, Suteebut R, Chawawisuttikool J, Yavuz US, Turker KS. Using first bout effect to study the mechanisms underlying eccentric exercise induced force loss. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2019; 23:48-53. [PMID: 30691760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The first bout of eccentric exercise is known to have a protective effect on the consequent bouts. This effect is still disputable as it is not known whether it protects muscle damage by reducing force production or by improving force recovery in the healing process. The underlying mechanisms of this protective effect have not been fully understood. OBJECTIVES To determine the mechanisms of this protective effect, three different loads were used for the first eccentric bout. This was done to investigate whether the protective effect is related to the size of the load in the first bout. To determine the neural adaptations, voluntary activation was assessed and to determine the muscular adaptations, the resting twitch was measured. METHOD Thirty healthy participants were selectively allocated into three groups (low-, moderate- and high-load group) to match for maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) (n = 10 per group). Participants in each group performed only one of the three sets of ten eccentric (ECC) exercises of the elbow flexors (10%, 20% and 40% of MVC) as their first eccentric bout. The second bout of eccentric exercise was performed two weeks later and was identical for all the three groups, i.e., 40% ECC. RESULTS The results showed that for the first bout, MVC, voluntary activation and the resting twitch displayed significant (p < 0.0001) interaction (group x time). This was not the case however for the second bout as there was no significant (group x time) interaction in all outcome variables immediately after exercise. When the first and second bouts were compared, it was found that the high-load group had faster recovery in MVC at day 1 and 4 corresponding to voluntary activation and only at day 4 corresponding to the resting twitch. CONCLUSIONS In this study, it was found that high-load exercise aids fast recovery either via neural or muscular adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orawan Prasartwuth
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
| | - Roongtip Suteebut
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Jitapa Chawawisuttikool
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Utku S Yavuz
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Engineering, Bernstein Focus Neurotechnology Gottingen, Bernstein Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Germany
| | - Kemal S Turker
- Koc University School of Medicine, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
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31
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Latella C, Goodwill AM, Muthalib M, Hendy AM, Major B, Nosaka K, Teo WP. Effects of eccentric versus concentric contractions of the biceps brachii on intracortical inhibition and facilitation. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 29:369-379. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Latella
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences; Edith Cowan University; Joondalup Western Australia Australia
| | - Alicia M. Goodwill
- Centre for Research and Development in Learning (CRADLE); Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
| | - Makii Muthalib
- Silverline Research; Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit (CNU), School of Psychology; Deakin University, Deakin University; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - Ashlee M. Hendy
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences; Deakin University; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - Brendan Major
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit (CNU), School of Psychology; Deakin University, Deakin University; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences; Edith Cowan University; Joondalup Western Australia Australia
| | - Wei-Peng Teo
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences; Deakin University; Geelong Victoria Australia
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32
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Garnier YM, Paizis C, Lepers R. Corticospinal changes induced by fatiguing eccentric versus concentric exercise. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:166-176. [PMID: 30016203 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1497090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study assessed neuromuscular and corticospinal changes during and after a fatiguing submaximal exercise of the knee extensors in different modes of muscle contraction. Twelve subjects performed two knee extensors exercises in a concentric or eccentric mode, at the same torque and with a similar total impulse. Exercises consisted of 10 sets of 10 repetitions at an intensity of 80% of the maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque (MVIC). MVIC, maximal voluntary activation level (VAL) and responses of electrically evoked contractions of the knee extensors were assessed before and after exercise. Motor evoked potential amplitude (MEP) and cortical silent period (CSP) of the vastus medialis (VM) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles were assessed before, during and after exercise. Similar reductions of the MVIC (-13%), VAL (-12%) and a decrease in the peak twitch (-12%) were observed after both exercises. For both VM and RF muscles, MEP amplitude remained unchanged during either concentric or eccentric exercises. No change of the MEP amplitude input-output curves was observed post-exercise. For the RF muscle, CSP increased during the concentric exercise and remained lengthened after this exercise. For the VM muscle, CSP was reduced after the eccentric exercise only. For a similar amount of total impulse, concentric and eccentric knee extensor contractions led to similar exercise-induced neuromuscular response changes. For the two muscles investigated, no modulation of corticospinal excitability was observed during or after either concentric or eccentric exercises. However, intracortical inhibition showed significant modulations during and after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann M Garnier
- a INSERM UMR1093-CAPS , Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport , Dijon , France
| | - Christos Paizis
- a INSERM UMR1093-CAPS , Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport , Dijon , France.,b Centre d'Expertise de la Performance , Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport , Dijon , France
