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Vlachovsky SG, Azurmendi PJ, Oddo EM, Rodríguez RS, Di Ciano LA, Goette NP, Paz LA, Silberstein C, Ibarra FR. High sodium, rather than high blood pressure, induces immune cell activation and renal infiltration in ovariectomized adult Wistar rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 722:150147. [PMID: 38788356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
We used an animal model of salt-sensitive hypertension (SSH) in which ovariectomized (oVx) rats developed hypertension with high salt (HS) intake. Hypertension is accompanied by changes in the percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes, immune CD45+ cell infiltration into renal tissue, and changes in Na+, K+- ATPase (NKA) expression in both renal tissue and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). To determine whether the observed changes resulted from HS intake, high blood pressure, or both, hydralazine (HDZ) was used to lower blood pressure. The oVx HS rats received two HDZ schedules either to prevent or to treat hypertension. NKA was overexpressed in the kidneys of all oVx groups and in PBMCs of oVx HS rats. This pattern was not altered with HDZ treatment. Changes in CD4+ T lymphocytes and renal infiltration of CD45+ cells were not reversed either. High salt, but not high blood pressure, induces immune cell activation and renal infiltration. Overexpressed NKA is the primary event, and HS is the perturbation to the system in this model of SSH, which resembles the postmenopausal state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra G Vlachovsky
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Laboratorio de Nefrología Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina.
| | - Pablo J Azurmendi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Laboratorio de Nefrología Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina.
| | - Elisabet M Oddo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Laboratorio de Nefrología Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina.
| | - Romina S Rodríguez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Laboratorio de Nefrología Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina.
| | - Luis A Di Ciano
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Laboratorio de Nefrología Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina.
| | - Nora P Goette
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Laboratorio Hematología Investigación, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina.
| | - Leonardo A Paz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina.
| | - Claudia Silberstein
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica B. Houssay (IFIBIO-Houssay), Laboratorio de Fisiología Renal, Paraguay 2155, piso 4, Buenos Aires, 1121, Argentina.
| | - Fernando R Ibarra
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Laboratorio de Nefrología Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica B. Houssay (IFIBIO-Houssay), Laboratorio de Fisiología Renal, Paraguay 2155, piso 4, Buenos Aires, 1121, Argentina.
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Vlachovsky SG, Di Ciano LA, Oddo EM, Azurmendi PJ, Silberstein C, Ibarra FR. Role of Female Sex Hormones and Immune Response in Salt-Sensitive Hypertension Development: Evidence from Experimental Models. Curr Hypertens Rep 2023; 25:405-419. [PMID: 37676461 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-023-01257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSEOF REVIEW Female sex hormones have systemic effects unrelated to their reproductive function. We describe experiences of different research groups and our own, on aspects related to the importance of female sex hormones on blood pressure (BP) regulation and salt-sensitivity-mediated BP response and salt sensitivity without alterations in BP, as well as renal sodium handling and interactions with the immune system. RECENT FINDINGS Changes in sodium intake in normotensive premenopausal women cause more BP variations than in men. After menopause, women often develop arterial hypertension (HT) with a profile of sodium sensitivity. Besides, experimental results have shown that in adult rat models resembling the postmenopausal hormonal state induced by ovariectomy, controlling BP is not enough to avoid renal and other tissue infiltration with immune cells, which does not occur when sodium intake is low or normal. Therefore, excess sodium promotes an inflammatory state with the involvement of immune cells. The evidence of activation of adaptive immunity, besides changes in T cell subpopulations, includes changes in sodium transporters and receptors. More studies are needed to evaluate the particular sodium sensitivity of women and its meaning. Changes in lifestyle and sodium intake reduction are the main therapeutic steps. However, to face the actual burden of salt-sensitive HT in postmenopausal women and its associated inflammatory/immune changes, it seems reasonable to work on immune cell activity by considering the peripheral blood mononuclear cell phenotypes of molecules and transport proteins related to sodium handle, both to screen for and treat cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra G Vlachovsky
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Medicas A. Lanari, Laboratorio de Nefrología Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis A Di Ciano
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Medicas A. Lanari, Laboratorio de Nefrología Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina
| | - Elisabet M Oddo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Medicas A. Lanari, Laboratorio de Nefrología Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo J Azurmendi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Medicas A. Lanari, Laboratorio de Nefrología Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Silberstein
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica B. Houssay (IFIBIO-Houssay), Laboratorio de Fisiología Renal, Paraguay 2155, piso 4, Buenos Aires, 1121, Argentina.
