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Woo T, King C, Ahmed NI, Cordes M, Nistala S, Will MJ, Bloomer C, Kibiryeva N, Rivera RM, Talebizadeh Z, Beversdorf DQ. microRNA as a Maternal Marker for Prenatal Stress-Associated ASD, Evidence from a Murine Model. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1412. [PMID: 37763179 PMCID: PMC10533003 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13091412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has been associated with a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Prenatal stress exposure has been identified as a possible risk factor, although most stress-exposed pregnancies do not result in ASD. The serotonin transporter (SERT) gene has been linked to stress reactivity, and the presence of the SERT short (S)-allele has been shown to mediate the association between maternal stress exposure and ASD. In a mouse model, we investigated the effects of prenatal stress exposure and maternal SERT genotype on offspring behavior and explored its association with maternal microRNA (miRNA) expression during pregnancy. Pregnant female mice were divided into four groups based on genotype (wildtype or SERT heterozygous knockout (Sert-het)) and the presence or absence of chronic variable stress (CVS) during pregnancy. Offspring behavior was assessed at 60 days old (PD60) using the three-chamber test, open field test, elevated plus-maze test, and marble-burying test. We found that the social preference index (SPI) of SERT-het/stress offspring was significantly lower than that of wildtype control offspring, indicating a reduced preference for social interaction on social approach, specifically for males. SERT-het/stress offspring also showed significantly more frequent grooming behavior compared to wildtype controls, specifically for males, suggesting elevated repetitive behavior. We profiled miRNA expression in maternal blood samples collected at embryonic day 21 (E21) and identified three miRNAs (mmu-miR-7684-3p, mmu-miR-5622-3p, mmu-miR-6900-3p) that were differentially expressed in the SERT-het/stress group compared to all other groups. These findings suggest that maternal SERT genotype and prenatal stress exposure interact to influence offspring behavior, and that maternal miRNA expression late in pregnancy may serve as a potential marker of a particular subtype of ASD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeseon Woo
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Candice King
- Department of Biological Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (C.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Nick I. Ahmed
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (N.I.A.); (M.J.W.)
| | - Madison Cordes
- Department of Biological Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (C.K.); (M.C.)
| | | | - Matthew J. Will
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (N.I.A.); (M.J.W.)
| | - Clark Bloomer
- Genomics Core, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Nataliya Kibiryeva
- College of Bioscience, Kansas City University, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA;
| | - Rocio M. Rivera
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Zohreh Talebizadeh
- American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - David Q. Beversdorf
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Department of Radiology, Neurology, and Psychological Science, William and Nancy Thompson Endowed Chair in Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Potential Regulation of miRNA-29 and miRNA-9 by Estrogens in Neurodegenerative Disorders: An Insightful Perspective. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020243. [PMID: 36831786 PMCID: PMC9954655 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Finding a link between a hormone and microRNAs (miRNAs) is of great importance since it enables the adjustment of genetic composition or cellular functions without needing gene-level interventions. The dicer-mediated cleavage of precursor miRNAs is an interface link between miRNA and its regulators; any disruption in this process can affect neurogenesis. Besides, the hormonal regulation of miRNAs can occur at the molecular and cellular levels, both directly, through binding to the promoter elements of miRNAs, and indirectly, via regulation of the signaling effects of the post-transcriptional processing proteins. Estrogenic hormones have many roles in regulating miRNAs in the brain. This review discusses miRNAs, their detailed biogenesis, activities, and both the general and estrogen-dependent regulations. Additionally, we highlight the relationship between miR-29, miR-9, and estrogens in the nervous system. Such a relationship could be a possible etiological route for developing various neurodegenerative disorders.
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Sánchez-Luquez KY, Carpena MX, Karam SM, Tovo-Rodrigues L. The contribution of whole-exome sequencing to intellectual disability diagnosis and knowledge of underlying molecular mechanisms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2022; 790:108428. [PMID: 35905832 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2022.108428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Whole-exome sequencing (WES) is useful for molecular diagnosis, family genetic counseling, and prognosis of intellectual disability (ID). However, ID molecular diagnosis ascertainment based on WES is highly dependent on de novo mutations (DNMs) and variants of uncertain significance (VUS). The quantification of DNM frequency in ID molecular diagnosis ascertainment and the biological mechanisms common to genes with VUS may provide objective information about WES use in ID diagnosis and etiology. We aimed to investigate and estimate the rate of ID molecular diagnostic assessment by WES, quantify the contribution of DNMs to this rate, and biologically and functionally characterize the genes whose mutations were identified through WES. A PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, BIREME, and PsycINFO systematic review and meta-analysis was performed, including studies published between 2010 and 2022. Thirty-seven articles with data on ID molecular diagnostic yield using the WES approach were included in the review. WES testing accounted for an overall diagnostic rate of 42% (Confidence interval (CI): 35-50%), while the estimate restricted to DNMs was 11% (CI: 6-18%). Genetic information on mutations and genes was extracted and split into two groups: (1) genes whose mutation was used for positive molecular diagnosis, and (2) genes whose mutation led to uncertain molecular diagnosis. After functional enrichment analysis, in addition to their expected roles in neurodevelopment, genes from the first group were enriched in epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, immune system regulation, and circadian rhythm control. Genes from uncertain diagnosis cases were enriched in the renin angiotensin pathway. Taken together, our results support WES as an important approach to the molecular diagnosis of ID. The results also indicated relevant pathways that may underlie the pathogenesis of ID with the renin-angiotensin pathway being suggested to be a potential pathway underlying the pathogenesis of ID.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Xavier Carpena
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
| | - Simone M Karam
- Postgraduate Program in Public Health, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil.
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Kagan D, Batabyal A, Rivi V, Lukowiak K. A change in taste: The role of MicroRNAs in altering hedonic value. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274208. [PMID: 34989810 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms associated with neophobia, and anhedonia remain largely unknown. Neuropsychological disorders such as depression and schizophrenia are associated with excessive fear and anhedonia and have been linked to microRNA 137. We hypothesized that microRNAs (miRNAs) in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis are important for regulating feeding behaviour through either preventing neophobia or establishing hedonic value. To test these hypotheses, we used an injection of Poly-L-Lysine (PLL) to inhibit miRNA biogenesis and observed its effects on feeding behaviour. We repeated these experiments with pre-exposure to novel stimuli capable of eliciting neophobia to disentangle the processes predicted to regulate feeding behaviour. Next, we exposed snails to food stimuli of high hedonic value after PLL injection to reset their hedonic value for that food. Finally, we consolidated our results with previous research by examining the effect of PLL injection on a one trial appetitive classical conditioning procedure (1TT) to induce long term memory (LTM). We found that miRNAs are likely not required for preventing neophobia. Moreover, we discovered that snails experienced anhedonia in response to inhibition of miRNA biogenesis, resulting in diminished feeding behaviour for food stimuli with a previously high hedonic value. Snails showed diminished feeding behaviour for multiple food stimuli of high hedonic value post 1TT with PLL injection. This finding suggested that PLL causes anhedonia rather than an impairment of LTM formation following the 1TT procedure. This is the first evidence suggesting that inhibiting the biogenesis of miRNAs contributes to anhedonia in Lymnaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Kagan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Anuradha Batabyal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Veronica Rivi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
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Benzodiazepines safeguards nerve cells from the toxicity of lidocaine via miR-133a-3p/EGFR pathway. Transpl Immunol 2021; 71:101510. [PMID: 34856331 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2021.101510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lidocaine was an anesthetic commonly used for analgesia, but the neurotoxicity could not be ignored. However, benzodiazepines could alleviate the toxicity when combined with other drugs. PURPOSE To explore the molecular mechanism of benzodiazepines in protecting nerve cells after the induction of lidocaine. METHODS PC12 cells were induced by lidocaine (0 mM, 0.1 mM, 0.5 mM and 1 mM) first and then treated by benzodiazepines (0 μM-200 μM). RT-qPCR assays measured RNA expressions of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and microRNA-133a-3p (miR-133a-3p) in PC12 cell line, respectively. Western blot was for protein detections of EGFR and caspase-3. Flow cytometry assay assessed apoptosis and cellular viability was validated via Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) test. Bioinformatics analysis predicted the potential link between miR-133a-3p and EGFR and the binding was verified using the Dual luciferase reporter experiment. RESULTS Benzodiazepines increased cellular viability of PC12 cells up to 100 μM while suppressed viability between 100 and 200 μM. Benzodiazepines (0 μM, 10 μM, 50 μM and 100 μM) did not regulate PC12 cell viability but promoted the viability of lidocaine-treated PC12 cells. Lidocaine downregulated miR-133a-3p RNA expression but facilitated EGFR mRNA expression, which was reversed after treated by benzodiazepines. MiR-133a-3p targeted and negatively regulated EGFR expressions in mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, miR-133a-3p inhibitor and overexpressed EGFR transfection both restrained the decreased PC12 cell viability and prompted cell apoptosis caused by benzodiazepines. CONCLUSION Benzodiazepines restrained lidocaine-induced toxicity in PC12 cells which secured viability and reduced apoptosis via miR-133a-3p/EGFR pathway.