| | - Romuald Lepers
- a INSERM UMR1093-CAPS , Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport , Dijon , France
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Patrocinio de Oliveira CE, Moreira OC, Carrión-Yagual ZM, Medina-Pérez C, de Paz JA. Effects of Classic Progressive Resistance Training Versus Eccentric-Enhanced Resistance Training in People With Multiple Sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2018; 99:819-825. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Different Hemodynamic Responses of the Primary Motor Cortex Accompanying Eccentric and Concentric Movements: A Functional NIRS Study. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8050075. [PMID: 29695123 PMCID: PMC5977066 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8050075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature contains limited evidence on how our brains control eccentric movement. A higher activation is expected in the contralateral motor cortex (M1) but consensus has not yet been reached. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare patterns of M1 activation between eccentric and concentric movements. Nine healthy participants performed in a randomized order three sets of five repetitions of eccentric or concentric movement with the dominant elbow flexors over a range of motion of 60° at two velocities (30°/s and 60°/s). The tests were carried out using a Biodex isokinetic dynamometer with the forearm supported in the horizontal plane. The peak torque values were not significantly different between concentric and eccentric movements (p = 0.42). Hemodynamic responses of the contralateral and ipsilateral M1 were measured with a near-infrared spectroscopy system (Oxymon MkIII, Artinis). A higher contralateral M1 activity was found during eccentric movements (p = 0.04, η² = 0.47) and at the velocity of 30°/s (p = 0.039, η² = 0.48). These preliminary findings indicate a specific control mechanism in the contralateral M1 to produce eccentric muscle actions at the angular velocities investigated, although the role of other brain areas in the motor control network cannot be excluded.
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Valadão P, Kurokawa S, Finni T, Avela J. Effects of muscle action type on corticospinal excitability and triceps surae muscle-tendon mechanics. J Neurophysiol 2018; 119:563-572. [PMID: 29118191 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00079.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether the specific motor control strategy reported for eccentric muscle actions is dependent on muscle mechanical behavior. Motor evoked potentials, Hoffman reflex (H-reflex), fascicle length, pennation angle, and fascicle velocity of soleus muscle were compared between isometric and two eccentric conditions. Ten volunteers performed maximal plantarflexion trials in isometric, slow eccentric (25°/s), and fast eccentric (100°/s) conditions, each in a different randomized testing session. H-reflex normalized by the preceding M wave (H/M) was depressed in both eccentric conditions compared with isometric ( P < 0.001), while no differences in fascicle length and pennation angle were found among conditions. Furthermore, although the fast eccentric condition had greater fascicle velocity than slow eccentric ( P = 0.001), there were no differences in H/M. There were no differences in motor evoked potential size between conditions, and silent period was shorter for both eccentric conditions compared with isometric ( P = 0.009). Taken together, the present results corroborate the hypothesis that the central nervous system has an unique activation strategy during eccentric muscle actions and suggest that sensory feedback does not play an important role in modulating these muscle actions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study provides new insight into the motor control of eccentric muscle actions. It was demonstrated that task-dependent corticospinal excitability modulation does not seem to depend on sensory information processing. These findings support the hypothesis that the central nervous system has a unique activation strategy during eccentric muscle actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Valadão
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - S Kurokawa
- Center for Liberal Arts, Meiji Gakuin University , Yokohama , Japan
| | - T Finni
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - J Avela
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
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Perrey S. Brain activation associated with eccentric movement: A narrative review of the literature. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 18:75-82. [PMID: 29081259 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1391334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The movement occurring when a muscle exerts tension while lengthening is known as eccentric muscle action. Literature contains limited evidence on how our brain controls eccentric movement. However, how the cortical regions in the motor network are activated during eccentric muscle actions may be critical for understanding the underlying control mechanism of eccentric movements encountered in daily tasks. This is a novel topic that has only recently begun to be investigated through advancements in neuroimaging methods (electroencephalography, EEG; functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI). This review summarizes a selection of seven studies indicating mainly: longer time and higher cortical signal amplitude (EEG) for eccentric movement preparation and execution, greater magnitude of cortical signals with wider activated brain area (EEG, fMRI), and weaker brain functional connectivity (fMRI) between primary motor cortex (M1) and other cortical areas involved in the motor network during eccentric muscle actions. Only some differences among studies due to the forms of movement with overload were observed in the contralateral (to the active hand) M1 activity during eccentric movement. Altogether, the findings indicate an important challenge to the brain for controlling the eccentric movement. However, our understanding remains limited regarding the acute effects of eccentric exercise on cortical regions and their cooperation as functional networks that support motor functions. Further analysis and standardized protocols will provide deeper insights into how different cortical regions of the underlying motor network interplay with each other in increasingly demanding muscle exertions in eccentric mode.