| | - Fernando R Ibarra
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Medicas A. Lanari, Laboratorio de Nefrología Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina.
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica B. Houssay (IFIBIO-Houssay), Laboratorio de Fisiología Renal, Paraguay 2155, piso 4, Buenos Aires, 1121, Argentina.
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Vlachovsky SG, Di Ciano LA, Oddo EM, Azurmendi PJ, Goette NP, Arrizurieta EE, Silberstein C, Ibarra FR. Ovariectomy and high salt increase blood pressure and alter sodium transport proteins in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of adult Wistar rats. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:2107-2123. [PMID: 34320266 DOI: 10.1113/ep089553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? In a model of salt-sensitive hypertension in ovariectomized (oVx) adult Wistar rats, what is the expression of proteins related to sodium transport in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and how does the response of proteins to high sodium intake compare with changes in blood pressure in intact female rats? What is the main finding and its importance? Sodium transport proteins in PBMCs react to high sodium and blood pressure markedly differently in oVx versus intact female rats. Protein expression shows sodium and pressure sensitivity. Renal immune cells increase in oVx under high salt. ABSTRACT Hypertension is a worldwide public health problem. High sodium consumption is associated with hypertension, and hypertensive mechanisms involve immunity cells. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are endowed with proteins related to sodium transport. We studied their abundance in PBMCs from intact (IF) or ovariectomized (oVx) adult Wistar rats under normal (NS) or high (HS) salt intake. Ovariectomy was performed at 60 days of life. At 145 days, one group of IF and oVx rats received NS or HS intake for 5 days. Another group of IF HS and oVx HS rats received hydralazine (HDZ) to reduce blood pressure (BP). Sodium balance and BP were recorded. Expression of Na+ ,K+ -ATPase (NKA), Na+ -K+ -2Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1), serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1), dopamine D1 like receptor (D1DR), CD4+ and CD8+ were determined in PBMCs and CD45+ leukocytes in renal tissue. IF HS rats showed increased natriuresis and normal BP. NKA and CD4+ expression diminished in IF HS. Instead, oVx HS rats had sodium retention and high BP and increased the expression of NKA, NKCC1, D1DR, CD4+ and CD8+ in PBMCs. Renal CD45+ leukocytes increased in oVx HS rats. HDZ decreased BP in all rats. Upon HDZ treatment, NKA did not change, NKCC1 decreased in oVx HS rats, while SGK1 increased in both IF HS and oVx HS rats. Hormonal background determines BP response and the expression of proteins related to sodium transport in PBMCs and renal immune cells at HS intake. The analysis of NKA, NKCC1 and SGK1 expression in PBMCs differentiated salt-sensitivity from BP variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra G Vlachovsky
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratorio de Riñón Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis A Di Ciano
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratorio de Riñón Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elisabet M Oddo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratorio de Riñón Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo J Azurmendi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratorio de Riñón Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora P Goette
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratorio Hematología Investigación, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elvira E Arrizurieta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratorio de Riñón Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Silberstein
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay)-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando R Ibarra
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratorio de Riñón Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay)-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Miličić Stanić B, Maddox S, de Souza AMA, Wu X, Mehranfard D, Ji H, Speth RC, Sandberg K. Male bias in ACE2 basic science research: missed opportunity for discovery in the time of COVID-19. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R925-R937. [PMID: 33848207 PMCID: PMC8203415 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00356.