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Corradi E, Baudet ML. In the Right Place at the Right Time: miRNAs as Key Regulators in Developing Axons. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228726. [PMID: 33218218 PMCID: PMC7699167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During neuronal circuit formation, axons progressively develop into a presynaptic compartment aided by extracellular signals. Axons display a remarkably high degree of autonomy supported in part by a local translation machinery that permits the subcellular production of proteins required for their development. Here, we review the latest findings showing that microRNAs (miRNAs) are critical regulators of this machinery, orchestrating the spatiotemporal regulation of local translation in response to cues. We first survey the current efforts toward unraveling the axonal miRNA repertoire through miRNA profiling, and we reveal the presence of a putative axonal miRNA signature. We also provide an overview of the molecular underpinnings of miRNA action. Our review of the available experimental evidence delineates two broad paradigms: cue-induced relief of miRNA-mediated inhibition, leading to bursts of protein translation, and cue-induced miRNA activation, which results in reduced protein production. Overall, this review highlights how a decade of intense investigation has led to a new appreciation of miRNAs as key elements of the local translation regulatory network controlling axon development.
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Ragusa M, Santagati M, Mirabella F, Lauretta G, Cirnigliaro M, Brex D, Barbagallo C, Domini CN, Gulisano M, Barone R, Trovato L, Oliveri S, Mongelli G, Spitale A, Barbagallo D, Di Pietro C, Stefani S, Rizzo R, Purrello M. Potential Associations Among Alteration of Salivary miRNAs, Saliva Microbiome Structure, and Cognitive Impairments in Autistic Children. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176203. [PMID: 32867322 PMCID: PMC7504581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has demonstrated that salivary molecules, as well as bacterial populations, can be perturbed by several pathological conditions, including neuro-psychiatric diseases. This relationship between brain functionality and saliva composition could be exploited to unveil new pathological mechanisms of elusive diseases, such as Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD). We performed a combined approach of miRNA expression profiling by NanoString technology, followed by validation experiments in qPCR, and 16S rRNA microbiome analysis on saliva from 53 ASD and 27 neurologically unaffected control (NUC) children. MiR-29a-3p and miR-141-3p were upregulated, while miR-16-5p, let-7b-5p, and miR-451a were downregulated in ASD compared to NUCs. Microbiome analysis on the same subjects revealed that Rothia, Filifactor, Actinobacillus, Weeksellaceae, Ralstonia, Pasteurellaceae, and Aggregatibacter increased their abundance in ASD patients, while Tannerella, Moryella and TM7-3 decreased. Variations of both miRNAs and microbes were statistically associated to different neuropsychological scores related to anomalies in social interaction and communication. Among miRNA/bacteria associations, the most relevant was the negative correlation between salivary miR-141-3p expression and Tannerella abundance. MiRNA and microbiome dysregulations found in the saliva of ASD children are potentially associated with cognitive impairments of the subjects. Furthermore, a potential cross-talking between circulating miRNAs and resident bacteria could occur in saliva of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ragusa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics G. Sichel, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.R.); (F.M.); (G.L.); (M.C.); (D.B.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (C.D.P.)
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Maria Santagati
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (L.T.); (S.O.); (G.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Federica Mirabella
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics G. Sichel, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.R.); (F.M.); (G.L.); (M.C.); (D.B.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (C.D.P.)
| | - Giovanni Lauretta
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics G. Sichel, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.R.); (F.M.); (G.L.); (M.C.); (D.B.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (C.D.P.)
| | - Matilde Cirnigliaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics G. Sichel, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.R.); (F.M.); (G.L.); (M.C.); (D.B.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (C.D.P.)
| | - Duilia Brex
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics G. Sichel, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.R.); (F.M.); (G.L.); (M.C.); (D.B.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (C.D.P.)
| | - Cristina Barbagallo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics G. Sichel, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.R.); (F.M.); (G.L.); (M.C.); (D.B.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (C.D.P.)
| | - Carla Noemi Domini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.N.D.); (M.G.); (R.B.); (R.R.)
| | - Mariangela Gulisano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.N.D.); (M.G.); (R.B.); (R.R.)
| | - Rita Barone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.N.D.); (M.G.); (R.B.); (R.R.)
| | - Laura Trovato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (L.T.); (S.O.); (G.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Salvatore Oliveri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (L.T.); (S.O.); (G.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Gino Mongelli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (L.T.); (S.O.); (G.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
- Bio-nanotech Research and Innovation Tower (BRIT), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Ambra Spitale
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (L.T.); (S.O.); (G.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Davide Barbagallo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics G. Sichel, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.R.); (F.M.); (G.L.); (M.C.); (D.B.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (C.D.P.)
| | - Cinzia Di Pietro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics G. Sichel, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.R.); (F.M.); (G.L.); (M.C.); (D.B.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (C.D.P.)
| | - Stefania Stefani
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (L.T.); (S.O.); (G.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Renata Rizzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.N.D.); (M.G.); (R.B.); (R.R.)
| | - Michele Purrello
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics G. Sichel, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.R.); (F.M.); (G.L.); (M.C.); (D.B.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (C.D.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Integrated Computational Analysis Highlights unique miRNA Signatures in the Subventricular Zone and Striatum of GM2 Gangliosidosis Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133179. [PMID: 31261761 PMCID: PMC6651736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This work explores for the first time the potential contribution of microRNAs (miRNAs) to the pathophysiology of the GM2 gangliosidosis, a group of Lysosomal Storage Diseases. In spite of the genetic origin of GM2 gangliosidosis, the cascade of events leading from the gene/protein defects to the cell dysfunction and death is not fully elucidated. At present, there is no cure for patients. Taking advantage of the animal models of two forms of GM2 gangliosidosis, Tay-Sachs (TSD) and Sandhoff (SD) diseases, we performed a microRNA screening in the brain subventricular zone (SVZ) and striatum (STR), which feature the neurogenesis and neurodegeneration states, respectively, in adult mutant mice. We found abnormal expression of a panel of miRNAs involved in lipid metabolism, CNS development and homeostasis, and neuropathological processes, highlighting region- and disease-specific profiles of miRNA expression. Moreover, by using a computational analysis approach, we identified a unique disease- (SD or TSD) and brain region-specific (SVZ vs. STR) miRNAs signatures of predicted networks potentially related to the pathogenesis of the diseases. These results may contribute to the understanding of GM2 gangliosidosis pathophysiology, with the aim of developing effective treatments.
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Delivery of miRNA-Targeted Oligonucleotides in the Rat Striatum by Magnetofection with Neuromag ®. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071825. [PMID: 30041414 PMCID: PMC6099620 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression at posttranscriptional level by triggering RNA interference. In such a sense, aberrant expressions of miRNAs play critical roles in the pathogenesis of many disorders, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Controlling the level of specific miRNAs in the brain is thus a promising therapeutic strategy for neuroprotection. A fundamental need for miRNA regulation (either replacing or inhibition) is a carrier capable of delivering oligonucleotides into brain cells. This study aimed to examine a polymeric magnetic particle, Neuromag®, for delivery of synthetic miRNA inhibitors in the rat central nervous system. We injected the miRNA inhibitor complexed with Neuromag® into the lateral ventricles next to the striatum, by stereotaxic surgery. Neuromag efficiently delivered oligonucleotides in the striatum and septum areas, as shown by microscopy imaging of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled oligos in astrocytes and neurons. Transfected oligos showed efficacy concerning miRNA inhibition. Neuromag®-structured miR-134 antimiR (0.36 nmol) caused a significant 0.35 fold decrease of striatal miR-134, as revealed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). In conclusion, the polymeric magnetic particle Neuromag® efficiently delivered functional miRNA inhibitors in brain regions surrounding lateral ventricles, particularly the striatum. This delivery system holds potential as a promising miRNA-based disease-modifying drug and merits further pre-clinical studies using animal models of PD.
