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Bil W, Zeilmaker MJ, Bokkers BG. Internal Relative Potency Factors for the Risk Assessment of Mixtures of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Human Biomonitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:77005. [PMID: 35881550 PMCID: PMC9320915 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In human biomonitoring, blood is often used as a matrix to measure exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Because the toxicokinetics of a substance (determining the steady-state blood concentration) may affect the toxic potency, the difference in toxicokinetics among PFAS has to be accounted for when blood concentrations are used in mixture risk assessment. OBJECTIVES This research focuses on deriving relative potency factors (RPFs) at the blood serum level. These RPFs can be applied to PFAS concentrations in human blood, thereby facilitating mixture risk assessment with primary input from human biomonitoring studies. METHODS Toxicokinetic models are generated for 10 PFAS to estimate the internal exposure in the male rat at the blood serum level over time. By applying dose-response modeling, these internal exposures are used to derive quantitative internal RPFs based on liver effects. RESULTS Internal RPFs were successfully obtained for nine PFAS. Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid (HFPO-DA, or GenX) were found to be more potent than perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) at the blood serum level in terms of relative liver weight increase, whereas perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) were found to be less potent. The practical implementation of these internal RPFs is illustrated using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) biomonitoring data of 2017-2018. DISCUSSION It is recommended to assess the health risk resulting from exposure to PFAS as combined, aggregate exposure to the extent feasible. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieneke Bil
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marco J. Zeilmaker
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Bas G.H. Bokkers
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Eick SM, Enright EA, Padula AM, Aung M, Geiger SD, Cushing L, Trowbridge J, Keil AP, Gee Baek H, Smith S, Park JS, DeMicco E, Schantz SL, Woodruff TJ, Morello-Frosch R. Prenatal PFAS and psychosocial stress exposures in relation to fetal growth in two pregnancy cohorts: Applying environmental mixture methods to chemical and non-chemical stressors. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 163:107238. [PMID: 35436721 PMCID: PMC9202828 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to individual per‑ and poly‑fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and psychosocial stressors have been associated with reductions in fetal growth. Studies suggest cumulative or joint effects of chemical and non-chemical stressors on fetal growth. However, few studies have examined PFAS and non-chemical stressors together as a mixture, which better reflects real life exposure patterns. We examined joint associations between PFAS, perceived stress, and depression, and fetal growth using two approaches developed for exposure mixtures. METHODS Pregnant participants were enrolled in the Chemicals in Our Bodies cohort and Illinois Kids Development Study, which together make up the ECHO.CA.IL cohort. Seven PFAS were previously measured in 2nd trimester maternal serum samples and were natural log transformed for analyses. Perceived stress and depression were assessed using self-reported validated questionnaires, which were converted to t-scores using validated methods. Quantile g-computation and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used to assess joint associations between PFAS, perceived stress and depression t-scores and birthweight z-scores (N = 876). RESULTS Individual PFAS, depression and perceived stress t-scores were negatively correlated with birthweight z-scores. Using quantile g-computation, a simultaneous one quartile increase in all PFAS, perceived stress and depression t-scores was associated with a slight reduction in birthweight z-scores (mean change per quartile increase = -0.09, 95% confidence interval = -0.21,0.03). BKMR similarly indicated that cumulative PFAS and stress t-scores were modestly associated with lower birthweight z-scores. Across both methods, the joint association appeared to be distributed across multiple exposures rather than due to a single exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our study is one of the first to examine the joint effects of chemical and non-chemical stressors on fetal growth using mixture methods. We found that PFAS, perceived stress, and depression in combination were modestly associated were lower birthweight z-scores, which supports prior studies indicating that chemical and non-chemical stressors are jointly associated with adverse health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Eick
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Enright
- Department of Psychology, St. Mary's College of Maryland, St. Mary's City, MD, USA
| | - Amy M Padula
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Max Aung
- Division of Environmental Health, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Sarah D Geiger
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Lara Cushing
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Trowbridge
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexander P Keil
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hyoung Gee Baek
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sabrina Smith
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - June-Soo Park
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Erin DeMicco
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Susan L Schantz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL USA; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Tracey J Woodruff
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Morello-Frosch
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management and School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Recent advances in applications of hybrid natural polymers as adsorbent for perfluorinated compounds removal – review paper. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Langenbach B, Wilson M. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Significance and Considerations within the Regulatory Framework of the USA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111142. [PMID: 34769660 PMCID: PMC8583519 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are an emerging environmental crisis. Deemed forever chemicals, many congeners bioaccumulate and are incredibly persistent in the environment due to the presence of the strong carbon-fluorine covalent bonds. Notable PFAS compounds include perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and GenX. Robust toxicological knowledge exists for these substances, but regulatory decisions based on this knowledge has fallen behind. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has addressed this issue with the PFAS Action Plan and EPA Council on PFAS, but the regulatory framework is severely lacking. Currently, no federal regulations or standards exist. Many occupational and non-occupational human cohorts exist that can lend knowledge on the environmental implications of PFAS and associated health effects. Occupationally, firefighters face significant exposure risks due to use of PFAS containing aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) and personal protective equipment contamination. Non-occupationally, wastewater discharge in North Carolina led to chronic and widespread residential exposure to GenX via drinking water contamination. This public health review seeks to convey the current and future significance of PFAS as an environmental contaminate, to lend considerations on regulatory frameworks within the USA, and to help guide and promote the need for future epidemiological studies in order to tackle this environmental emergency. While the PFAS Action Plan creates a scientific and regulatory foundation, it is important to take these lessons and apply them to future environmental health issues.