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Park JH, Cynn HS, Cha KS, Kim KH, Jeon HS. Event-related Desynchronization of Mu Rhythms During Concentric and Eccentric Contractions. J Mot Behav 2017; 50:457-466. [PMID: 28926320 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2017.1367638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns and reaction times (RTs) of muscle activation between concentric and eccentric biceps brachii contractions under the RT paradigm and to evaluate how the EEG patterns and RTs changed with practice. Sixteen subjects performed 3 sets of 30 repetitions of submaximal voluntary concentric and eccentric biceps contractions. RT, event-related desynchronization (ERD) patterns of mu rhythm onset, and ERD amplitudes were selectively analyzed. Mental demand decreased as familiarity with the motor action increased due to practice regardless of contraction type. However, the 2 types of muscle contractions still have differences in brain activity regardless of decreased mental demand: eccentric contractions require earlier preparation than concentric contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hee Park
- a Department of Physical Therapy , Graduate School, Yonsei University , Wonju , Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Seock Cynn
- b Department of Physical Therapy , College of Health Science, Yonsei University , Wonju , Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Su Cha
- c Department of Biomedical Engineering , College of Health Science, Yonsei University , Wonju , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- c Department of Biomedical Engineering , College of Health Science, Yonsei University , Wonju , Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Seon Jeon
- b Department of Physical Therapy , College of Health Science, Yonsei University , Wonju , Republic of Korea
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Hedayatpour N, Golestani A, Izanloo Z, Sepehri A, Kamali M. Time to task failure of the contralateral untrained limb after high load-low repetition eccentric and low load-high repetition resistance training. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201700020003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Kenville R, Maudrich T, Carius D, Ragert P. Hemodynamic Response Alterations in Sensorimotor Areas as a Function of Barbell Load Levels during Squatting: An fNIRS Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:241. [PMID: 28555098 PMCID: PMC5430058 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) serves as a promising tool to examine hemodynamic response alterations in a sports-scientific context. The present study aimed to investigate how brain activity within the human motor system changes its processing in dependency of different barbell load conditions while executing a barbell squat (BS). Additionally, we used different fNIRS probe configurations to identify and subsequently eliminate potential exercise induced systemic confounders such as increases in extracerebral blood flow. Ten healthy, male participants were enrolled in a crossover design. Participants performed a BS task with random barbell load levels (0% 1RM (1 repetition maximum), 20% 1RM and 40% 1RM for a BS) during fNIRS recordings. Initially, we observed global hemodynamic response alterations within and outside the human motor system. However, short distance channel regression of fNIRS data revealed a focalized hemodynamic response alteration within bilateral superior parietal lobe (SPL) for oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) and not for deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb) when comparing different load levels. These findings indicate that the previously observed load/force-brain relationship for simple and isolated movements is also present in complex multi-joint movements such as the BS. Altogether, our results show the feasibility of fNIRS to investigate brain processing in a sports-related context. We suggest for future studies to incorporate short distance channel regression of fNIRS data to reduce the likelihood of false-positive hemodynamic response alterations during complex whole movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouven Kenville
- Faculty of Sport Science, Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany
| | - Tom Maudrich
- Faculty of Sport Science, Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Carius
- Faculty of Sport Science, Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick Ragert
- Faculty of Sport Science, Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany
