1
|
Nagaoka M, Sakai Y, Nakajima M, Fukami T. Role of carboxylesterase and arylacetamide deacetylase in drug metabolism, physiology, and pathology. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 223:116128. [PMID: 38492781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases (CES1 and CES2) and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC), which are expressed primarily in the liver and/or gastrointestinal tract, hydrolyze drugs containing ester and amide bonds in their chemical structure. These enzymes often catalyze the conversion of prodrugs, including the COVID-19 drugs remdesivir and molnupiravir, to their pharmacologically active forms. Information on the substrate specificity and inhibitory properties of these enzymes, which would be useful for drug development and toxicity avoidance, has accumulated. Recently,in vitroandin vivostudies have shown that these enzymes are involved not only in drug hydrolysis but also in lipid metabolism. CES1 and CES2 are capable of hydrolyzing triacylglycerol, and the deletion of their orthologous genes in mice has been associated with impaired lipid metabolism and hepatic steatosis. Adeno-associated virus-mediated human CES overexpression decreases hepatic triacylglycerol levels and increases fatty acid oxidation in mice. It has also been shown that overexpression of CES enzymes or AADAC in cultured cells suppresses the intracellular accumulation of triacylglycerol. Recent reports indicate that AADAC can be up- or downregulated in tumors of various organs, and its varied expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with cancer. Thus, CES and AADAC not only determine drug efficacy and toxicity but are also involved in pathophysiology. This review summarizes recent findings on the roles of CES and AADAC in drug metabolism, physiology, and pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Nagaoka
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sakai
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Phillips ME, Adekanye O, Borazjani A, Crow JA, Ross MK. CES1 Releases Oxylipins from Oxidized Triacylglycerol (oxTAG) and Regulates Macrophage oxTAG/TAG Accumulation and PGE 2/IL-1β Production. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:1564-1581. [PMID: 37348046 PMCID: PMC11131412 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are storage forms of fat, primarily found in cytoplasmic lipid droplets in cells. TAGs are broken down to their component free fatty acids by lipolytic enzymes when fuel reserves are required. However, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-containing TAGs are susceptible to nonenzymatic oxidation reactions, leading to the formation of oxylipins that are esterified to the glycerol backbone (termed oxTAGs). Human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) is a member of the serine hydrolase superfamily and defined by its ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of carboxyl ester bonds in both toxicants and lipids. CES1 is a bona fide TAG hydrolase, but it is unclear which specific fatty acids are preferentially released during lipolysis. To better understand the biochemical function of CES1 in immune cells, such as macrophages, its substrate selectivity when it encounters oxidized PUFAs in TAG lipid droplets requires study. We sought to identify those esterified oxidized fatty acids liberated from oxTAGs by CES1 because their release can activate signaling pathways that enforce the development of lipid-driven inflammation. Gaining this knowledge will help fill data gaps that exist between CES1 and the lipid-sensing nuclear receptors, PPARγ and LXRα, which are important drivers of lipid metabolism and inflammation in macrophages. Oxidized forms of triarachidonoylglycerol (oxTAG20:4) or trilinoleoylglycerol (oxTAG18:2), which contain physiologically relevant levels of oxidized PUFAs (<5 mol %), were incubated with recombinant CES1 to release oxylipins and nonoxidized arachidonic acid (AA) or linoleic acid (LA). CES1 hydrolyzed each oxTAG, yielding regioisomers of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (5-, 11-, 12-, and 15-HETE) and hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (9- and 13-HODE). Furthermore, human THP-1 macrophages with deficient CES1 levels exhibited a differential response to extracellular stimuli (oxTAGs, lipopolysaccharide, and 15-HETE) as compared to those with normal CES1 levels, including enhanced oxTAG/TAG lipid accumulation and altered cytokine and prostaglandin E2 profiles. This study suggests that CES1 can metabolize oxTAG lipids to release oxylipins and PUFAs, and it further specifies the substrate selectivity of CES1 in the metabolism of bioactive lipid mediators. We suggest that the accumulation of oxTAGs/TAGs within lipid droplets that arise due to CES1 deficiency enforces an inflammatory phenotype in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maggie E Phillips
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Mississippi State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Oluwabori Adekanye
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Mississippi State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Abdolsamad Borazjani
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Mississippi State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - J Allen Crow
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Mississippi State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Matthew K Ross
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Mississippi State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Szafran B, Borazjani A, Scheaffer HL, Crow JA, McBride AM, Adekanye O, Wonnacott CB, Lehner R, Kaplan BLF, Ross MK. Carboxylesterase 1d Inactivation Augments Lung Inflammation in Mice. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:919-931. [PMID: 36268116 PMCID: PMC9578131 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases are members of the serine hydrolase superfamily and metabolize drugs, pesticides, and lipids. Previous research showed that inhibition of carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) in human macrophages altered the immunomodulatory effects of lipid mediators called prostaglandin glyceryl esters, which are produced by cyclooxygenase-catalyzed oxygenation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Ces1d - the mouse ortholog of human CES1 - is the most abundant Ces isoform in murine lung tissues and alveolar macrophages and a major target of organophosphate poisons. Monoacylglycerol lipase (Magl) is also expressed in murine lung and is the main enzyme responsible for 2-AG catabolism. Several metabolic benefits are observed in Ces1d-/- mice fed a high-fat diet; thus, we wondered whether pharmacological and genetic inactivation of Ces1d in vivo might also ameliorate the acute inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). C57BL/6 mice were treated with WWL229 (Ces1d inhibitor) or JZL184 (Magl inhibitor), followed 30 min later by either LPS or saline. Wild-type (WT) and Ces1d-/- mice were also administered LPS to determine the effect of Ces1d knockout. Mice were sacrificed at 6 and 24 h, and cytokines were assessed in serum, lung, liver, and adipose tissues. Lipid mediators were quantified in lung tissues, while activity-based protein profiling and enzyme assays determined the extent of lung serine hydrolase inactivation by the inhibitors. WWL229 was shown to augment LPS-induced lung inflammation in a female-specific manner, as measured by enhanced neutrophil infiltration and Il1b mRNA. The marked Ces inhibition in female lung by 4 h after drug treatment might explain this sex difference, although the degree of Ces inhibition in female and male lungs was similar at 6 h. In addition, induction of lung Il6 mRNA and prostaglandin E2 by LPS was more pronounced in Ces1d-/- mice than in WT mice. Thus, WWL229 inhibited lung Ces1d activity and augmented the female lung innate immune response, an effect observed in part in Ces1d-/- mice and Ces1d/CES1-deficient murine and human macrophages. In contrast, JZL184 attenuated LPS-induced Il1b and Il6 mRNA levels in female lung, suggesting that Ces1d and Magl have opposing effects. Mapping the immunomodulatory molecules/pathways that are regulated by Ces1d in the context of lung inflammation will require further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany
N. Szafran
- Department
of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health
Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi39762, United States
| | - Abdolsamad Borazjani
- Department
of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health
Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi39762, United States
| | - Hannah L. Scheaffer
- Department
of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology,
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi39762, United States
| | - J. Allen Crow
- Department
of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health
Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi39762, United States
| | - Ann Marie McBride
- Department
of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi39762, United States
| | - Oluwabori Adekanye
- Department
of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health
Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi39762, United States
| | - Caitlin B. Wonnacott
- Department
of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health
Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi39762, United States
| | - Richard Lehner
- Departments
of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, Group on Molecular & Cell Biology
of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Barbara L. F. Kaplan
- Department
of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health
Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi39762, United States
| | - Matthew K. Ross
- Department
of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health
Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi39762, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wagner C, Hois V, Taschler U, Schupp M, Lass A. KIAA1363-A Multifunctional Enzyme in Xenobiotic Detoxification and Lipid Ester Hydrolysis. Metabolites 2022; 12:516. [PMID: 35736449 PMCID: PMC9229287 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
KIAA1363, annotated as neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1 (NCEH1), is a member of the arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) protein family. The name-giving enzyme, AADAC, is known to hydrolyze amide and ester bonds of a number of xenobiotic substances, as well as clinical drugs and of endogenous lipid substrates such as diglycerides, respectively. Similarly, KIAA1363, annotated as the first AADAC-like protein, exhibits enzymatic activities for a diverse substrate range including the xenobiotic insecticide chlorpyrifos oxon and endogenous substrates, acetyl monoalkylglycerol ether, cholesterol ester, and retinyl ester. Two independent knockout mouse models have been generated and characterized. However, apart from reduced acetyl monoalkylglycerol ether and cholesterol ester hydrolase activity in specific tissues and cell types, no gross-phenotype has been reported. This raises the question of its physiological role and whether it functions as drug detoxifying enzyme and/or as hydrolase/lipase of endogenous substrates. This review delineates the current knowledge about the structure, function and of the physiological role of KIAA1363, as evident from the phenotypical changes inflicted by pharmacological inhibition or by silencing as well as knockout of KIAA1363 gene expression in cells, as well as mouse models, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Wagner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.W.); (U.T.)
| | - Victoria Hois
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.W.); (U.T.)
