1
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Kamp M, Surmacki J, Segarra Mondejar M, Young T, Chrabaszcz K, Joud F, Zecchini V, Speed A, Frezza C, Bohndiek SE. Raman micro-spectroscopy reveals the spatial distribution of fumarate in cells and tissues. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5386. [PMID: 38918386 PMCID: PMC11199670 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49403-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Aberrantly accumulated metabolites elicit intra- and inter-cellular pro-oncogenic cascades, yet current measurement methods require sample perturbation/disruption and lack spatio-temporal resolution, limiting our ability to fully characterize their function and distribution. Here, we show that Raman spectroscopy (RS) can directly detect fumarate in living cells in vivo and animal tissues ex vivo, and that RS can distinguish between Fumarate hydratase (Fh1)-deficient and Fh1-proficient cells based on fumarate concentration. Moreover, RS reveals the spatial compartmentalization of fumarate within cellular organelles in Fh1-deficient cells: consistent with disruptive methods, we observe the highest fumarate concentration (37 ± 19 mM) in mitochondria, where the TCA cycle operates, followed by the cytoplasm (24 ± 13 mM) and then the nucleus (9 ± 6 mM). Finally, we apply RS to tissues from an inducible mouse model of FH loss in the kidney, demonstrating RS can classify FH status. These results suggest RS could be adopted as a valuable tool for small molecule metabolic imaging, enabling in situ non-destructive evaluation of fumarate compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlous Kamp
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jakub Surmacki
- Lodz University of Technology, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marc Segarra Mondejar
- Hutchison/MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
- CECAD, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Young
- Hutchison/MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Karolina Chrabaszcz
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Physics of Complex Systems, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342, Krakow, Poland
| | - Fadwa Joud
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Vincent Zecchini
- Hutchison/MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Alyson Speed
- Hutchison/MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Christian Frezza
- Hutchison/MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK.
- CECAD, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Sarah E Bohndiek
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
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2
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Rockfield SM, Turnis ME, Rodriguez-Enriquez R, Bathina M, Ng SK, Kurtz N, Becerra Mora N, Pelletier S, Robinson CG, Vogel P, Opferman JT. Genetic ablation of Immt induces a lethal disruption of the MICOS complex. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302329. [PMID: 38467404 PMCID: PMC10927357 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) is important for crista junction formation and for maintaining inner mitochondrial membrane architecture. A key component of the MICOS complex is MIC60, which has been well studied in yeast and cell culture models. However, only one recent study has demonstrated the embryonic lethality of losing Immt (the gene encoding MIC60) expression. Tamoxifen-inducible ROSA-CreERT2-mediated deletion of Immt in adult mice disrupted the MICOS complex, increased mitochondria size, altered cristae morphology, and was lethal within 12 d. Pathologically, these mice displayed defective intestinal muscle function (paralytic ileus) culminating in dehydration. We also identified bone marrow (BM) hypocellularity in Immt-deleted mice, although BM transplants from wild-type mice did not improve survival. Altogether, this inducible mouse model demonstrates the importance of MIC60 in vivo, in both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic tissues, and provides a valuable resource for future mechanistic investigations into the MICOS complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Rockfield
- https://ror.org/02r3e0967 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Meghan E Turnis
- https://ror.org/02r3e0967 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ricardo Rodriguez-Enriquez
- https://ror.org/02r3e0967 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Madhavi Bathina
- https://ror.org/02r3e0967 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Seng Kah Ng
- https://ror.org/02r3e0967 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nathan Kurtz
- https://ror.org/02r3e0967 Electron Microscopy, Department of Cellular Imaging Shared Resources, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nathalie Becerra Mora
- https://ror.org/02r3e0967 Electron Microscopy, Department of Cellular Imaging Shared Resources, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stephane Pelletier
- https://ror.org/02r3e0967 Transgenic Core Facility, Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Camenzind G Robinson
- https://ror.org/02r3e0967 Electron Microscopy, Department of Cellular Imaging Shared Resources, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- https://ror.org/02r3e0967 Comparative Pathology Core, Pathology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joseph T Opferman
- https://ror.org/02r3e0967 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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3
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Dzien P, Raffo Iraolagoitia X, May S, Stevenson D, McGarry L, Soloviev D, Brown G, Nixon C, Kapeni C, De La Roche M, Blyth K, Lyons S, Bird T, Strathdee D, Fruhwirth G, Carlin L, Lewis D. Multi-scale in vivo imaging of tumour development using a germline conditional triple-reporter system. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4196140. [PMID: 38645088 PMCID: PMC11030518 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4196140/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Imaging reporter genes are indispensable for visualising biological processes in living subjects, particularly in cancer research where they have been used to observe tumour development, cancer cell dissemination, and treatment response. Engineering reporter genes into the germline frequently involves single imaging modality reporters operating over limited spatial scales. To address these limitations, we developed an inducible triple-reporter mouse model (Rosa26LSL - NRL) that integrates reporters for complementary imaging modalities, flfluorescence, bioluminescence and positron emission tomography (PET), along with inducible Cre-lox functionality for precise spatiotemporal control of reporter expression. We demonstrated robust reporter inducibility across various tissues in the Rosa26LSL - NRL mouse, facilitating effective tracking and characterisation of tumours in liver and lung cancer mouse models. We precisely pinpointed tumour location using multimodal whole-body imaging which guided in situ lung microscopy to visualise cell-cell interactions within the tumour microenvironment. The triple-reporter system establishes a robust new platform technology for multi-scale investigation of biological processes within whole animals, enabling tissue-specific and sensitive cell tracking, spanning from the whole-body to cellular scales.
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4
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Tey PY, Dufner A, Knobeloch KP, Pruneda JN, Clague MJ, Urbé S. Rapid turnover of CTLA4 is associated with a complex architecture of reversible ubiquitylation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.31.573735. [PMID: 38260548 PMCID: PMC10802369 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.31.573735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The immune checkpoint regulator CTLA4 is an unusually short-lived membrane protein. Here we show that its lysosomal degradation is dependent on ubiquitylation at Lysine residues 203 and 213. Inhibition of the v-ATPase partially restores CTLA4 levels following cycloheximide treatment, but also reveals a fraction that is secreted in exosomes. The endosomal deubiquitylase, USP8, interacts with CTLA4 and its loss enhances CTLA4 ubiquitylation in cancer cells, mouse CD4+ T cells and in cancer cell-derived exosomes. Depletion of the USP8 adapter protein, HD-PTP, but not ESCRT-0 recapitulates this cellular phenotype, but shows distinct properties vis-à-vis exosome incorporation. Re-expression of wild-type USP8, but neither a catalytically inactive, nor a localization-compromised ΔMIT domain mutant can rescue delayed degradation of CTLA4, or counteract its accumulation in clustered endosomes. UbiCRest analysis of CTLA4-associated ubiquitin chain linkages identifies a complex mixture of conventional Lys63- and more unusual Lys27- and Lys29-linked polyubiquitin chains that may underly the rapidity of protein turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yee Tey
- Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Almut Dufner
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Knobeloch
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan N. Pruneda
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Michael J. Clague
- Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Sylvie Urbé
- Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
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5
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Tornillo G, Warrington L, Kendrick H, Higgins AT, Hay T, Beck S, Smalley MJ. Conditional in vivo deletion of LYN kinase has little effect on a BRCA1 loss-of-function-associated mammary tumour model. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050211. [PMID: 38149669 PMCID: PMC10846530 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
LYN kinase is expressed in BRCA1 loss-of-function-dependent mouse mammary tumours, in the cells of origin of such tumours, and in human breast cancer. Suppressing LYN kinase activity in BRCA1-defective cell lines as well as in in vitro cultures of Brca1-null mouse mammary tumours is deleterious to their growth. Here, we examined the interaction between LYN kinase and BRCA1 loss-of-function in an in vivo mouse mammary tumour model, using conditional knockout Brca1 and Lyn alleles. Comparison of Brca1 tumour cohorts showed little difference in mammary tumour formation between animals that were wild type, heterozygous or homozygous for the conditional Lyn allele, although this was confounded by factors including incomplete Lyn recombination in some tumours. RNA-sequencing analysis demonstrated that tumours with high levels of Lyn gene expression had a slower doubling time, but this was not correlated with levels of LYN staining in tumour cells themselves. Rather, high Lyn expression and slower tumour growth were likely a result of B-cell infiltration. The multifaceted role of LYN indicates that it is likely to present difficulties as a therapeutic target in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Tornillo
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Lauren Warrington
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Howard Kendrick
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Adam T. Higgins
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Trevor Hay
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Sam Beck
- Independent Anatomic Pathology Ltd, Calyx House, South Road, Taunton TA1 3DU, UK
| | - Matthew J. Smalley
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
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6
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Cristante E, Liyanage SE, Smith AJ, Ali RR, Bainbridge JWB. Role of HIF1α and HIF2α in Cre Recombinase-Induced Retinal Pigment Epithelium Pathology and Its Secondary Effect on Choroidal Neovascularization. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1694-1705. [PMID: 37330004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
CreTrp1 mice are widely used for conditional retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) gene function studies. Like other Cre/LoxP models, phenotypes in CreTrp1 mice can be affected by Cre-mediated cellular toxicity, leading to RPE dysfunction, altered morphology and atrophy, activation of innate immunity, and consequent impairment of photoreceptor function. These effects are common among the age-related alterations of RPE that feature in early/intermediate forms of age-related macular degeneration. This article characterizes Cre-mediated pathology in the CreTrp1 line to elucidate the impact of RPE degeneration on both developmental and pathologic choroidal neovascularization. Nonredundant roles of the two major components of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) family of transcription regulators, HIF1α and HIF2α, were identified. Genetic ablation of Hif1a protected against Cre-induced degeneration of RPE and choroid, whereas ablation of Hif2a exacerbated this degeneration. Furthermore, HIF1α deficiency protected CreTrp1 mice against laser-induced choroidal neovascularization, whereas HIF2α deficiency exacerbated the phenotype. Cre-mediated degeneration of the RPE in CreTrp1 mice offers an opportunity to investigate the impact of hypoxia signaling in the context of RPE degeneration. These findings indicate that HIF1α promotes Cre recombinase-mediated RPE degeneration and laser-induced choroidal neovascularization, whereas HIF2α is protective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander J Smith
- Centre for Cell and Gene Therapy, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin R Ali
- Centre for Cell and Gene Therapy, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - James W B Bainbridge
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology London, United Kingdom; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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7