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Goodrum PE, Anderson JK, Luz AL, Ansell GK. Application of a Framework for Grouping and Mixtures Toxicity Assessment of PFAS: A Closer Examination of Dose-Additivity Approaches. Toxicol Sci 2021; 179:262-278. [PMID: 32735321 PMCID: PMC7846094 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental occurrence and biomonitoring data for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) demonstrate that humans are exposed to mixtures of PFAS. This article presents a new and systematic analysis of available PFAS toxicity study data using a tiered mixtures risk assessment framework consistent with United States and international mixtures guidance. The lines of evidence presented herein include a critique of whole mixture toxicity studies and analysis of dose-response models based on data from subchronic oral toxicity studies in rats. Based on available data to-date, concentration addition and relative potency factor methods are found to be inappropriate due to differences among sensitive effects and target organ potencies and noncongruent dose-response curves for the same effect endpoints from studies using the same species and protocols. Perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid lack a single mode of action or molecular initiating event and our evaluation herein shows they also have noncongruent dose-response curves. Dose-response curves for long-chain perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) also significantly differ in shapes of the curves from short-chain PFSAs and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids evaluated, and additional differences are apparent when curves are evaluated based on internal or administered dose. Following well-established guidance, the hazard index method applied to perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and PFSAs grouped separately is the most appropriate approach for conducting a screening level risk assessment for nonpolymeric PFAS mixtures, given the current state-of-the science. A clear presentation of assumptions, uncertainties, and data gaps is needed before dose-additivity methods, including hazard index , are used to support risk management decisions. Adverse outcome pathway(s) and mode(s) of action information for perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and for other nonpolymer PFAS are key data gaps precluding more robust mixtures methods. These findings can guide the prioritization of future studies on single chemical and whole mixture toxicity studies.
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Yang Y, Meng K, Chen M, Xie S, Chen D. Fluorotelomer Alcohols' Toxicology Correlates with Oxidative Stress and Metabolism. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 256:71-101. [PMID: 33866421 DOI: 10.1007/398_2020_57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) are widely used as industrial raw materials due to their unique hydrophobic and oleophobic properties. However, because of accidental exposure to products containing FTOHs or with the widespread use of FTOHs, they tend to contaminate the water and the soil. There are reports demonstrating that FTOHs can cause various harmful effects in animals and humans (for example, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, immunotoxicity, endocrine-disrupting activity, and developmental and reproductive toxicities). Oxidative stress is related to a variety of toxic effects induced by FTOHs. To date, few reviews have addressed the relationship between the toxicity of FTOHs and oxidative stress. This article summarises research demonstrating that the toxicity induced by FTOHs correlates with oxidative stress and metabolism. Furthermore, during the metabolic process of FTOHs, a number of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450) are involved and many metabolites are produced by these enzymes, which can induce oxidative stress. This is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Yang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kuiyu Meng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Min Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Bonato M, Corrà F, Bellio M, Guidolin L, Tallandini L, Irato P, Santovito G. PFAS Environmental Pollution and Antioxidant Responses: An Overview of the Impact on Human Field. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8020. [PMID: 33143342 PMCID: PMC7663035 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to their unique properties, perfluorinated substances (PFAS) are widely used in multiple industrial and commercial applications, but they are toxic for animals, humans included. This review presents some available data on the PFAS environmental distribution in the world, and in particular in Europe and in the Veneto region of Italy, where it has become a serious problem for human health. The consumption of contaminated food and drinking water is considered one of the major source of exposure for humans. Worldwide epidemiological studies report the negative effects that PFAS have on human health, due to environmental pollution, including infertility, steroid hormone perturbation, thyroid, liver and kidney disorders, and metabolic disfunctions. In vitro and in vivo researches correlated PFAS exposure to oxidative stress effects (in mammals as well as in other vertebrates of human interest), produced by a PFAS-induced increase of reactive oxygen species formation. The cellular antioxidant defense system is activated by PFAS, but it is only partially able to avoid the oxidative damage to biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paola Irato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (F.C.); (M.B.); (L.G.); (L.T.)
| | - Gianfranco Santovito
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (F.C.); (M.B.); (L.G.); (L.T.)
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8
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Blake BE, Fenton SE. Early life exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and latent health outcomes: A review including the placenta as a target tissue and possible driver of peri- and postnatal effects. Toxicology 2020; 443:152565. [PMID: 32861749 PMCID: PMC7530144 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous drinking water contaminants of concern due to mounting evidence implicating adverse health outcomes associated with exposure, including reduced kidney function, metabolic syndrome, thyroid disruption, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. PFAS have been produced in the U.S. since the 1940s and now encompass a growing chemical family comprised of diverse chemical moieties, yet the toxicological effects have been studied for relatively few compounds. Critically, exposures to some PFAS in utero are associated with adverse outcomes for both mother and offspring, such as hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), including preeclampsia, and low birth weight. Given the relationship between HDP, placental dysfunction, adverse health outcomes, and increased risk for chronic diseases in adulthood, the role of both developmental and lifelong exposure to PFAS likely contributes to disease risk in complex ways. Here, evidence for the role of some PFAS in disrupted thyroid function, kidney disease, and metabolic syndrome is synthesized with an emphasis on the placenta as a critical yet understudied target of PFAS and programming agent of adult disease. Future research efforts must continue to fill the knowledge gap between placental susceptibility to environmental exposures like PFAS, subsequent perinatal health risks for both mother and child, and latent health effects in adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bevin E Blake
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), NTP Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institute of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Suzanne E Fenton
- Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), NTP Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institute of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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9
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Liu J, Liu S, Huang Z, Fu Y, Fei J, Liu X, He Z. Associations between the serum levels of PFOS/PFOA and IgG N-glycosylation in adult or children. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114285. [PMID: 32806420 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanoic sulfonate (PFOS) have been shown to be associated with disease development. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) N-glycosylation plays a vital role in human immune system and inflammatory activities. Altered IgG glycosylation was one of the molecular markers of various disorders. However, whether the chemicals affect IgG glycosylation has not been investigated. METHODS Serum samples of 190 individuals including 95 adults and 95 children were selected based on the sex, age and PFOA/PFOS concentration. IgG N-glycome profile was obtained from glycan release, derivatization, and MALDI-MS analysis. One-factor ANOVA test was performed to analyze the association between different levels of PFOS/PFOA and IgG glycosylation changes. Evaluation of the diagnostic performance of significantly changed IgG glycosylation was performed by receiver operating characteristic curve. PFOS/PFOA concentrations were studied in relation to IgG glycosylation by 3D-nonlinear regression analysis. RESULTS 10 of the 28 individual IgG glycans were significantly altered between different levels of PFOS/PFOA in adult serum. Among children with high serum levels of PFOS or PFOA, a total of 12 IgG N-glycans were markedly different from those with lower serum PFOS/PFOA. The glycan derived traits for adults with higher serum PFOS or PFOA were marked by significant alterations in IgG digalactosylation, agalactosylation, fucosylation, fucosylated sialylation, and disialylation. Similarly, pronounced changes in agalactosylation, digalactosylation, mono-sialylation and total sialylation, as well as neutral and sialo bisection, were associated with elevated serum PFOS or PFOA in children. Several glycans gained moderately accurate scores of area under the curve for diagnosis of PFOS or PFOA pollution. Nonlinear surface fitting showed the independent or coordinate effect of PFOS or PFOA on the expression of IgG glycosylation. CONCLUSIONS High levels of PFOS or PFOA in human serum were strongly associated with altered IgG glycosylation and therefore are a potential risk factor for the development of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Liu
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, 430015, China
| | - Si Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhiwen Huang
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yang Fu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jian Fei
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xin Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Zhenyu He
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, 430015, China.