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Schaefer LV, Bittmann FN. Are there two forms of isometric muscle action? Results of the experimental study support a distinction between a holding and a pushing isometric muscle function. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2017; 9:11. [PMID: 28503309 PMCID: PMC5426061 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-017-0075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In isometric muscle function, there are subjectively two different modes of performance: one can either hold isometrically - thus resist an impacting force - or push isometrically - therefore work against a stable resistance. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether or not two different isometric muscle actions - the holding vs. pushing one (HIMA vs PIMA) - can be distinguished by objective parameters. METHODS Ten subjects performed two different measuring modes at 80% of MVC realized by a special pneumatic system. During HIMA the subject had to resist the defined impacting force of the pneumatic system in an isometric position, whereby the force of the cylinder works in direction of elbow flexion against the subject. During PIMA the subject worked isometrically in direction of elbow extension against a stable position of the system. The signals of pressure, force, acceleration and mechanomyography/-tendography (MMG/MTG) of the elbow extensor (MMGtri/MTGtri) and the abdominal muscle (MMGobl) were recorded and evaluated concerning the duration of maintaining the force level (force endurance) and the characteristics of MMG-/MTG-signals. Statistical group differences comparing HIMA vs. PIMA were estimated using SPSS. RESULTS Significant differences between HIMA and PIMA were especially apparent regarding the force endurance: During HIMA the subjects showed a decisively shorter time of stable isometric position (19 ± 8 s) in comparison with PIMA (41 ± 24 s; p = .005). In addition, during PIMA the longest isometric plateau amounted to 59.4% of the overall duration time of isometric measuring, during HIMA it lasted 31.6% (p = .000). The frequency of MMG/MTG did not show significant differences. The power in the frequency ranges of 8-15 Hz and 10-29 Hz was significantly higher in the MTGtri performing HIMA compared to PIMA (but not for the MMGs). The amplitude of MMG/MTG did not show any significant difference considering the whole measurement. However, looking only at the last 10% of duration time (exhaustion), the MMGtri showed significantly higher amplitudes during PIMA. CONCLUSION The results suggest that under holding isometric conditions muscles exhaust earlier. That means that there are probably two forms of isometric muscle action. We hypothesize two potential reasons for faster yielding during HIMA: (1) earlier metabolic fatigue of the muscle fibers and (2) the complexity of neural control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V. Schaefer
- Section Regulative Physiology and Prevention, Department Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Frank N. Bittmann
- Section Regulative Physiology and Prevention, Department Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Tesch PA, Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Lundberg TR. Clinical Applications of Iso-Inertial, Eccentric-Overload (YoYo™) Resistance Exercise. Front Physiol 2017; 8:241. [PMID: 28496410 PMCID: PMC5406462 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the quest for a viable non-gravity dependent method to "lift weights" in space, our laboratory introduced iso-inertial resistance (YoYo™) exercise using spinning flywheel(s), more than 25 years ago. After being thoroughly tested in individuals subjected to various established spaceflight analogs, a multi-mode YoYo™ exercise apparatus was eventually installed on the International Space Station in 2009. The method, applicable to any muscle group, provides accommodated resistance and optimal muscle loading through the full range of motion of concentric actions, and brief episodes of eccentric overload. This exercise intervention has found terrestrial applications and shown success in enhancing sports performance and preventing injury and aiding neurological or orthopedic rehabilitation. Research has proven that this technique offers unique physiological responses not possible with other exercise hardware solutions. This paper provides a brief overview of research that has made use, and explored the efficacy, of this method in healthy sedentary or physically active individuals and populations suffering from muscle wasting, disease or injury. While the collective evidence to date suggests YoYo™ offers a potent stimulus to optimize the benefits of resistance exercise, systematic research to support clinical use of this method has only begun to emerge. Thus, we also offer perspectives on unresolved issues, unexplored applications for clinical conditions, and how this particular exercise paradigm could be implemented in future clinical research and eventually being prescribed. Fields of particular interest are those aimed at promoting muscle health by preventing injury or combating muscle wasting and neurological or metabolic dysfunction due to aging or illness, or those serving in rehabilitation following trauma and/or surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per A Tesch
