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Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, using linkage analysis and substitution mapping, two closely-linked interactive blood pressure quantitative trait loci (QTLs), BP QTL1 and BP QTL2, were located within a 13.96 Mb region from 117894038 to 131853815 bp (RGSC 3.4 version) on rat chromosome 5 (RNO5). This was done by using a series of congenic strains consisting of genomic segments of the Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rat substituted with that of the normotensive Lewis (LEW) rat. The interactive nature of the two loci was further confirmed by the construction and characterization of a panel of S.LEW bicongenic strains and corresponding S.LEW monocongenic strains, which provided definitive evidence of epistasis (genetic interaction) between BP QTL1 (7.77 Mb) and BP QTL2 (4.18 Mb). The purpose of this work was to further map these interacting QTLs. METHOD A new panel of seven new S.LEW bicongenic strains was constructed and characterized for BP. RESULTS The data obtained from these new strains further resolved BP QTL1 from 7.77 to 2.93 Mb. Further, BP QTL2 was traceable as not being a single QTL, but a composite of at least three QTLs, LEW alleles at two of which located within 2.26 Mb and 175 kb lowered BP but the third one located within 1.31 Mb increased BP. CONCLUSION Lack of coding variation within any of the regions further mapped within the previous QTL2 suggests noncoding variation as likely responsible for the observed epistasis.
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High-resolution genetic localization of a modifying locus affecting disease severity in the juvenile cystic kidneys (jck) mouse model of polycystic kidney disease. Mamm Genome 2016; 27:191-9. [PMID: 27114383 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-016-9633-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that a locus on proximal Chr 4 modifies disease severity in the juvenile cystic kidney (jck) mouse, a model of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) that carries a mutation of the Nek8 serine-threonine kinase. In this study, we used QTL analysis of independently constructed B6.D2 congenic lines to confirm this and showed that this locus has a highly significant effect. We constructed sub-congenic lines to more specifically localize the modifier and have determined it resides in a 3.2 Mb interval containing 28 genes. These include Invs and Anks6, which are both excellent candidates for the modifier as mutations in these genes result in PKD and both genes are known to genetically and physically interact with Nek8. However, examination of strain-specific DNA sequence and kidney expression did not reveal clear differences that might implicate either gene as a modifier of PKD severity. The fact that our high-resolution analysis did not yield an unambiguous result highlights the challenge of establishing the causality of strain-specific variants as genetic modifiers, and suggests that alternative strategies be considered.
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Gattone VH, Tourkow BA, Trambaugh CM, Yu AC, Whelan S, Phillips CL, Harris PC, Peterson RG. Development of multiorgan pathology in thewpk rat model of polycystic kidney disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 277:384-95. [PMID: 15052665 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Rodent models of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) have provided valuable insight into the cellular changes associated with cystogenesis in humans. The present study characterizes the morphology of renal and extrarenal pathology of autosomal recessive PKD induced by the wpk gene in Wistar rats. In wpk(-/-) rats, proximal tubule and collecting duct cysts develop in utero and eventually consume the kidney. Increased apoptosis, mitosis, and extracellular tenascin deposition parallel cyst development. Extrarenal pathology occurs in the immune system (thymic and splenic hypoplasia) and central nervous system (CNS; hypoplasia to agenesis of the corpus callosum with severe hydrocephalus). Severity of hydrocephalus varied inversely with size of the corpus callosum. In wpk(-/-) rats, the corpus callosum exhibits relatively few axons that cross the midline. This CNS pathology is similar to that described in three human renal cystic syndromes: orofaciodigital, genitopatellar, and cerebrorenal-digital syndromes. Collecting duct and ventricular ependymal cilia appear morphologically normal. To determine if rodent background strain and the presence of modifier genes affect severity of the disease, we crossed the Wistar-wpk rat with Brown Norway (BN) and Long Evan (LE) rats and found the degree of renal and cerebral pathology was diminished as evidenced by lower kidney weight as a percent of body weight and serum urea nitrogen concentration in cystic rats on LE or BN strains as well as less prominent cranial enlargement. Crosses with BN rats allowed us to localize the wpk gene on chromosome 5 very close to the D5Rat73 marker. The wpk gene lies within a chromosomal region known to harbor a PKD modifier locus. In summary, the types of renal and cerebral pathology seen in the Wistar wpk rat are a unique combination seen only in this rodent model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent H Gattone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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Pillebout