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Ding N, Park SK. Perfluoroalkyl substances exposure and hearing impairment in US adults. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 187:109686. [PMID: 32474307 PMCID: PMC7331829 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely applied in consumer and industrial products such as nonstick cookware, waterproof clothing, food packaging materials, and fire-fighting foams. These "forever chemicals" are hypothesized to impact neurobehavioral functions. Yet no previous study has explored the role of PFAS on audiometrically determined hearing impairment (HI). OBJECTIVES To investigate the associations of serum concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances with low-frequency HI (LFHI) and high-frequency HI (HFHI) in US adults. METHODS We evaluated the cross-sectional associations in 2371 adults aged 20-69 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004, 2011-2012 and 2015-2016; and 449 adults aged ≥70 years from NHANES 2005-2006 and 2009-2010. Serum concentrations of perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), were measured using solid-phase extraction coupled to High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Turbo Ion Spray ionization-tandem Mass Spectrometry. LFHI was defined as a pure-tone average (PTA) of thresholds across 0.5-1-2 kHz >25 dB; HFHI defined as a PTA across 3-4-6 kHz >25 dB in the worse ear. Survey-weighted logistic regression models were used to compute odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with adjustment for age, age-squared, sex, race/ethnicity, education, poverty-to-income ratio, body mass index, smoking status, exposures to occupational, recreational and firearm noises, and NHANES cycles. RESULTS There were no significant associations when perfluoroalkyl variables were fitted as a linear (log-transformed) term. However, statistically significant associations of HFHI with PFNA (OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.13-2.56) and PFDA (OR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.00-3.05) were observed when comparing participants with serum concentrations ≥90th vs. <90th percentiles of PFNA (90th percentile = 1.8 ng/mL) and PFDA (90th percentile = 0.5 ng/mL), respectively, in adults aged 20-69 years. No significant associations were observed for other compounds in adults aged 20-69 years and for all compounds in adults ≥70 years. CONCLUSIONS Our study does not provide strong evidence to support the ototoxicity of PFAS exposure. Non-linear threshold dose-response associations between serum concentrations of PFNA and PFDA and HFHI need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ding
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sung Kyun Park
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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11
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Kashino I, Sasaki S, Okada E, Matsuura H, Goudarzi H, Miyashita C, Okada E, Ito YM, Araki A, Kishi R. Prenatal exposure to 11 perfluoroalkyl substances and fetal growth: A large-scale, prospective birth cohort study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 136:105355. [PMID: 32029284 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal maternal exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has been reportedly associated with decreased birth weight. Although a majority of epidemiological studies concerning perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have focused on PFOS and PFOA, epidemiological studies of PFAS with longer carbon chains are scarce. In this study, we investigated whether prenatal maternal exposure to 11 PFAS, in particular those with longer carbon chains, is associated with fetal growth. METHODS The study included 1985 mother-infant pairs (inclusive of preterm and post-term infants), who enrolled in a large-scale, prospective birth cohort study in any of the 37 hospitals in Hokkaido, Japan between 2003 and 2009. The concentration of 11 PFAS was measured in maternal plasma collected during the third trimester of pregnancy, using ultra-performance liquid chromatography in combination with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Associations between the measured PFAS values and weight, length, and head circumference of all newborns at birth were examined using multiple regression analyses with adjustment for potential confounders based on data collected from medical records, questionnaires, and those for maternal plasma samples. RESULTS Of the 11 PFAS analyzed, prenatal perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) [per log10-unit: regression coefficient (β) = -96.2 g, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), -165.3 to -27.1] and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) (β = -72.2 g, 95% CI, -138.1 to -6.3) concentrations were inversely associated with birth weight. Furthermore, PFNA concentrations were inversely associated with birth length (per Log10 unit: β = -0.48 cm, 95% CI; - 0.86 to -0.11). Maternal perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) exposure showed a significant inverse association with birth weight only for female infants (per Log10 unit: β = -99.8 g, 95% CI, - 193.7 to -6.0) (P for interaction = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that prenatal, maternal exposure to PFAS with longer carbon chains tends to be inversely associated with birth size of newborn infants, which may indicate that these commercially used compounds have an adverse effect on fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Kashino
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan; Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan.
| | - Seiko Sasaki
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Emiko Okada
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Matsuura
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Division of Applied Bioscience, Hokkaido University, Japan.
| | - Houman Goudarzi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan.
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan.
| | - Eisaku Okada
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoichi M Ito
- Department of Statistical Data Science, The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Atsuko Araki
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan.
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan.