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalo
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, SCK•CENMol, Belgium.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, and Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University HospitalStockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy R Lundberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, and Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University HospitalStockholm, Sweden
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Maroto-Izquierdo S, García-López D, Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Moreira OC, González-Gallego J, de Paz JA. Skeletal muscle functional and structural adaptations after eccentric overload flywheel resistance training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:943-951. [PMID: 28385560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine the effect of flywheel (FW) resistance training with Eccentric Overload (FW-EOT) on muscle size and functional capacities (i.e. strength and power) in athletes and healthy subjects, and to compare FW-induced adaptations with those triggered by traditional resistance exercise interventions. DESIGN A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. METHODS A search of electronic databases [PubMed, MEDLINE (SportDiscus), Web of Science, Scopus and PEDro] was conducted to identify all publications employing FW-EOT up to April 30, 2016. Outcomes were analyzed as continuous outcomes using a random effects model to calculate a standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% CI. A total of 9 studies with 276 subjects and 92 effect sizes met the inclusion criteria and were included in the statistical analyses. RESULTS The overall pooled estimate from the main effects analysis was 0.63 (95% CI 0.49-0.76) with a significant (p<0.001) Z overall effect of 9.17. No significant heterogeneity (p value=0.78) was found. The meta-analysis showed significant differences between FW-EOT vs. conventional resistance training in concentric and eccentric strength, muscle power, muscle hypertrophy, vertical jump height and running speed, favoring FW-EOT. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis provides evidence supporting the superiority of FW-EOT, compared with traditional weight-stack exercise, to promote skeletal muscle adaptations in terms of strength, power and size in healthy subjects and athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David García-López
- Department of Health Sciences, European University Miguel de Cervantes, Spain
| | | | | | | | - José A de Paz
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Spain
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Tallent J, Goodall S, Gibbon KC, Hortobágyi T, Howatson G. Enhanced Corticospinal Excitability and Volitional Drive in Response to Shortening and Lengthening Strength Training and Changes Following Detraining. Front Physiol 2017; 8:57. [PMID: 28223941 PMCID: PMC5293799 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a limited understanding of the neurological adaptations responsible for changes in strength following shortening and lengthening resistance training and subsequent detraining. The aim of the study was to investigate differences in corticospinal and spinal responses to resistance training of the tibialis anterior muscle between shortening or lengthening muscle contractions for 4 weeks and after 2 weeks of detraining. Thirty-one untrained individuals were assigned to either shortening or lengthening isokinetic resistance training (4 weeks, 3 days/weeks) or a non-training control group. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) were used to assess corticospinal and spinal changes, respectively, at pre-, mid-, post-resistance training and post detraining. Greater increases changes (P < 0.01) in MVC were found from the respective muscle contraction training. Motor evoked potentials (expressed relative to background EMG) significantly increased in lengthening resistance training group under contraction intensities ranging from 25 to 80% of the shortening and lengthening contraction intensity (P < 0.01). In the shortening resistance training group increases were only seen at 50 and 80% of both contraction type. Volitional drive (V-wave) showed a greater increase following lengthening resistance training (57%) during maximal lengthening contractions compared to maximal shortening contractions following shortening resistance training (23%; P < 0.001). During the detraining period MVC and V-wave did not change (P > 0.05), although MEP amplitude decreased during the detraining period (P < 0.01). No changes in H-reflex were found pre to post resistance training or post detraining. Modulation in V-wave appeared to be contraction specific, whereby greatest increases occurred following lengthening resistance training. Strength and volitional drive is maintained following 2 weeks detraining, however corticospinal excitability appears to decrease when the training stimulus is withdrawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Tallent