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Singh AK, Rai A, Weber A, Gericke M, Janssen KP, Moser M, Posern G. MRTF-A gain-of-function in mice impairs homeostatic renewal of the intestinal epithelium. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:639. [PMID: 37770456 PMCID: PMC10539384 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The actin-regulated transcription factor MRTF-A represents a central relay in mechanotransduction and controls a subset of SRF-dependent target genes. However, gain-of-function studies in vivo are lacking. Here we characterize a conditional MRTF-A transgenic mouse model. While MRTF-A gain-of-function impaired embryonic development, induced expression of constitutively active MRTF-A provoked rapid hepatocyte ballooning and liver failure in adult mice. Specific expression in the intestinal epithelium caused an erosive architectural distortion, villus blunting, cryptal hyperplasia and colonic inflammation, resulting in transient weight loss. Organoids from transgenic mice repeatedly induced in vitro showed impaired self-renewal and defective cryptal compartments. Mechanistically, MRTF-A gain-of-function decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis, but did not induce fibrosis. MRTF-A targets including Acta2 and Pai-1 were induced, whereas markers of stem cells and differentiated cells were reduced. Our results suggest that activated MRTF-A in the intestinal epithelium shifts the balance between proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Kumar Singh
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Amrita Rai
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anja Weber
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Martin Gericke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Moser
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Guido Posern
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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8
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Farley AM, Chengrui A, Palmer S, Liu D, Kousa AI, Rouse P, Major V, Sweetman J, Morys J, Corsinotti A, Nichols J, Ure J, McLay R, Boulter L, Chapman SJ, Tomlinson SR, Blackburn CC. Thymic epithelial cell fate and potency in early organogenesis assessed by single cell transcriptional and functional analysis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1202163. [PMID: 37559721 PMCID: PMC10407560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1202163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, cortical (c) and medullary (m) thymic epithelial cells (TEC) arise from the third pharyngeal pouch endoderm. Current models suggest that within the thymic primordium most TEC exist in a bipotent/common thymic epithelial progenitor cell (TEPC) state able to generate both cTEC and mTEC, at least until embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5) in the mouse. This view, however, is challenged by recent transcriptomics and genetic evidence. We therefore set out to investigate the fate and potency of TEC in the early thymus. Here using single cell (sc) RNAseq we identify a candidate mTEC progenitor population at E12.5, consistent with recent reports. Via lineage-tracing we demonstrate this population as mTEC fate-restricted, validating our bioinformatics prediction. Using potency analyses we also establish that most E11.5 and E12.5 progenitor TEC are cTEC-fated. Finally we show that overnight culture causes most if not all E12.5 cTEC-fated TEPC to acquire functional bipotency, and provide a likely molecular mechanism for this changed differentiation potential. Collectively, our data overturn the widely held view that a common TEPC predominates in the E12.5 thymus, showing instead that sublineage-primed progenitors are present from the earliest stages of thymus organogenesis but that these early fetal TEPC exhibit cell-fate plasticity in response to extrinsic factors. Our data provide a significant advance in the understanding of fetal thymic epithelial development and thus have implications for thymus-related clinical research, in particular research focussed on generating TEC from pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Mary Farley
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - An Chengrui
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Palmer
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dong Liu
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasia I. Kousa
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Rouse
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Viktoria Major
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Sweetman
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Morys
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Corsinotti
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Janice Ure
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Renee McLay
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Boulter
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - S. Jon Chapman
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R. Tomlinson
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - C. Clare Blackburn
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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9
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Schmidt C, Harberts A, Reimers D, Bertram T, Voß LC, Schmid J, Lory NC, Spohn M, Koch-Nolte F, Huber S, Raczkowski F, Breloer M, Mittrücker HW. IRF4 is required for migration of CD4 + T cells to the intestine but not for Th2 and Th17 cell maintenance. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1182502. [PMID: 37469513 PMCID: PMC10352983 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1182502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 (IRF4) is central in control of T cell activation and differentiation. Deficiency of IRF4 results in severe immune deficiency and affects maturation and function of most if not all T cell subsets. Here we use mouse infection models for Citrobacter rodentium and Strongyloides ratti to analyze the function of IRF4 in T helper (Th) 17 and Th2 cell responses, respectively. IRF4 deficient mice were impaired in the control of both pathogens, failed to mount Th17 and Th2 cell responses and showed impaired recruitment of T helper cells to the intestine, the infection site of both pathogens. Compromised intestinal migration was associated with reduced expression of the intestinal homing receptors α4β7 integrin, CCR9 and GPR15. Identification of IRF4 binding sites in the gene loci of these receptors suggests a direct control of their expression by IRF4. Competitive T cell transfer assays further demonstrated that loss of one functional Irf4 allele already affected intestinal accumulation and Th2 and Th17 cell generation, indicating that lower IRF4 levels are of disadvantage for Th2 and Th17 cell differentiation as well as their migration to the intestine. Conversion of peripheral CD4+ T cells from an Irf4 wildtype to an Irf4 heterozygous or from an Irf4 heterozygous to a homozygous mutant genotype after C. rodentium or S. ratti infection did not reduce their capacity to produce Th17 or Th2 cytokines and only partially affected their persistence in the intestine, revealing that IRF4 is not essential for maintenance of the Th2 and Th17 phenotype and for survival of these T helper cells in the intestine. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the expression levels of IRF4 determine Th2 and Th17 cell differentiation and their intestinal accumulation but that IRF4 expression is not crucial for Th2 and Th17 cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Schmidt
- Department for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aenne Harberts
- Department for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Reimers
- Department for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tabea Bertram
- Department for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leonie Caroline Voß
- Department for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joanna Schmid
- Department for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Niels Christian Lory
- Department for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Spohn
- Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Bioinformatics Core Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Department for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friederike Raczkowski
- Department for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Minka Breloer
- Section for Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Department for Biology, University Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Willi Mittrücker
- Department for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Rossi M, Salomon A, Chaumontel N, Molet J, Bailly S, Tillet E, Bouvard C. Warning regarding hematological toxicity of tamoxifen activated CreERT2 in young Rosa26CreERT2 mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5976. [PMID: 37045870 PMCID: PMC10097815 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cre-lox system is a versatile and powerful tool used in mouse genetics. It allows spatial and/or temporal control of the deletion of a target gene. The Rosa26-CreERT2 (R26CreERT2) mouse model allows ubiquitous expression of CreERT2. Once activated by tamoxifen, CreERT2 will enter into the nuclei and delete floxed DNA sequences. Here, we show that intraperitoneal injection of tamoxifen in young R26CreERT2 mice leads to morbidity and mortality within 10 days after the first injection, in the absence of a floxed allele. Activation of CreERT2 by tamoxifen led to severe hematological defects, with anemia and a strong disorganization of the bone marrow vascular bed. Cell proliferation was significantly reduced in the bone marrow and the spleen resulting in the depletion of several hematopoietic cells. However, not all cell types or organs were affected to the same extent. We realized that many research groups are not aware of the potential toxicity of Cre recombinases, resulting in misinterpretation of the observed phenotype and in a waste of time and resources. We discuss the necessity to include tamoxifen injected CreERT2 controls lacking a floxed allele in experimental designs and to improve communication about the limitations of Cre-lox mouse models among the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rossi
- Laboratory BioSanté U1292, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Aude Salomon
- Laboratory BioSanté U1292, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Chaumontel
- Laboratory BioSanté U1292, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jenny Molet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Clinatec, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sabine Bailly
- Laboratory BioSanté U1292, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuelle Tillet
- Laboratory BioSanté U1292, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Claire Bouvard
- Laboratory BioSanté U1292, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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11
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Rouse P, Henderson T, Venkateswaran S, Sweetman J, Duffy C, Bradley M, Blackburn CC. An induced thymic epithelial cell-based high throughput screen for thymus extracellular matrix mimetics. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2249934. [PMID: 36645212 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are key effectors of the thymic stroma and are critically required for T-cell development. TECs comprise a diverse set of related but functionally distinct cell types that are scarce and difficult to isolate and handle. This has precluded TEC-based screening assays. We previously described induced thymic epithelial cells (iTECs), an artificial cell type produced in vitro by direct reprogramming, raising the possibility that iTECs might provide the basis for functional screens related to TEC biology. Here, we present an iTEC-based three-stage medium/high-throughput in vitro assay for synthetic polymer mimics of thymic extracellular matrix (ECM). Using this assay, we identified, from a complex library, four polymers that bind iTEC as well as or better than gelatin but do not bind mesenchymal cells. We show that these four polymers also bind and maintain native mouse fetal TECs and native human fetal TECs. Finally, we show that the selected polymers do not interfere with iTEC function or T-cell development. Collectively, our data establish that iTECs can be used to screen for TEC-relevant compounds in at least some medium/high-throughput assays and identify synthetic polymer ECM mimics that can replace gelatin or ECM components in TEC culture protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Rouse
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Stem Cell Research, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Timothy Henderson
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Stem Cell Research, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
- Australian National University Medical School, The Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT 2605, Australia
| | | | - Joanna Sweetman
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Stem Cell Research, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Cairnan Duffy
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Mark Bradley
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
| | - C Clare Blackburn
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Stem Cell Research, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
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12