| | - Michael Schupp
- Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal (CMR)—Research Center, Institute of Pharmacology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.W.); (U.T.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Szafran BN, Borazjani A, Seay CN, Carr RL, Lehner R, Kaplan BLF, Ross MK. Effects of Chlorpyrifos on Serine Hydrolase Activities, Lipid Mediators, and Immune Responses in Lungs of Neonatal and Adult Mice. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1556-1571. [PMID: 33900070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate (OP) pesticide that causes acute toxicity by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the nervous system. However, endocannabinoid (eCB) metabolizing enzymes in brain of neonatal rats are more sensitive than AChE to inhibition by CPF, leading to increased levels of eCBs. Because eCBs are immunomodulatory molecules, we investigated the association between eCB metabolism, lipid mediators, and immune function in adult and neonatal mice exposed to CPF. We focused on lung effects because epidemiologic studies have linked pesticide exposures to respiratory diseases. CPF was hypothesized to disrupt lung eCB metabolism and alter lung immune responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and these effects would be more pronounced in neonatal mice due to an immature immune system. We first assessed the biochemical effects of CPF in adult mice (≥8 weeks old) and neonatal mice after administering CPF (2.5 mg/kg, oral) or vehicle for 7 days. Tissues were harvested 4 h after the last CPF treatment and lung microsomes from both age groups demonstrated CPF-dependent inhibition of carboxylesterases (Ces), a family of xenobiotic and lipid metabolizing enzymes, whereas AChE activity was inhibited in adult lungs only. Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP)-mass spectrometry of lung microsomes identified 31 and 32 individual serine hydrolases in neonatal lung and adult lung, respectively. Of these, Ces1c/Ces1d/Ces1b isoforms were partially inactivated by CPF in neonatal lung, whereas Ces1c/Ces1b and Ces1c/BChE were partially inactivated in adult female and male lungs, respectively, suggesting age- and sex-related differences in their sensitivity to CPF. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) activities in lung were unaffected by CPF. When LPS (1.25 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered following the 7-day CPF dosing period, little to no differences in lung immune responses (cytokines and immunophenotyping) were noted between the CPF and vehicle groups. However, a CPF-dependent increase in the amounts of dendritic cells and certain lipid mediators in female lung following LPS challenge was observed. Experiments in neonatal and adult Ces1d-/- mice yielded similar results as wild type mice (WT) following CPF treatment, except that CPF augmented LPS-induced Tnfa mRNA in adult Ces1d-/- mouse lungs. This effect was associated with decreased expression of Ces1c mRNA in Ces1d-/- mice versus WT mice in the setting of LPS exposure. We conclude that CPF exposure inactivates several Ces isoforms in mouse lung and, during an inflammatory response, increases certain lipid mediators in a female-dependent manner. However, it did not cause widespread altered lung immune effects in response to an LPS challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany N Szafran
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Abdolsamad Borazjani
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Caitlin N Seay
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Russell L Carr
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Richard Lehner
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, Group on Molecular & Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Barbara L F Kaplan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Matthew K Ross
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Scheaffer H, Borazjani A, Szafran BN, Ross MK. Inactivation of CES1 Blocks Prostaglandin D 2 Glyceryl Ester Catabolism in Monocytes/Macrophages and Enhances Its Anti-inflammatory Effects, Whereas the Pro-inflammatory Effects of Prostaglandin E 2 Glyceryl Ester Are Attenuated. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:29177-29188. [PMID: 33225149 PMCID: PMC7675540 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Human monocytic cells in blood have important roles in host defense and express the enzyme carboxylesterase 1 (CES1). This metabolic serine hydrolase plays a critical role in the metabolism of many molecules, including lipid mediators called prostaglandin glyceryl esters (PG-Gs), which are formed during cyclooxygenase-mediated oxygenation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Some PG-Gs have been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects; however, they are unstable compounds, and their hydrolytic breakdown generates pro-inflammatory prostaglandins. We hypothesized that by blocking the ability of CES1 to hydrolyze PG-Gs in monocytes/macrophages, the beneficial effects of anti-inflammatory prostaglandin D2-glyceryl ester (PGD2-G) could be augmented. The goals of this study were to determine whether PGD2-G is catabolized by CES1, evaluate the degree to which this metabolism is blocked by small-molecule inhibitors, and assess the immunomodulatory effects of PGD2-G in macrophages. A human monocytic cell line (THP-1 cells) was pretreated with increasing concentrations of known small-molecule inhibitors that block CES1 activity [chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO), WWL229, or WWL113], followed by incubation with PGD2-G (10 μM). Organic solvent extracts of the treated cells were analyzed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry to assess levels of the hydrolysis product PGD2. Further, THP-1 monocytes with normal CES1 expression (control cells) and "knocked-down" CES1 expression (CES1KD cells) were employed to confirm CES1's role in PGD2-G catabolism. We found that CES1 has a prominent role in PGD2-G hydrolysis in this cell line, accounting for about 50% of its hydrolytic metabolism, and that PGD2-G could be stabilized by the inclusion of CES1 inhibitors. The inhibitor potency followed the rank order: CPO > WWL113 > WWL229. THP-1 macrophages co-treated with WWL113 and PGD2-G prior to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide exhibited a more pronounced attenuation of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (interleukin-6 and TNFα) than by PGD2-G treatment alone. In contrast, prostaglandin E2-glyceryl ester (PGE2-G) had opposite effects compared to those of PGD2-G, which appeared to be dependent on the hydrolysis of PGE2-G to PGE2. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects induced by PGD2-G can be further augmented by inactivating CES1 activity with specific small-molecule inhibitors, while pro-inflammatory effects of PGE2-G are attenuated. Furthermore, PGD2-G (and/or its downstream metabolites) was shown to activate the lipid-sensing receptor PPARγ, resulting in altered "alternative macrophage activation" response to the Th2 cytokine interleukin-4. These findings suggest that inhibition of CES1 and other enzymes that regulate the levels of pro-resolving mediators such as PGD2-G in specific cellular niches might be a novel anti-inflammatory approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah
L. Scheaffer
- Department
of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, & Plant Pathology,
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Abdolsamad Borazjani
- Center
for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical
Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Brittany N. Szafran
- Center
for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical
Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Matthew K. Ross
- Center
for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical
Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Briand E, Thomsen R, Linnet K, Rasmussen HB, Brunak S, Taboureau O. Combined Ensemble Docking and Machine Learning in Identification of Therapeutic Agents with Potential Inhibitory Effect on Human CES1. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152747. [PMID: 31362390 PMCID: PMC6696021 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), responsible for the biotransformation of many diverse therapeutic agents, may contribute to the occurrence of adverse drug reactions and therapeutic failure through drug interactions. The present study is designed to address the issue of potential drug interactions resulting from the inhibition of CES1. Based on an ensemble of 10 crystal structures complexed with different ligands and a set of 294 known CES1 ligands, we used docking (Autodock Vina) and machine learning methodologies (LDA, QDA and multilayer perceptron), considering the different energy terms from the scoring function to assess the best combination to enable the identification of CES1 inhibitors. The protocol was then applied on a library of 1114 FDA-approved drugs and eight drugs were selected for in vitro CES1 inhibition. An inhibition effect was observed for diltiazem (IC50 = 13.9 µM). Three others drugs (benztropine, iloprost and treprostinil), exhibited a weak CES1 inhibitory effects with IC50 values of 298.2 µM, 366.8 µM and 391.6 µM respectively. In conclusion, the binding site of CES1 is relatively flexible and can adapt its conformation to different types of ligands. Combining ensemble docking and machine learning approaches improves the prediction of CES1 inhibitors compared to a docking study using only one crystal structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Briand
- INSERM U1133, CNRS UMR 8251, Unit of functional and adaptive biology, Université de Paris, Paris 75013, France
| | - Ragnar Thomsen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Søren Brunak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Olivier Taboureau
- INSERM U1133, CNRS UMR 8251, Unit of functional and adaptive biology, Université de Paris, Paris 75013, France.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Szafran BN, Lee JH, Borazjani A, Morrison P, Zimmerman G, Andrzejewski KL, Ross MK, Kaplan BLF. Characterization of Endocannabinoid-Metabolizing Enzymes in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells under Inflammatory Conditions. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123167. [PMID: 30513753 PMCID: PMC6321211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoid-metabolizing enzymes are downregulated in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in mice, which may serve as a negative feedback mechanism to increase endocannabinoid levels and reduce inflammation. Increased plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) and decreased fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) activity in peripheral lymphocytes from individuals diagnosed with Huntington’s disease (HD) suggests that a similar negative feedback system between inflammation and the endocannabinoid system operates in humans. We investigated whether CpG- (unmethylated bacterial DNA) and LPS-induced IL-6 levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from non-HD and HD individuals modulated the activities of endocannabinoid hydrolases monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and carboxylesterase (CES). Baseline plasma IL-6 levels and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) hydrolytic activity in PBMC lysates were not different in HD and non-HD individuals. Inhibition of MAGL and CES1 activity in PBMCs using the inhibitors JZL184 and WWL113, respectively, demonstrated that MAGL was the dominant 2-AG hydrolytic enzyme in PBMCs, regardless of disease state. Correlative analyses of 2-AG hydrolytic activity versus enzyme abundance confirmed this conclusion. Flow cytometric analysis of PBMCs showed that MAGL and CES1 were primarily expressed in monocytes and to a lesser extent in lymphocytes. In conclusion, these data suggest that IL-6 did not influence 2-AG hydrolytic activity in human PBMCs; however, monocytic MAGL was shown to be the predominant 2-AG hydrolytic enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany N Szafran
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA.
| | - Jung Hwa Lee
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA.
| | - Abdolsamad Borazjani
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA.
| | - Peter Morrison
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
| | - Grace Zimmerman
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
| | - Kelly L Andrzejewski
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14211, USA.
| | - Matthew K Ross
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA.
| | - Barbara L F Kaplan
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu S, Zhang X, Liu P. Lipid droplet proteins and metabolic diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1968-1983. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
10
|
Silencing carboxylesterase 1 in human THP-1 macrophages perturbs genes regulated by PPARγ/RXR and RAR/RXR: down-regulation of CYP27A1-LXRα signaling. Biochem J 2018; 475:621-642. [PMID: 29321244 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage foam cells store excess cholesterol as cholesteryl esters, which need to be hydrolyzed for cholesterol efflux. We recently reported that silencing expression of carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) in human THP-1 macrophages [CES1KD (THP-1 cells with CES1 expression knocked down) macrophages] reduced cholesterol uptake and decreased expression of CD36 and scavenger receptor-A in cells loaded with acetylated low-density lipoprotein (acLDL). Here, we report that CES1KD macrophages exhibit reduced transcription of cytochrome P45027A1 (CYP27A1) in nonloaded and acLDL-loaded cells. Moreover, levels of CYP27A1 protein and its enzymatic product, 27-hydroxycholesterol, were markedly reduced in CES1KD macrophages. Transcription of LXRα (liver X receptor α) and ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter A1) was also decreased in acLDL-loaded CES1KD macrophages, suggesting reduced signaling through PPARγ-CYP27A1-LXRα. Consistent with this, treatment of CES1KD macrophages with agonists for PPARγ, RAR, and/or RAR/RXR partially restored transcription of CYP27A1 and LXRα, and repaired cholesterol influx. Conversely, treatment of control macrophages with antagonists for PPARγ and/or RXR decreased transcription of CYP27A1 and LXRα Pharmacologic inhibition of CES1 in both wild-type THP-1 cells and primary human macrophages also decreased CYP27A1 transcription. CES1 silencing did not affect transcript levels of PPARγ and RXR in acLDL-loaded macrophages, whereas it did reduce the catabolism of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Finally, the gene expression profile of CES1KD macrophages was similar to that of PPARγ knockdown cells following acLDL exposures, further suggesting a mechanistic link between CES1 and PPARγ. These results are consistent with a model in which abrogation of CES1 function attenuates the CYP27A1-LXRα-ABCA1 signaling axis by depleting endogenous ligands for the nuclear receptors PPARγ, RAR, and/or RXR that regulate cholesterol homeostasis.