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12
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Cluett R, Seshasayee SM, Rokoff LB, Rifas-Shiman SL, Ye X, Calafat AM, Gold DR, Coull B, Gordon CM, Rosen CJ, Oken E, Sagiv SK, Fleisch AF. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Plasma Concentrations and Bone Mineral Density in Midchildhood: A Cross-Sectional Study (Project Viva, United States). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:87006. [PMID: 31433236 PMCID: PMC6792359 DOI: 10.1289/ehp4918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying factors that impair bone accrual during childhood is a critical step toward osteoporosis prevention. Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has been associated with lower bone mineral density, but data are limited, particularly in children. METHODS We studied 576 children in Project Viva, a Boston-area cohort of mother/child pairs recruited prenatally from 1999 to 2002. We quantified plasma concentrations of several PFASs and measured areal bone mineral density (aBMD) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in midchildhood. We used linear regression to examine associations between plasma concentrations of individual PFASs and aBMD z-score. We used weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression to examine the association of the PFAS mixture with aBMD z-score. All models were adjusted for maternal age, education, annual household income, census tract median household income, and child age, sex, race/ethnicity, dairy intake, physical activity, and year of blood draw. RESULTS Children were [[Formula: see text]] [Formula: see text] of age. The highest PFAS plasma concentrations were of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) {median [interquartile range (IQR)]: 6.4 (5.6) ng/mL} and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) [median (IQR): 4.4 (3.2) ng/mL]. Using linear regression, children with higher plasma concentrations of PFOA, PFOS, and perfluorodecanoate (PFDA) had lower aBMD z-scores [e.g., [Formula: see text]: [Formula: see text]; 95% confidence interval (CI): [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] per doubling of PFOA]. The PFAS mixture was negatively associated with aBMD z-score ([Formula: see text]: [Formula: see text]; 95% CI: [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] per IQR increment of the mixture index). CONCLUSIONS PFAS exposure may impair bone accrual in childhood and peak bone mass, an important determinant of lifelong skeletal health. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4918.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Cluett
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shravanthi M. Seshasayee
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, Maine, USA
| | - Lisa B. Rokoff
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Ye
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Diane R. Gold
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brent Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Catherine M. Gordon
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clifford J. Rosen
- Center for Clinical & Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, Maine, USA
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sharon K. Sagiv
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Abby F. Fleisch
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, Maine, USA
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine, USA
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13
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Thompson CM, Fitch SE, Ring C, Rish W, Cullen JM, Haws LC. Development of an oral reference dose for the perfluorinated compound GenX. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1267-1282. [PMID: 31215065 PMCID: PMC6771874 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ammonium 2,3,3,3‐tetrafluoro‐2‐(heptafluoropropoxy)‐propanoate, also known as GenX, is a processing aid used in the manufacture of fluoropolymers. GenX is one of several chemistries developed as an alternative to long‐chain poly‐fluoroalkyl substances, which tend to have long clearance half‐lives and are environmentally persistent. Unlike poly‐fluoroalkyl substances, GenX has more rapid clearance, but has been detected in US and international water sources. There are currently no federal drinking water standards for GenX in the USA; therefore, we developed a non‐cancer oral reference dose (RfD) for GenX based on available repeated dose studies. The review of the available data indicate that GenX is unlikely to be genotoxic. A combination of traditional frequentist benchmark dose models and Bayesian benchmark dose models were used derive relevant points of departure from mammalian toxicity studies. In addition, deterministic and probabilistic RfD values were developed using available tools and regulatory guidance. The two approaches resulted in a narrow range of RfD values for liver lesions observed in a 2‐year bioassay in rats (0.01–0.02 mg/kg/day). The probabilistic approach resulted in the lower, i.e., more conservative RfD. The probabilistic RfD of 0.01 mg/kg/day results in a maximum contaminant level goal of 70 ppb. It is anticipated that these values, along with the hazard identification and dose‐response modeling described herein, should be informative for risk assessors and regulators interested in setting health‐protective drinking water guideline values for GenX. Ammonium 2,3,3,3‐tetrafluoro‐2‐(heptafluoropropoxy)‐propanoate, also known as GenX, is a processing aid used in the manufacture of fluoropolymers. There are currently no federal drinking water standards for GenX in the USA. Frequentist benchmark dose models and Bayesian benchmark dose models were used to derive points of departure from mammalian toxicity studies. Deterministic and probabilistic reference dose values were developed and resulted in a narrow range of values (0.01‐0.02 mg/kg/day). The lower reference dose results in a maximum contaminant level goal of 70 ppb.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John M Cullen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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14
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Macheka-Tendenguwo LR, Olowoyo JO, Mugivhisa LL, Abafe OA. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human breast milk and current analytical methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:36064-36086. [PMID: 30382519 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3483-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have since become a major health concern as they have been reportedly found in human tissues, blood and breast milk. The main aim of the study was to review the current data on PFASs in human breast milk, including the challenges of analysis as well as the possible modes of transfer from maternal blood. In this paper, previously published data on the concentrations of PFASs in human breast milk from around the world were reviewed and summarised. Eligible studies with reference lists published before 1 June 2017 were included by searching several databases (including Scopus, ScienceOpen and SciFinder). From this search, studies with the number of participants in each study ranging from 2 to 1237 were identified. The review indicated that based on the structural profiles and concentration levels, there was variation in the geographical distribution of these compounds in breast milk. Although there are no recorded investigations on the modes of transfer from maternal blood to breast milk, literature suggests that the PFASs tend to be transferred through binding to various proteins. The review also examined the different sample preparation and analytical methods employed to measure the concentrations of PFASs in human breast milk. This showed that solid phase extraction was the most common extraction method. After extraction, liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was the most common analysis method. Since several of these methods were initially dedicated to monitoring PFASs in food and water, they demonstrate some limitations with regard to specificity and sensitivity to human fluids. Additionally, there are currently no published records of certified reference materials and/or proficiency scheme devoted to standardising PFAS concentrations in breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua O Olowoyo
- Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
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15
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Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) alters lipid accumulation in bovine blastocysts after oocyte exposure during in vitro maturation. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 84:1-8. [PMID: 30502403 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) is one of the perfluoroalkyl acids present in human tissues. In this study, effects on early embryo development after PFNA exposure were investigated using the bovine in vitro production system. Oocytes were exposed to PFNA during maturation in vitro (10 μg mL-1 and 0.1 μg mL-1), and then fertilized and cultured in parallel with control groups. Developmental parameters (cleavage, blastocyst formation) were followed and embryo quality evaluated (stage, grade). Embryos developed after exposure to 0.1 μg mL-1 were stained to distinguish nuclei, active mitochondria and neutral lipids. 10 μg mL-1 of PFNA had a severe negative effect on blastocyst formation (OR: 0.27 p < 0.05), an effect not observed at 0.1 μg mL-1. However, lipid droplet distribution was significantly altered in embryos exposed to 0.1 μg mL-1, suggesting a disturbance of lipid metabolism after exposure to sublethal levels of PFNA during oocyte maturation in vitro.