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Zecchini V, Paupe V, Herranz-Montoya I, Janssen J, Wortel IMN, Morris JL, Ferguson A, Chowdury SR, Segarra-Mondejar M, Costa ASH, Pereira GC, Tronci L, Young T, Nikitopoulou E, Yang M, Bihary D, Caicci F, Nagashima S, Speed A, Bokea K, Baig Z, Samarajiwa S, Tran M, Mitchell T, Johnson M, Prudent J, Frezza C. Fumarate induces vesicular release of mtDNA to drive innate immunity. Nature 2023; 615:499-506. [PMID: 36890229 PMCID: PMC10017517 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05770-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in fumarate hydratase (FH) cause hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma1. Loss of FH in the kidney elicits several oncogenic signalling cascades through the accumulation of the oncometabolite fumarate2. However, although the long-term consequences of FH loss have been described, the acute response has not so far been investigated. Here we generated an inducible mouse model to study the chronology of FH loss in the kidney. We show that loss of FH leads to early alterations of mitochondrial morphology and the release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) into the cytosol, where it triggers the activation of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) pathway and stimulates an inflammatory response that is also partially dependent on retinoic-acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I). Mechanistically, we show that this phenotype is mediated by fumarate and occurs selectively through mitochondrial-derived vesicles in a manner that depends on sorting nexin 9 (SNX9). These results reveal that increased levels of intracellular fumarate induce a remodelling of the mitochondrial network and the generation of mitochondrial-derived vesicles, which allows the release of mtDNAin the cytosol and subsequent activation of the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Zecchini
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vincent Paupe
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Irene Herranz-Montoya
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joëlle Janssen
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M N Wortel
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Data Science, Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jordan L Morris
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ashley Ferguson
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Suvagata Roy Chowdury
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marc Segarra-Mondejar
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- CECAD Research Centre, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ana S H Costa
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Matterworks, Somerville, MA, USA
| | - Gonçalo C Pereira
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Tronci
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cogentech SRL Benefit Corporation, Milan, Italy
| | - Timothy Young
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ming Yang
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- CECAD Research Centre, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dóra Bihary
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- VIB KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Shun Nagashima
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alyson Speed
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kalliopi Bokea
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, UK
| | - Zara Baig
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Shamith Samarajiwa
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maxine Tran
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, UK
| | - Thomas Mitchell
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Johnson
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julien Prudent
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Christian Frezza
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- CECAD Research Centre, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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13
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Ferdous S, Shelton DA, Getz TE, Chrenek MA, L’Hernault N, Sellers JT, Summers VR, Iuvone PM, Boss JM, Boatright JH, Nickerson JM. Deletion of histone demethylase Lsd1 (Kdm1a) during retinal development leads to defects in retinal function and structure. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1104592. [PMID: 36846208 PMCID: PMC9950115 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1104592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Lysine specific demethylase 1 (Lsd1) in murine retinal development. LSD1 is a histone demethylase that can demethylate mono- and di-methyl groups on H3K4 and H3K9. Using Chx10-Cre and Rho-iCre75 driver lines, we generated novel transgenic mouse lines to delete Lsd1 in most retinal progenitor cells or specifically in rod photoreceptors. We hypothesize that Lsd1 deletion will cause global morphological and functional defects due to its importance in neuronal development. Methods We tested the retinal function of young adult mice by electroretinogram (ERG) and assessed retinal morphology by in vivo imaging by fundus photography and SD-OCT. Afterward, eyes were enucleated, fixed, and sectioned for subsequent hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or immunofluorescence staining. Other eyes were plastic fixed and sectioned for electron microscopy. Results In adult Chx10-Cre Lsd1fl/fl mice, we observed a marked reduction in a-, b-, and c-wave amplitudes in scotopic conditions compared to age-matched control mice. Photopic and flicker ERG waveforms were even more sharply reduced. Modest reductions in total retinal thickness and outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness were observed in SD-OCT and H&E images. Lastly, electron microscopy revealed significantly shorter inner and outer segments and immunofluorescence showed modest reductions in specific cell type populations. We did not observe any obvious functional or morphological defects in the adult Rho-iCre75 Lsd1fl/fl animals. Conclusion Lsd1 is necessary for neuronal development in the retina. Adult Chx10-Cre Lsd1fl/fl mice show impaired retinal function and morphology. These effects were fully manifested in young adults (P30), suggesting that Lsd1 affects early retinal development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Ferdous
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Tatiana E. Getz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Micah A. Chrenek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nancy L’Hernault
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jana T. Sellers
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Vivian R. Summers
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - P. Michael Iuvone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jeremy M. Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jeffrey H. Boatright
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Atlanta Veterans Administration Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Decatur, GA, United States
| | - John M. Nickerson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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14
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Cardiac-Specific Expression of Cre Recombinase Leads to Age-Related Cardiac Dysfunction Associated with Tumor-like Growth of Atrial Cardiomyocyte and Ventricular Fibrosis and Ferroptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043094. [PMID: 36834504 PMCID: PMC9962429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic expression of Cre recombinase driven by a specific promoter is normally used to conditionally knockout a gene in a tissue- or cell-type-specific manner. In αMHC-Cre transgenic mouse model, expression of Cre recombinase is controlled by the myocardial-specific α-myosin heavy chain (αMHC) promoter, which is commonly used to edit myocardial-specific genes. Toxic effects of Cre expression have been reported, including intro-chromosome rearrangements, micronuclei formation and other forms of DNA damage, and cardiomyopathy was observed in cardiac-specific Cre transgenic mice. However, mechanisms associated with Cardiotoxicity of Cre remain poorly understood. In our study, our data unveiled that αMHC-Cre mice developed arrhythmias and died after six months progressively, and none of them survived more than one year. Histopathological examination showed that αMHC-Cre mice had aberrant proliferation of tumor-like tissue in the atrial chamber extended from and vacuolation of ventricular myocytes. Furthermore, the αMHC-Cre mice developed severe cardiac interstitial and perivascular fibrosis, accompanied by significant increase of expression levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the cardiac atrium and ventricular. Moreover, cardiac-specific expression of Cre led to disintegration of the intercalated disc, along with altered proteins expression of the disc and calcium-handling abnormality. Comprehensively, we identified that the ferroptosis signaling pathway is involved in heart failure caused by cardiac-specific expression of Cre, on which oxidative stress results in cytoplasmic vacuole accumulation of lipid peroxidation on the myocardial cell membrane. Taken together, these results revealed that cardiac-specific expression of Cre recombinase can lead to atrial mesenchymal tumor-like growth in the mice, which causes cardiac dysfunction, including cardiac fibrosis, reduction of the intercalated disc and cardiomyocytes ferroptosis at the age older than six months in mice. Our study suggests that αMHC-Cre mouse models are effective in young mice, but not in old mice. Researchers need to be particularly careful when using αMHC-Cre mouse model to interpret those phenotypic impacts of gene responses. As the Cre-associated cardiac pathology matched mostly to that of the patients, the model could also be employed for investigating age-related cardiac dysfunction.
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15
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Type I Interferon Signaling Controls Gammaherpesvirus Latency In Vivo. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121554. [PMID: 36558888 PMCID: PMC9787724 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, are important human pathogens involved in lymphoproliferative disorders and tumorigenesis. Herpesvirus infections are characterized by a biphasic cycle comprised of an acute phase with lytic replication and a latent state. Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) is a well-established model for the study of lytic and latent life cycles in the mouse. We investigated the interplay between the type I interferon (IFN)-mediated innate immune response and MHV-68 latency using sensitive bioluminescent reporter mice. Adoptive transfer of latently infected splenocytes into type I IFN receptor-deficient mice led to a loss of latency control. This was revealed by robust viral propagation and dissemination of MHV-68, which coincided with type I IFN reporter induction. Despite MHV-68 latency control by IFN, the continuous low-level cell-to-cell transmission of MHV-68 was detected in the presence of IFN signaling, indicating that IFN cannot fully prevent viral dissemination during latency. Moreover, impaired type I IFN signaling in latently infected splenocytes increased the risk of virus reactivation, demonstrating that IFN directly controls MHV-68 latency in infected cells. Overall, our data show that locally constrained type I IFN responses control the cellular reservoir of latency, as well as the distribution of latent infection to potential new target cells.
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16
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Kumar R, Mao Y, Patial S, Saini Y. Induction of whole-body gene deletion via R26-regulated tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase activity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1018798. [PMID: 36569322 PMCID: PMC9772612 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1018798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline deletion of certain genes causes embryonic lethality, therefore, understanding the effect of deletion of such genes on mammalian pathophysiology remains challenging. Tamoxifen (TAM)-inducible Cre recombinase is widely used for tissue-specific and temporal induction of gene deletion in mice. However, the tamoxifen treatment regimen for the generation of whole-body deletion of a gene is not yet fully standardized for the majority of organs/tissues. Accordingly, we employed GtROSA26 (R26) promoter-regulated Cre and a reporter gene expression strategy. GtROSA26 (R26) is an ubiquitous promoter and mice carrying the R26Cre-ERT2 transgene express Cre-ERT2 in all the cells. Similarly, mice carrying the R26mTOM-mEGFP transgene express mTOM (membrane-targeted tdTomato), in the absence of Cre or mEGFP (membrane-targeted enhanced green fluorescent protein), in the presence of Cre, in all the cells. The progeny carrying one allele of both transgenes were subjected to different TAM regimens, i.e., IP injections (4 injections; 1.35 mg/injection), diet (400 mg TAM-citrate/kg food), or diet (400 mg TAM-citrate/kg food) combined with either TAM-oral gavage (4 gavages; 1.35 mg/gavage) or TAM IP injections (4 injections; 1.35 mg/injection) for 2-weeks beginning at postnatal day (PND) 21 and the extent of Cre recombination in different tissues was determined at PND35. Tamoxifen administration resulted in a transient loss of body weight in all the treatment regimens with a relatively slower rate of weight gain in the TAM-diet plus TAM-oral gavage group compared to other groups. While the efficiency of Cre recombination, as determined by the expression of mEGFP protein, was variable among tissues, major tissues such as the liver, heart, lungs, spleen, and thymus-showed almost complete recombination. No recombination was evident in any of the tissues examined from the control mice. In general, the efficiency of Cre recombination was better with a combined regimen of TAM-diet with either TAM-injections or TAM-oral gavage compared to TAM-diet alone or TAM-injections alone. Our results demonstrate that a combination of TAM-diet with either TAM-injections or TAM-oral gavage can be employed for the efficient deletion of a gene in the whole body. Our findings will provide technical expertise to the researchers employing TAM-inducible Cre for the deletion of floxed genes in varied tissues.