Collapse
|
11
|
Korber M, Klein I, Daum G. Steryl ester synthesis, storage and hydrolysis: A contribution to sterol homeostasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1534-1545. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
12
|
Lian J, Nelson R, Lehner R. Carboxylesterases in lipid metabolism: from mouse to human. Protein Cell 2017; 9:178-195. [PMID: 28677105 PMCID: PMC5818367 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0437-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian carboxylesterases hydrolyze a wide range of xenobiotic and endogenous compounds, including lipid esters. Physiological functions of carboxylesterases in lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis in vivo have been demonstrated by genetic manipulations and chemical inhibition in mice, and in vitro through (over)expression, knockdown of expression, and chemical inhibition in a variety of cells. Recent research advances have revealed the relevance of carboxylesterases to metabolic diseases such as obesity and fatty liver disease, suggesting these enzymes might be potential targets for treatment of metabolic disorders. In order to translate pre-clinical studies in cellular and mouse models to humans, differences and similarities of carboxylesterases between mice and human need to be elucidated. This review presents and discusses the research progress in structure and function of mouse and human carboxylesterases, and the role of these enzymes in lipid metabolism and metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Lian
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Randal Nelson
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Lehner
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
He H, Lancina MG, Wang J, Korzun WJ, Yang H, Ghosh S. Bolstering cholesteryl ester hydrolysis in liver: A hepatocyte-targeting gene delivery strategy for potential alleviation of atherosclerosis. Biomaterials 2017; 130:1-13. [PMID: 28349866 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Current atherosclerosis treatment strategies primarily focus on limiting further cholesteryl esters (CE) accumulation by reducing endogenous synthesis of cholesterol in the liver. No therapy is currently available to enhance the removal of CE, a crucial step to reduce the burden of the existing disease. Given the central role of hepatic cholesteryl ester hydrolase (CEH) in the intrahepatic hydrolysis of CE and subsequent removal of the resulting free cholesterol (FC), in this work, we applied galactose-functionalized polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer generation 5 (Gal-G5) for hepatocyte-specific delivery of CEH expression vector. The data presented herein show the increased specific uptake of Gal-G5/CEH expression vector complexes (simply Gal-G5/CEH) by hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the upregulated CEH expression in the hepatocytes significantly enhanced the intracellular hydrolysis of high density lipoprotein-associated CE (HDL-CE) and subsequent conversion/secretion of hydrolyzed FC as bile acids (BA). The increased CEH expression in the liver significantly increased the flux of HDL-CE to biliary as well as fecal FC and BA. Meanwhile, Gal-G5 did not induce hepatic or renal toxicity. It was also not immunotoxic. Because of these encouraging pre-clinical testing results, using this safe and highly efficient hepatocyte-specific gene delivery platform to enhance the hepatic processes involved in cholesterol elimination is a promising strategy for the alleviation of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang He
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, United States
| | - Michael G Lancina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States
| | - William J Korzun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States
| | - Hu Yang
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, United States; Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States.
| | - Shobha Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nelveg-Kristensen KE, Bie P, Ferrero L, Bjerre D, Bruun NE, Egfjord M, Rasmussen HB, Hansen PR. Pharmacodynamic Impact of Carboxylesterase 1 Gene Variants in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure Treated with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163341. [PMID: 27662362 PMCID: PMC5035013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation in the carboxylesterase 1 gene (CES1) may contribute to the efficacy of ACEIs. Accordingly, we examined the impact of CES1 variants on plasma angiotensin II (ATII)/angiotensin I (ATI) ratio in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) that underwent ACEI dose titrations. Five of these variants have previously been associated with drug response or increased CES1 expression, i.e., CES1 copy number variation, the variant of the duplicated CES1 gene with high transcriptional activity, rs71647871, rs2244613, and rs3815583. Additionally, nine variants, representatives of CES1Var, and three other CES1 variants were examined. METHODS Patients with CHF, and clinical indication for ACEIs were categorized according to their CES1 genotype. Differences in mean plasma ATII/ATI ratios between genotype groups after ACEI dose titration, expressed as the least square mean (LSM) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were assessed by analysis of variance. RESULTS A total of 200 patients were recruited and 127 patients (63.5%) completed the study. The mean duration of the CHF drug dose titration was 6.2 (SD 3.6) months. After ACEI dose titration, there was no difference in mean plasma ATII/ATI ratios between subjects with the investigated CES1 variants, and only one previously unexplored variation (rs2302722) qualified for further assessment. In the fully adjusted analysis of effects of rs2302722 on plasma ATII/ATI ratios, the difference in mean ATII/ATI ratio between the GG genotype and the minor allele carriers (GT and TT) was not significant, with a relative difference in LSMs of 0.67 (95% CI 0.43-1.07; P = 0.10). Results of analyses that only included enalapril-treated patients remained non-significant after Bonferroni correction for multiple parallel comparisons (difference in LSM 0.60 [95% CI 0.37-0.98], P = 0.045). CONCLUSION These findings indicate that the included single variants of CES1 do not significantly influence plasma ATII/ATI ratios in CHF patients treated with ACEIs and are unlikely to be primary determinants of ACEI efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Bie
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Laura Ferrero
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ditte Bjerre
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Niels E. Bruun
- Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
- Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Martin Egfjord
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik B. Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Peter R. Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rasmussen HB, Bjerre D, Linnet K, Jürgens G, Dalhoff K, Stefansson H, Hankemeier T, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Taboureau O, Brunak S, Houmann T, Jeppesen P, Pagsberg AK, Plessen K, Dyrborg J, Hansen PR, Hansen PE, Hughes T, Werge T. Individualization of treatments with drugs metabolized by CES1: combining genetics and metabolomics. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:649-65. [PMID: 25896426 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
CES1 is involved in the hydrolysis of ester group-containing xenobiotic and endobiotic compounds including several essential and commonly used drugs. The individual variation in the efficacy and tolerability of many drugs metabolized by CES1 is considerable. Hence, there is a large interest in individualizing the treatment with these drugs. The present review addresses the issue of individualized treatment with drugs metabolized by CES1. It describes the composition of the gene encoding CES1, reports variants of this gene with focus upon those with a potential effect on drug metabolism and provides an overview of the protein structure of this enzyme bringing notice to mechanisms involved in the regulation of enzyme activity. Subsequently, the review highlights drugs metabolized by CES1 and argues that individual differences in the pharmacokinetics of these drugs play an important role in determining drug response and tolerability suggesting prospects for individualized drug therapies. Our review also discusses endogenous substrates of CES1 and assesses the potential of using metabolomic profiling of blood to identify proxies for the hepatic activity of CES1 that predict the rate of drug metabolism. Finally, the combination of genetics and metabolomics to obtain an accurate prediction of the individual response to CES1-dependent drugs is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2 Boserupvej, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fendri A, Frikha F, Louati H, Bou Ali M, Gargouri H, Gargouri Y, Miled N. Cloning and molecular modeling of a thermostable carboxylesterase from the chicken uropygial glands. J Mol Graph Model 2014; 56:1-9. [PMID: 25541525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Starting from total uropygial glands mRNAs, chicken uropygial carboxylesterase (cuCES) cDNA was synthesized by RT-PCR and cloned into the PGEM-T vector. Amino acid sequence of the cuCES is compared to that of human liver carboxylesterase 1 (hCES1). Given the high amino acid sequence homology between the two enzymes, a 3-D structure model of the chicken carboxylesterase was built using the structure of hCES1 as template. By following this model and utilizing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the resistance of the chicken carboxylesterase at high temperatures could be explained. The docking of substrate analogs into the cuCES active site was used to explain the fact that the chicken carboxylesterase cannot hydrolyze efficiently large substrate molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Fendri
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), route de Soukra, BPW 3038 Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Fakher Frikha
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), route de Soukra, BPW 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hanen Louati
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), route de Soukra, BPW 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Madiha Bou Ali
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), route de Soukra, BPW 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hela Gargouri
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), route de Soukra, BPW 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Youssef Gargouri
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), route de Soukra, BPW 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nabil Miled