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10
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Berg AT, Chakravorty S, Koh S, Grinspan ZM, Shellhaas RA, Saneto RP, Wirrell EC, Coryell J, Chu CJ, Mytinger JR, Gaillard WD, Valencia I, Knupp KG, Loddenkemper T, Sullivan JE, Poduri A, Millichap JJ, Keator C, Wusthoff C, Ryan N, Dobyns WB, Hegde M. Why West? Comparisons of clinical, genetic and molecular features of infants with and without spasms. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29518120 PMCID: PMC5843222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infantile spasms are the defining seizures of West syndrome, a severe form of early life epilepsy with poorly-understood pathophysiology. We present a novel comparative analysis of infants with spasms versus other seizure-types and identify clinical, etiological, and molecular-genetic factors preferentially predisposing to spasms. We compared ages, clinical etiologies, and associated-genes between spasms and non-spasms groups in a multicenter cohort of 509 infants (<12months) with newly-diagnosed epilepsy. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis of clinical laboratory-confirmed pathogenic variant-harboring genes was performed. Pathways, functions, and cellular compartments between spasms and non-spasms groups were compared. Spasms onset age was similar in infants initially presenting with spasms (6.1 months) versus developing spasms as a later seizure type (6.9 months) but lower in the non-spasms group (4.7 months, p<0.0001). This pattern held across most etiological categories. Gestational age negatively correlated with spasms onset-age (r = -0.29, p<0.0001) but not with non-spasm seizure age. Spasms were significantly preferentially associated with broad developmental and regulatory pathways, whereas motor functions and pathways including cellular response to stimuli, cell motility and ion transport were preferentially enriched in non-spasms. Neuronal cell-body organelles preferentially associated with spasms, while, axonal, dendritic, and synaptic regions preferentially associated with other seizures. Spasms are a clinically and biologically distinct infantile seizure type. Comparative clinical-epidemiological analyses identify the middle of the first year as the time of peak expression regardless of etiology. The inverse association with gestational age suggests the preterm brain must reach a certain post-conceptional, not just chronological, neurodevelopmental stage before spasms manifest. Clear differences exist between the biological pathways leading to spasms versus other seizure types and suggest that spasms result from dysregulation of multiple developmental pathways and involve different cellular components than other seizure types. This deeper level of understanding may guide investigations into pathways most critical to target in future precision medicine efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne T. Berg
- Epilepsy Center, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Samya Chakravorty
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Sookyong Koh
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Zachary M. Grinspan
- Department of Healthcare Policy & Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Renée A. Shellhaas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Russell P. Saneto
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Elaine C. Wirrell
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Jason Coryell
- Departments of Pediatrics & Neurology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Catherine J. Chu
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - John R. Mytinger
- Department of Pediatrics, the Ohio State University, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - William D. Gaillard
- Department of Neurology, Children's National Health System, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Ignacio Valencia
- Section of Neurology, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Kelly G. Knupp
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Tobias Loddenkemper
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Joseph E. Sullivan
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Annapurna Poduri
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - John J. Millichap
- Epilepsy Center, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Keator
- Cook Children’s Health Care System, Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Courtney Wusthoff
- Division of Child Neurology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Nicole Ryan
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - William B. Dobyns
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Pediatrics University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Madhuri Hegde
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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11
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Morena F, Argentati C, Trotta R, Crispoltoni L, Stabile A, Pistilli A, di Baldassarre A, Calafiore R, Montanucci P, Basta G, Pedrinolla A, Smania N, Venturelli M, Schena F, Naro F, Emiliani C, Rende M, Martino S. A Comparison of Lysosomal Enzymes Expression Levels in Peripheral Blood of Mild- and Severe-Alzheimer's Disease and MCI Patients: Implications for Regenerative Medicine Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081806. [PMID: 28825628 PMCID: PMC5578193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of lysosomal dysfunction and neurodegeneration has been documented in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Herein, we investigate the association of lysosomal enzymes with AD at different stages of progression of the disease (mild and severe) or with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We conducted a screening of two classes of lysosomal enzymes: glycohydrolases (β-Hexosaminidase, β-Galctosidase, β-Galactosylcerebrosidase, β-Glucuronidase) and proteases (Cathepsins S, D, B, L) in peripheral blood samples (blood plasma and PBMCs) from mild AD, severe AD, MCI and healthy control subjects. We confirmed the lysosomal dysfunction in severe AD patients and added new findings enhancing the association of abnormal levels of specific lysosomal enzymes with the mild AD or severe AD, and highlighting the difference of AD from MCI. Herein, we showed for the first time the specific alteration of β-Galctosidase (Gal), β-Galactosylcerebrosidase (GALC) in MCI patients. It is notable that in above peripheral biological samples the lysosomes are more sensitive to AD cellular metabolic alteration when compared to levels of Aβ-peptide or Tau proteins, similar in both AD groups analyzed. Collectively, our findings support the role of lysosomal enzymes as potential peripheral molecules that vary with the progression of AD, and make them useful for monitoring regenerative medicine approaches for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Morena
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy.
| | - Chiara Argentati
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy.
| | - Rosa Trotta
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy.
| | - Lucia Crispoltoni
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy.
| | - Anna Stabile
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Pistilli
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy.
| | - Angela di Baldassarre
- Department of Aging Medical Science, University of G. d'Annunzio, Chieti e Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Calafiore
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular, Endocrine and Metabolic Clinical Physiology and Laboratory for Endocrine Cell Transplants and Bio-hybrid Organs, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy.
| | - Pia Montanucci
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular, Endocrine and Metabolic Clinical Physiology and Laboratory for Endocrine Cell Transplants and Bio-hybrid Organs, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Basta
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular, Endocrine and Metabolic Clinical Physiology and Laboratory for Endocrine Cell Transplants and Bio-hybrid Organs, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy.
| | - Anna Pedrinolla
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy.
| | - Nicola Smania
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy.
| | - Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy.
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy.
| | - Fabio Naro
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, Roma 06100, Italy.
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy.
| | - Mario Rende
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy.
| | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy.
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12
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Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Prior studies have shown that they regulate numerous physiological processes critical for normal development, cellular growth control, and organismal behavior. Here, we systematically surveyed 134 different miRNAs for roles in olfactory learning and memory formation using "sponge" technology to titrate their activity broadly in the Drosophila melanogaster central nervous system. We identified at least five different miRNAs involved in memory formation or retention from this large screen, including miR-9c, miR-31a, miR-305, miR-974, and miR-980. Surprisingly, the titration of some miRNAs increased memory, while the titration of others decreased memory. We performed more detailed experiments on two miRNAs, miR-974 and miR-31a, by mapping their roles to subpopulations of brain neurons and testing the functional involvement in memory of potential mRNA targets through bioinformatics and a RNA interference knockdown approach. This screen offers an important first step toward the comprehensive identification of all miRNAs and their potential targets that serve in gene regulatory networks important for normal learning and memory.