E, Weitzman JB, Burtin M, Martino C, Federici P, Yaniv M, Friedlander G, Terzi F. JunD protects against chronic kidney disease by regulating paracrine mitogens. J Clin Invest 2003; 112:843-52. [PMID: 12975469 PMCID: PMC193664 DOI: 10.1172/jci17647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The AP-1 transcription factor, composed of Jun and Fos proteins, plays a crucial role in the fine tuning of cell proliferation. We showed previously that AP-1 complexes are activated during the proliferative response that parallels the development of renal lesions after nephron reduction, but little is known about the specific role of individual Jun/Fos components in the deterioration process. Here we used JunD knockout (JunD-/-) mice and an experimental model of chronic renal injury (75% nephron reduction) to explore the role of JunD. Nephron reduction resulted in an initial compensatory growth phase that did not require JunD. JunD, however, was essential to inhibit a second wave of cell proliferation and to halt the development of severe glomerular sclerosis, tubular dilation, and interstitial fibrosis. We show that the effects of junD inactivation are not cell autonomous and involve upregulation of the paracrine mitogen, TGF-alpha. Expression of a transgene (REM) encoding a dominant negative isoform of the EGFR, the receptor for TGF-alpha, prevented the second wave of cell proliferation and the development of renal lesions in bitransgenic JunD-/-/REM mice. We propose that JunD is part of a regulatory network that controls proliferation to prevent pathological progression in chronic renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangéline Pillebout
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U426, Faculté de Médecine, Xavier Bichat, BP416, 16, Rue Henri Huchard, 75870 Paris, Cedex 18, France
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Pillebout E, Weitzman JB, Burtin M, Martino C, Federici P, Yaniv M, Friedlander G, Terzi F. JunD protects against chronic kidney disease by regulating paracrine mitogens. J Clin Invest 2003. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200317647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Liu S, Lu W, Obara T, Kuida S, Lehoczky J, Dewar K, Drummond IA, Beier DR. A defect in a novel Nek-family kinase causes cystic kidney disease in the mouse and in zebrafish. Development 2002; 129:5839-46. [PMID: 12421721 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The murine autosomal recessive juvenile cystic kidney (jck) mutation results in polycystic kidney disease. We have identified in jck mice a mutation in Nek8, a novel and highly conserved member of the Nek kinase family. In vitro expression of mutated Nek8 results in enlarged, multinucleated cells with an abnormal actin cytoskeleton. To confirm that a defect in the Nek8 gene can cause cystic disease, we performed a cross-species analysis: injection of zebrafish embryos with a morpholino anti-sense oligonucleotide corresponding to the ortholog of Nek8 resulted in the formation of pronephric cysts. These results demonstrate that comparative analysis of gene function in different model systems represents a powerful means to annotate gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanming Liu
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Garrett MR, Rapp JP. Two closely linked interactive blood pressure QTL on rat chromosome 5 defined using congenic Dahl rats. Physiol Genomics 2002; 8:81-6. [PMID: 11875185 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00080.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we reported the construction of a congenic strain, S.LEW, spanning a large region of rat chromosome 5. The Lewis (LEW) strain was the donor, and the Dahl salt-sensitive (S) strain was the recipient. The congenic strain included a blood pressure quantitative trait locus (QTL). In the present work, a series of nine congenic substrains were constructed from S.LEW which defined two closely linked blood pressure QTL in the region previously thought to contain only one. LEW low-blood-pressure alleles at both QTL were required for a major effect on blood pressure. Neither LEW allele alone had a significant effect on blood pressure. The two QTL were localized to regions 6.3 and 4.6 cM, and these were 1.0 cM apart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Garrett
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio 43614-5804, USA
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Garrett MR, Zhang X, Dukhanina OI, Deng AY, Rapp JP. Two linked blood pressure quantitative trait loci on chromosome 10 defined by dahl rat congenic strains. Hypertension 2001; 38:779-85. [PMID: 11641286 DOI: 10.1161/hy1001.091503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aquantitative trait locus (QTL) for blood pressure was previously detected on rat chromosome 10 (RNO10) by linkage analysis and confirmed by the construction of congenic strains that encompass large regions of RNO10. In the present study, the rat RNO10 blood pressure QTL was dissected by the further construction of congenic substrains. The original congenic region was shown to contain 2 blood pressure QTLs (QTL 1 and QTL 2) approximately 24 cM apart. These were localized to a <2.6-cM region between markers D10Rat27 and D10Rat24 for QTL 1 and to a <3.2-cM region between D10Rat12 and D10Mco70 for QTL 2. Comparative mapping suggests that the rat RNO10 QTL 2 could be localized very close to a blood pressure QTL described by sib-pair analysis on human chromosome 17, but this is not definitively established because of multiple and complex chromosomal rearrangements between rodents and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Garrett