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), route de Soukra, BPW 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Manna JD, Wepy JA, Hsu KL, Chang JW, Cravatt BF, Marnett LJ. Identification of the major prostaglandin glycerol ester hydrolase in human cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33741-53. [PMID: 25301951 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.582353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin glycerol esters (PG-Gs) are produced as a result of the oxygenation of the endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, by cyclooxygenase 2. Understanding the role that PG-Gs play in a biological setting has been difficult because of their sensitivity to enzymatic hydrolysis. By comparing PG-G hydrolysis across human cancer cell lines to serine hydrolase activities determined by activity-based protein profiling, we identified lysophospholipase A2 (LYPLA2) as a major enzyme responsible for PG-G hydrolysis. The principal role played by LYPLA2 in PGE2-G hydrolysis was confirmed by siRNA knockdown. Purified recombinant LYPLA2 hydrolyzed PG-Gs in the following order of activity: PGE2-G > PGF2α-G > PGD2-G; LYPLA2 hydrolyzed 1- but not 2-arachidonoylglycerol or arachidonoylethanolamide. Chemical inhibition of LYPLA2 in the mouse macrophage-like cell line, RAW264.7, elicited an increase in PG-G production. Our data indicate that LYPLA2 serves as a major PG-G hydrolase in human cells. Perturbation of this enzyme should enable selective modulation of PG-Gs without alterations in endocannabinoids, thereby providing a means to decipher the unique functions of PG-Gs in biology and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Manna
- From the A. B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 and
| | - James A Wepy
- From the A. B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 and
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Jae Won Chang
- the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Lawrence J Marnett
- From the A. B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 and
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ross MK, Borazjani A, Mangum LC, Wang R, Crow JA. Effects of toxicologically relevant xenobiotics and the lipid-derived electrophile 4-hydroxynonenal on macrophage cholesterol efflux: silencing carboxylesterase 1 has paradoxical effects on cholesterol uptake and efflux. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1743-56. [PMID: 25250848 PMCID: PMC4203386 DOI: 10.1021/tx500221a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Cholesterol
cycles between free cholesterol (unesterified) found
predominantly in membranes and cholesteryl esters (CEs) stored in
cytoplasmic lipid droplets. Only free cholesterol is effluxed from
macrophages via ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters to extracellular
acceptors. Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), proposed to hydrolyze CEs, is
inactivated by oxon metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides and
by the lipid electrophile 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). We assessed the
ability of these compounds to reduce cholesterol efflux from foam
cells. Human THP-1 macrophages were loaded with [3H]-cholesterol/acetylated
LDL and then allowed to equilibrate to enable [3H]-cholesterol
to distribute into its various cellular pools. The cholesterol-engorged
cells were then treated with toxicants in the absence of cholesterol
acceptors for 24 h, followed by a 24 h efflux period in the presence
of toxicant. A concentration-dependent reduction in [3H]-cholesterol
efflux via ABCA1 (up to 50%) was found for paraoxon (0.1–10
μM), whereas treatment with HNE had no effect. A modest reduction
in [3H]-cholesterol efflux via ABCG1 (25%) was found after
treatment with either paraoxon or chlorpyrifos oxon (10 μM each)
but not HNE. No difference in efflux rates was found after treatments
with either paraoxon or HNE when the universal cholesterol acceptor
10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum was used. When the re-esterification
arm of the CE cycle was disabled in foam cells, paraoxon treatment
increased CE levels, suggesting the neutral CE hydrolysis arm of the
cycle had been inhibited by the toxicant. However, paraoxon also partially
inhibited lysosomal acid lipase, which generates cholesterol for efflux,
and reduced the expression of ABCA1 protein. Paradoxically, silencing CES1 expression in macrophages did not affect the percent
of [3H]-cholesterol efflux. However, CES1 mRNA knockdown markedly reduced cholesterol uptake by macrophages,
with SR-A and CD36 mRNA reduced
3- and 4-fold, respectively. Immunoblots confirmed SR-A and CD36 protein
downregulation. Together, these results suggest that toxicants, e.g.,
oxons, may interfere with macrophage cholesterol homeostasis/metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Ross
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University , P.O. Box 6100, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Resolution of sterile inflammation: role for vitamin C. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:173403. [PMID: 25294953 PMCID: PMC4175383 DOI: 10.1155/2014/173403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Macrophage reprogramming is vital for resolution of acute inflammation. Parenteral vitamin C (VitC) attenuates proinflammatory states in murine and human sepsis. However information about the mechanism by which VitC regulates resolution of inflammation is limited. METHODS To examine whether physiological levels of VitC modulate resolution of inflammation, we used transgenic mice lacking L-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase. VitC sufficient/deficient mice were subjected to a thioglycollate-elicited peritonitis model of sterile inflammation. Some VitC deficient mice received daily parenteral VitC (200 mg/kg) for 3 or 5 days following thioglycollate infusion. Peritoneal macrophages harvested on day 3 or day 5 were examined for intracellular VitC levels, pro- and anti-inflammatory protein and lipid mediators, mitochondrial function, and response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The THP-1 cell line was used to determine the modulatory activities of VitC in activated human macrophages. RESULTS VitC deficiency significantly delayed resolution of inflammation and generated an exaggerated proinflammatory response to in vitro LPS stimulation. VitC sufficiency and in vivo VitC supplementation restored macrophage phenotype and function in VitC deficient mice. VitC loading of THP-1 macrophages attenuated LPS-induced proinflammatory responses. CONCLUSION VitC sufficiency favorably modulates macrophage function. In vivo or in vitro VitC supplementation restores macrophage phenotype and function leading to timely resolution of inflammation.
Collapse
|
20
|
Aranda J, Cerqueira NMFSA, Fernandes PA, Roca M, Tuñon I, Ramos MJ. The catalytic mechanism of carboxylesterases: a computational study. Biochemistry 2014; 53:5820-9. [PMID: 25101647 DOI: 10.1021/bi500934j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic mechanism of carboxylesterases (CEs, EC 3.1.1.1) is explored by computational means. CEs hydrolyze ester, amide, and carbamate bonds found in xenobiotics and endobiotics. They can also perform transesterification, a reaction important, for instance, in cholesterol homeostasis. The catalytic mechanisms with three different substrates (ester, thioester, and amide) have been established at the M06-2X/6-311++G**//B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory. It was found that the reactions proceed through a mechanism involving four steps instead of two as is generally proposed: (i) nucleophilic attack of serine to the substrate, forming the first tetrahedral intermediate, (ii) formation of the acyl-enzyme complex concomitant with the release of the alcohol product, (iii) nucleophilic attack of a water or alcohol molecule forming the second tetrahedral intermediate, and (iv) the release of the second product of the reaction. The results agree very well with the available experimental data and show that the hydrolytic and the transesterification reactions are competitive processes when the substrate is an ester. In all the other studied substrates (thioester or amide), the hydrolytic and transesterification process are less favorable and some of them might not even take place under in vivo conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Aranda
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sakai K, Igarashi M, Yamamuro D, Ohshiro T, Nagashima S, Takahashi M, Enkhtuvshin B, Sekiya M, Okazaki H, Osuga JI, Ishibashi S. Critical role of neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolase 1 in cholesteryl ester hydrolysis in murine macrophages. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2033-40. [PMID: 24868095 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m047787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrolysis of intracellular cholesteryl ester (CE) is the rate-limiting step in the efflux of cholesterol from macrophage foam cells. In mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPMs), this process is thought to involve several enzymes: hormone-sensitive lipase (Lipe), carboxylesterase 3 (Ces3), neutral CE hydrolase 1 (Nceh1). However, there is some disagreement over the relative contributions of these enzymes. To solve this problem, we first compared the abilities of several compounds to inhibit the hydrolysis of CE in cells overexpressing Lipe, Ces3, or Nceh1. Cells overexpressing Ces3 had negligible neutral CE hydrolase activity. We next examined the effects of these inhibitors on the hydrolysis of CE and subsequent cholesterol trafficking in MPMs. CE accumulation was increased by a selective inhibitor of Nceh1, paraoxon, and two nonselective inhibitors of Nceh1, (+)-AS115 and (-)-AS115, but not by two Lipe-selective inhibitors, orlistat and 76-0079. Paraoxon inhibited cholesterol efflux to apoA-I or HDL, while 76-0079 did not. These results suggest that Nceh1 plays a dominant role over Lipe in the hydrolysis of CE and subsequent cholesterol efflux in MPMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kent Sakai
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Masaki Igarashi
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamamuro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Taichi Ohshiro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Shuichi Nagashima
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Manabu Takahashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Bolormaa Enkhtuvshin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Motohiro Sekiya
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okazaki
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Osuga
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Chemical atherogenesis is an emerging field that describes how environmental pollutants and endogenous toxins perturb critical pathways that regulate lipid metabolism and inflammation, thus injuring cells found within the vessel wall. Despite growing awareness of the role of environmental pollutants in the development of cardiovascular disease, the field of chemical atherogenesis can broadly include both exogenous and endogenous poisons and the study of molecular, biochemical, and cellular pathways that become dysregulated during atherosclerosis. This integrated approach is logical because exogenous and endogenous toxins often share the same mechanism of toxicity. Chemical atherogenesis is a truly integrative discipline because it incorporates concepts from several different fields, including biochemistry, chemical biology, pharmacology, and toxicology. This review will provide an overview of this emerging research area, focusing on cellular and animal models of disease.