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13
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Spatiotemporal Expression and Molecular Characterization of miR-344b and miR-344c in the Developing Mouse Brain. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:1951250. [PMID: 27034842 PMCID: PMC4791505 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1951250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA known to regulate brain development. The expression of two novel miRNAs, namely, miR-344b and miR-344c, was characterized during mouse brain developmental stages in this study. In situ hybridization analysis showed that miR-344b and miR-344c were expressed in the germinal layer during embryonic brain developmental stages. In contrast, miR-344b was not detectable in the adult brain while miR-344c was expressed exclusively in the adult olfactory bulb and cerebellar granular layer. Stem-loop RT-qPCR analysis of whole brain RNAs showed that expression of the miR-344b and miR-344c was increased as brain developed throughout the embryonic stage and maintained at adulthood. Further investigation showed that these miRNAs were expressed in adult organs, where miR-344b and miR-344c were highly expressed in pancreas and brain, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis suggested miR-344b and miR-344c targeted Olig2 and Otx2 mRNAs, respectively. However, luciferase experiments demonstrated that these miRNAs did not target Olig2 and Otx2 mRNAs. Further investigation on the locality of miR-344b and miR-344c showed that both miRNAs were localized in nuclei of immature neurons. In conclusion, miR-344b and miR-344c were expressed spatiotemporally during mouse brain developmental stages.
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14
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Decoding the ubiquitous role of microRNAs in neurogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2003-2011. [PMID: 26910816 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9797-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis generates fledgling neurons that mature to form an intricate neuronal circuitry. The delusion on adult neurogenesis was far resolved in the past decade and became one of the largely explored domains to identify multifaceted mechanisms bridging neurodevelopment and neuropathology. Neurogenesis encompasses multiple processes including neural stem cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation, and cell fate determination. Each neurogenic process is specifically governed by manifold signaling pathways, several growth factors, coding, and non-coding RNAs. A class of small non-coding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), is ubiquitously expressed in the brain and has emerged to be potent regulators of neurogenesis. It functions by fine-tuning the expression of specific neurogenic gene targets at the post-transcriptional level and modulates the development of mature neurons from neural progenitor cells. Besides the commonly discussed intrinsic factors, the neuronal morphogenesis is also under the control of several extrinsic temporal cues, which in turn are regulated by miRNAs. This review enlightens on dicer controlled switch from neurogenesis to gliogenesis, miRNA regulation of neuronal maturation and the differential expression of miRNAs in response to various extrinsic cues affecting neurogenesis.
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15
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Zhao B, Huang M, Bai Y, Fan C, Fan Y, Jin Y. Identification of differentially expressed miRNAs in mouse spinal cord development. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:224-9. [PMID: 25662391 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding, regulatory small RNAs of ∼22 nt. It was implicated that these small RNAs play critical roles in various important biological processes. During development, some miRNAs are specifically expressed in individual tissues and at particular developmental stages. Many miRNAs show distinct expression patterns in the development of central nervous system, including spinal cord. In this study, we first reported the miRNAs expression in the development of mouse spinal cord. Differentially expressed miRNAs in embryonic (day 13.5) and neonatal mice spinal cords were identified. The predicted target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs were subject to gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis, and several nervous development-related pathways were enriched, implying that these miRNAs may be involved in these pathways that regulate mouse spinal cord development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botao Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Menggui Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yanyan Bai
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Jiangyin 214400, China
| | - Chunsun Fan
- Department of Etiology, Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, Qidong 226200, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Youxin Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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16
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Yan H, Hong P, Jiang M, Li H. MicroRNAs as potential therapeutics for treating spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:1352-9. [PMID: 25657667 PMCID: PMC4308808 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.17.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are a class of recently discovered, small non-coding RNAs that have been shown to play essential roles in a vast majority of biological processes. Very little is known about the role of microRNAs during spinal cord injury. This review summarizes the changes in expression levels of microRNAs after spinal cord injury. These aberrant changes suggest that microRNAs play an important role in inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, glial scar formation and axonal regeneration. Given their small size and specificity of action, microRNAs could be potential therapeutics for treating spinal cord injury in the future. There are rapidly developing techniques for manipulating microRNA levels in animals; we review different chemical modification and delivery strategies. These may provide platforms for designing efficient microRNA delivery protocols for use in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Yan
- West China Developmental & Stem Cell Institute, Department of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric, Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China ; West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Peiwei Hong
- West China Developmental & Stem Cell Institute, Department of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric, Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Mei Jiang
- West China Developmental & Stem Cell Institute, Department of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric, Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hedong Li
- West China Developmental & Stem Cell Institute, Department of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric, Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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17
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Zare M, Soleimani M, Akbarzadeh A, Bakhshandeh B, Aghaee-Bakhtiari SH, Zarghami N. A Novel Protocol to Differentiate Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Neuronal microRNAs to Provide a Suitable Cellular Model. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:232-8. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrak Zare
- Department of Cellular Biology; Stem Cell Technology Research Center; Tehran Iran
- Neurosciences Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Haematology; School of Medicine; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology; Faculty of Advanced Medical Science; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Behnaz Bakhshandeh
- Department of Biotechnology; College of Science; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | | | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory; Faculty of Medicine; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry; Radiopharmacy Lab; Drug Applied Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
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18
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Upadhyay G, Shankar S, Srivastava RK. Stem Cells in Neurological Disorders: Emerging Therapy with Stunning Hopes. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:610-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8883-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Koscianska E, Krzyzosiak WJ. Current understanding of the role of microRNAs in spinocerebellar ataxias. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2014; 1:7. [PMID: 26331031 PMCID: PMC4552431 DOI: 10.1186/2053-8871-1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The number of studies highlighting the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in human physiology and diseases is growing, but many miRNA-driven regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. A proper understanding of the exact functions of individual miRNAs and their interaction with specific targets is vitally important because such knowledge might help cure diseases for which no effective treatment currently exists. Herein, we present current views on the role of the miRNA-mediated regulation of gene expression in the case of select spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) and their potential involvement in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Specifically, we summarize published data showing the known links between miRNAs and CAG repeat-dependent SCAs. Moreover, using the example of SCA type 3 (SCA3), we refer to the issue of prediction and validation of miRNA targets, and we demonstrate that miR-181a-1 may regulate the 3'-UTR of the ATXN3 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Koscianska
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14 Str, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Wlodzimierz J Krzyzosiak
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14 Str, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
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20
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MicroRNA 340 is involved in UVB-induced dendrite formation through the regulation of RhoA expression in melanocytes. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:3407-20. [PMID: 24980435 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00106-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of UV irradiation on pigmentation is well established, but the molecular and cellular mechanisms controlling dendrite formation remain incompletely understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small RNAs that participate in various cellular processes by suppressing the expression of target mRNAs. In this study, we investigated the expression of miRNAs in response to UVB irradiation using a microarray screen and then identified potential mRNA targets for differentially expressed miRNAs among the genes governing dendrite formation. We subsequently determined the ability of miRNA 340 (miR-340) to suppress the expression of RhoA, which is a predicted miR-340 target gene that regulates dendrite formation. The overexpression of miR-340 promoted dendrite formation and melanosome transport, and the downregulation of miR-340 inhibited UVB-induced dendrite formation and melanosome transport. Moreover, a luciferase reporter assay demonstrated direct targeting of RhoA by miR-340 in the immortalized human melanocyte cell line Pig1. In conclusion, this study has established an miRNA associated with UVB irradiation. The significant downregulation of RhoA protein and mRNA expression after UVB irradiation and the modulation of miR-340 expression suggest a key role for miR-340 in regulating UVB-induced dendrite formation and melanosome transport.