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the world, including the United States, men have worse outcomes from COVID-19 than women. SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus of the COVID-19 pandemic, uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to gain cellular entry. ACE2 is a member of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and plays an important role in counteracting the harmful effects mediated by the angiotensin type 1 receptor. Therefore, we conducted Ovid MEDLINE and Embase database searches of basic science studies investigating the impact of the biological variable of sex on ACE2 expression and regulation from 2000, the year ACE2 was discovered, through December 31, 2020. Out of 2,131 publications, we identified 853 original research articles on ACE2 conducted in primary cells, tissues, and/or whole mammals excluding humans. The majority (68.7%) of these studies that cited the sex of the animal were conducted in males, while 11.2% were conducted solely in females; 9.26% compared ACE2 between the sexes, while 10.8% did not report the sex of the animals used. General findings are that sex differences are tissue-specific and when present, are dependent upon gonadal state. Renal, cardiac, and adipose ACE2 is increased in both sexes under experimental conditions that model co-morbidities associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes including hypertension, obesity, and renal and cardiovascular diseases; however, ACE2 protein was generally higher in the males. Studies in Ace2 knockout mice indicate ACE2 plays a greater role in protecting the female from developing hypertension than the male. Studying the biological variable of sex in ACE2 research provides an opportunity for discovery in conditions involving RAS dysfunction and will shed light on sex differences in COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branka Miličić Stanić
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Sydney Maddox
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Aline M A de Souza
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Xie Wu
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Danial Mehranfard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
| | - Hong Ji
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Robert C Speth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Kathryn Sandberg
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
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Faulkner JL, Belin de Chantemèle EJ. Female Sex, a Major Risk Factor for Salt-Sensitive Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2020; 22:99. [PMID: 33089375 PMCID: PMC7675065 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-020-01113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW High dietary salt is a significant contributor to essential hypertension in clinical populations. However, although clinical studies indicate a higher prevalence of salt sensitivity in women over men, knowledge of salt-sensitive mechanisms is largely restricted to males, and female-specific mechanisms are presently being elucidated. RECENT FINDINGS Male-specific mechanisms of salt-sensitive hypertension are well published and predominantly appear to involve dysfunctional renal physiology. However, emerging novel evidence indicates that aldosterone production is sex-specifically heightened in salt-sensitive hypertensive women and female rodent models, which may be regulated by intra-adrenal renin-angiotensin system activation and sex hormone receptors. In addition, new evidence that young females endogenously express higher levels of endothelial mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) and that endothelial MR is a crucial mediator of endothelial dysfunction in females indicates that the aldosterone-endothelial MR activation pathway is a novel mediator of salt-sensitive hypertension. Heightened aldosterone levels and endothelial MR expression provide a 2-fold sex-specific mechanism that may underlie the pathology of salt-sensitive hypertension in women. This hypothesis indicates that MR antagonists may be a preferential treatment for premenopausal women diagnosed with salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Faulkner
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Eric J Belin de Chantemèle
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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Mitchell T, De Miguel C, Gohar EY. Sex differences in redox homeostasis in renal disease. Redox Biol 2020; 31:101489. [PMID: 32197946 PMCID: PMC7212488 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in redox signaling in the kidney present new challenges and opportunities for understanding the physiology and pathophysiology of the kidney. This review will focus on reactive oxygen species, immune-related signaling pathways and endothelin-1 as potential mediators of sex-differences in redox homeostasis in the kidney. Additionally, this review will highlight male-female differences in redox signaling in several major cardiovascular and renal disorders namely acute kidney injury, diabetic nephropathy, kidney stone disease and salt-sensitive hypertension. Furthermore, we will discuss the contribution of redox signaling in the pathogenesis of postmenopausal hypertension and preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanecia Mitchell
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Carmen De Miguel
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Eman Y Gohar