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria UniversityNewcastle-upon-Tyne, UK; School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's UniversityTwickenham, UK
| | - Stuart Goodall
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Karl C Gibbon
- Department of Advanced Health Science, Buckinghamshire New University High Wycombe, UK
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria UniversityNewcastle-upon-Tyne, UK; Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria UniversityNewcastle-upon-Tyne, UK; Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest UniversityPotchefstroom, South Africa
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Nagamori A, Valero-Cuevas FJ, Finley JM. Unilateral Eccentric Contraction of the Plantarflexors Leads to Bilateral Alterations in Leg Dexterity. Front Physiol 2016; 7:582. [PMID: 27965588 PMCID: PMC5127811 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eccentric contractions can affect musculotendon mechanical properties and disrupt muscle proprioception, but their behavioral consequences are poorly understood. We tested whether repeated eccentric contractions of plantarflexor muscles of one leg affected the dexterity of either leg. Twenty healthy male subjects (27.3 ± 4.0 yrs) compressed a compliant and slender spring prone to buckling with each isolated leg. The maximal instability they could control (i.e., the maximal average sustained compression force, or lower extremity dexterity force, LEDforce) quantified the dexterity of each leg. We found that eccentric contractions did not affect LEDforce, but reduced force variability (LEDSD). Surprisingly, LEDforce increased in the non-exposed, contralateral leg. These effects were specific to exposure to eccentric contractions because an effort-matched exposure to walking did not affect leg dexterity. In the exposed leg, eccentric contractions (i) reduced voluntary error corrections during spring compressions (i.e., reduced 0.5–4 Hz power of LEDforce); (ii) did not change spinal excitability (i.e., unaffected H-reflexes); and (iii) changed the structure of the neural drive to the α-motoneuron pool (i.e., reduced EMG power within the 4–8 Hz physiological tremor band). These results suggest that repeated eccentric contractions alter the feedback control for dexterity in the exposed leg by reducing muscle spindle sensitivity. Moreover, the unexpected improvement in LEDforce in the non-exposed contralateral leg was likely a consequence of crossed-effects on its spinal and supraspinal feedback control. We discuss the implications of these bilateral effects of unilateral eccentric contractions, their effect on spinal and supraspinal control of dynamic foot-ground interactions, and their potential to facilitate rehabilitation from musculoskeletal and neuromotor impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nagamori
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Francisco J Valero-Cuevas
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James M Finley
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Yao WX, Jiang Z, Li J, Jiang C, Franlin CG, Lancaster JL, Huang Y, Yue GH. Brain Functional Connectivity Is Different during Voluntary Concentric and Eccentric Muscle Contraction. Front Physiol 2016; 7:521. [PMID: 27895590 PMCID: PMC5108928 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies report greater activation in the cortical motor network in controlling eccentric contraction (EC) than concentric contraction (CC) of human skeletal muscles despite lower activation level of the muscle associated with EC. It is unknown, however, whether the strength of functional coupling between the primary motor cortex (M1) and other involved areas in the brain differs as voluntary movements are controlled by a network of regions in the primary, secondary and association cortices. Examining fMRI-based functional connectivity (FC) offers an opportunity to measure strength of such coupling. To address the question, we examined functional MRI (fMRI) data acquired during EC and CC (20 contractions each with similar movement distance and speed) of the right first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle in 11 young (20-32 years) and healthy individuals and estimated FC between the M1 and a number of cortical regions in the motor control network. The major findings from the mechanical and fMRI-based FC analysis were that (1) no significant differences were seen in movement distance, speed and stability between the EC and CC; (2) significantly stronger mean FC was found for CC than EC. Our finding provides novel insights for a better understanding of the control mechanisms underlying voluntary movements produced by EC and CC. The finding is potentially helpful for guiding the development of targeted sport training and/or therapeutic programs for performance enhancement and injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan X Yao