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17
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Bonadonna M, Altamura S, Tybl E, Palais G, Qatato M, Polycarpou-Schwarz M, Schneider M, Kalk C, Rüdiger W, Ertl A, Anstee N, Bogeska R, Helm D, Milsom MD, Galy B. Iron regulatory protein (IRP)-mediated iron homeostasis is critical for neutrophil development and differentiation in the bone marrow. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq4469. [PMID: 36197975 PMCID: PMC9534496 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq4469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Iron is mostly devoted to the hemoglobinization of erythrocytes for oxygen transport. However, emerging evidence points to a broader role for the metal in hematopoiesis, including the formation of the immune system. Iron availability in mammalian cells is controlled by iron-regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) and IRP2. We report that global disruption of both IRP1 and IRP2 in adult mice impairs neutrophil development and differentiation in the bone marrow, yielding immature neutrophils with abnormally high glycolytic and autophagic activity, resulting in neutropenia. IRPs promote neutrophil differentiation in a cell intrinsic manner by securing cellular iron supply together with transcriptional control of neutropoiesis to facilitate differentiation to fully mature neutrophils. Unlike neutrophils, monocyte count was not affected by IRP and iron deficiency, suggesting a lineage-specific effect of iron on myeloid output. This study unveils the previously unrecognized importance of IRPs and iron metabolism in the formation of a major branch of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bonadonna
- German Cancer Research Center, “Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis”, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Biosciences Faculty, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandro Altamura
- University of Heidelberg, Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Tybl
- German Cancer Research Center, “Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis”, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- IB-Cancer Research Foundation, Science Park 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Gael Palais
- German Cancer Research Center, “Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis”, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Qatato
- German Cancer Research Center, “Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis”, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Polycarpou-Schwarz
- German Cancer Research Center, “Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis”, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schneider
- German Cancer Research Center, Mass Spectrometry based Protein Analysis Unit, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina Kalk
- German Cancer Research Center, “Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis”, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wibke Rüdiger
- German Cancer Research Center, “Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis”, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alina Ertl
- German Cancer Research Center, “Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis”, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natasha Anstee
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center, “Division of Experimental Hematology”, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ruzhica Bogeska
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center, “Division of Experimental Hematology”, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominic Helm
- German Cancer Research Center, Mass Spectrometry based Protein Analysis Unit, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael D. Milsom
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center, “Division of Experimental Hematology”, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruno Galy
- German Cancer Research Center, “Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis”, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Ohmori S, Takai J, Uemura S, Otsuki A, Mori T, Ohneda K, Moriguchi T. The Il6 -39 kb enhancer containing clustered GATA2- and PU.1-binding sites is essential for Il6 expression in murine mast cells. iScience 2022; 25:104942. [PMID: 36072552 PMCID: PMC9442365 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells serve as a first-line defense of innate immunity. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mast cells plays a crucial role in antibacterial protection. The zinc finger transcription factor GATA2 cooperatively functions with the ETS family transcription factor PU.1 in multiple mast cell activities. However, the regulatory landscape directed by GATA2 and PU.1 under inflammation remains elusive. We herein showed that a large proportion of GATA2-binding peaks were closely located with PU.1-binding peaks in distal cis-regulatory regions of inflammatory cytokine genes in mast cells. Notably, GATA2 and PU.1 played crucial roles in promoting LPS-mediated inflammatory cytokine production. Genetic ablation of GATA2-PU.1-clustered binding sites at the Il6 -39 kb region revealed its central role in LPS-induced Il6 expression in mast cells. We demonstrate a novel collaborative activity of GATA2 and PU.1 in cytokine induction upon inflammatory stimuli via the GATA2-PU.1 overlapping sites in the distal cis-regulatory regions. GATA2- and PU.1-binding peaks are closely located in distal enhancers of cytokine genes GATA2 and PU.1 play crucial roles in promoting LPS-mediated cytokine induction The Il6 -39 kb enhancer containing GATA2 and PU.1 motifs are crucial for Il6 induction GATA2 inhibitor exerts anti-inflammatory effects via reducing cytokine induction
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19
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Rashbrook VS, Brash JT, Ruhrberg C. Cre toxicity in mouse models of cardiovascular physiology and disease. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2022; 1:806-816. [PMID: 37692772 PMCID: PMC7615056 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The Cre-LoxP system provides a widely used method for studying gene requirements in the mouse as the main mammalian genetic model organism. To define the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie cardiovascular development, function and disease, various mouse strains have been engineered that allow Cre-LoxP-mediated gene targeting within specific cell types of the cardiovascular system. Despite the usefulness of this system, evidence is accumulating that Cre activity can have toxic effects in cells, independently of its ability to recombine pairs of engineered LoxP sites in target genes. Here, we have gathered published evidence for Cre toxicity in cells and tissues relevant to cardiovascular biology and provide an overview of mechanisms proposed to underlie Cre toxicity. Based on this knowledge, we propose that each study utilising the Cre-LoxP system to investigate gene function in the cardiovascular system should incorporate appropriate controls to account for Cre toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S. Rashbrook
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - James T. Brash
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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20
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Macdonald L, Taylor GC, Brisbane JM, Christodoulou E, Scott L, von Kriegsheim A, Rossant J, Gu B, Wood AJ. Rapid and specific degradation of endogenous proteins in mouse models using auxin-inducible degrons. eLife 2022; 11:e77987. [PMID: 35736539 PMCID: PMC9273210 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin-inducible degrons are a chemical genetic tool for targeted protein degradation and are widely used to study protein function in cultured mammalian cells. Here, we develop CRISPR-engineered mouse lines that enable rapid and highly specific degradation of tagged endogenous proteins in vivo. Most but not all cell types are competent for degradation. By combining ligand titrations with genetic crosses to generate animals with different allelic combinations, we show that degradation kinetics depend upon the dose of the tagged protein, ligand, and the E3 ligase substrate receptor TIR1. Rapid degradation of condensin I and II - two essential regulators of mitotic chromosome structure - revealed that both complexes are individually required for cell division in precursor lymphocytes, but not in their differentiated peripheral lymphocyte derivatives. This generalisable approach provides unprecedented temporal control over the dose of endogenous proteins in mouse models, with implications for studying essential biological pathways and modelling drug activity in mammalian tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Macdonald
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Gillian C Taylor
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Margaret Brisbane
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Ersi Christodoulou
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Lucy Scott
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Alex von Kriegsheim
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Janet Rossant
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoCanada
| | - Bin Gu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Andrew J Wood
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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21
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Xu Y, Schrank PR, Williams JW. Macrophage Fate Mapping. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e456. [PMID: 35687806 PMCID: PMC9328150 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages are present in all tissues where they perform homeostatic and immune surveillance functions. In many tissues, resident macrophages develop from embryonic progenitors, which mature into a self-maintaining population through local proliferation. However, tissue-resident macrophages can be supported by recruited monocyte-derived macrophages during scenarios such as tissue growth, infection, or sterile inflammation. Circulating blood monocytes arise from hematopoietic stem cell progenitors and possess unique gene profiles that support additional functions within the tissue. Determining cell origins (ontogeny) and cellular turnover within tissues has become important to understanding monocyte and macrophage contributions to tissue homeostasis and disease. Fate mapping, or lineage tracing, is a promising approach to tracking cells based on unique gene expression driving reporter systems, often downstream of a Cre-recombinase-mediated excision event, to express a fluorescent protein. This approach is typically deployed temporally with developmental stage, disease onset, or in association with key stages of inflammation resolution. Importantly, myeloid fate mapping can be combined with many emerging technologies, including single-cell RNA-sequencing and spatial imaging. The application of myeloid cell fate mapping approaches has allowed for impactful discoveries regarding myeloid ontogeny, tissue residency, and monocyte fate within disease models. This protocol outline will discuss a variety of myeloid fate mapping approaches, including constitutive and inducible labeling approaches in adult and embryo tissues. This article outlines basic approaches and models used in mice for fate mapping macrophages. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Adult Fate Mapping Basic Protocol 2: Embryonic Fate Mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzheng Xu
- Center for Immunology Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Patricia R. Schrank
- Center for Immunology Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Jesse W. Williams
- Center for Immunology Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota
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22
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Nakladal D, Lambooy SPH, Mišúth S, Čepcová D, Joschko CP, Buiten A, Goris M, Hoogstra‐Berends F, Kloosterhuis NJ, Huijkman N, Sluis B, Diercks GF, Buikema JH, Henning RH, Deelman LE. Homozygous whole body
Cbs
knockout in adult mice features minimal pathology during ageing despite severe homocysteinemia. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22260. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101550r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Nakladal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - S. P. H. Lambooy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - S. Mišúth
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy Comenius University in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia
| | - D. Čepcová
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy Comenius University in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia
| | - C. P. Joschko
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - A. Buiten
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - M. Goris
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - F. Hoogstra‐Berends
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - N. J. Kloosterhuis
- Department of Pediatrics University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - N. Huijkman
- iPSC/CRISPR Center Groningen University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - B. Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
- iPSC/CRISPR Center Groningen University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - G. F. Diercks
- Department of Dermatology Center for Blistering Diseases University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - J. H. Buikema
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - R. H. Henning
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - L. E. Deelman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
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23
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Inducible Systemic Gcn1 Deletion in Mice Leads to Transient Body Weight Loss upon Tamoxifen Treatment Associated with Decrease of Fat and Liver Glycogen Storage. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063201. [PMID: 35328622 PMCID: PMC8949040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
GCN1 is an evolutionarily-conserved ribosome-binding protein that mediates the amino acid starvation response as well as the ribotoxic stress response. We previously demonstrated that Gcn1 mutant mice lacking the GCN2-binding domain suffer from growth retardation and postnatal lethality via GCN2-independent mechanisms, while Gcn1-null mice die early in embryonic development. In this study, we explored the role of GCN1 in adult mice by generating tamoxifen-inducible conditional knockout (CKO) mice. Unexpectedly, the Gcn1 CKO mice showed body weight loss during tamoxifen treatment, which gradually recovered following its cessation. They also showed decreases in liver weight, hepatic glycogen and lipid contents, blood glucose and non-esterified fatty acids, and visceral white adipose tissue weight with no changes in food intake and viability. A decrease of serum VLDL suggested that hepatic lipid supply to the peripheral tissues was primarily impaired. Liver proteomic analysis revealed the downregulation of mitochondrial β-oxidation that accompanied increases of peroxisomal β-oxidation and aerobic glucose catabolism that maintain ATP levels. These findings show the involvement of GCN1 in hepatic lipid metabolism during tamoxifen treatment in adult mice.
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24
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Maudet C, Kheloufi M, Levallois S, Gaillard J, Huang L, Gaultier C, Tsai YH, Disson O, Lecuit M. Bacterial inhibition of Fas-mediated killing promotes neuroinvasion and persistence. Nature 2022; 603:900-906. [PMID: 35296858 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infections of the central nervous system are among the most serious infections1,2, but the mechanisms by which pathogens access the brain remain poorly understood. The model microorganism Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a major foodborne pathogen that causes neurolisteriosis, one of the deadliest infections of the central nervous system3,4. Although immunosuppression is a well-established host risk factor for neurolisteriosis3,5, little is known about the bacterial factors that underlie the neuroinvasion of Lm. Here we develop a clinically relevant experimental model of neurolisteriosis, using hypervirulent neuroinvasive strains6 inoculated in a humanized mouse model of infection7, and we show that the bacterial surface protein InlB protects infected monocytes from Fas-mediated cell death by CD8+ T cells in a manner that depends on c-Met, PI3 kinase and FLIP. This blockade of specific anti-Lm cellular immune killing lengthens the lifespan of infected monocytes, and thereby favours the transfer of Lm from infected monocytes to the brain. The intracellular niche that is created by InlB-mediated cell-autonomous immune resistance also promotes Lm faecal shedding, which accounts for the selection of InlB as a core virulence gene of Lm. We have uncovered a specific mechanism by which a bacterial pathogen confers an increased lifespan to the cells it infects by rendering them resistant to cell-mediated immunity. This promotes the persistence of Lm within the host, its dissemination to the central nervous system and its transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Maudet
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France
| | - Marouane Kheloufi
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Levallois
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France
| | - Julien Gaillard
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France
| | - Lei Huang
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Gaultier
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France
| | - Yu-Huan Tsai
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France.,Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Olivier Disson
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France. .,Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center and WHO Collaborating Center Listeria, Paris, France. .,Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, APHP, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.