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16
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Mobacke I, Lind L, Dunder L, Salihovic S, Lind PM. Circulating levels of perfluoroalkyl substances and left ventricular geometry of the heart in the elderly. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 115:295-300. [PMID: 29621717 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Some persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and some polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been shown to interfere with myocardial function and geometry. We therefore investigated if also another group of POPs: per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were associated with alterations in left ventricular geometry. METHODS 801 subjects aged 70 years were investigated in a cross-sectional study within the scope of the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) study. Eight PFASs were detected in >75% of participants´ plasma by ultra-performance liquid chromatograph/tandem mass spectrometry. Left ventricular geometry was determined by echocardiography. Multivariable linear regression was used to investigate the associations between PFASs and left ventricular geometry of the heart after exclusion of subjects with previous myocardial infarction (n = 72). RESULTS When adjusting for multiple comparisons, none of the eight PFASs evaluated were significantly related to left ventricular mass. However, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) were related to relative wall thickness (RWT) in a negative fashion (p < 0.0021). Besides being inversely related to RWT, PFNA was also positively related to left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDD) (p < 0.0021). These analyses were adjusted for traditional cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSION In this cross-sectional study, several of the PFASs evaluated, especially PFNA, were related to myocardial geometry: a reduction in relative wall thickness and an increase in left ventricular diameter following adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, suggesting a role for PFASs in cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Mobacke
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Linda Dunder
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Samira Salihovic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - P Monica Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Chen MH, Ng S, Hsieh CJ, Lin CC, Hsieh WS, Chen PC. The impact of prenatal perfluoroalkyl substances exposure on neonatal and child growth. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:669-675. [PMID: 28709101 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are wildly distributed environmental pollutants. Laboratory mice exposed prenatally to PFASs develop smaller birth weight but are more likely to become obese in adulthood. The evidences in human studies are still inconclusive. METHODS The participants were 429 mother-infant pairs from Taiwan Birth Panel Study. These children were followed serially and growth data were collected through face to face interviews and records in Child Healthcare Handbooks until 108months of age. The age-specific z-scores for weight (WAZ), length/height (LAZ/HAZ) and BMI (BMIAZ) were calculated. PFASs in umbilical cord blood were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS At birth, perfluorooctyl sulfonate (PFOS) levels were negatively associated with weight and height [per ln unit: adjusted β (95% confidence interval, CI)=-0.14 (-0.26, -0.01) for WAZ and -0.16 (-0.31, -0.02) for LAZ]. However, these adverse impacts diminished as children grow up. When stratified the analysis by gender, the effects of prenatal PFOS exposure were more obvious for girls especially during the time span of 6 to 12 and 12 to 24months of age [per ln unit: adjusted β (95% CI)=-0.25 (-0.47, -0.04) and -0.24 (-0.41, -0.04) for WAZ, respectively; per ln unit: adjusted β (95% CI)=-0.33 (-0.59, -0.08) and -0.25 (-0.45, -0.05) for BMIAZ, respectively]. Later in the period of 60 to 108months of age, positive association between prenatal PFOS exposure and girls' BMI was observed [per ln unit: adjusted β (95% CI)=0.34 (0.007, 0.68) for BMIAZ]. There was little evidence in these data for a consistent association of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) with any of the indicators. CONCLUSIONS Our study had shown that higher prenatal PFOS exposure was associated with decreased fetal growth, but the effects were diminished as children grow up. Modest effect of gender specific manner was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Huei Chen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yunlin County, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sharon Ng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Chia-Jung Hsieh
- Department of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, Hualian County, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chun Lin
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Shiun Hsieh
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Cathy General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Pau-Chung Chen
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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18
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PPARα-independent transcriptional targets of perfluoroalkyl acids revealed by transcript profiling. Toxicology 2017; 387:95-107. [PMID: 28558994 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are ubiquitous and persistent environmental contaminants. Compounds such as perfluoroocanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) are readily found in the tissues of humans and wildlife. While PFOA and PFOS have been the subject of numerous studies since they were first described over a decade ago, less is known about the biological activity of PFHxS and PFNA. Most PFAAs are activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), although the biological effects of these compounds are likely mediated by other factors in addition to PPARα. To evaluate the effects of PFHxS and PFNA, male wild-type and Pparα-null mice were dosed by oral gavage with PFHxS (3 or 10mg/kg/day), PFNA (1 or 3mg/kg/day), or vehicle for 7days, and liver gene expression was evaluated by full-genome microarrays. Gene expression patterns were then compared to historical in-house data for PFOA and PFOS in addition to the experimental hypolipidemic agent, WY-14,643. While WY-14,643 altered most genes in a PPARα-dependent manner, approximately 11-24% of regulated genes in PFAA-treated mice were independent of PPARα. The possibility that PFAAs regulate gene expression through other molecular pathways was evaluated. Using data available through a microarray database, PFAA gene expression profiles were found to exhibit significant similarity to profiles from mouse tissues exposed to agonists of the constitutive activated receptor (CAR), estrogen receptor α (ERα), and PPARγ. Human PPARγ and ERα were activated by all four PFAAs in trans-activation assays from the ToxCast screening program. Predictive gene expression biomarkers showed that PFAAs activate CAR in both genotypes and cause feminization of the liver transcriptome through suppression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B (STAT5B). These results indicate that, in addition to activating PPARα as a primary target, PFAAs also have the potential to activate CAR, PPARγ, and ERα as well as suppress STAT5B.