Collapse
|
23
|
Goo YH, Son SH, Kreienberg PB, Paul A. Novel lipid droplet-associated serine hydrolase regulates macrophage cholesterol mobilization. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 34:386-96. [PMID: 24357060 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lipid-laden macrophages or foam cells are characterized by massive cytosolic lipid droplet (LD) deposition containing mostly cholesterol ester (CE) derived from the lipoproteins cleared from the arterial wall. Cholesterol efflux from foam cells is considered to be atheroprotective. Because cholesterol is effluxed as free cholesterol, CE accumulation in LDs may limit free cholesterol efflux. Our objective was to identify proteins that regulate cholesterol trafficking through LDs. APPROACH AND RESULTS In a proteomic analysis of the LD fraction of RAW 264.7 macrophages, we identified an evolutionarily conserved protein with a canonical GXSXG lipase catalytic motif and a predicted α/β-hydrolase fold, the RIKEN cDNA 1110057K04 gene, which we named LD-associated hydrolase (LDAH). LDAH association with LDs was confirmed by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry. LDAH was labeled with a probe specific for active serine hydrolases. LDAH showed relatively weak in vitro CE hydrolase activity. However, cholesterol measurements in intact cells supported a significant role of LDAH in CE homeostasis because LDAH upregulation and downregulation decreased and increased, respectively, intracellular cholesterol and CE in human embryonic kidney-293 cells and RAW 264.7 macrophages. Mutation of the putative nucleophilic serine impaired active hydrolase probe binding, in vitro CE hydrolase activity, and cholesterol-lowering effect in cells, whereas this mutant still localized to the LD. LDAH upregulation increased CE hydrolysis and cholesterol efflux from macrophages, and, interestingly, LDAH is highly expressed in macrophage-rich areas within mouse and human atherosclerotic lesions. CONCLUSIONS The data identify a candidate target to promote reverse cholesterol transport from atherosclerotic lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hwa Goo
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, NY (Y.-H.G., S.-H.S., A.P.); and the Institute for Vascular Health and Disease, Albany, NY (P.B.K.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang R, Borazjani A, Matthews AT, Mangum LC, Edelmann MJ, Ross MK. Identification of palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 in human THP1 monocytes and macrophages and characterization of unique biochemical activities for this enzyme. Biochemistry 2013; 52:7559-74. [PMID: 24083319 DOI: 10.1021/bi401138s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The profiles of serine hydrolases in human and mouse macrophages are similar yet different. For instance, human macrophages express high levels of carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), whereas mouse macrophages have minimal amounts of the orthologous murine CES1. On the other hand, macrophages from both species exhibit limited expression of the canonical 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) hydrolytic enzyme, MAGL. Our previous study showed CES1 was partly responsible for the hydrolysis of 2-AG (50%) and prostaglandin glyceryl esters (PG-Gs) (80-95%) in human THP1 monocytes and macrophages. However, MAGL and other endocannabinoid hydrolases, FAAH, ABHD6, and ABHD12, did not have a role because of limited expression or no expression. Thus, another enzyme was hypothesized to be responsible for the remaining 2-AG hydrolysis activity following chemical inhibition and immunodepletion of CES1 (previous study) or CES1 gene knockdown (this study). Here we identified two candidate serine hydrolases in THP1 cell lysates by activity-based protein profiling (ABPP)-MUDPIT and Western blotting: cathepsin G and palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1). Both proteins exhibited electrophoretic properties similar to those of a serine hydrolase in THP1 cells detected by gel-based ABPP at 31-32 kDa; however, only PPT1 exhibited lipolytic activity and hydrolyzed 2-AG in vitro. Interestingly, PPT1 was strongly expressed in THP1 cells but was significantly less reactive than cathepsin G toward the activity-based probe, fluorophosphonate-biotin. KIAA1363, another serine hydrolase, was also identified in THP1 cells but did not have significant lipolytic activity. On the basis of chemoproteomic profiling, immunodepletion studies, and chemical inhibitor profiles, we estimated that PPT1 contributed 32-40% of 2-AG hydrolysis activity in the THP1 cell line. In addition, pure recombinant PPT1 catalyzed the hydrolysis of 2-AG, PGE2-G, and PGF2α-G, although the catalytic efficiency of hydrolysis of 2-AG by PPT1 was ~10-fold lower than that of CES1. PPT1 was also insensitive to several chemical inhibitors that potently inhibit CES1, such as organophosphate poisons and JZL184. This is the first report to document the expression of PPT1 in a human monocyte and macrophage cell line and to show PPT1 can hydrolyze the natural substrates 2-AG and PG-Gs. These findings suggest that PPT1 may participate in endocannabinoid metabolism within specific cellular contexts and highlights the functional redundancy often exhibited by enzymes involved in lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University , University, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Escoffre JM, Novell A, Serrière S, Lecomte T, Bouakaz A. Irinotecan Delivery by Microbubble-Assisted Ultrasound: In Vitro Validation and a Pilot Preclinical Study. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2667-75. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400081b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.-M. Escoffre
- UMR Inserm
U930, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, PRES Centre-Val de Loire Université, 37044 Tours, France
| | - A. Novell
- UMR Inserm
U930, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, PRES Centre-Val de Loire Université, 37044 Tours, France
| | - S. Serrière
- UMR Inserm
U930, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, PRES Centre-Val de Loire Université, 37044 Tours, France
| | - T. Lecomte
- Université François-Rabelais, UMR CNRS 7292, 37032 Tours,
France
- Service d’Hépato-gastroentérologie
et de Cancérologie Digestive, University Hospital CHU, 37044 Tours, France
| | - A. Bouakaz
- UMR Inserm
U930, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, PRES Centre-Val de Loire Université, 37044 Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wei Y, Peng AY, Huang J. Inhibition of porcine liver carboxylesterase by phosphorylated flavonoids. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 204:75-9. [PMID: 23643881 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have recently synthesized a series of phosphorylated flavonoids and identified some of them as potent inhibitors of pancreatic cholesterol esterase (CEase) with excellent selectivity for CEase over acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In the present paper, we investigated the inhibitory activities of these compounds against porcine liver carboxylesterase (CE) since carboxylesterases (CEs) are another family of serine esterases responsible for the metabolism and detoxification of many ester-containing xenobiotics and clinical esterified drugs, and there exists much structural similarity between CEase and CEs. The results indicated that phosphorylated flavonoids exhibited significantly improved inhibition potency toward CE than their parent compounds, and six of them had IC50 values less than 5.0nM. Among all compounds tested, compounds 3d and 3e are the two most potent inhibitors of CE, giving IC50 values of 1.79nM and 1.58nM, respectively. Interestingly, these compounds inhibited CEase and CE with similar structure activity correlations, and those with high inhibitory activities toward CEase could also inhibit CE efficiently. The presences of a free hydroxyl group at position 5 and a phosphate group at position 7 of the phosphorylated flavonoids are favorable to the inhibition of CE. The inhibition mechanism and kinetic characterization studies of the most potent inhibitors revealed that they are irreversible competitive inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingling Wei
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Lu, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Poirot M, Silvente-Poirot S. Cholesterol-5,6-epoxides: Chemistry, biochemistry, metabolic fate and cancer. Biochimie 2013; 95:622-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
|
28
|
Holmes RS, Cox LA, Vandeberg JL. A new class of mammalian carboxylesterase CES6. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2012; 4:209-17. [PMID: 20161041 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian carboxylesterases (CES) exhibit broad substrate specificities, catalyse hydrolytic and transesterification reactions with a wide range of drugs and xenobiotics and are widely distributed in the body. Four CES classes have been previously described, namely CES1 (major liver form); CES2 (major intestinal form); CES3 (highest activity in the colon); and CES5, a secreted enzyme found in mammalian kidney and male reproductive fluids. In silico methods were used to predict the amino acid sequences, structures and gene locations for a new class of CES genes and proteins, designated as CES6. Mammalian CES6 amino acid sequence alignments and predicted secondary and tertiary structures enabled the identification of key CES sequences previously reported for human CES1, but with CES6 specific sequences and properties: high isoelectric points (pI values of 8.8 - 9.4 compared with 5.4 - 6.2 for human CES1, CES2, CES3 and CES5); being predicted for secretion into body fluids compared with human CES1, human CES2 and CES3, which are membrane bound; and having Asn or Glu residues at the predicted CES1 Z-site for which a Gly residue plays a major role in cholesterol binding. Mammalian CES6 genes are located in tandem with CES2 and CES3 genes, are transcribed on the positive DNA strand and contain 14 exons. Human and mouse CES6-like transcripts have been previously reported to be widely distributed in the body but are localized in specific regions of the brain, including the cerebellum. CES6 may play a role in the detoxification of drugs and xenobiotics in neural and other tissues of the body and in the cerebrospinal fluid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger S Holmes
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bovine Carboxylesterases: Evidence for Two CES1 and Five Families of CES Genes on Chromosome 18. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2012; 4:11-20. [PMID: 20161341 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Predicted bovine carboxylesterase (CES) protein and gene sequences were derived from bovine (Bos taurus) genomic sequence data. Two bovine CES1 genes (CES1.1 and CES1.2) were located on chromosome 18 encoding amino acid sequences that were 81% identical. Two forms of CES1.2 were also observed apparently caused by an indel polymorphism encoded at the C-terminus end. Two CES gene clusters were observed on chromosome 18: CES5-CES1.1-CES1.2 and CES2-CES3-CES6. Bovine CES1, CES2, CES3, CES5 and CES6 shared 39-45% identity with each other, but showed 71-76% identity with each of the five corresponding human CES family members. Phylogeny studies indicated that bovine CES genes originated from five ancestral gene duplication events which predated the eutherian mammalian common ancestor. In addition, a subsequent CES1 gene duplication event is proposed during mammalian evolution prior to the appearance of the Bovidae common ancestor ~ 20 MY ago.