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25
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Raghavan S, Tovbis-Shifrin N, Kochel C, Sawant A, Mello M, Sathe M, Blumenschein W, Muise ES, Chackerian A, Pinheiro EM, Rosahl TW, Luche H, de Waal Malefyt R. Conditional Deletion of Pdcd1 Identifies the Cell-Intrinsic Action of PD-1 on Functional CD8 T Cell Subsets for Antitumor Efficacy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:752348. [PMID: 34912335 PMCID: PMC8667167 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.752348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) blockade has a profound effect on the ability of the immune system to eliminate tumors, but many questions remain about the cell types involved and the underlying mechanisms of immune activation. To shed some light on this, the cellular and molecular events following inhibition of PD-1 signaling was investigated in the MC-38 colon carcinoma model using constitutive (PD-1 KO) and conditional (PD1cKO) mice and in wild-type mice treated with PD-1 antibody. The impact on both tumor growth and the development of tumor immunity was assessed. In the PD-1cKO mice, a complete deletion of Pdcd1 in tumor-infiltrating T cells (TILs) after tamoxifen treatment led to the inhibition of tumor growth of both small and large tumors. Extensive immune phenotypic analysis of the TILs by flow and mass cytometry identified 20-different T cell subsets of which specifically 5-CD8 positive ones expanded in all three models after PD-1 blockade. All five subsets expressed granzyme B and interferon gamma (IFNγ). Gene expression analysis of the tumor further supported the phenotypic analysis in both PD-1cKO- and PD-1 Ab-treated mice and showed an upregulation of pathways related to CD4 and CD8 T-cell activation, enhanced signaling through costimulatory molecules and IFNγ, and non-T-cell processes. Altogether, using PD-1cKO mice, we define the intrinsic nature of PD-1 suppression of CD8 T-cell responses in tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Raghavan
- Department of Immunology, Merck & Co., Inc., Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Christina Kochel
- Department of Immunology, Merck & Co., Inc., Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Anandi Sawant
- Department of Immunology, Merck & Co., Inc., Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Marielle Mello
- Centre d'Immunophénomique - CIPHE (PHENOMIN), Aix Marseille Université (UMS3367), National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) (US012), The French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) (UMS3367), Marseille, France
| | - Manjiri Sathe
- Department of Immunology, Merck & Co., Inc., Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Wendy Blumenschein
- Department of Immunology, Merck & Co., Inc., Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | | | - Alissa Chackerian
- Department of Immunology, Merck & Co., Inc., Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Hervé Luche
- Centre d'Immunophénomique - CIPHE (PHENOMIN), Aix Marseille Université (UMS3367), National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) (US012), The French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) (UMS3367), Marseille, France
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26
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Tan GK, Pryce BA, Stabio A, Keene DR, Tufa SF, Schweitzer R. Cell autonomous TGFβ signaling is essential for stem/progenitor cell recruitment into degenerative tendons. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:2942-2957. [PMID: 34822771 PMCID: PMC8693658 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding cell recruitment in damaged tendons is critical for improvements in regenerative therapy. We recently reported that targeted disruption of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) type II receptor in the tendon cell lineage (Tgfbr2ScxCre) resulted in resident tenocyte dedifferentiation and tendon deterioration in postnatal stages. Here we extend the analysis and identify direct recruitment of stem/progenitor cells into the degenerative mutant tendons. Cre-mediated lineage tracing indicates that these cells are not derived from tendon-ensheathing tissues or from a Scleraxis-expressing lineage, and they turned on tendon markers only upon entering the mutant tendons. Through immunohistochemistry and inducible gene deletion, we further find that the recruited cells originated from a Sox9-expressing lineage and their recruitment was dependent on cell autonomous TGFβ signaling. The cells identified in this study thus differ from previous reports of cell recruitment into injured tendons and suggest a critical role for TGFβ signaling in cell recruitment, providing insights that may support improvements in tendon repair. Targeted deletion of TGFβ signaling led to degenerative changes in mouse tendons Stem/progenitor cells were recruited into the degenerative mutant tendons The recruited cells are different from the ones so far reported in tendon injury Recruitment was dependent on cell autonomous TGFβ signaling in the recruited cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Guak-Kim Tan
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Brian A Pryce
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Anna Stabio
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Douglas R Keene
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sara F Tufa
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Ronen Schweitzer
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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27
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Neuroregenerative gene therapy to treat temporal lobe epilepsy in a rat model. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 208:102198. [PMID: 34852273 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a common drug-resistant epilepsy associated with abundant cell death in the hippocampus. Here, we develop a novel gene therapy-mediated cell therapy that regenerates GABAergic neurons using internal hippocampal astrocytes to suppress seizure activity in a rat TLE model. We discovered that TLE-induced reactive astrocytes in the hippocampal CA1 region can be efficiently converted into GABAergic neurons after overexpressing a neural transcription factor NeuroD1. The astrocyte-converted neurons showed typical markers of GABAergic interneurons, fired action potentials, and formed functional synaptic connections with other neurons. Following NeuroD1-mediated astrocyte-to-neuron conversion, the number of hippocampal interneurons was significantly increased, and the spontaneous recurrent seizure (SRS) activity was significantly decreased. Moreover, NeuroD1 gene therapy treatment rescued total neuronal loss in the CA1 region and ameliorated the cognitive and mood dysfunctions in the TLE rat model. These results suggest that regeneration of GABAergic interneurons through gene therapy approach may provide a novel therapeutic intervention to treat drug-resistant TLE.
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28
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Berlin C, Cottard F, Willmann D, Urban S, Tirier SM, Marx L, Rippe K, Schmitt M, Petrocelli V, Greten FR, Fichtner-Feigl S, Kesselring R, Metzger E, Schüle R. KMT9 controls stemness and growth of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 2021; 82:210-220. [PMID: 34737213 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the leading causes of cancer-associated deaths worldwide. Treatment failure and tumor recurrence due to survival of therapy-resistant cancer stem/initiating cells represent major clinical issues to overcome. In this study, we identified lysine methyltransferase 9 (KMT9), an obligate heterodimer composed of KMT9α and KMT9β that monomethylates histone H4 at lysine 12 (H4K12me1), as an important regulator in colorectal tumorigenesis. KMT9α and KMT9β were overexpressed in CRC and colocalized with H4K12me1 at promoters of target genes involved in the regulation of proliferation. Ablation of KMT9α drastically reduced colorectal tumorigenesis in mice and prevented the growth of murine as well as human patient-derived tumor organoids. Moreover, loss of KMT9α impaired the maintenance and function of CRC stem/initiating cells and induced apoptosis specifically in this cellular compartment. Together, these data suggest that KMT9 is an important regulator of colorectal carcinogenesis, identifying KMT9 as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Berlin
- Klinik für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
| | - Felicie Cottard
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
| | - Dominica Willmann
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
| | - Sylvia Urban
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
| | | | - Lisa Marx
- Klinik für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
| | | | - Mark Schmitt
- Institut für Tumorbiologie und experimentelle Therapie, Georg-Speyer-Haus Frankfurt/Main
| | - Valentina Petrocelli
- Institut für Tumorbiologie und experimentelle Therapie, Georg-Speyer-Haus Frankfurt/Main
| | - Florian R Greten
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy Paul-Ehrlich-Str
| | | | - Rebecca Kesselring
- Klinik für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
| | - Eric Metzger
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
| | - Roland Schüle
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Chen
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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30
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Campbell KJ, Mason SM, Winder ML, Willemsen RBE, Cloix C, Lawson H, Rooney N, Dhayade S, Sims AH, Blyth K, Tait SWG. Breast cancer dependence on MCL-1 is due to its canonical anti-apoptotic function. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:2589-2600. [PMID: 33785871 PMCID: PMC8408186 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00773-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High levels of the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family member MCL-1 are frequently found in breast cancer and, appropriately, BH3-mimetic drugs that specifically target MCL-1's function in apoptosis are in development as anti-cancer therapy. MCL-1 also has reported non-canonical roles that may be relevant in its tumour-promoting effect. Here we investigate the role of MCL-1 in clinically relevant breast cancer models and address whether the canonical role of MCL-1 in apoptosis, which can be targeted using BH3-mimetic drugs, is the major function for MCL-1 in breast cancer. We show that MCL-1 is essential in established tumours with genetic deletion inducing tumour regression and inhibition with the MCL-1-specific BH3-mimetic drug S63845 significantly impeding tumour growth. Importantly, we found that the anti-tumour functions achieved by MCL-1 deletion or inhibition were completely dependent on pro-apoptotic BAX/BAK. Interestingly, we find that MCL-1 is also critical for stem cell activity in human breast cancer cells and high MCL1 expression correlates with stemness markers in tumours. This strongly supports the idea that the key function of MCL-1 in breast cancer is through its anti-apoptotic function. This has important implications for the future use of MCL-1-specific BH3-mimetic drugs in breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsteen J Campbell
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | | | - Matthew L Winder
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rosalie B E Willemsen
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Catherine Cloix
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hannah Lawson
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Andrew H Sims
- CRUK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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31
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Piattini F, Matsushita M, Muri J, Bretscher P, Feng X, Freigang S, Dalli J, Schneider C, Kopf M. Differential sensitivity of inflammatory macrophages and alternatively activated macrophages to ferroptosis. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2417-2429. [PMID: 34272880 PMCID: PMC9290640 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Acumulation of oxidized membrane lipids ultimately results in ferroptotic cell death, which can be prevented by the selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4). In vivo conditions promoting ferroptosis and susceptible cell types are still poorly defined. In this study, we analyzed the conditional deletion of Gpx4 in mice specifically in the myeloid cell lineages. Surprisingly, development and maintenance of LysM+ macrophages and neutrophils, as well as CD11c+ monocyte‐derived macrophages and dendritic cells were unaffected in the absence of Gpx4. Gpx4‐deficient macrophages mounted an unaltered proinflammatory cytokine response including IL‐1β production following stimulation with TLR ligands and activation of several inflammasomes. Accordingly, Gpx4fl/flLysM‐cre mice were protected from bacterial and protozoan infections. Despite having the capacity to differentiate to alternatively activated macrophages (AAM), these cells lacking Gpx4 triggered ferroptosis both in vitro and in vivo following IL‐4 overexpression and nematode infection. Exposure to nitric oxide restored viability of Gpx4‐deficient AAM, while inhibition of iNOS in proinflammatory macrophages had no effect. These data together suggest that activation cues of tissue macrophages determine sensitivity to lipid peroxidation and ferroptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Piattini
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mai Matsushita
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Muri
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Bretscher
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xiaogang Feng
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Freigang
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- William Harvey Research Institute, John Vane Science Centre, London
| | | | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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32
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Maldonado-Velez G, Firulli AB. Mechanisms Underlying Cardiomyocyte Development: Can We Exploit Them to Regenerate the Heart? Curr Cardiol Rep 2021; 23:81. [PMID: 34081213 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-021-01510-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW It is well established that the adult mammalian cardiomyocytes retain a low capacity for cell cycle activity; however, it is insufficient to effectively respond to myocardial injury and facilitate cardiac regenerative repair. Lessons learned from species in which cardiomyocytes do allow for proliferative regeneration/repair have shed light into the mechanisms underlying cardiac regeneration post-injury. Importantly, many of these mechanisms are conserved across species, including mammals, and efforts to tap into these mechanisms effectively within the adult heart are currently of great interest. RECENT FINDINGS Targeting the endogenous gene regulatory networks (GRNs) shown to play roles in the cardiac regeneration of conducive species is seen as a strong approach, as delivery of a single or combination of genes has promise to effectively enhance cell cycle activity and CM proliferation in adult hearts post-myocardial infarction (MI). In situ re-induction of proliferative gene regulatory programs within existing, local, non-damaged cardiomyocytes helps overcome significant technical hurdles, such as successful engraftment of implanted cells or achieving complete cardiomyocyte differentiation from cell-based approaches. Although many obstacles currently exist and need to be overcome to successfully translate these approaches to clinical settings, the current efforts presented here show great promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Maldonado-Velez
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research Department of Pediatrics, Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA
| | - Anthony B Firulli
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research Department of Pediatrics, Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA.