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21
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Ubhi K, Rockenstein E, Kragh C, Inglis C, Spencer B, Michael S, Mante M, Adame A, Galasko D, Masliah E. Widespread microRNA dysregulation in multiple system atrophy - disease-related alteration in miR-96. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1026-1041. [PMID: 24304186 PMCID: PMC4052839 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) are short sequences of RNA that function as post-transcriptional regulators by binding to target mRNA transcripts resulting in translational repression. A number of recent studies have identified miRNA as being involved in neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. However, the role of miRNA in multiple system atrophy (MSA), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by oligodendroglial accumulation of alpha-synuclein remains unexamined. In this context, this study examined miRNA profiles in MSA cases compared with controls and in transgenic (tg) models of MSA compared with non-tg mice. The results demonstrate a widespread dysregulation of miRNA in MSA cases, which is recapitulated in the murine models. The study employed a cross-disease, cross-species approach to identify miRNA that were either specifically dysregulated in MSA or were commonly dysregulated in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration or the tg mouse model equivalents of these disorders. Using this approach we identified a number of miRNA that were commonly dysregulated between disorders and those that were disease-specific. Moreover, we identified miR-96 as being up-regulated in MSA. Consistent with the up-regulation of miR-96, mRNA and protein levels of members of the solute carrier protein family SLC1A1 and SLC6A6, miR-96 target genes, were down-regulated in MSA cases and a tg model of MSA. These results suggest that miR-96 dysregulation may play a role in MSA and its target genes may be involved in the pathogenesis of MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiren Ubhi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0624, USA
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0624, USA
| | - Christine Kragh
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Chandra Inglis
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0624, USA
| | - Brian Spencer
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0624, USA
| | - Sarah Michael
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0624, USA
| | - Michael Mante
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0624, USA
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0624, USA
| | - Douglas Galasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0624, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0624, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0624, USA
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22
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Nadorp B, Soreq H. Predicted overlapping microRNA regulators of acetylcholine packaging and degradation in neuroinflammation-related disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:9. [PMID: 24574962 PMCID: PMC3918661 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can notably control many targets each and regulate entire cellular pathways, but whether miRNAs can regulate complete neurotransmission processes is largely unknown. Here, we report that miRNAs with complementary sequence motifs to the key genes involved in acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis and/or packaging show massive overlap with those regulating ACh degradation. To address this topic, we first searched for miRNAs that could target the 3′-untranslated regions of the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) gene that controls ACh synthesis; the vesicular ACh transporter (VAChT), encoded from an intron in the ChAT gene and the ACh hydrolyzing genes acetyl- and/or butyrylcholinesterase (AChE, BChE). Intriguingly, we found that many of the miRNAs targeting these genes are primate-specific, and that changes in their levels associate with inflammation, anxiety, brain damage, cardiac, neurodegenerative, or pain-related syndromes. To validate the in vivo relevance of this dual interaction, we selected the evolutionarily conserved miR-186, which targets both the stress-inducible soluble “readthrough” variant AChE-R and the major peripheral cholinesterase BChE. We exposed mice to predator scent stress and searched for potential associations between consequent changes in their miR-186, AChE-R, and BChE levels. Both intestinal miR-186 as well as BChE and AChE-R activities were conspicuously elevated 1 week post-exposure, highlighting the previously unknown involvement of miR-186 and BChE in psychological stress responses. Overlapping miRNA regulation emerges from our findings as a recently evolved surveillance mechanism over cholinergic neurotransmission in health and disease; and the corresponding miRNA details and disease relevance may serve as a useful resource for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying this surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Nadorp
- Department of Biological Chemistry and the Center for Bioengineering, The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hermona Soreq
- Department of Biological Chemistry and the Center for Bioengineering, The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel
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23
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Gonzalez-Nunez V, Noriega-Prieto JA, Rodríguez RE. Morphine modulates cell proliferation through mir133b &mir128 in the neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:566-72. [PMID: 24440526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a childhood cancer with high incidence and high mortality rate. Great efforts are made to find new treatments and molecular markers for diagnosis and prognosis. miRNAs stand for novel strategies to modulate tumor growth, as they can act either as tumor suppressors or as oncogenes. Morphine is an opioid agonist widely used to treat severe and chronic pain, as for example cancer pain. Previous studies have revealed that morphine is able to modify cancer progression, by acting on proliferation or on apoptosis; however, up to date, the available results are contradictory, maybe due to the different doses used, routes of administration and model systems. While some studies show that morphine promotes cell proliferation and metastasis, other authors sustain that morphine effect is mainly antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic. In this study we aim to establish the effect of chronic opiate administration on cell proliferation in the neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. Low doses of morphine (10nM) promoted cell proliferation in undifferentiated cells and reduced the expression levels of miR133b, while higher doses (1μM) inhibited cell proliferation and correlated with decreased levels of miR133b and miR128 without triggering apoptosis. Naloxone, the classical opioid antagonist, could not fully block the effect of morphine on miR128 expression, so that the observed effect may be mediated by non-opioid mechanisms. Our results represent a further contribution to the hypothesis that a joint regulation of miRNA networks and the specific characteristics of the target tissue may determine the effect of morphine on tumor cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Gonzalez-Nunez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Noriega-Prieto
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Spain
| | - Raquel E Rodríguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Spain.
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González-Alzaga B, Lacasaña M, Aguilar-Garduño C, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Ballester F, Rebagliato M, Hernández AF. A systematic review of neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal and postnatal organophosphate pesticide exposure. Toxicol Lett 2013; 230:104-21. [PMID: 24291036 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural and residential use of organophosphate (OP) pesticides has increased in recent decades after banning some persistent pesticides. Although there is evidence of the effects of OPs on neurodevelopment and behaviour in adults, limited information is available about their effects in children, who might be more vulnerable to neurotoxic compounds. This paper was aimed at analysing the scientific evidence published to date on potential neurodevelopmental and behavioural effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to OPs. A systematic review was undertaken to identify original articles published up to December 2012 evaluating prenatal or postnatal exposure to OPs in children and effects on neurodevelopment and/or behaviour. Articles were critically compared, focusing on the methodology used to assess exposure and adverse effects, as well as potential contributing factors that may modify both exposure and outcomes, such as genetic susceptibility to certain enzymes involved in OPs metabolisation (e.g. paraoxonase-1) and gender differences. Twenty articles met the inclusion criteria, 7 of which evaluated prenatal exposure to OPs, 8 postnatal exposure and 5 both pre- and postnatal exposure. Most of the studies evaluating prenatal exposure observed a negative effect on mental development and an increase in attention problems in preschool and school children. The evidence on postnatal exposure is less consistent, although 2 studies found an increase in reaction time in schoolchildren. Some paraoxonase-1 polymorphisms could enhance the association between OPs exposure and mental and psychomotor development. A large variability in epidemiological designs and methodologies used for assessing exposure and outcome was observed across the different studies, which made comparisons difficult. Prenatal and to a lesser extent postnatal exposure to OPs may contribute to neurodevelopmental and behavioural deficits in preschool and school children. Standardised methodologies are needed to allow results to be better compared and to perform a quantitative meta-analysis before drawing any final conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Lacasaña
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | | | - M Rodríguez-Barranco
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - F Ballester
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Centre for Public Health Research (CSISP-FISABIO), Valencia, Spain; University of Valencia, Spain
| | - M Rebagliato
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Department of Medicine, University Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - A F Hernández
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Granada, Spain
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25
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Delivery of Functional Anti-miR-9 by Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Exosomes to Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells Conferred Chemosensitivity. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2013; 2:e126. [PMID: 24084846 PMCID: PMC4027430 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2013.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common and lethal tumor of the adult brain, generally shows chemo- and radioresistance. MicroRNAs (miRs) regulate physiological processes, such as resistance of GBM cells to temozolomide (TMZ). Although miRs are attractive targets for cancer therapeutics, the effectiveness of this approach requires targeted delivery. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can migrate to the sites of cancers, including GBM. We report on an increase in miR-9 in TMZ-resistant GBM cells. miR-9 was involved in the expression of the drug efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein. To block miR-9, methods were developed with Cy5-tagged anti-miR-9. Dye-transfer studies indicated intracellular communication between GBM cells and MSCs. This occurred by gap junctional intercellular communication and the release of microvesicles. In both cases, anti-miR-9 was transferred from MSCs to GBM cells. However, the major form of transfer occurred with the microvesicles. The delivery of anti-miR-9 to the resistant GBM cells reversed the expression of the multidrug transporter and sensitized the GBM cells to TMZ, as shown by increased cell death and caspase activity. The data showed a potential role for MSCs in the functional delivery of synthetic anti-miR-9 to reverse the chemoresistance of GBM cells.