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Pai AV, West CA, de Souza AMA, Kadam PS, Pollner EJ, West DA, Li J, Ji H, Wu X, Zhu MJ, Baylis C, Sandberg K. Renal T cell infiltration occurs despite attenuation of development of hypertension with hydralazine in Envigo's female Dahl rat maintained on a low-Na + diet. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F572-F583. [PMID: 31241996 PMCID: PMC6766632 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00512.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have suggested that renal T cell infiltration contributes to the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension. To investigate this mechanism further, we determined T cell profiles in the kidney and lymphoid tissues as a function of blood pressure in the female Envigo Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rat maintained on low-Na+ (LS) diet. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were measured by telemetry in SS rats from 1 mo old (juvenile) to 4 mo old. Normotensive salt-resistant (SR) rats were included as controls. Frequencies of T helper (CD4+) cells were greater in the kidney, lymph nodes, and spleen in 4-mo-old hypertensive SS rats compared with normotensive SR animals and SS juvenile rats, suggesting that renal T cell infiltration contributes to hypertension in the SS rat on a LS diet. At 1.5 mo, half of the SS rats were treated with vehicle (Veh), and the rest received hydralazine (HDZ; 25 mg·kg-1·day-1) for 11 wk. HDZ impeded the development of hypertension compared with Veh-treated control rats [mean arterial pressure: 157 ± 4 mmHg in the Veh-treated group (n = 6) vs. 133 ± 3 mmHg in the HDZ-treated group (n = 7), P < 0.001] without impacting T helper cell frequencies in the tissues, suggesting that HDZ can overcome mechanisms of hypertension driven by renal T cell infiltration under the LS diet. Renal frequencies of CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells were significantly higher in 4-mo-old hypertensive rats compared with normotensive SR rats and SS juvenile rats, suggesting that these T cell subpopulations play a compensatory role in the development of hypertension. Greater understanding of these T cell populations could lead to new therapeutic targets for treating inflammatory diseases associated with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita V Pai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Crystal A West
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | - Parnika S Kadam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Emma J Pollner
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - David A West
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Hong Ji
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Xie Wu
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Michelle J Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Chris Baylis
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kathryn Sandberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
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Gogulamudi VR, Mani I, Subramanian U, Pandey KN. Genetic disruption of Npr1 depletes regulatory T cells and provokes high levels of proinflammatory cytokines and fibrosis in the kidneys of female mutant mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 316:F1254-F1272. [PMID: 30943067 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00621.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine the effects of gene knockout of guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor-A (GC-A/NPRA) on immunogenic responses affecting kidney function and blood pressure (BP) in Npr1 (coding for GC-A/NPRA)-null mutant mice. We used female Npr1 gene-disrupted (Npr1-/-, 0 copy), heterozygous (Npr1+/-, 1 copy), wild-type (Npr1+/+, 2 copy), and gene-duplicated (Npr1++/++, 4 copy) mice. Expression levels of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2/TLR4 mRNA were increased 4- to 5-fold in 1-copy mice and 6- to 10-fold in 0-copy mice; protein levels were increased 2.5- to 3-fold in 1-copy mice and 4- to 5-fold in 0-copy mice. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines and BP was significantly elevated in 1-copy and 0-copy mice compared with 2-copy and 4-copy mice. In addition, 0-copy and 1-copy mice exhibited drastic reductions in regulatory T cells (Tregs). After rapamycin treatment, Tregs were increased by 17% (P < 0.001) in 0-copy mice and 8% (P < 0.001) in 1-copy mice. Renal mRNA and protein levels of TLR2 and TLR4 were decreased by 70% in 0-copy mice and 50% in 1-copy mice. There were significantly higher levels of Tregs and very low levels of TLR2/TLR4 expression in 4-copy mice (P < 0.001). These findings indicate that the disruption of Npr1 in female mice triggers renal immunogenic pathways, which transactivate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and renal fibrosis with elevated BP in mutant animals. The data suggest that rapamycin treatment attenuates proinflammatory cytokine expression, dramatically increases anti-inflammatory cytokines, and substantially reduces BP and renal fibrosis in mutant animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Indra Mani
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Umadevi Subramanian
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kailash N Pandey
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana
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