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Interferon regulatory factor 4 controls effector functions of CD8 + memory T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2014553118. [PMID: 33859042 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014553118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor IRF4 is required for CD8+ T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation to effector cells and thus is essential for robust CD8+ T cell responses. The function of IRF4 in memory CD8+ T cells yet needs to be explored. To investigate the role of IRF4 for maintaining differentiation state and survival of CD8+ memory T cells, we used a mouse model with tamoxifen-inducible Irf4 knockout to preclude effects due to inefficient memory cell differentiation in absence of IRF4. We infected mice with ovalbumin-recombinant listeria and induced Irf4 knockout after clearance of the pathogen. Loss of IRF4 resulted in phenotypical changes of CD8+ memory T cells but did not cause a reduction of the total memory T cell population. However, upon reencounter of the pathogen, CD8+ memory T cells showed impaired expansion and acquisition of effector functions. When compared to CD8+ effector memory T cells, CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) expressed higher IRF4 levels. Mice with constitutive Irf4 knockout had diminished CD8+ TRM-cell populations, and tamoxifen-induced Irf4 deletion caused a reduction of this cell population. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that IRF4 is required for effective reactivation but not for general survival of CD8+ memory T cells. Formation and maintenance of CD8+ TRM cells, in contrast, appear to depend on IRF4.
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Preclinical In Vivo Modeling of Pediatric Sarcoma-Promises and Limitations. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10081578. [PMID: 33918045 PMCID: PMC8069549 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric sarcomas are an extremely heterogeneous group of genetically distinct diseases. Despite the increasing knowledge on their molecular makeup in recent years, true therapeutic advancements are largely lacking and prognosis often remains dim, particularly for relapsed and metastasized patients. Since this is largely due to the lack of suitable model systems as a prerequisite to develop and assess novel therapeutics, we here review the available approaches to model sarcoma in vivo. We focused on genetically engineered and patient-derived mouse models, compared strengths and weaknesses, and finally explored possibilities and limitations to utilize these models to advance both biological understanding as well as clinical diagnosis and therapy.
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35
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Lindner L, Cayrou P, Rosahl TW, Zhou HH, Birling MC, Herault Y, Pavlovic G. Droplet digital PCR or quantitative PCR for in-depth genomic and functional validation of genetically altered rodents. Methods 2021; 191:107-119. [PMID: 33838271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene targeting and additive (random) transgenesis have proven to be powerful technologies with which to decipher the mammalian genome. With the advent of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, the ability to inactivate or modify the function of a gene has become even more accessible. However, the impact of each generated modification may be different from what was initially desired. Minimal validation of mutant alleles from genetically altered (GA) rodents remains essential to guarantee the interpretation of experimental results. The protocol described here combines design strategies for genomic and functional validation of genetically modified alleles with droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) or quantitative PCR (qPCR) for target DNA or mRNA quantification. In-depth analysis of the results obtained with GA models through the analysis of target DNA and mRNA quantification is also provided, to evaluate which pitfalls can be detected using these two methods, and we propose recommendations for the characterization of different type of mutant allele (knock-out, knock-in, conditional knock-out, FLEx, IKMC model or transgenic). Our results also highlight the possibility that mRNA expression of any mutated allele can be different from what might be expected in theory or according to common assumptions. For example, mRNA analyses on knock-out lines showed that nonsense-mediated mRNA decay is generally not achieved with a critical-exon approach. Likewise, comparison of multiple conditional lines crossed with the same CreERT2 deleter showed that the inactivation outcome was very different for each conditional model. DNA quantification by ddPCR of G0 to G2 generations of transgenic rodents generated by pronuclear injection showed an unexpected variability, demonstrating that G1 generation rodents cannot be considered as established lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loic Lindner
- PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris, CELPHEDIA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, Strasbourg 67404, France
| | - Pauline Cayrou
- PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris, CELPHEDIA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, Strasbourg 67404, France
| | - Thomas W Rosahl
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Heather H Zhou
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Marie-Christine Birling
- PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris, CELPHEDIA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, Strasbourg 67404, France
| | - Yann Herault
- PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris, CELPHEDIA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, Strasbourg 67404, France
| | - Guillaume Pavlovic
- PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris, CELPHEDIA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, Strasbourg 67404, France.
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Muri J, Feng Q, Wolleb H, Shamshiev A, Ebner C, Tortola L, Broz P, Carreira EM, Kopf M. Cyclopentenone Prostaglandins and Structurally Related Oxidized Lipid Species Instigate and Share Distinct Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Pathways. Cell Rep 2021; 30:4399-4417.e7. [PMID: 32234476 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidized lipids play a critical role in a variety of diseases with two faces: pro- and anti-inflammatory. The molecular mechanisms of this Janus-faced activity remain largely unknown. Here, we have identified that cyclopentenone-containing prostaglandins such as 15d-PGJ2 and structurally related oxidized phospholipid species possess a dual and opposing bioactivity in inflammation, depending on their concentration. Exposure of dendritic cells (DCs)/macrophages to low concentrations of such lipids before Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation instigates an anti-inflammatory response mediated by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-dependent inhibition of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation and downstream targets. By contrast, high concentrations of such lipids upon TLR activation of DCs/macrophages result in inflammatory apoptosis characterized by mitochondrial depolarization and caspase-8-mediated interleukin (IL)-1β maturation independently of Nrf2 and the classical inflammasome pathway. These results uncover unexpected pro- and anti-inflammatory activities of physiologically relevant lipid species generated by enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidation dependent on their concentration, a phenomenon known as hormesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Muri
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Qian Feng
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Helene Wolleb
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Abdijapar Shamshiev
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Ebner
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Tortola
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Petr Broz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Erick M Carreira
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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37
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Acute systemic loss of Mad2 leads to intestinal atrophy in adult mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:68. [PMID: 33420244 PMCID: PMC7794249 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of cancer, leading to aneuploid cells. To study the role that CIN plays in tumor evolution, several mouse models have been engineered over the last 2 decades. These models have unequivocally shown that systemic high-grade CIN is embryonic lethal. We and others have previously shown that embryonic lethality can be circumvented by provoking CIN in a tissue-specific fashion. In this study, we provoke systemic high-grade CIN in adult mice as an alternative to circumvent embryonic lethality. For this, we disrupt the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) by alleviating Mad2 or truncating Mps1, both essential genes for SAC functioning, with or without p53 inactivation. We find that disruption of the SAC leads to rapid villous atrophy, atypia and apoptosis of the epithelia of the jejunum and ileum, substantial weight loss, and death within 2-3 weeks after the start of the CIN insult. Despite this severe intestinal phenotype, most other tissues are unaffected, except for minor abnormalities in spleen, presumably due to the lower proliferation rate in these tissues. We conclude that high-grade CIN in vivo in adult mice is most toxic to the high cell turnover intestinal epithelia.
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38
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Humpton TJ, Nomura K, Weber J, Magnussen HM, Hock AK, Nixon C, Dhayade S, Stevenson D, Huang DT, Strathdee D, Blyth K, Vousden KH. Differential requirements for MDM2 E3 activity during embryogenesis and in adult mice. Genes Dev 2021; 35:117-132. [PMID: 33334825 PMCID: PMC7778261 DOI: 10.1101/gad.341875.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor protein is a potent activator of proliferative arrest and cell death. In normal cells, this pathway is restrained by p53 protein degradation mediated by the E3-ubiquitin ligase activity of MDM2. Oncogenic stress releases p53 from MDM2 control, so activating the p53 response. However, many tumors that retain wild-type p53 inappropriately maintain the MDM2-p53 regulatory loop in order to continuously suppress p53 activity. We have shown previously that single point mutations in the human MDM2 RING finger domain prevent the interaction of MDM2 with the E2/ubiquitin complex, resulting in the loss of MDM2's E3 activity without preventing p53 binding. Here, we show that an analogous mouse MDM2 mutant (MDM2 I438K) restrains p53 sufficiently for normal growth but exhibits an enhanced stress response in vitro. In vivo, constitutive expression of MDM2 I438K leads to embryonic lethality that is rescued by p53 deletion, suggesting MDM2 I438K is not able to adequately control p53 function through development. However, the switch to I438K expression is tolerated in adult mice, sparing normal cells but allowing for an enhanced p53 response to DNA damage. Viewed as a proof of principle model for therapeutic development, our findings support an approach that would inhibit MDM2 E3 activity without preventing MDM2/p53 binding as a promising avenue for development of compounds to activate p53 in tumors with reduced on-target toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Humpton
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Koji Nomura
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Weber
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Helge M Magnussen
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas K Hock
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Nixon
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Sandeep Dhayade
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - David Stevenson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Danny T Huang
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas Strathdee
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
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Elkenani M, Nyamsuren G, Toischer K, Adham IM, Mohamed BA. Perturbed differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells upon Pelota deletion due to dysregulated FOXO1/β-catenin signaling. FEBS J 2020; 288:3317-3329. [PMID: 33245852 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of the embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is regulated by a variety of different signaling pathways. Genetic depletion of murine Pelota gene (Pelo) leads to early embryonic lethality. Here, we aimed at determining the embryonic stage and deciphering the dysregulated signaling pathways affected upon Pelo deletion. We found that development of PELO-null embryos is perturbed between the embryonic days E4.5 and E5.5, at which first differentiation process of ESCs takes place. Molecular analysis revealed enhanced activity of phosphoinositide 3-kinase-protein kinase B/ AKT (PI3K-PKB/AKT) signaling, but nuclear accumulation of forkhead box O1 (FOXO1), and upregulation of the pluripotency-related gene, Oct4, in mutant ESCs cultured under differentiation condition. Despite increased levels of nuclear β-catenin in PELO-null ESCs as a result of decreased activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3β, the activity of the canonical wingless (Wnt)/β-catenin/T-cell factor (TCF) was significantly attenuated as judged by the promoter reporter assay, downregulated Wnt/β-catenin target genes, and impaired cell proliferation. Interestingly, we demonstrated an increased binding of β-catenin to FOXO1 in PELO-mutant ESCs cultured under differentiation condition that could explain, on one side, the nuclear accumulation of FOXO1 protein and hence persistent pluripotency of PELO-mutant ESCs, and on the other side, the dysregulated transcriptional activity of β-catenin/TCF and therefore attenuated PELO-null ESC self-renewal. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that PELO deletion averts ESC differentiation through promoting FOXO1/β-catenin binding with subsequent dysregulation of FOXO1 and canonical β-catenin/TCF signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Elkenani
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Heart Centre, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany.,Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London, UK
| | - Gunsmaa Nyamsuren
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karl Toischer
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Heart Centre, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ibrahim M Adham
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany
| | - Belal A Mohamed
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Heart Centre, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Germany
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40
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Papalazarou V, Swaminathan K, Jaber-Hijazi F, Spence H, Lahmann I, Nixon C, Salmeron-Sanchez M, Arnold HH, Rottner K, Machesky LM. The Arp2/3 complex is crucial for colonisation of the mouse skin by melanoblasts. Development 2020; 147:dev194555. [PMID: 33028610 PMCID: PMC7687863 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Arp2/3 complex is essential for the assembly of branched filamentous actin, but its role in physiology and development is surprisingly little understood. Melanoblasts deriving from the neural crest migrate along the developing embryo and traverse the dermis to reach the epidermis, colonising the skin and eventually homing within the hair follicles. We have previously established that Rac1 and Cdc42 direct melanoblast migration in vivo We hypothesised that the Arp2/3 complex might be the main downstream effector of these small GTPases. Arp3 depletion in the melanocyte lineage results in severe pigmentation defects in dorsal and ventral regions of the mouse skin. Arp3 null melanoblasts demonstrate proliferation and migration defects and fail to elongate as their wild-type counterparts. Conditional deletion of Arp3 in primary melanocytes causes improper proliferation, spreading, migration and adhesion to extracellular matrix. Collectively, our results suggest that the Arp2/3 complex is absolutely indispensable in the melanocyte lineage in mouse development, and indicate a significant role in developmental processes that require tight regulation of actin-mediated motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Papalazarou