- Department of Kinesiology, Health, and Nutrition, University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Zhiguo Jiang
- Human Performance and Engineering Research, Kessler Foundation West Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Jinqi Li
- Research Imaging Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Changhao Jiang
- Beijing Key Lab of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Tech Analysis, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports Beijing, China
| | - Crystal G Franlin
- Research Imaging Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jack L Lancaster
- Research Imaging Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yufei Huang
- Department of Kinesiology, Health, and Nutrition, University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Guang H Yue
- Human Performance and Engineering Research, Kessler Foundation West Orange, NJ, USA
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Garnier YM, Lepers R, Stapley PJ, Papaxanthis C, Paizis C. Changes in cortico-spinal excitability following uphill versus downhill treadmill exercise. Behav Brain Res 2016; 317:242-250. [PMID: 27671075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An acute bout of aerobic exercise induces neuroplasticity in the motor cortex. Moreover, paired associative stimulation (PAS) is known to induce neuroplasticity in M1. However, the possible influence of the type of exercise on the neuroplastic changes remains unknown. The present study investigated the effects of two different modes of muscle contraction produced during locomotor exercise on changes in corticospinal (CS) excitability. Subjects performed two 30-min treadmill exercises at an intensity corresponding to 60% of their maximal heart rate with either a +10% (uphill) or -10% (downhill) slope. These exercises were followed or not by paired associative stimulation method (PAS25) which consisted of 200 paired stimuli (0.25Hz, 15min) of median nerve electrical stimulation followed by transcranial magnetic stimulation of the hand M1 area (ISI 25ms). Motor evoked potentials (MEP), assessed through abductor pollicis brevis (APB) activity were obtained before exercise, at 5min, 15min and 30min after exercise. A significant (P<0.05) increase of the MEP amplitude was observed 30min after both exercises but was not different between the two modes of locomotion. On the contrary, MEP amplitude with PAS25 increased only 30min after downhill exercise. We conclude that sub-maximal treadmill exercise increases CS excitability within a period of 30min. However, the predominant mode of muscle contraction during uphill versus downhill locomotion does not influence CS excitability when assessed using a non-exercised muscle. However, results from PAS25 suggest that specific neuroplastic changes occur likely due to homeostatic mechanisms induced by exercise plus a PAS protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann M Garnier
- INSERM CAPS UMR 1093, F-21000 Dijon, France; University Bourgogne-Franche Comté, CAPS UMR 1093, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Romuald Lepers
- INSERM CAPS UMR 1093, F-21000 Dijon, France; University Bourgogne-Franche Comté, CAPS UMR 1093, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Paul J Stapley
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - Charalambos Papaxanthis
- INSERM CAPS UMR 1093, F-21000 Dijon, France; University Bourgogne-Franche Comté, CAPS UMR 1093, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Christos Paizis
- INSERM CAPS UMR 1093, F-21000 Dijon, France; University Bourgogne-Franche Comté, CAPS UMR 1093, F-21000 Dijon, France; Centre for Performance Expertise, UFR STAPS, Université de Bourgogne Dijon, France.
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Douglas J, Pearson S, Ross A, McGuigan M. Eccentric Exercise: Physiological Characteristics and Acute Responses. Sports Med 2016; 47:663-675. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Park SK, Yang DJ, Uhm YH, Heo JW, Kim JH. The effect of virtual reality-based eccentric training on lower extremity muscle activation and balance in stroke patients. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 28:2055-8. [PMID: 27512263 PMCID: PMC4968505 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.2055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of virtual reality-based
eccentric training on lower extremity muscle activity and balance in stroke patients.