Collapse
|
30
|
Holmes RS, Cox LA, Vandeberg JL. Mammalian carboxylesterase 5: comparative biochemistry and genomics. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2012; 3:195-204. [PMID: 19727319 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Carboxylesterase 5 (CES5) (also called cauxin or CES7) is one of at least five mammalian CES gene families encoding enzymes of broad substrate specificity and catalysing hydrolytic and transesterification reactions. In silico methods were used to predict the amino acid sequences, secondary structures and gene locations for CES5 genes and gene products. Amino acid sequence alignments of mammalian CES5 enzymes enabled identification of key CES sequences previously reported for human CES1, as well as other sequences that are specific to the CES5 gene family, which were consistent with being monomeric in subunit structure and available for secretion into body fluids. Predicted secondary structures for mammalian CES5 demonstrated significant conservation with human CES1 as well as distinctive mammalian CES5 like structures. Mammalian CES5 genes are located in tandem with the CES1 gene(s), are transcribed on the reverse strand and contained 13 exons. CES5 has been previously reported in high concentrations in the urine (cauxin) of adult male cats, and within a protein complex of mammalian male epididymal fluids. Roles for CES5 may include regulating urinary levels of male cat pheromones; catalysing lipid transfer reactions within mammalian male reproductive fluids; and protecting neural tissue from drugs and xenobiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger S Holmes
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jones RD, Taylor AM, Tong EY, Repa JJ. Carboxylesterases are uniquely expressed among tissues and regulated by nuclear hormone receptors in the mouse. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 41:40-9. [PMID: 23011759 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.048397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxylesterases (CES) are a well recognized, yet incompletely characterized family of proteins that catalyze neutral lipid hydrolysis. Some CES have well-defined roles in xenobiotic clearance, pharmacologic prodrug activation, and narcotic detoxification. In addition, emerging evidence suggests other CES may have roles in lipid metabolism. Humans have six CES genes, whereas mice have 20 Ces genes grouped into five isoenzyme classes. Perhaps due to the high sequence similarity shared by the mouse Ces genes, the tissue-specific distribution of expression for these enzymes has not been fully addressed. Therefore, we performed studies to provide a comprehensive tissue distribution analysis of mouse Ces mRNAs. These data demonstrated that while the mouse Ces family 1 is highly expressed in liver and family 2 in intestine, many Ces genes have a wide and unique tissue distribution defined by relative mRNA levels. Furthermore, evaluating Ces gene expression in response to pharmacologic activation of lipid- and xenobiotic-sensing nuclear hormone receptors showed differential regulation. Finally, specific shifts in Ces gene expression were seen in peritoneal macrophages following lipopolysaccharide treatment and in a steatotic liver model induced by high-fat feeding, two model systems relevant to disease. Overall these data show that each mouse Ces gene has its own distinctive tissue expression pattern and suggest that some CES may have tissue-specific roles in lipid metabolism and xenobiotic clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Jones
- Departments of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhao B, Bie J, Wang J, Marqueen SA, Ghosh S. Identification of a novel intracellular cholesteryl ester hydrolase (carboxylesterase 3) in human macrophages: compensatory increase in its expression after carboxylesterase 1 silencing. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 303:C427-35. [PMID: 22700792 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00103.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cholesteryl ester (CE) hydrolysis is the rate-limiting step in the removal of free cholesterol (FC) from macrophage foam cells, and several enzymes have been identified as intracellular CE hydrolases in human macrophages. We have previously reported the antiatherogenic role of a carboxylesterase [carboxylesterase 1 (CES1)], and the objective of the present study was to determine the contribution of CES1 to total CE hydrolytic activity in human macrophages. Two approaches, namely, immune depletion and short hairpin (sh)RNA-mediated knockdown, were used. Immuneprecipitation by a CES1-specific antibody resulted in a 70-80% decrease in enzyme activity, indicating that CES1 is responsible for >70% of the total CE hydrolytic activity. THP1-shRNA cells were generated by stably transfecting human THP1 cells with four different CES1-specific shRNA vectors. Despite a significant (>90%) reduction in CES1 expression both at the mRNA and protein levels, CES1 knockdown neither decreased intracellular CE hydrolysis nor decreased FC efflux. Examination of the underlying mechanisms for the observed lack of effects of CES1 knockdown revealed a compensatory increase in the expression of a novel CES, CES3, which is only expressed at <30% of the level of CES1 in human macrophages. Transient overexpression of CES3 led to an increase in CE hydrolytic activity, mobilization of intracellular lipid droplets, and a reduction in cellular CE content, establishing CES3 as a bona fide CE hydrolase. This study provides the first evidence of functional compensation whereby increased expression of CES3 restores intracellular CE hydrolytic activity and FC efflux in CES1-deficient cells. Furthermore, these data support the concept that intracellular CE hydrolysis is a multienzyme process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ghosh S. Early steps in reverse cholesterol transport: cholesteryl ester hydrolase and other hydrolases. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2012; 19:136-41. [PMID: 22262001 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283507836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Several controversies exist related to the molecular identity and subcellular localization of the enzyme catalyzing macrophage cholesteryl ester hydrolysis. Some of these issues have been reviewed earlier and this review summarizes new developments that describe effects of overexpression or gene ablation. The main objective is to highlight the disagreement between lack of gene expression and incomplete abolition of macrophage cholesteryl ester hydrolytic activity and to emphasize the importance of redundancy. RECENT FINDINGS New information resulting from the continuing characterization of the various cholesteryl ester hydrolases (hormone-sensitive lipase, HSL; cholesteryl ester hydrolase, CEH; and KIAA1363/NCEH1) is reviewed. Whereas CEH overexpression leads to beneficial effects such as decreased inflammation, improved glucose tolerance/insulin sensitivity, and attenuation of atherosclerotic lesion progression, deficiency/ablation of HSL or KIAA1363/NCEH1 results in incomplete loss of macrophage cholesteryl ester hydrolysis/turnover. New paradigms challenging the classical view of cytoplasmic cholesteryl ester hydrolysis and reverse cholesterol transport are also presented. SUMMARY The observed beneficial effects of CEH overexpression identify macrophage cholesteryl ester hydrolysis as an important therapeutic target and future studies will determine whether similar effects are obtained with overexpression of HSL or KIAA1363/NCEH1. It is imperative that, for clinical benefit, mechanisms to enhance endogenous cholesteryl ester hydrolase(s) are established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shobha Ghosh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0050, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Irinophore C™, a lipid-based nanoparticulate formulation of irinotecan, is more effective than free irinotecan when used to treat an orthotopic glioblastoma model. J Control Release 2012; 158:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.09.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
35
|
Ross MK, Edelmann MJ. Carboxylesterases: A Multifunctional Enzyme Involved in Pesticide and Lipid Metabolism. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2012-1099.ch010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K. Ross
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6100, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experimental Station, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
| | - Mariola J. Edelmann
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6100, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experimental Station, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Parathath S, Dogan S, Joaquin VA, Ghosh S, Guo L, Weibel GL, Rothblat GH, Harrison EH, Fisher EA. Rat carboxylesterase ES-4 enzyme functions as a major hepatic neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolase. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:39683-92. [PMID: 21937439 PMCID: PMC3220591 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.258095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although esterification of free cholesterol to cholesteryl ester in the liver is known to be catalyzed by the enzyme acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase, ACAT, the neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolase (nCEH) that catalyzes the reverse reaction has remained elusive. Because cholesterol undergoes continuous cycling between free and esterified forms, the steady-state concentrations in the liver of the two species and their metabolic availability for pathways, such as lipoprotein assembly and bile acid synthesis, depend upon nCEH activity. On the basis of the general characteristics of the family of rat carboxylesterases, we hypothesized that one member, ES-4, was a promising candidate as a hepatic nCEH. Using under- and overexpression approaches, we provide multiple lines of evidence that establish ES-4 as a bona fide endogenous nCEH that can account for the majority of cholesteryl ester hydrolysis in transformed rat hepatic cells and primary rat hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saj Parathath
- From the Department of Medicine and the Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology Program, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
| | - Snjezana Dogan
- From the Department of Medicine and the Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology Program, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
| | - Victor A. Joaquin
- From the Department of Medicine and the Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology Program, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
| | - Snigdha Ghosh
- the Department of Human Nutrition, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and
| | - Liang Guo
- From the Department of Medicine and the Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology Program, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
| | - Ginny L. Weibel
- the Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - George H. Rothblat
- the Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Earl H. Harrison
- the Department of Human Nutrition, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and
| | - Edward A. Fisher
- From the Department of Medicine and the Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology Program, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Langlois D, Forcheron F, Li JY, del Carmine P, Neggazi S, Beylot M. Increased atherosclerosis in mice deficient in perilipin1. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:169. [PMID: 21943217 PMCID: PMC3187733 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Perilipin1, a lipid droplet associated protein has an important role in the regulation of lipolysis and lipid storage in adipocytes. Perilipin1 is also expressed in foam cells of atheroma plaques and could therefore play a role in the accumulation of lipids in arterial wall and in the development of atherosclerosis. The aim of the study was to investigate this possible role of perilipin1 in atherogenesis. Methods Mice deficient in perilipin1 (Plin1-/-) were crossed with Ldlr-/- mice. Ldlr-/- and Plin1-/- Ldlr-/- mice received an atherogenic diet during 10 or 20 weeks. Blood pressure and plasma lipids concentrations were measured. Aortas were collected at the end of the atherogenic diet periods for quantification of atheroma lesions (en face method), histological and immunohistological studies Results Ldlr-/- and Plin1-/- Ldlr-/- mice had comparable blood pressure and plasma lipids levels. Plin1-/- Ldlr-/- mice had a lower body weight and decreased adiposity. The atherosclerotic lesion area in Plin1-/-Ldlr-/- mice was moderately increased after 10 weeks of atherogenic diet (ns) and significantly higher after 20 weeks (p < 0.01). Histology of atheroma plaques was comparable with no sign of increased inflammation in Plin1-/- Ldlr-/- mice. Conclusion Perilipin1 ablation in mice results in increased atherosclerosis independently of modifications of risk factors such as raised blood pressure or plasma lipids levels. These data strongly support an atheroprotective role for perilipin1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Langlois