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26
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Opposing actions of environmental enrichment and Alzheimer's disease on the expression of hippocampal microRNAs in mouse models. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e304. [PMID: 24022509 PMCID: PMC3784766 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Although there are no drugs that modify the disease process, exposure to an enriched environment (EE) can slow the disease progression. Here, we characterize the effects of AD and EE on the post-transcriptional regulators, microRNAs (miRNAs), which may contribute to the detrimental and beneficial effects of AD and EE, respectively, on synaptic plasticity-related proteins and AD pathology. We found for the first time miRNAs that were inversely regulated in AD and EE, and may affect synaptic proteins and modulators, molecular factors associated with AD pathology, and survival and neuroprotective factors. MiRNAs that were upregulated only in 3xTgAD mice model of AD compared with their control mice were localized to synapses, predicted to downregulate essential synaptic proteins and are highly associated with regulating apoptosis, AD-associated processes and axon guidance. Studying the progressive change in miRNAs modulation during aging of 3xTgAD mice, we identified miRNAs that were regulated in earlier stages of AD, suggesting them as potential AD biomarkers. Last, we characterized AD- and EE-related effects in the mouse hippocampus on tomosyn protein levels, an inhibitor of the synaptic transmission machinery. While EE reduced tomosyn levels, tomosyn levels were increased in old 3xTgAD mice, suggesting a role for tomosyn in the impairment of synaptic transmission in AD. Interestingly, we found that miR-325 regulates the expression levels of tomosyn as demonstrated by a luciferase reporter assay, and that miR-325 was downregulated in AD and upregulated following EE. These findings improve our understanding of the molecular and cellular processes in AD pathology, following EE, and the interplay between the two processes, and open new avenues for the studies of understanding and controlling AD.
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27
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microRNAs and the regulation of neuronal plasticity under stress conditions. Neuroscience 2013; 241:188-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Bicchi I, Morena F, Montesano S, Polidoro M, Martino S. MicroRNAs and Molecular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration. Genes (Basel) 2013; 4:244-63. [PMID: 24705162 PMCID: PMC3899972 DOI: 10.3390/genes4020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last few years microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key mediators of post-transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of gene expression. MiRNAs targets, identified through gene expression profiling and studies in animal models, depict a scenario where miRNAs are fine-tuning metabolic pathways and genetic networks in both plants and animals. MiRNAs have shown to be differentially expressed in brain areas and alterations of miRNAs homeostasis have been recently correlated to pathological conditions of the nervous system, such as cancer and neurodegeneration. Here, we review and discuss the most recent insights into the involvement of miRNAs in the neurodegenerative mechanisms and their correlation with significant neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bicchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Francesco Morena
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Simona Montesano
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Mario Polidoro
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
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29
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Wu D, Murashov AK. Molecular mechanisms of peripheral nerve regeneration: emerging roles of microRNAs. Front Physiol 2013; 4:55. [PMID: 23554595 PMCID: PMC3612692 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that suppress gene expression through target mRNA degradation or translation repression. Recent studies suggest that miRNA plays an important role in multiple physiological and pathological processes in the nervous system. In this review article, we described what is currently known about the mechanisms in peripheral nerve regeneration on cellular and molecular levels. Recently, changes in microRNA expression profiles have been detected in different injury models, and emerging evidence strongly indicates that these changes promote neurons to survive by shifting their physiology from maintaining structure and supporting synaptic transmission towards a regenerative phenotype. We reviewed the putative mechanisms involved in miRNA mediated post-transcriptional regulation and pointed out several areas where future research is necessary to advance our understanding of how targeting miRNA machinery can be used as a therapeutic approach for treating nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA ; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
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30
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Hu VW. The expanding genomic landscape of autism: discovering the 'forest' beyond the 'trees'. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2013; 8:29-42. [PMID: 23637569 DOI: 10.2217/fnl.12.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by significant deficits in reciprocal social interactions, impaired communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors. As autism spectrum disorders are among the most heritable of neuropsychiatric disorders, much of autism research has focused on the search for genetic variants in protein-coding genes (i.e., the 'trees'). However, no single gene can account for more than 1% of the cases of autism spectrum disorders. Yet, genome-wide association studies have often identified statistically significant associations of genetic variations in regions of DNA that do not code for proteins (i.e., intergenic regions). There is increasing evidence that such noncoding regions are actively transcribed and may participate in the regulation of genes, including genes on different chromosomes. This article summarizes evidence that suggests that the research spotlight needs to be expanded to encompass far-reaching gene-regulatory mechanisms that include a variety of epigenetic modifications, as well as noncoding RNA (i.e., the 'forest'). Given that noncoding RNA represents over 90% of the transcripts in most cells, we may be observing just the 'tip of the iceberg' or the 'edge of the forest' in the genomic landscape of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie W Hu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, 2300 Eye St., N.W., Washington, DC 20037, USA Tel.: +1 202 994 8431
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31
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Im HI, Kenny PJ. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. Trends Neurosci 2012; 35:325-34. [PMID: 22436491 PMCID: PMC3565236 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA transcripts expressed throughout the brain that can regulate neuronal gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Here, we provide an overview of the role for miRNAs in brain development and function, and review evidence suggesting that dysfunction in miRNA signaling contributes to neurodevelopment disorders such as Rett and fragile X syndromes, as well as complex behavioral disorders including schizophrenia, depression and drug addiction. A better understanding of how miRNAs influence the development of neuropsychiatric disorders may reveal fundamental insights into the causes of these devastating illnesses and offer novel targets for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heh-In Im
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute - Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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32
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Hu VW. From genes to environment: using integrative genomics to build a "systems-level" understanding of autism spectrum disorders. Child Dev 2012; 84:89-103. [PMID: 22497667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are pervasive neurodevelopmental disorders that affect an estimated 1 in 110 individuals. Although there is a strong genetic component associated with these disorders, this review focuses on the multifactorial nature of ASD and how different genome-wide (genomic) approaches contribute to our understanding of autism. Emphasis is placed on the need to study defined ASD phenotypes as well as to integrate large-scale "omics" data in order to develop a "systems-level" perspective of ASD, which in turn is necessary to allow predictions regarding responses to specific perturbations and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie W Hu
- The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences.