[Subjects and Methods] Thirty stroke patients participated, with 15 patients allotted to
each of two eccentric training groups: one using a slow velocity (group I) and one using a
fast velocity (group II). The virtual reality-based eccentric training was performed by
the patients for 30 minutes once a day, 5 days a week, for 8 weeks using an Eccentron
system. Surface electromyography was used to measure the lower extremity muscle activity,
while a BioRescue was used to measure balancing ability. [Results] A significant
difference in lower extremity muscle activation and balance ability was observed in group
I compared with group II. [Conclusion] This study showed that virtual reality-based
eccentric training using a slow velocity is effective for improving lower extremity muscle
activity and balance in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Kyu Park
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Physical Therapy, Sehan University, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Jung Yang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Physical Therapy, Sehan University, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo Han Uhm
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Physical Therapy, Sehan University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Heo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Physical Therapy, Sehan University, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Ho Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Physical Therapy, Sehan University, Republic of Korea
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Marri K, Swaminathan R. Analysis of concentric and eccentric contractions in biceps brachii muscles using surface electromyography signals and multifractal analysis. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2016; 230:829-839. [DOI: 10.1177/0954411916654198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Muscle contractions can be categorized into isometric, isotonic (concentric and eccentric) and isokinetic contractions. The eccentric contractions are very effective for promoting muscle hypertrophy and produce larger forces when compared to the concentric or isometric contractions. Surface electromyography signals are widely used for analyzing muscle activities. These signals are nonstationary, nonlinear and exhibit self-similar multifractal behavior. The research on surface electromyography signals using multifractal analysis is not well established for concentric and eccentric contractions. In this study, an attempt has been made to analyze the concentric and eccentric contractions associated with biceps brachii muscles using surface electromyography signals and multifractal detrended moving average algorithm. Surface electromyography signals were recorded from 20 healthy individuals while performing a single curl exercise. The preprocessed signals were divided into concentric and eccentric cycles and in turn divided into phases based on range of motion: lower (0°–90°) and upper (>90°). The segments of surface electromyography signal were subjected to multifractal detrended moving average algorithm, and multifractal features such as strength of multifractality, peak exponent value, maximum exponent and exponent index were extracted in addition to conventional linear features such as root mean square and median frequency. The results show that surface electromyography signals exhibit multifractal behavior in both concentric and eccentric cycles. The mean strength of multifractality increased by 15% in eccentric contraction compared to concentric contraction. The lowest and highest exponent index values are observed in the upper concentric and lower eccentric contractions, respectively. The multifractal features are observed to be helpful in differentiating surface electromyography signals along the range of motion as compared to root mean square and median frequency. It appears that these multifractal features extracted from the concentric and eccentric contractions can be useful in the assessment of surface electromyography signals in sports medicine and training and also in rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Marri
- NIID Lab (MSB 207), Biomedical Engineering Group, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Ramakrishnan Swaminathan
- NIID Lab (MSB 207), Biomedical Engineering Group, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras, Chennai, India
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Jiang C, Ranganathan VK, Zhang J, Siemionow V, Yue GH. Motor effort training with low exercise intensity improves muscle strength and descending command in aging. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3291. [PMID: 27310942 PMCID: PMC4998428 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the effect of high mental effort training (MET) and conventional strength training (CST) on increasing voluntary muscle strength and brain signal associated with producing maximal muscle force in healthy aging. Twenty-seven older adults (age: 75 ± 7.9 yr, 8 women) were assigned into 1 of 3 groups: MET group-trained with low-intensity (30% maximal voluntary contraction [MVC]) physical exercise combined with MET, CST group-trained with high-intensity muscle contractions, or control (CTRL) group-no training of any kind. MET and CST lasted for 12 weeks (5 sessions/week). The participants' elbow flexion strength of the right arm, electromyography (EMG), and motor activity-related cortical potential (MRCP) directly related to the strength production were measured before and after training. The CST group had the highest strength gain (17.6%, P <0.001), the MET group also had significant strength gain (13.8%, P <0.001), which was not statistically different from that of the CST group even though the exercise intensity for the MET group was only at 30% MVC level. The CTRL group did not have significant strength changes. Surprisingly, only the MET group demonstrated a significant augmentation in the MRCP (29.3%, P <0.001); the MRCP increase in CST group was at boarder-line significance level (12.11%, P = 0.061) and that for CTRL group was only 4.9% (P = 0.539). These results suggest that high mental effort training combined with low-intensity physical exercise is an effective method for voluntary muscle strengthening and this approach is especially beneficial for those who are physically weak and have difficulty undergoing conventional strength training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhao Jiang
- Human Performance and Engineering Research, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ
- Key Lab of Sports Ability Evaluation and Comprehensive Research Lab of General Administration of Sports, Capital Institute of Physical Education, Beijing, China
| | - Vinoth K. Ranganathan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Junmei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Graduate School, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | - Vlodek Siemionow
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Guang H. Yue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Human Performance and Engineering Research, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
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