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Rockwell CE, Turley AE, Cheng X, Fields PE, Klaassen CD. Persistent alterations in immune cell populations and function from a single dose of perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) in C57Bl/6 mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 100:24-33. [PMID: 27939831 PMCID: PMC5717760 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) is a perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) that is structurally related to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Whereas PFOA and PFOS are known immunotoxicants, PFNA is less well characterized. Our previous study showed that PFNA has immunomodulatory effects on leukocyte populations and immune function. The present studies sought to determine whether, and to what degree, the immune system recovered 28 days after PFNA exposure. None of the parameters measured had fully recovered. A few parameters had partially recovered, including decreased spleen size and the decreased ratio of the CD4+/CD8+ double-positive population in thymus. The majority of effects of PFNA remained unchanged 28 days after exposure, including decreased proportion of intact thymocytes (as determined by FSC vs SSC), alterations in the ratios of immune cell populations in spleen and the CD4+, CD8+ and double-negative populations in thymus. Notably, PFNA markedly increased the TNFα response to LPS in vivo, and no recovery was evident 28 days after exposure. The effect of PFNA on CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and CD19+ cells was more pronounced in females. The current study demonstrates that a single high dose exposure to PFNA (e.g. as might occur accidentally in an occupational setting) has long-lasting effects on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl E Rockwell
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Alexandra E Turley
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Xingguo Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Patrick E Fields
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Liu H, Sheng N, Zhang W, Dai J. Toxic effects of perfluorononanoic acid on the development of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 32:26-34. [PMID: 26040728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) is a nine-carbon perfluoroalkyl acid widely used in industrial and domestic products. It is a persistent organic pollutant found in the environment as well as in the tissues of humans and wildlife. There is a concern that this chemical might be a developmental toxicant and teratogen in various ecosystems. In the present study, the toxic effects of PFNA were evaluated in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. One hour post-fertilization embryos were treated with 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 350, and 400 μmol/L PFNA for 96 hr in 6-well plates. Developmental phenotypes and hatching rates were observed and recorded. Nineteen genes related to oxidative stress and lipid metabolism were examined using Quantitative RT-PCR and confirmed by whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH). Results showed that PFNA delayed the development of zebrafish embryos, reduced the hatching rate, and caused ventricular edema and malformation of the spine. In addition, the amount of reactive oxygen species in the embryo bodies increased significantly after exposure to PFNA compared with that of the control group. The Quantitative RT-PCR and WISH experiments demonstrated that mRNA expression of the lfabp and ucp2 genes increased significantly while that of sod1 and mt-nd1 decreased significantly after PFNA exposure. The mRNA expression levels of gpx1 and mt-atp6 decreased significantly in the high concentration group. However, the mRNA expression levels of both ppara and pparg did not show any significant variation after exposure. These findings suggest that PFNA affected the development of zebrafish embryos at relatively low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Nan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Gleason JA, Post GB, Fagliano JA. Associations of perfluorinated chemical serum concentrations and biomarkers of liver function and uric acid in the US population (NHANES), 2007-2010. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 136:8-14. [PMID: 25460614 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) are a group of manmade compounds that are not broken down in the body. Four PFCs (PFHxS, PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA) have been found in the blood of more than 98% of the United States population. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to assess associations between PFHxS, PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA and uric acid, alanine transferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), asparate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphate (ALP), and total bilirubin in 2007-2008 and 2009-2010 combined National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS We used multivariate linear regression and logistic regression adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity and BMI group, poverty, smoking, and/or alcohol consumption to estimate associations. Trend analysis was performed. RESULTS PFHxS was associated with ALT. Each quartile of PFOS was statistically associated with total bilirubin [(Q2: OR=1.44, 95% CI 1.12-1.84), (Q3: OR=1.65, 95% CI 1.25-2.18), and (Q4: OR=1.51, 95% CI 1.06-2.15)], with evidence of an increasing trend (p-value=0.028). PFOA was associated with uric acid, ALT, GGT, and total bilirubin. PFNA was linearly associated with ALT (p-value <0.001), and there was statistically significant increasing trend (p-value=0.042). CONCLUSIONS Our analysis found evidence of associations of biomarkers of liver function and uric acid with PFHxS, PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA at levels found in the general U.S. population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie A Gleason
- Environmental and Occupational Health Surveillance Program, New Jersey Department of Health, 135 East State Street, P.O. Box 369, Trenton, NJ 08625 USA.
| | - Gloria B Post
- Office of Science, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 428 East State Street, Trenton, NJ 08609 USA.
| | - Jerald A Fagliano
- Environmental and Occupational Health Surveillance Program, New Jersey Department of Health, 135 East State Street, P.O. Box 369, Trenton, NJ 08625 USA.
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22
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Developmental toxicity of perfluorononanoic acid in mice. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 51:133-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Yao PL, Ehresman DJ, Rae JMC, Chang SC, Frame SR, Butenhoff JL, Kennedy GL, Peters JM. Comparative in vivo and in vitro analysis of possible estrogenic effects of perfluorooctanoic acid. Toxicology 2014; 326:62-73. [PMID: 25456267 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) could activate the estrogen receptor (ER). The present study examined the hypothesis that PFOA can activate ER using an in vivo uterotrophic assay in CD-1 mice and an in vitro reporter assay. Pre-pubertal female CD-1 mice fed an estrogen-free diet from postnatal day (PND)14 through weaning on PND18 were administered 0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, or 1mg/kg PFOA or 17β-estradiol (E2, 0.5mg/kg) from PND18-20. In contrast to E2, PFOA caused no changes in the relative uterine weight, the expression of ER target genes, or the morphology of the uterus/cervix and/or vagina on PND21. Treatment of a stable human cell line containing an ER-dependent luciferase reporter construct with a broad concentration range of PFOA caused no change in ER-dependent luciferase activity; whereas E2 caused a marked increase of ER-dependent luciferase activity. These data indicate that PFOA does not activate mouse or human ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Li Yao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | | | | | - Steven R Frame
- Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, Newark, DE 19701, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Cizkova K, Rajdova A, Ehrmann J. Spatio-temporal expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α during human prenatal development. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 116:361-6. [PMID: 25225039 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor which is activated by various endogenous as well as exogenous compounds. It is involved in the regulation of a variety of biological processes, such as nutrient metabolism, energy homoeostasis, immunological response and xenobiotic metabolism. Little is known about its expression during human prenatal development. We examined the spatio-temporal expression pattern of PPARα in human embryonic/foetal intestines, liver and kidney from the 5th to 20th week of prenatal life by indirect two-step immunohistochemistry. PPARα expression can already be detected in the early stages of prenatal development; as early as the 7th week of intrauterine development (IUD) in the intestines, 5th week of IUD in the liver and 6th week of IUD in the kidney. We found age-dependent changes in the PPARα expression pattern in the intestines and kidney. These events occur approximately at the commencement of function of these organs. In the intestines, we detected an obvious change of the PPARα expression pattern along the crypt-villous axis in the 11th week of IUD. In the kidney, the most apparent change was increased expression of PPARα in glomeruli in the 12th week of IUD. Moreover, in the liver, we detected a strong positivity in part of the developing blood elements. Information about the spatio-temporal expression pattern of PPARα could be the first step in evaluating the potential harmful impact of a wide range of environmental or pharmaceutical compounds which serve as PPARα ligands on the developing human organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Cizkova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Wolf CJ, Rider CV, Lau C, Abbott BD. Evaluating the additivity of perfluoroalkyl acids in binary combinations on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α activation. Toxicology 2014; 316:43-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Borg D, Lund BO, Lindquist NG, Håkansson H. Cumulative health risk assessment of 17 perfluoroalkylated and polyfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) in the Swedish population. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 59:112-123. [PMID: 23792420 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Humans are simultaneously exposed to a multitude of chemicals. Human health risk assessment of chemicals is, however, normally performed on single substances, which may underestimate the total risk, thus bringing a need for reliable methods to assess the risk of combined exposure to multiple chemicals. Per- and polyfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) is a large group of chemicals that has emerged as global environmental contaminants. In the Swedish population, 17 PFASs have been measured, of which the vast majority lacks human health risk assessment information. The objective of this study was to for the first time perform a cumulative health risk assessment of the 17 PFASs measured in the Swedish population, individually and in combination, using the Hazard Index (HI) approach. Swedish biomonitoring data (blood/serum concentrations of PFASs) were used and two study populations identified: 1) the general population exposed indirectly via the environment and 2) occupationally exposed professional ski waxers. Hazard data used were publicly available toxicity data for hepatotoxicity and reproductive toxicity as well as other more sensitive toxic effects. The results showed that PFASs concentrations were in the low ng/ml serum range in the general population, reaching high ng/ml and low μg/ml serum concentrations in the occupationally exposed. For those congeners lacking toxicity data with regard to hepatotoxicity and reproductive toxicity read-across extrapolations was performed. Other effects at lower dose levels were observed for some well-studied congeners. The risk characterization showed no concern for hepatotoxicity or reproductive toxicity in the general population except in a subpopulation eating PFOS-contaminated fish, illustrating that high local exposure may be of concern. For the occupationally exposed there was concern for hepatotoxicity by PFOA and all congeners in combination as well as for reproductive toxicity by all congeners in combination, thus a need for reduced exposure was identified. Concern for immunotoxicity by PFOS and for disrupted mammary gland development by PFOA was identified in both study populations as well as a need of additional toxicological data for many PFAS congeners with respect to all assessed endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Borg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Department of Environmental Health Risk Assessment, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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27
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O'Brien JM, Williams A, Yauk CL, Crump D, Kennedy SW. In vitro microarray analysis identifies genes in acute-phase response pathways that are down-regulated in the liver of chicken embryos exposed in ovo to PFUdA. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1649-58. [PMID: 23602845 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA) is one of the most highly detected perfluoroalkyl compounds in wild bird tissues and eggs. Although PFUdA does not affect hatching success, many PFCs are known to impair post-hatch development and survival. Here we use microarrays to survey the transcriptional response of cultured chicken embryonic hepatocytes (CEH) to PFUdA for potential targets of PFUdA action that could lead to developmental deficiencies in exposed birds. At 1 μM and 10 μM PFUdA significantly altered the expression of 346 and 676 transcripts, respectively (fold-change>1.5, p<0.05, false discovery rate-corrected). Using functional, pathway and interactome analysis we identified several potentially important targets of PFUdA exposure, including the suppression of the acute-phase response (APR). We then measured the expression of five APR genes, fibrinogen alpha (fga), fibrinogen gamma (fgg), thrombin (f2), plasminogen (plg), and protein C (proC), in the liver of chicken embryos exposed in ovo to PFUdA. The expression of fga, f2, and proC were down-regulated in embryo livers (100 or 1000 ng/g, p<0.1) as predicted from microarray analysis, whereas fibrinogen gamma (fgg) was up-regulated and plg was not significantly affected. Our results demonstrate the utility of CEH coupled with transcriptome analysis as an in vitro screening tool for identifying novel effects of toxicant exposure. Additionally, we identified APR suppression as a potentially important and environmentally relevant target of PFUdA. These findings suggest in ovo exposure of birds to PFUdA may lead to post-hatch developmental deficiencies, such as impaired inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M O'Brien
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 20 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Carr CK, Watkins AM, Wolf CJ, Abbott BD, Lau C, Gennings C. Testing for departures from additivity in mixtures of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). Toxicology 2013; 306:169-75. [PMID: 23470359 PMCID: PMC3810000 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study is a follow-up to a paper by Carr et al. that determined a design structure to optimally test for departures from additivity in a fixed ratio mixture of four perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) using an in vitro transiently-transfected COS-1 PPARα reporter model with a mixing ratio that is based on average serum levels in NHANES subjects. Availability of information regarding potential for additivity of PFAAs in mixtures is critically important for risk assessors who are concerned with the ability of the compounds to affect human health and impact ecological systems. It is clear that exposures are not to single compounds, but to mixtures of the PFAAs. This paper presents the results from the data collected using the design from Carr et al. along with subsequent analyses that were performed to classify the relationships among mixtures of PFAAs. A non-linear logistic additivity model was employed to predict relative luciferase units (RLU), an indicator of PPARα activation. The results indicated a less than additive relationship among the four PFAAs. To determine if the possible "antagonism" is from the competition among or between carboxylates and sulfonates, four different binary mixtures were also studied. There was a less than additive relationship in all four binary mixtures. These findings are generally similar to two other reports of interfering interactions between PFAAs in mixtures. The most conservative interpretation for our data would be an assumption of additivity (and lack of a greater than additive interaction), with a potential for antagonistic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline K Carr
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0032, USA.