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
| | - Karthic Swaminathan
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Farah Jaber-Hijazi
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Heather Spence
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ines Lahmann
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Colin Nixon
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | | | - Hans-Henning Arnold
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laura M Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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Delavallée L, Mathiah N, Cabon L, Mazeraud A, Brunelle-Navas MN, Lerner LK, Tannoury M, Prola A, Moreno-Loshuertos R, Baritaud M, Vela L, Garbin K, Garnier D, Lemaire C, Langa-Vives F, Cohen-Salmon M, Fernández-Silva P, Chrétien F, Migeotte I, Susin SA. Mitochondrial AIF loss causes metabolic reprogramming, caspase-independent cell death blockade, embryonic lethality, and perinatal hydrocephalus. Mol Metab 2020; 40:101027. [PMID: 32480041 PMCID: PMC7334469 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Apoptosis-Inducing Factor (AIF) is a protein involved in mitochondrial electron transport chain assembly/stability and programmed cell death. The relevant role of this protein is underlined because mutations altering mitochondrial AIF properties result in acute pediatric mitochondriopathies and tumor metastasis. By generating an original AIF-deficient mouse strain, this study attempted to analyze, in a single paradigm, the cellular and developmental metabolic consequences of AIF loss and the subsequent oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) dysfunction. METHODS We developed a novel AIF-deficient mouse strain and assessed, using molecular and cell biology approaches, the cellular, embryonic, and adult mice phenotypic alterations. Additionally, we conducted ex vivo assays with primary and immortalized AIF knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to establish the cell death characteristics and the metabolic adaptive responses provoked by the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) breakdown. RESULTS AIF deficiency destabilized mitochondrial ETC and provoked supercomplex disorganization, mitochondrial transmembrane potential loss, and high generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). AIF-/Y MEFs counterbalanced these OXPHOS alterations by mitochondrial network reorganization and a metabolic reprogramming toward anaerobic glycolysis illustrated by the AMPK phosphorylation at Thr172, the overexpression of the glucose transporter GLUT-4, the subsequent enhancement of glucose uptake, and the anaerobic lactate generation. A late phenotype was characterized by the activation of P53/P21-mediated senescence. Notably, approximately 2% of AIF-/Y MEFs diminished both mitochondrial mass and ROS levels and spontaneously proliferated. These cycling AIF-/Y MEFs were resistant to caspase-independent cell death inducers. The AIF-deficient mouse strain was embryonic lethal between E11.5 and E13.5 with energy loss, proliferation arrest, and increased apoptotic levels. Contrary to AIF-/Y MEFs, the AIF KO embryos were unable to reprogram their metabolism toward anaerobic glycolysis. Heterozygous AIF+/- females displayed progressive bone marrow, thymus, and spleen cellular loss. In addition, approximately 10% of AIF+/- females developed perinatal hydrocephaly characterized by brain development impairment, meningeal fibrosis, and medullar hemorrhages; those mice died 5 weeks after birth. AIF+/- with hydrocephaly exhibited loss of ciliated epithelium in the ependymal layer. This phenotype was triggered by the ROS excess. Accordingly, it was possible to diminish the occurrence of hydrocephalus AIF+/- females by supplying dams and newborns with an antioxidant in drinking water. CONCLUSIONS In a single knockout model and at 3 different levels (cell, embryo, and adult mice) we demonstrated that by controlling the mitochondrial OXPHOS/metabolism, AIF is a key factor regulating cell differentiation and fate. Additionally, by providing new insights into the pathological consequences of mitochondrial OXPHOS dysfunction, our new findings pave the way for novel pharmacological strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Delavallée
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Hematological Disorders Team, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Navrita Mathiah
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lauriane Cabon
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Hematological Disorders Team, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Mazeraud
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Neuropathology Service, Sainte-Anne Hospital Center, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Noelle Brunelle-Navas
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Hematological Disorders Team, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Leticia K Lerner
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Hematological Disorders Team, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Mariana Tannoury
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Hematological Disorders Team, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Prola
- INSERM UMRS 1180, LabEx LERMIT, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Versailles, France; U955-IMRB Team 10 BNMS, INSERM, UPEC, Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Raquel Moreno-Loshuertos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación en Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BiFi), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mathieu Baritaud
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Hematological Disorders Team, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Laura Vela
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Hematological Disorders Team, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Kevin Garbin
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Genotyping and Biochemical facility, INSERM UMRS_1138, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Garnier
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Hematological Disorders Team, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Lemaire
- INSERM UMRS 1180, LabEx LERMIT, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Versailles, France
| | | | - Martine Cohen-Salmon
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit, Collège de France-Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)/CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050/Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Patricio Fernández-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación en Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BiFi), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fabrice Chrétien
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Neuropathology Service, Sainte-Anne Hospital Center, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Migeotte
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Santos A Susin
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Hematological Disorders Team, F-75006, Paris, France.
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42
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Demeyer A, Driege Y, Skordos I, Coudenys J, Lemeire K, Elewaut D, Staal J, Beyaert R. Long-Term MALT1 Inhibition in Adult Mice Without Severe Systemic Autoimmunity. iScience 2020; 23:101557. [PMID: 33083726 PMCID: PMC7522757 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The protease MALT1 is a key regulator of NF-κB signaling and a novel therapeutic target in autoimmunity and cancer. Initial enthusiasm supported by preclinical results with MALT1 inhibitors was tempered by studies showing that germline MALT1 protease inactivation in mice results in reduced regulatory T cells and lethal multi-organ inflammation due to expansion of IFN-γ-producing T cells. However, we show that long-term MALT1 inactivation, starting in adulthood, is not associated with severe systemic inflammation, despite reduced regulatory T cells. In contrast, IL-2-, TNF-, and IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells were strongly reduced. Limited formation of tertiary lymphoid structures was detectable in lungs and stomach, which did not affect overall health. Our data illustrate that MALT1 inhibition in prenatal or adult life has a different outcome and that long-term MALT1 inhibition in adulthood is not associated with severe side effects. Inducible MALT1 inactivation for up to 6 months in the absence of severe toxicity MALT1 inactivation in adult mice decreases Tregs without effector T cell activation Long-term MALT1 inactivation results in tertiary lymphoid structure formation MALT1 inhibition in prenatal or adult life has a different outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Demeyer
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yasmine Driege
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ioannis Skordos
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie Coudenys
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kelly Lemeire
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Elewaut
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jens Staal
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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43
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Muri J, Wolleb H, Broz P, Carreira EM, Kopf M. Electrophilic Nrf2 activators and itaconate inhibit inflammation at low dose and promote IL-1β production and inflammatory apoptosis at high dose. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101647. [PMID: 32863237 PMCID: PMC7387846 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling inflammation is critical for preventing many diseases including cancer, autoimmune disorders and hypersensitivity reactions. NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key transcription factor that controls the cellular antioxidant and cytoprotective response. Moreover, Nrf2 has been implicated in the regulation of inflammatory processes, although the ultimate mechanism by which this is achieved is unknown. Here, we investigated mechanisms of inflammation and cell death pathways induced by a variety of Nrf2 activators including dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and the endogenous metabolite itaconate. We found that exposure of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) to low concentrations of a variety of electrophilic Nrf2 activators including itaconate prior to Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation inhibits transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin [IL]-12 and IL-1β) by activation of Nrf2. By contrast, high doses of these electrophilic compounds after TLR activation promote inflammatory apoptosis and caspase-8-dependent IL-1β processing and release independently of Nrf2. Interestingly, tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ), a non-electrophilic Nrf2-activator, failed to induce IL-1β production. These results have important implications for clinical application of electrophilic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Muri
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Helene Wolleb
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Petr Broz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Erick M Carreira
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
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44
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Veldman MB, Park CS, Eyermann CM, Zhang JY, Zuniga-Sanchez E, Hirano AA, Daigle TL, Foster NN, Zhu M, Langfelder P, Lopez IA, Brecha NC, Zipursky SL, Zeng H, Dong HW, Yang XW. Brainwide Genetic Sparse Cell Labeling to Illuminate the Morphology of Neurons and Glia with Cre-Dependent MORF Mice. Neuron 2020; 108:111-127.e6. [PMID: 32795398 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cajal recognized that the elaborate shape of neurons is fundamental to their function in the brain. However, there are no simple and generalizable genetic methods to study neuronal or glial cell morphology in the mammalian brain. Here, we describe four mouse lines conferring Cre-dependent sparse cell labeling based on mononucleotide repeat frameshift (MORF) as a stochastic translational switch. Notably, the optimized MORF3 mice, with a membrane-bound multivalent immunoreporter, confer Cre-dependent sparse and bright labeling of thousands of neurons, astrocytes, or microglia in each brain, revealing their intricate morphologies. MORF3 mice are compatible with imaging in tissue-cleared thick brain sections and with immuno-EM. An analysis of 151 MORF3-labeled developing retinal horizontal cells reveals novel morphological cell clusters and axonal maturation patterns. Our study demonstrates a conceptually novel, simple, generalizable, and scalable mouse genetic solution to sparsely label and illuminate the morphology of genetically defined neurons and glia in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Veldman
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chang Sin Park
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Charles M Eyermann
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jason Y Zhang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elizabeth Zuniga-Sanchez
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arlene A Hirano
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Veterans Administration of Greater Los Angeles Health System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Tanya L Daigle
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nicholas N Foster
- Center for Integrative Connectomics, University of Southern California Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Muye Zhu
- Center for Integrative Connectomics, University of Southern California Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Peter Langfelder
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ivan A Lopez
- Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Inner Ear Laboratory, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nicholas C Brecha
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Veterans Administration of Greater Los Angeles Health System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA; Departments of Medicine and Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - S Lawrence Zipursky
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hong-Wei Dong
- Center for Integrative Connectomics, University of Southern California Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, and Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - X William Yang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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45
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Whitelaw JA, Swaminathan K, Kage F, Machesky LM. The WAVE Regulatory Complex Is Required to Balance Protrusion and Adhesion in Migration. Cells 2020; 9:E1635. [PMID: 32646006 PMCID: PMC7407199 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells migrating over 2D substrates are required to polymerise actin at the leading edge to form lamellipodia protrusions and nascent adhesions to anchor the protrusion to the substrate. The major actin nucleator in lamellipodia formation is the Arp2/3 complex, which is activated by the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC). Using inducible Nckap1 floxed mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), we confirm that the WRC is required for lamellipodia formation, and importantly, for generating the retrograde flow of actin from the leading cell edge. The loss of NCKAP1 also affects cell spreading and focal adhesion dynamics. In the absence of lamellipodium, cells can become elongated and move with a single thin pseudopod, which appears devoid of N-WASP. This phenotype was more prevalent on collagen than fibronectin, where we observed an increase in migratory speed. Thus, 2D cell migration on collagen is less dependent on branched actin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karthic Swaminathan
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (K.S.); (L.M.M.)