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33
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Kim D, Song J, Kim S, Park HM, Chun CH, Sonn J, Jin EJ. MicroRNA-34a modulates cytoskeletal dynamics through regulating RhoA/Rac1 cross-talk in chondroblasts. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:12501-9. [PMID: 22351754 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.264382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in various cellular processes, such as cell fate determination, cell death, and tumorigenesis. In the present study, we investigated the role of miRNA-34a (miR-34a) in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, which is essential for chondrocyte differentiation. miRNA arrays to identify genes that appeared to be up-regulated or down-regulated during chondrogenesis were applied with chondrogenic progenitors treated with JNK inhibitor. PNA-based antisense oligonucleotides and miRNA precursor were used for investigation of the functional roles of miR-34a. We found that, in chick chondroprogenitors treated with JNK inhibitor, which suppresses chondrogenic differentiation, the expression levels of miR-34a and RhoA1 are up-regulated through modulation of Rac1 expression. Blockade of miR-34a via the use of PNA-based antisense oligonucleotides was associated with decreased protein expression of RhoA (a known modulator of stress fiber expression), down-regulation of stress fibers, up-regulation of Rac1, and recovery of protein level of type II collagen. miR-34a regulates RhoA/Rac1 cross-talk and negatively modulates reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, which is one of the essential processes for establishing chondrocyte-specific morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongkyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chunbuk 570-749, Korea
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34
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Kim D, Song J, Kim S, Chun CH, Jin EJ. MicroRNA-34a regulates migration of chondroblast and IL-1β-induced degeneration of chondrocytes by targeting EphA5. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 415:551-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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35
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Ha TY. MicroRNAs in Human Diseases: From Autoimmune Diseases to Skin, Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Immune Netw 2011; 11:227-44. [PMID: 22194706 PMCID: PMC3242997 DOI: 10.4110/in.2011.11.5.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression via degradation or translational repression of their target messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Recent studies have clearly demonstrated that miRNAs play critical roles in several biologic processes, including cell cycle, differentiation, cell development, cell growth, and apoptosis and that miRNAs are highly expressed in regulatory T (Treg) cells and a wide range of miRNAs are involved in the regulation of immunity and in the prevention of autoimmunity. It has been increasingly reported that miRNAs are associated with various human diseases like autoimmune disease, skin disease, neurological disease and psychiatric disease. Recently, the identification of mi- RNAs in skin has added a new dimension in the regulatory network and attracted significant interest in this novel layer of gene regulation. Although miRNA research in the field of dermatology is still relatively new, miRNAs have been the subject of much dermatological interest in skin morphogenesis and in regulating angiogenesis. In addition, miRNAs are moving rapidly onto center stage as key regulators of neuronal development and function in addition to important contributions to neurodegenerative disorder. Moreover, there is now compelling evidence that dysregulation of miRNA networks is implicated in the development and onset of human neruodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Tourette's syndrome, Down syndrome, depression and schizophrenia. In this review, I briefly summarize the current studies about the roles of miRNAs in various autoimmune diseases, skin diseases, psychoneurological disorders and mental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-You Ha
- Department of Immunology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonju 561-180, Korea
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36
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Meza-Sosa KF, Valle-García D, Pedraza-Alva G, Pérez-Martínez L. Role of microRNAs in central nervous system development and pathology. J Neurosci Res 2011; 90:1-12. [PMID: 21922512 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression regulation is essential for correct functioning of the cell. Complex processes such as development, apoptosis, cell differentiation, and cell cycling require a fine tuning of gene expression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that have been recognized as key components of the gene expression regulatory machinery. By sequence complementarity, miRNAs recognize target mRNAs and inhibit their function through degradation or by repressing their translation. The development of the central nervous system (CNS) requires precise and exquisitely regulated gene expression patterns. It is now widely recognized that miRNAs have the capacity to provide such fine regulation both in time and in space. High-throughput analyses as well as classical molecular biology approaches have allowed the identification of essential miRNAs for CNS development and function. Moreover, recent studies in several model organisms are beginning to show intricate regulatory networks involving miRNAs, transcription factors, and epigenetic regulators during CNS development. Here we review recent findings on the role that miRNAs play in the development of the CNS as well as in neuropathologies such as schizophrenia, Parkinson disease, and Alzheimer's disease, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla F Meza-Sosa
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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37
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Stem cell-biomaterial interactions for regenerative medicine. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:338-51. [PMID: 21740963 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The synergism of stem cell biology and biomaterial technology promises to have a profound impact on stem-cell-based clinical applications for tissue regeneration. Biomaterials development is rapidly advancing to display properties that, in a precise and physiological fashion, could drive stem-cell fate both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the design of novel materials is trying to recapitulate the molecular events involved in the production, clearance and interaction of molecules within tissue in pathologic conditions and regeneration of tissue/organs. In this review we will report on the challenges behind translating stem cell biology and biomaterial innovations into novel clinical therapeutic applications for tissue and organ replacements (graphical abstract).
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38
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D'Angelo F, Tiribuzi R, Armentano I, Kenny JM, Martino S, Orlacchio A. Mechanotransduction: tuning stem cells fate. J Funct Biomater 2011; 2:67-87. [PMID: 24956164 PMCID: PMC4030896 DOI: 10.3390/jfb2020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a general concern that the success of regenerative medicine-based applications is based on the ability to recapitulate the molecular events that allow stem cells to repair the damaged tissue/organ. To this end biomaterials are designed to display properties that, in a precise and physiological-like fashion, could drive stem cell fate both in vitro and in vivo. The rationale is that stem cells are highly sensitive to forces and that they may convert mechanical stimuli into a chemical response. In this review, we describe novelties on stem cells and biomaterials interactions with more focus on the implication of the mechanical stimulation named mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco D'Angelo
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Roberto Tiribuzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Armentano
- Materials Engineering Centre, UdR INSTM, NIPLAB, University of Perugia, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy.
| | - Josè Maria Kenny
- Materials Engineering Centre, UdR INSTM, NIPLAB, University of Perugia, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy.
| | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Aldo Orlacchio
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
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39
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Witkos TM, Koscianska E, Krzyzosiak WJ. Practical Aspects of microRNA Target Prediction. Curr Mol Med 2011; 11:93-109. [PMID: 21342132 PMCID: PMC3182075 DOI: 10.2174/156652411794859250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous non-coding RNAs that control gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. These small regulatory molecules play a key role in the majority of biological processes and their expression is also tightly regulated. Both the deregulation of genes controlled by miRNAs and the altered miRNA expression have been linked to many disorders, including cancer, cardiovascular, metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, it is of particular interest to reliably predict potential miRNA targets which might be involved in these diseases. However, interactions between miRNAs and their targets are complex and very often there are numerous putative miRNA recognition sites in mRNAs. Many miRNA targets have been computationally predicted but only a limited number of these were experimentally validated. Although a variety of miRNA target prediction algorithms are available, results of their application are often inconsistent. Hence, finding a functional miRNA target is still a challenging task. In this review, currently available and frequently used computational tools for miRNA target prediction, i.e., PicTar, TargetScan, DIANA-microT, miRanda, rna22 and PITA are outlined and various practical aspects of miRNA target analysis are extensively discussed. Moreover, the performance of three algorithms (PicTar, TargetScan and DIANA-microT) is both demonstrated and evaluated by performing an in-depth analysis of miRNA interactions with mRNAs derived from genes triggering hereditary neurological disorders known as trinucleotide repeat expansion diseases (TREDs), such as Huntington’s disease (HD), a number of spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs), and myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1).
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Witkos
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14 Str. 61-704 Poznan, Poland
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40
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von Schack D, Agostino MJ, Murray BS, Li Y, Reddy PS, Chen J, Choe SE, Strassle BW, Li C, Bates B, Zhang L, Hu H, Kotnis S, Bingham B, Liu W, Whiteside GT, Samad TA, Kennedy JD, Ajit SK. Dynamic changes in the microRNA expression profile reveal multiple regulatory mechanisms in the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17670. [PMID: 21423802 PMCID: PMC3056716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain resulting from nerve lesions or dysfunction represents one of the most challenging neurological diseases to treat. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for causing these maladaptive responses can help develop novel therapeutic strategies and biomarkers for neuropathic pain. We performed a miRNA expression profiling study of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) tissue from rats four weeks post spinal nerve ligation (SNL), a model of neuropathic pain. TaqMan low density arrays identified 63 miRNAs whose level of expression was significantly altered following SNL surgery. Of these, 59 were downregulated and the ipsilateral L4 DRG, not the injured L5 DRG, showed the most significant downregulation suggesting that miRNA changes in the uninjured afferents may underlie the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. TargetScan was used to predict mRNA targets for these miRNAs and it was found that the transcripts with multiple predicted target sites belong to neurologically important pathways. By employing different bioinformatic approaches we identified neurite remodeling as a significantly regulated biological pathway, and some of these predictions were confirmed by siRNA knockdown for genes that regulate neurite growth in differentiated Neuro2A cells. In vitro validation for predicted target sites in the 3′-UTR of voltage-gated sodium channel Scn11a, alpha 2/delta1 subunit of voltage-dependent Ca-channel, and purinergic receptor P2rx ligand-gated ion channel 4 using luciferase reporter assays showed that identified miRNAs modulated gene expression significantly. Our results suggest the potential for miRNAs to play a direct role in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David von Schack