- ERI22-EA4173, Faculté Rockefeller, University C Bernard Lyon1, 8 av Rockefeller, Lyon, 69008, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Quiroga AD, Lehner R. Liver triacylglycerol lipases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:762-9. [PMID: 21963564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The hallmark of obesity and one of the key contributing factors to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease is excess triacylglycerol (TG) storage. In hepatocytes, excessive accumulation of TG is the common denominator of a wide range of clinicopathological entities known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which can eventually progress to cirrhosis and associated complications including hepatic failure, hepatocellular carcinoma and death. A tight regulation between TG synthesis, hydrolysis, secretion and fatty acid oxidation is required to prevent lipid accumulation as well as lipid depletion from hepatocytes. Therefore, understanding the pathways that regulate hepatic TG metabolism is crucial for development of therapies to ameliorate pathophysiological conditions associated with excessive hepatic TG accumulation, including dyslipidemias, viral infection and atherosclerosis. This review highlights the physiological roles of liver lipases that degrade TG in cytosolic lipid droplets, endoplasmic reticulum, late endosomes/lysosomes and along the secretory route. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Triglyceride Metabolism and Disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel D Quiroga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bie J, Zhao B, Ghosh S. Atherosclerotic lesion progression is attenuated by reconstitution with bone marrow from macrophage-specific cholesteryl ester hydrolase transgenic mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R967-74. [PMID: 21795638 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00277.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of cholesteryl ester (CE)-enriched macrophage foam cells is central to the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Intracellular CE hydrolysis is the rate-limiting step in the removal of free cholesterol from macrophage foam cells. Enhancing this process by transgenic overexpression of CE hydrolase (CEH) resulted in a significant decrease in diet-induced atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient (LDLR-/-) mice. However, for development of this step as an antiatherosclerotic target it is imperative to demonstrate that increase in CE hydrolysis after initiation of lesion formation will also attenuate further lesion progression. The objective of the present study was to directly address this issue using an animal model. LDLR-/- mice were fed a high-fat high-cholesterol diet (Western Diet) for 8 wk to initiate lesion formation and were then divided into three groups. Group 1 mice were killed to determine baseline lesion development. Mice in groups 2 and 3 were irradiated and transplanted with either LDLR-/- or LDLR-/-CEH transgenic bone marrow and maintained on Western Diet. Atherosclerotic lesion progression was assessed after 12 wk. While a more than fourfold increase in total lesions (compared to group 1) was seen in group 2 receiving LDLR-/- marrow, a significantly lower increase (<2-fold) was noted in mice reconstituted with CEH transgenic marrow (group 3). Lesions in group 3 mice were also more cellular with smaller necrotic cores. Lesion progression is associated with a switch in macrophage phenotype from anti-inflammatory M2 to proinflammatory M1 phenotype and is consistent with reduced lesion progression. Aortas from group 3 mice contained a significantly higher percentage of macrophages in M2 phenotype (Ly6C(lo)). These data demonstrate for the first time that enhancing macrophage CE hydrolysis even after lesion initiation can still attenuate further lesion progression and also switches the phenotype of lesion-associated macrophages to anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype establishing intracellular CE hydrolysis as an anti-atherosclerotic as well as anti-inflammatory target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Bie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0050, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ghosh S. Macrophage cholesterol homeostasis and metabolic diseases: critical role of cholesteryl ester mobilization. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2011; 9:329-40. [PMID: 21438812 DOI: 10.1586/erc.11.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Atherogenic dyslipidemia, including low HDL levels, is the major contributor of residual risk of cardiovascular disease that remains even after aggressive statin therapy to reduce LDL-cholesterol. Currently, distinction is not made between HDL-cholesterol and HDL, which is a lipoprotein consisting of several proteins and a core containing cholesteryl esters (CEs). The importance of assessing HDL functionality, specifically its role in facilitating cholesterol efflux from foam cells, is relevant to atherogenesis. Since HDLs can only remove unesterified cholesterol from macrophages while cholesterol is stored as CEs within foam cells, intracellular CE hydrolysis by CE hydrolase is vital. Reduction in macrophage lipid burden not only attenuates atherosclerosis but also reduces inflammation and linked pathologies such as Type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Targeting reduction in macrophage CE levels and focusing on enhancing cholesterol flux from peripheral tissues to liver for final elimination is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shobha Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298-0050, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
Quiroga AD, Lehner R. Role of endoplasmic reticulum neutral lipid hydrolases. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2011; 22:218-25. [PMID: 21531146 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets are universal intracellular organelles composed of a triglyceride, cholesteryl ester and retinyl ester core, surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids and free (unesterified) cholesterol and lipid droplet-associated proteins. Core lipids are hydrolyzed by lipases to provide fatty acids, cholesterol and retinol for various cellular functions. In addition to cytosolic adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase, recent studies show the existence of other neutral lipid hydrolases that reside in the endoplasmic reticulum. In this review we highlight the role of these novel lipases including several members of the carboxylesterase family and enzymes termed arylacetamide deacetylase and KIAA1363/neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolase1/arylacetamide deacetylase-like 1. Some of these enzymes might be attractive targets for the treatment of dyslipidemias, viral infection and atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel D Quiroga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masaki Igarashi
- University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan (Igarashi, Sekiya, Okazaki)
| | - Motohiro Sekiya
- University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan (Igarashi, Sekiya, Okazaki)
| | - Hiroaki Okazaki
- University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan (Igarashi, Sekiya, Okazaki)
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Nagashima S, Yagyu H, Takahashi N, Kurashina T, Takahashi M, Tsuchita T, Tazoe F, Wang XL, Bayasgalan T, Sato N, Okada K, Nagasaka S, Gotoh T, Kojima M, Hyodo M, Horie H, Hosoya Y, Okada M, Yasuda Y, Fujiwara H, Ohwada M, Iwamoto S, Suzuki M, Nagai H, Ishibashi S. Depot-Specific Expression of Lipolytic Genes in Human Adipose Tissues. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011; 18:190-9. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.6478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
45
|
Sekiya M, Osuga JI, Igarashi M, Okazaki H, Ishibashi S. The Role of Neutral Cholesterol Ester Hydrolysis in Macrophage Foam Cells. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011; 18:359-64. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.7013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
46
|
Waters MD, Jackson M, Lea I. Characterizing and predicting carcinogenicity and mode of action using conventional and toxicogenomics methods. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2010; 705:184-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
47
|
Igarashi M, Osuga JI, Uozaki H, Sekiya M, Nagashima S, Takahashi M, Takase S, Takanashi M, Li Y, Ohta K, Kumagai M, Nishi M, Hosokawa M, Fledelius C, Jacobsen P, Yagyu H, Fukayama M, Nagai R, Kadowaki T, Ohashi K, Ishibashi S. The Critical Role of Neutral Cholesterol Ester Hydrolase 1 in Cholesterol Removal From Human Macrophages. Circ Res 2010; 107:1387-95. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.226613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Igarashi
- From the Departments of Metabolic Diseases (M.I., M.S., S.T., M. Takanashi, Y.L., K. Ohta, M.K., M.N., T.K., K. Ohashi), Pathology (H.U., M.F.), and Cardiovascular Medicine (R.N.), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.-i.O., S.N., M.T., H.Y., S.I.), the Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science (M.H.), Japan; and Diabetes Research Unit (C.F., P.J.),
| | - Jun-ichi Osuga
- From the Departments of Metabolic Diseases (M.I., M.S., S.T., M. Takanashi, Y.L., K. Ohta, M.K., M.N., T.K., K. Ohashi), Pathology (H.U., M.F.), and Cardiovascular Medicine (R.N.), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.-i.O., S.N., M.T., H.Y., S.I.), the Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science (M.H.), Japan; and Diabetes Research Unit (C.F., P.J.),
| | - Hiroshi Uozaki
- From the Departments of Metabolic Diseases (M.I., M.S., S.T., M. Takanashi, Y.L., K. Ohta, M.K., M.N., T.K., K. Ohashi), Pathology (H.U., M.F.), and Cardiovascular Medicine (R.N.), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.-i.O., S.N., M.T., H.Y., S.I.), the Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science (M.H.), Japan; and Diabetes Research Unit (C.F., P.J.),
| | - Motohiro Sekiya
- From the Departments of Metabolic Diseases (M.I., M.S., S.T., M. Takanashi, Y.L., K. Ohta, M.K., M.N., T.K., K. Ohashi), Pathology (H.U., M.F.), and Cardiovascular Medicine (R.N.), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.-i.O., S.N., M.T., H.Y., S.I.), the Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science (M.H.), Japan; and Diabetes Research Unit (C.F., P.J.),
| | - Shuichi Nagashima
- From the Departments of Metabolic Diseases (M.I., M.S., S.T., M. Takanashi, Y.L., K. Ohta, M.K., M.N., T.K., K. Ohashi), Pathology (H.U., M.F.), and Cardiovascular Medicine (R.N.), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.-i.O., S.N., M.T., H.Y., S.I.), the Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science (M.H.), Japan; and Diabetes Research Unit (C.F., P.J.),
| | - Manabu Takahashi
- From the Departments of Metabolic Diseases (M.I., M.S., S.T., M. Takanashi, Y.L., K. Ohta, M.K., M.N., T.K., K. Ohashi), Pathology (H.U., M.F.), and Cardiovascular Medicine (R.N.), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.-i.O., S.N., M.T., H.Y., S.I.), the Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science (M.H.), Japan; and Diabetes Research Unit (C.F., P.J.),
| | - Satoru Takase
- From the Departments of Metabolic Diseases (M.I., M.S., S.T., M. Takanashi, Y.L., K. Ohta, M.K., M.N., T.K., K. Ohashi), Pathology (H.U., M.F.), and Cardiovascular Medicine (R.N.), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.-i.O., S.N., M.T., H.Y., S.I.), the Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science (M.H.), Japan; and Diabetes Research Unit (C.F., P.J.),
| | - Mikio Takanashi
- From the Departments of Metabolic Diseases (M.I., M.S., S.T., M. Takanashi, Y.L., K. Ohta, M.K., M.N., T.K., K. Ohashi), Pathology (H.U., M.F.), and Cardiovascular Medicine (R.N.), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.-i.O., S.N., M.T., H.Y., S.I.), the Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science (M.H.), Japan; and Diabetes Research Unit (C.F., P.J.),