- School of Chemistry and Bioscience, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1PD, UK
| | - Frieda Kage
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755-3844, USA;
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laura M. Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (K.S.); (L.M.M.)
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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46
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Gründl M, Walz S, Hauf L, Schwab M, Werner KM, Spahr S, Schulte C, Maric HM, Ade CP, Gaubatz S. Interaction of YAP with the Myb-MuvB (MMB) complex defines a transcriptional program to promote the proliferation of cardiomyocytes. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008818. [PMID: 32469866 PMCID: PMC7286521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signalling pathway and its central effector YAP regulate proliferation of cardiomyocytes and growth of the heart. Using genetic models in mice we show that the increased proliferation of embryonal and postnatal cardiomyocytes due to loss of the Hippo-signaling component SAV1 depends on the Myb-MuvB (MMB) complex. Similarly, proliferation of postnatal cardiomyocytes induced by constitutive active YAP requires MMB. Genome studies revealed that YAP and MMB regulate an overlapping set of cell cycle genes in cardiomyocytes. Protein-protein interaction studies in cell lines and with recombinant proteins showed that YAP binds directly to B-MYB, a subunit of MMB, in a manner dependent on the YAP WW domains and a PPXY motif in B-MYB. Disruption of the interaction by overexpression of the YAP binding domain of B-MYB strongly inhibits the proliferation of cardiomyocytes. Our results point to MMB as a critical downstream effector of YAP in the control of cardiomyocyte proliferation. YAP, the major downstream transducer of the Hippo pathway, is a potent inducer of proliferation. Here we show that the Myb-MuvB complex (MMB) mediates cardiomyocyte proliferation by YAP. We find that YAP and MMB regulate an overlapping set of pro-proliferative genes which involves binding of MMB to the promoters of these genes. We also identified a direct interaction between the B-MYB subunit of MMB and YAP. Based on the binding studies, we created a tool called MY-COMP that interferes with the association YAP to B-MYB and strongly inhibits proliferation of cardiomyocytes. Together, our data suggests that the YAP-MMB interaction is essential for division of cardiomyocytes, underscoring the functional relevance of the crosstalk between these two pathways for proper heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gründl
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Walz
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Core Unit Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Laura Hauf
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Melissa Schwab
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Marcela Werner
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Spahr
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Schulte
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Hans Michael Maric
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Carsten P. Ade
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Gaubatz
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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47
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Valencia K, Erice O, Kostyrko K, Hausmann S, Guruceaga E, Tathireddy A, Flores NM, Sayles LC, Lee AG, Fragoso R, Sun TQ, Vallejo A, Roman M, Entrialgo-Cadierno R, Migueliz I, Razquin N, Fortes P, Lecanda F, Lu J, Ponz-Sarvise M, Chen CZ, Mazur PK, Sweet-Cordero EA, Vicent S. The Mir181ab1 cluster promotes KRAS-driven oncogenesis and progression in lung and pancreas. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:1879-1895. [PMID: 31874105 PMCID: PMC7108928 DOI: 10.1172/jci129012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Few therapies are currently available for patients with KRAS-driven cancers, highlighting the need to identify new molecular targets that modulate central downstream effector pathways. Here we found that the microRNA (miRNA) cluster including miR181ab1 is a key modulator of KRAS-driven oncogenesis. Ablation of Mir181ab1 in genetically engineered mouse models of Kras-driven lung and pancreatic cancer was deleterious to tumor initiation and progression. Expression of both resident miRNAs in the Mir181ab1 cluster, miR181a1 and miR181b1, was necessary to rescue the Mir181ab1-loss phenotype, underscoring their nonredundant role. In human cancer cells, depletion of miR181ab1 impaired proliferation and 3D growth, whereas overexpression provided a proliferative advantage. Lastly, we unveiled miR181ab1-regulated genes responsible for this phenotype. These studies identified what we believe to be a previously unknown role for miR181ab1 as a potential therapeutic target in 2 highly aggressive and difficult to treat KRAS-mutated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmele Valencia
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
- University of Navarra, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oihane Erice
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Kaja Kostyrko
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Simone Hausmann
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth Guruceaga
- Bioinformatics Platform, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Natasha M. Flores
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Leanne C. Sayles
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alex G. Lee
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rita Fragoso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Adrian Vallejo
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
- University of Navarra, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Roman
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
- University of Navarra, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Entrialgo-Cadierno
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
- University of Navarra, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Itziar Migueliz
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nerea Razquin
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Puri Fortes
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando Lecanda
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- University of Navarra, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jun Lu
- Genetics Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mariano Ponz-Sarvise
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
- Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Department of Medical Oncology, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Chang-Zheng Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Achelois Oncology, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Pawel K. Mazur
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Silvestre Vicent
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- University of Navarra, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain
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48
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Muri J, Thut H, Feng Q, Kopf M. Thioredoxin-1 distinctly promotes NF-κB target DNA binding and NLRP3 inflammasome activation independently of Txnip. eLife 2020; 9:53627. [PMID: 32096759 PMCID: PMC7062472 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant systems, such as the thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) pathway, ensure cellular redox homeostasis. However, how such systems regulate development and function of myeloid cells is barely understood. Here we show that in contrast to its critical role in T cells, the murine Trx1 system is dispensable for steady-state myeloid-cell hematopoiesis due to their capacity to tap the glutathione/glutaredoxin pathway for DNA biosynthesis. However, the Trx1 pathway instrumentally enables nuclear NF-κB DNA-binding and thereby pro-inflammatory responses in monocytes and dendritic cells. Moreover, independent of this activity, Trx1 is critical for NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β production in macrophages by detoxifying excessive ROS levels. Notably, we exclude the involvement of the Trx1 inhibitor Txnip as a redox-sensitive ligand of NLRP3 as previously proposed. Together, this study suggests that targeting Trx1 may be exploited to treat inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Muri
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Helen Thut
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Qian Feng
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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49
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Tan GK, Pryce BA, Stabio A, Brigande JV, Wang C, Xia Z, Tufa SF, Keene DR, Schweitzer R. Tgfβ signaling is critical for maintenance of the tendon cell fate. eLife 2020; 9:52695. [PMID: 31961320 PMCID: PMC7025861 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of cell fate focus on specification, but little is known about maintenance of the differentiated state. In this study, we find that the mouse tendon cell fate requires continuous maintenance in vivo and identify an essential role for TGFβ signaling in maintenance of the tendon cell fate. To examine the role of TGFβ signaling in tenocyte function the TGFβ type II receptor (Tgfbr2) was targeted in the Scleraxis-expressing cell lineage using the ScxCre deletor. Tendon development was not disrupted in mutant embryos, but shortly after birth tenocytes lost differentiation markers and reverted to a more stem/progenitor state. Viral reintroduction of Tgfbr2 to mutants prevented and even rescued tenocyte dedifferentiation suggesting a continuous and cell autonomous role for TGFβ signaling in cell fate maintenance. These results uncover the critical importance of molecular pathways that maintain the differentiated cell fate and a key role for TGFβ signaling in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guak-Kim Tan
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, United States
| | - Brian A Pryce
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, United States
| | - Anna Stabio
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, United States
| | - John V Brigande
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - ChaoJie Wang
- Computational Biology Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Zheng Xia
- Computational Biology Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Sara F Tufa
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, United States
| | - Douglas R Keene
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, United States
| | - Ronen Schweitzer
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, United States.,Department of Orthopedics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
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50
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Leruste A, Tosello J, Ramos RN, Tauziède-Espariat A, Brohard S, Han ZY, Beccaria K, Andrianteranagna M, Caudana P, Nikolic J, Chauvin C, Niborski LL, Manriquez V, Richer W, Masliah-Planchon J, Grossetête-Lalami S, Bohec M, Lameiras S, Baulande S, Pouponnot C, Coulomb A, Galmiche L, Surdez D, Servant N, Helft J, Sedlik C, Puget S, Benaroch P, Delattre O, Waterfall JJ, Piaggio E, Bourdeaut F. Clonally Expanded T Cells Reveal Immunogenicity of Rhabdoid Tumors. Cancer Cell 2019; 36:597-612.e8. [PMID: 31708437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Rhabdoid tumors (RTs) are genomically simple pediatric cancers driven by the biallelic inactivation of SMARCB1, leading to SWI/SNF chromatin remodeler complex deficiency. Comprehensive evaluation of the immune infiltrates of human and mice RTs, including immunohistochemistry, bulk RNA sequencing and DNA methylation profiling studies showed a high rate of tumors infiltrated by T and myeloid cells. Single-cell RNA (scRNA) and T cell receptor sequencing highlighted the heterogeneity of these cells and revealed therapeutically targetable exhausted effector and clonally expanded tissue resident memory CD8+ T subpopulations, likely representing tumor-specific cells. Checkpoint blockade therapy in an experimental RT model induced the regression of established tumors and durable immune responses. Finally, we show that one mechanism mediating RTs immunogenicity involves SMARCB1-dependent re-expression of endogenous retroviruses and interferon-signaling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaury Leruste
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U830, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Translational Research Department, Paris, France; SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jimena Tosello
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Translational Research Department, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Rodrigo Nalio Ramos
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Translational Research Department, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | | | - Solène Brohard
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Translational Research Department, Paris, France; SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Zhi-Yan Han
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U830, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Translational Research Department, Paris, France; SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Kevin Beccaria
- AP-HP, Necker Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Paris, France
| | - Mamy Andrianteranagna
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U900, Paris, France; MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, Paris, France
| | - Pamela Caudana
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Translational Research Department, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Jovan Nikolic
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Céline Chauvin
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U830, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Translational Research Department, Paris, France; SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Leticia Laura Niborski
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Translational Research Department, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Valeria Manriquez
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Translational Research Department, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Wilfrid Richer
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Translational Research Department, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Julien Masliah-Planchon
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Hospital, Laboratory of Somatic Genetics, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Grossetête-Lalami
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U830, Paris, France; SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Mylene Bohec
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Paris, France
| | - Sonia Lameiras
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Baulande
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Paris, France
| | - Celio Pouponnot
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Orsay, France
| | - Aurore Coulomb
- AP-HP, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Department of Pathology, Paris, France
| | - Louise Galmiche
- AP-HP, Necker Hospital, Department of Pathology, Paris, France
| | - Didier Surdez
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U830, Paris, France; SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Servant
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U900, Paris, France; MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, Paris, France
| | - Julie Helft
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Translational Research Department, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Christine Sedlik
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Translational Research Department, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Puget
- AP-HP, Necker Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Benaroch
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Delattre
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U830, Paris, France; SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Joshua J Waterfall
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U830, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Translational Research Department, Paris, France.
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Translational Research Department, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U932, Paris, France.
| | - Franck Bourdeaut
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U830, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Translational Research Department, Paris, France; SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France.
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