- Biological Technologies, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Agostino
- Biological Technologies, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - B. Stuart Murray
- Biological Technologies, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yizheng Li
- Biological Technologies, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Padmalatha S. Reddy
- Biological Technologies, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jin Chen
- Neuroscience Discovery, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sung E. Choe
- Biological Technologies, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brian W. Strassle
- Neuroscience Discovery, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Christine Li
- Biological Technologies, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brian Bates
- Biological Technologies, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lynn Zhang
- Biological Technologies, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Huijuan Hu
- Neuroscience Discovery, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Smita Kotnis
- Neuroscience Discovery, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Brendan Bingham
- Neuroscience Discovery, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Wei Liu
- Biological Technologies, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Garth T. Whiteside
- Neuroscience Discovery, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Tarek A. Samad
- Neuroscience Discovery, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Kennedy
- Neuroscience Discovery, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Seena K. Ajit
- Neuroscience Discovery, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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41
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Ha TY. The Role of MicroRNAs in Regulatory T Cells and in the Immune Response. Immune Netw 2011; 11:11-41. [PMID: 21494372 PMCID: PMC3072673 DOI: 10.4110/in.2011.11.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of microRNA (miRNA) is one of the major scientific breakthroughs in recent years and has revolutionized current cell biology and medical science. miRNAs are small (19~25nt) noncoding RNA molecules that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by targeting the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of specific messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for degradation of translation repression. Genetic ablation of the miRNA machinery, as well as loss or degradation of certain individual miRNAs, severely compromises immune development and response, and can lead to immune disorders. Several sophisticated regulatory mechanisms are used to maintain immune homeostasis. Regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential for maintaining peripheral tolerance, preventing autoimmune diseases and limiting chronic inflammatory diseases. Recent publications have provided compelling evidence that miRNAs are highly expressed in Treg cells, that the expression of Foxp3 is controlled by miRNAs and that a range of miRNAs are involved in the regulation of immunity. A large number of studies have reported links between alterations of miRNA homeostasis and pathological conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes, as well as psychiatric and neurological diseases. Although it is still unclear how miRNA controls Treg cell development and function, recent studies certainly indicate that this topic will be the subject of further research. The specific circulating miRNA species may also be useful for the diagnosis, classification, prognosis of diseases and prediction of the therapeutic response. An explosive literature has focussed on the role of miRNA. In this review, I briefly summarize the current studies about the role of miRNAs in Treg cells and in the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune response. I also review the explosive current studies about clinical application of miRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-You Ha
- Department of Immunology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonju, Chonbuk 561-180, Korea
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42
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Benko E, Winkelmann A, Meier JC, Persson PB, Scholz H, Fähling M. Phorbol-Ester Mediated Suppression of hASH1 Synthesis: Multiple Ways to Keep the Level Down. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:1. [PMID: 21441980 PMCID: PMC3057490 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human achaete-scute homolog-1 (hASH1), encoded by the human ASCL1 gene, belongs to the family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors. hASH1 and its mammalian homolog Mash1 are expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system during development, and promote early neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, hASH1 is involved in the specification of neuronal subtype identities. Misexpression of the transcription factor is correlated with a variety of tumors, including lung cancer and neuroendocrine tumors. To gain insights into the molecular mechanisms of hASH1 regulation, we screened for conditions causing changes in hASH1 gene expression rate. We found that treatment of human neuroblastoma-derived Kelly cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) resulted in a fast, strong and long-lasting suppression of hASH1 synthesis. Reporter gene assays with constructs, in which the luciferase activity was controlled either by the ASCL1 promoter or by the hASH1 mRNA untranslated regions (UTRs), revealed a mainly UTR-dependent mechanism. The hASH1 promoter activity was decreased only after 48 h of PMA administration. Our data indicate that different mechanisms acting consecutively at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level are responsible for hASH1 suppression after PMA treatment. We provide evidence that short term inhibition of hASH1 synthesis is attributed to hASH1 mRNA destabilization, which seems to depend mainly on protein kinase C activity. Under prolonged conditions (48 h), hASH1 suppression is mediated by decreased promoter activity and inhibition of mRNA translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Benko
- Institut für Vegetative Physiologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
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43
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Development of a New Tool for 3D Modeling for Regenerative Medicine. Int J Biomed Imaging 2011; 2011:236854. [PMID: 21776249 PMCID: PMC3132439 DOI: 10.1155/2011/236854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of therapeutic treatment based on regenerative medicine for degenerative diseases (i.e., neurodegenerative or cardiac diseases) requires tools allowing the visualization and analysis of the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of target drugs within the tissue. Here, we present a new computational procedure able to overcome the limitations of visual analysis emerging by the examination of a molecular signal within images of serial tissue/organ sections by using the conventional techniques. Together with the 3D anatomical reconstitution of the tissue/organ, our framework allows the detection of signals of different origins (e.g., marked generic molecules, colorimetric, or fluorimetric substrates for enzymes; microRNA; recombinant protein). Remarkably, the application does not require the employment of specific tracking reagents for the imaging analysis. We report two different representative applications: the first shows the reconstruction of a 3D model of mouse brain with the analysis of the distribution of theβ-Galactosidase, the second shows the reconstruction of a 3D mouse heart with the measurement of the cardiac volume.
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Kisliouk T, Yosefi S, Meiri N. MiR-138 inhibits EZH2 methyltransferase expression and methylation of histone H3 at lysine 27, and affects thermotolerance acquisition. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 33:224-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Cui JG, Li YY, Zhao Y, Bhattacharjee S, Lukiw WJ. Differential regulation of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1) and IRAK-2 by microRNA-146a and NF-kappaB in stressed human astroglial cells and in Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:38951-60. [PMID: 20937840 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.178848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific microRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs that support homeostatic gene expression, are significantly altered in abundance in human neurological disorders. In monocytes, increased expression of an NF-κB-regulated miRNA-146a down-regulates expression of the interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1), an essential component of Toll-like/IL-1 receptor signaling. Here we extend those observations to the hippocampus and neocortex of Alzheimer disease (AD) brain and to stressed human astroglial (HAG) cells in primary culture. In 66 control and AD samples we note a significant up-regulation of miRNA-146a coupled to down-regulation of IRAK-1 and a compensatory up-regulation of IRAK-2. Using miRNA-146a-, IRAK-1-, or IRAK-2 promoter-luciferase reporter constructs, we observe decreases in IRAK-1 and increases in miRNA-146a and IRAK-2 expression in interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and amyloid-β-42 (Aβ42) peptide-stressed HAG cells. NF-κB-mediated transcriptional control of human IRAK-2 was localized to between -119 and +12 bp of the immediate IRAK-2 promoter. The NF-κB inhibitors curcumin, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate or CAY10512 abrogated both IRAK-2 and miRNA-146a expression, whereas IRAK-1 was up-regulated. Incubation of a protected antisense miRNA-146a was found to inhibit miRNA-146a and restore IRAK-1, whereas IRAK-2 remained unaffected. These data suggest a significantly independent regulation of IRAK-1 and IRAK-2 in AD and in IL-1β+Aβ42 peptide-stressed HAG cells and that an inducible, NF-κB-sensitive, miRNA-146a-mediated down-regulation of IRAK-1 coupled to an NF-κB-induced up-regulation of IRAK-2 expression drives an extensively sustained inflammatory response. The interactive signaling of NF-κB and miRNA-146a further illustrate interplay between inducible transcription factors and pro-inflammatory miRNAs that regulate brain IRAK expression. The combinatorial use of NF-κB inhibitors with miRNA-146a or antisense miRNA-146a may have potential as a bi-pronged therapeutic strategy directed against IRAK-2-driven pathogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Baune BT, Konrad C, Suslow T, Domschke K, Birosova E, Sehlmeyer C, Beste C. The Reelin (RELN) gene is associated with executive function in healthy individuals. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2010; 94:446-51. [PMID: 20727978 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions such as set-shifting and maintenance are cognitive processes that rely on complex neurodevelopmental processes. Although neurodevelopmental processes are mainly studied in animal models and in neuropsychiatric disorders, the underlying genetic basis for these processes under physiological conditions is poorly understood. We aimed to investigate the association between genetic variants of the Reelin (RELN) gene and cognitive set-shifting in healthy young individuals. The relationship between 12 selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the RELN gene and cognitive set-shifting as measured by perseverative errors using the modified card sorting test (MCST) was analysed in a sample of N=98 young healthy individuals (mean age in years: 22.7 ± 0.19). Results show that in individual MANCOVA analyses two of five significant SNPs (rs2711870: F(2,39)=7.14; p=0.0019; rs2249372: F(2,39)=6.97; p=0.002) withstood Bonferroni correction for multiple testing (corrected p-value: p=0.004). While haplotype analyses of the RELN gene showed significant associations between three haplotypes and perseverative error processing in various models of inheritance (adjusted for age, gender, BDI, MWTB IQ), the GCT haplotype showed the most robust finding with a recessive model of inheritance (p=2.32 × 10(-5)) involving the functional SNP rs362691 (Leu-Val amino acid change). Although our study strongly suggests the involvement of the RELN gene in cognitive set-shifting and maintenance, our study requires further exploration as well as replication of the findings in larger samples of healthy individuals and in clinical samples with neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, QLD, Australia.
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