| | - Yongxue Li
- From the Departments of Metabolic Diseases (M.I., M.S., S.T., M. Takanashi, Y.L., K. Ohta, M.K., M.N., T.K., K. Ohashi), Pathology (H.U., M.F.), and Cardiovascular Medicine (R.N.), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.-i.O., S.N., M.T., H.Y., S.I.), the Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science (M.H.), Japan; and Diabetes Research Unit (C.F., P.J.),
| | - Keisuke Ohta
- From the Departments of Metabolic Diseases (M.I., M.S., S.T., M. Takanashi, Y.L., K. Ohta, M.K., M.N., T.K., K. Ohashi), Pathology (H.U., M.F.), and Cardiovascular Medicine (R.N.), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.-i.O., S.N., M.T., H.Y., S.I.), the Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science (M.H.), Japan; and Diabetes Research Unit (C.F., P.J.),
| | - Masayoshi Kumagai
- From the Departments of Metabolic Diseases (M.I., M.S., S.T., M. Takanashi, Y.L., K. Ohta, M.K., M.N., T.K., K. Ohashi), Pathology (H.U., M.F.), and Cardiovascular Medicine (R.N.), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.-i.O., S.N., M.T., H.Y., S.I.), the Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science (M.H.), Japan; and Diabetes Research Unit (C.F., P.J.),
| | - Makiko Nishi
- From the Departments of Metabolic Diseases (M.I., M.S., S.T., M. Takanashi, Y.L., K. Ohta, M.K., M.N., T.K., K. Ohashi), Pathology (H.U., M.F.), and Cardiovascular Medicine (R.N.), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.-i.O., S.N., M.T., H.Y., S.I.), the Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science (M.H.), Japan; and Diabetes Research Unit (C.F., P.J.),
| | - Masakiyo Hosokawa
- From the Departments of Metabolic Diseases (M.I., M.S., S.T., M. Takanashi, Y.L., K. Ohta, M.K., M.N., T.K., K. Ohashi), Pathology (H.U., M.F.), and Cardiovascular Medicine (R.N.), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.-i.O., S.N., M.T., H.Y., S.I.), the Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science (M.H.), Japan; and Diabetes Research Unit (C.F., P.J.),
| | - Christian Fledelius
- From the Departments of Metabolic Diseases (M.I., M.S., S.T., M. Takanashi, Y.L., K. Ohta, M.K., M.N., T.K., K. Ohashi), Pathology (H.U., M.F.), and Cardiovascular Medicine (R.N.), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.-i.O., S.N., M.T., H.Y., S.I.), the Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science (M.H.), Japan; and Diabetes Research Unit (C.F., P.J.),
| | - Poul Jacobsen
- From the Departments of Metabolic Diseases (M.I., M.S., S.T., M. Takanashi, Y.L., K. Ohta, M.K., M.N., T.K., K. Ohashi), Pathology (H.U., M.F.), and Cardiovascular Medicine (R.N.), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.-i.O., S.N., M.T., H.Y., S.I.), the Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science (M.H.), Japan; and Diabetes Research Unit (C.F., P.J.),
| | - Hiroaki Yagyu
- From the Departments of Metabolic Diseases (M.I., M.S., S.T., M. Takanashi, Y.L., K. Ohta, M.K., M.N., T.K., K. Ohashi), Pathology (H.U., M.F.), and Cardiovascular Medicine (R.N.), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.-i.O., S.N., M.T., H.Y., S.I.), the Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science (M.H.), Japan; and Diabetes Research Unit (C.F., P.J.),
| | - Masashi Fukayama
- From the Departments of Metabolic Diseases (M.I., M.S., S.T., M. Takanashi, Y.L., K. Ohta, M.K., M.N., T.K., K. Ohashi), Pathology (H.U., M.F.), and Cardiovascular Medicine (R.N.), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.-i.O., S.N., M.T., H.Y., S.I.), the Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science (M.H.), Japan; and Diabetes Research Unit (C.F., P.J.),
| | - Ryozo Nagai
- From the Departments of Metabolic Diseases (M.I., M.S., S.T., M. Takanashi, Y.L., K. Ohta, M.K., M.N., T.K., K. Ohashi), Pathology (H.U., M.F.), and Cardiovascular Medicine (R.N.), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.-i.O., S.N., M.T., H.Y., S.I.), the Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science (M.H.), Japan; and Diabetes Research Unit (C.F., P.J.),
| | - Takashi Kadowaki
- From the Departments of Metabolic Diseases (M.I., M.S., S.T., M. Takanashi, Y.L., K. Ohta, M.K., M.N., T.K., K. Ohashi), Pathology (H.U., M.F.), and Cardiovascular Medicine (R.N.), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.-i.O., S.N., M.T., H.Y., S.I.), the Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science (M.H.), Japan; and Diabetes Research Unit (C.F., P.J.),
| | - Ken Ohashi
- From the Departments of Metabolic Diseases (M.I., M.S., S.T., M. Takanashi, Y.L., K. Ohta, M.K., M.N., T.K., K. Ohashi), Pathology (H.U., M.F.), and Cardiovascular Medicine (R.N.), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.-i.O., S.N., M.T., H.Y., S.I.), the Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science (M.H.), Japan; and Diabetes Research Unit (C.F., P.J.),
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- From the Departments of Metabolic Diseases (M.I., M.S., S.T., M. Takanashi, Y.L., K. Ohta, M.K., M.N., T.K., K. Ohashi), Pathology (H.U., M.F.), and Cardiovascular Medicine (R.N.), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.-i.O., S.N., M.T., H.Y., S.I.), the Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science (M.H.), Japan; and Diabetes Research Unit (C.F., P.J.),
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Holmes RS, Wright MW, Laulederkind SJF, Cox LA, Hosokawa M, Imai T, Ishibashi S, Lehner R, Miyazaki M, Perkins EJ, Potter PM, Redinbo MR, Robert J, Satoh T, Yamashita T, Yan B, Yokoi T, Zechner R, Maltais LJ. Recommended nomenclature for five mammalian carboxylesterase gene families: human, mouse, and rat genes and proteins. Mamm Genome 2010; 21:427-41. [PMID: 20931200 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-010-9284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian carboxylesterase (CES or Ces) genes encode enzymes that participate in xenobiotic, drug, and lipid metabolism in the body and are members of at least five gene families. Tandem duplications have added more genes for some families, particularly for mouse and rat genomes, which has caused confusion in naming rodent Ces genes. This article describes a new nomenclature system for human, mouse, and rat carboxylesterase genes that identifies homolog gene families and allocates a unique name for each gene. The guidelines of human, mouse, and rat gene nomenclature committees were followed and "CES" (human) and "Ces" (mouse and rat) root symbols were used followed by the family number (e.g., human CES1). Where multiple genes were identified for a family or where a clash occurred with an existing gene name, a letter was added (e.g., human CES4A; mouse and rat Ces1a) that reflected gene relatedness among rodent species (e.g., mouse and rat Ces1a). Pseudogenes were named by adding "P" and a number to the human gene name (e.g., human CES1P1) or by using a new letter followed by ps for mouse and rat Ces pseudogenes (e.g., Ces2d-ps). Gene transcript isoforms were named by adding the GenBank accession ID to the gene symbol (e.g., human CES1_AB119995 or mouse Ces1e_BC019208). This nomenclature improves our understanding of human, mouse, and rat CES/Ces gene families and facilitates research into the structure, function, and evolution of these gene families. It also serves as a model for naming CES genes from other mammalian species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger S Holmes
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78227-5301, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Buchebner M, Pfeifer T, Rathke N, Chandak PG, Lass A, Schreiber R, Kratzer A, Zimmermann R, Sattler W, Koefeler H, Fröhlich E, Kostner GM, Birner-Gruenberger R, Chiang KP, Haemmerle G, Zechner R, Levak-Frank S, Cravatt B, Kratky D. Cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity is abolished in HSL-/- macrophages but unchanged in macrophages lacking KIAA1363. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:2896-908. [PMID: 20625037 PMCID: PMC2936755 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m004259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesteryl ester (CE) accumulation in macrophages represents a crucial event during foam cell formation, a hallmark of atherogenesis. Here we investigated the role of two previously described CE hydrolases, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and KIAA1363, in macrophage CE hydrolysis. HSL and KIAA1363 exhibited marked differences in their abilities to hydrolyze CE, triacylglycerol (TG), diacylglycerol (DG), and 2-acetyl monoalkylglycerol ether (AcMAGE), a precursor for biosynthesis of platelet-activating factor (PAF). HSL efficiently cleaved all four substrates, whereas KIAA1363 hydrolyzed only AcMAGE. This contradicts previous studies suggesting that KIAA1363 is a neutral CE hydrolase. Macrophages of KIAA1363(-/-) and wild-type mice exhibited identical neutral CE hydrolase activity, which was almost abolished in tissues and macrophages of HSL(-/-) mice. Conversely, AcMAGE hydrolase activity was diminished in macrophages and some tissues of KIAA1363(-/-) but unchanged in HSL(-/-) mice. CE turnover was unaffected in macrophages lacking KIAA1363 and HSL, whereas cAMP-dependent cholesterol efflux was influenced by HSL but not by KIAA1363. Despite decreased CE hydrolase activities, HSL(-/-) macrophages exhibited CE accumulation similar to wild-type (WT) macrophages. We conclude that additional enzymes must exist that cooperate with HSL to regulate CE levels in macrophages. KIAA1363 affects AcMAGE hydrolase activity but is of minor importance as a direct CE hydrolase in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Buchebner
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Pfeifer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nora Rathke
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Prakash G. Chandak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Renate Schreiber
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Adelheid Kratzer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Koefeler
- Center of Molecular Medicine, and Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center of Molecular Medicine, and Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerhard M. Kostner
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Center of Molecular Medicine, and Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kyle P. Chiang
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Guenter Haemmerle
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sanja Levak-Frank
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Benjamin Cravatt
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Holmes RS, Cox LA, VandeBerg JL. Mammalian carboxylesterase 3: comparative genomics and proteomics. Genetica 2010; 138:695-708. [PMID: 20422440 PMCID: PMC2896070 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-010-9438-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
At least five families of mammalian carboxylesterases (CES) catalyse the hydrolysis or transesterification of a wide range of drugs and xenobiotics and may also participate in fatty acyl and cholesterol ester metabolism. In this study, in silico methods were used to predict the amino acid sequences, secondary and tertiary structures, and gene locations for CES3 genes and encoded proteins using data from several mammalian genome projects. Mammalian CES3 genes were located within a CES gene cluster with CES2 and CES6 genes, usually containing 13 exons transcribed on the positive DNA strand. Evidence is reported for duplicated CES3 genes for the chimp and mouse genomes. Mammalian CES3 protein subunits shared 58-97% sequence identity and exhibited sequence alignments and identities for key CES amino acid residues as well as extensive conservation of predicted secondary and tertiary structures with those previously reported for human CES1. The human genome project has previously reported CES3 mRNA isoform expression in several tissues, particularly in colon, trachea and in brain. Predicted human CES3 isoproteins were apparently derived from exon shuffling and are likely to be secreted extracellularly or retained within the cytoplasm. Mouse CES3-like transcripts were localized in specific regions of the mouse brain, including the cerebellum, and may play a role in the detoxification of drugs and xenobiotics in neural tissues and other tissues of the body. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated the relationships and potential evolutionary origins of the mammalian CES3 family of genes which were related to but distinct from other mammalian CES gene families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger S Holmes
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|