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, USA
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Iakoubova OA, Olsson CL, Dains KM, Ross DA, Andalibi A, Lau K, Choi J, Kalcheva I, Cunanan M, Louie J, Nimon V, Machrus M, Bentley LG, Beauheim C, Silvey S, Cavalcoli J, Lusis AJ, West DB. Genome-tagged mice (GTM): two sets of genome-wide congenic strains. Genomics 2001; 74:89-104. [PMID: 11374905 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An important approach for understanding complex disease risk using the mouse is to map and ultimately identify the genes conferring risk. Genes contributing to complex traits can be mapped to chromosomal regions using genome scans of large mouse crosses. Congenic strains can then be developed to fine-map a trait and to ascertain the magnitude of the genotype effect in a chromosomal region. Congenic strains are constructed by repeated backcrossing to the background strain with selection at each generation for the presence of a donor chromosomal region, a time-consuming process. One approach to accelerate this process is to construct a library of congenic strains encompassing the entire genome of one strain on the background of the other. We have employed marker-assisted breeding to construct two sets of overlapping congenic strains, called genome-tagged mice (GTMs), that span the entire mouse genome. Both congenic GTM sets contain more than 60 mouse strains, each with on average a 23-cM introgressed segment (range 8 to 58 cM). C57BL/6J was utilized as a background strain for both GTM sets with either DBA/2J or CAST/Ei as the donor strain. The background and donor strains are genetically and phenotypically divergent. The genetic basis for the phenotypic strain differences can be rapidly mapped by simply screening the GTM strains. Furthermore, the phenotype differences can be fine-mapped by crossing appropriate congenic mice to the background strain, and complex gene interactions can be investigated using combinations of these congenics.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Iakoubova
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 1501 Harbor Bay Parkway, Alameda, California 94502, USA.
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Abstract
Collated in this highly personal commentary are the most important research findings of the past 10 years that deal primarily with the renal manifestations of inherited polycystic kidney diseases. Progress in understanding these complex disorders has followed two major concurrent and convergent lines of investigation: genes and genetic mechanisms, and pathogenesis and progression. The field has moved from descriptive pathobiology to the elucidation of molecular mechanisms consequent to genetic and epigenetic events. Doubtless, the favorite works of some who have labored diligently in this field have not been fully exalted, and for this I apologize. Were I the editor, this entire celebratory volume would be used to extol the thrilling growth of knowledge during the tenure of this polycystic kidney disease watcher.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Grantham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kidney Institute, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
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Iakoubova OA, Olsson CL, Dains KM, Choi J, Kalcheva I, Bentley LG, Cunanan M, Hillman D, Louie J, Machrus M, West DB. Microsatellite marker panels for use in high-throughput genotyping of mouse crosses. Physiol Genomics 2000; 3:145-8. [PMID: 11015609 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.2000.3.3.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several microsatellite genotyping panel sets have been developed that are polymorphic between C57BL/6J and CAST/Ei mice, or C57BL/6J and DBA/2J. One set of markers for each strain pair has an intermarker distance of approximately 20 cM, and a second set has an intermarker distance of 5 cM. The 20-cM set contains 105 markers for C57BL/6J x DBA/2J and 108 for C57BL/6J x CAST/Ei, divided into 13 panels. Each 5-cM set includes 350 markers arranged into 45 panels. A panel contains a number of primer pairs whose fluorescently labeled PCR products can be pooled together and separated on one lane of a polyacrylamide gel. The sets are arranged by the size of the PCR product and by the type of fluorescent dye; 5-cM sets are also arranged by chromosomal region. The 20-cM sets are most useful for full-genome scans, the 5-cM sets are useful for full-genome and/or for region-specific chromosome screens. Both sets were proven as useful tools for speed congenic development, quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis and physical mapping. These panel sets provide a throughput of 1,536-2,304 mouse genotypes daily per one gel-based system. Whole genome scans of one animal require 13 or 48 gel lanes, with 20 cM or 5 cM density, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Iakoubova
- Pfizer Global Research and Development Alameda Laboratories, Alameda 94502, Deltagen, Inc., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
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