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Rockwell CE, Turley AE, Cheng X, Fields PE, Klaassen CD. Acute Immunotoxic Effects of Perfluorononanoic Acid (PFNA) in C57BL/6 Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; Suppl 4. [PMID: 25568816 DOI: 10.4172/2161-1459.s4-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
otrganic perfluorochemicals (PFCs) have become an environmental concern due to widespread detection in human blood and experimental evidence for immune, developmental, and liver toxicity. Whereas the blood concentrations of many PFCs are declining, blood levels of Perfluorononanoic Acid (PFNA) are rising in the United States. The purpose of the present studies was to determine the effects of PFNA on lymphoid organs and immune cells of C57BL/6 mice. The present study demonstrates that PFNA produces immunotoxic effects in both male and female C57BL/6 mice as evidenced by splenic atrophy, decreased splenocyte numbers, and a marked reduction in thymocyte viability. The current study also demonstrates that the effects of PFNA on different leukocyte populations are not uniform. The CD4+CD8+ double-positive thymocytes were particularly sensitive to PFNA in which the proportion of this population was >95% decreased relative to the entire CD4+ thymocyte population in PFNA-treated mice. Interestingly, PFNA also markedly increased serum levels of TNFα in response to LPS in mice. Collectively, the present studies demonstrate that PFNA decreases lymphocyte viability and alters the immune response to LPS in C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl E Rockwell
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Alexandra E Turley
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Xingguo Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Patrick E Fields
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Chen MH, Ha EH, Wen TW, Su YN, Lien GW, Chen CY, Chen PC, Hsieh WS. Perfluorinated compounds in umbilical cord blood and adverse birth outcomes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42474. [PMID: 22879996 PMCID: PMC3411780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous animal studies have shown that perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have adverse impacts on birth outcomes, but the results have been inconclusive in humans. We investigated associations between prenatal exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctyl sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUA) and birth outcomes. Methods In total, 429 mother-infant pairs were recruited from the Taiwan Birth Panel Study (TBPS). Demographic data were obtained by interviewing mothers using a structured questionnaire and birth outcomes were extracted from medical records. Cord blood was collected for PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, and PFUA analysis by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Results The geometric mean (standard deviation) levels of PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, and PFUA in cord blood plasma were 1.84 (2.23), 5.94 (1.95), 2.36(4.74), and 10.26 (3.07) ng/mL, respectively. Only PFOS levels were found to be inversely associated with gestational age, birth weight, and head circumference [per ln unit: adjusted β (95% confidence interval, CI) = −0.37 (−0.60, −0.13) wks, −110.2 (−176.0, −44.5) gm and −0.25 (−0.46, −0.05) cm]. Additionally, the odds ratio of preterm birth, low birth weight, and small for gestational age increased with PFOS exposure [per ln unit: adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95%CI) = 2.45 (1.47, 4.08), 2.61(0.85, 8.03) and 2.27 (1.25, 4.15)]. When PFOS levels were divided into quartiles, a dose-response relation was observed. However, PFOA, PFNA, and PFUA were not observed to have any convincing impact on birth outcomes. Conclusions An adverse dose-dependent association was observed between prenatal PFOS exposure and birth outcomes. However, no associations were found for the other examined PFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Huei Chen
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardinal Tien Hospital Yonghe Branch, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eun-Hee Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ting-Wen Wen
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ning Su
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Genomics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Wen Lien
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yang Chen
- Institute of Environmental Health, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pau-Chung Chen
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (WSH); (PCC)
| | - Wu-Shiun Hsieh
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (WSH); (PCC)
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31
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Wolf CJ, Schmid JE, Lau C, Abbott BD. Activation of mouse and human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα) by perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs): Further investigation of C4–C12 compounds. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 33:546-551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Peters JM, Gonzalez FJ. Why toxic equivalency factors are not suitable for perfluoroalkyl chemicals. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1601-9. [PMID: 21913657 PMCID: PMC6624430 DOI: 10.1021/tx200316x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pervasive nature of perfluoroalkyl chemicals in the environment has generated considerable interest for developing new strategies for risk assessment. In experimental animal models, exposure to perfluoroalkyl chemicals can cause developmental toxicity and hepatotoxicity. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) is required to mediate some but not all of these effects. Since PPARα has a role in mediating some of these effects, and there is some overlap in the type of toxicities elicited by perfluoroalkyl chemicals, it has been suggested that a scaling system analogous to the toxic equivalency factor (TEF) system used for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) could be used for perfluoroalkyl chemicals. However, evidence suggests that perfluoroalkyl chemicals can activate/interfere with other receptors, and there is reason to suggest the possibility of species differences in the response mediated by different receptors as well as qualitative differences in toxicities elicited by perfluoroalkyl chemicals. These differences and other data gaps preclude the development of a TEF approach for perfluoroalkyl chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, United States.
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Zheng XM, Liu HL, Shi W, Wei S, Giesy JP, Yu HX. Effects of perfluorinated compounds on development of zebrafish embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 19:2498-505. [PMID: 22828880 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0977-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been widely used in industrial and consumer products and frequently detected in many environmental media. Potential reproductive effects of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) have been reported in mice, rats and water birds. PFOS and PFOA were also confirmed developing toxicants towards zebrafish embryos; however, the reported effect concentrations were contradictory. Polyfluorinated alkylated phosphate ester surfactants (including FC807) are precursor of PFOS and PFOA; however, there is no published information about the effects of FC807 and PFNA on zebrafish embryos. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effects of these four PFCs on zebrafish embryos. Normal fertilized zebrafish embryos were selected to be exposed to several concentrations of PFOA, PFNA, PFOS or FC807 in 24-well cell culture plates. A digital camera was used to image morphological anomalies of embryos with a stereomicroscope. Embryos were observed through matching up to 96-h post-fertilization (hpf) and rates of survival and abnormalities recorded. PFCs caused lethality in a concentration-dependent manner with potential toxicity in the order of PFOS > FC807 > PFNA > PFOA based on 72-h LC(50). Forty-eight-hour post-fertilization pericardial edema and 72- or 96-hpf spine crooked malformation were all observed. PFOA, PFNA, PFOS and FC807 all caused structural abnormalities using early stages of development of zebrafish. The PFCs all retarded the development of zebrafish embryos. The toxicity of the PFCs was related to the length of the PFC chain and functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Mei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, China
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