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Vaucel JA, Larréché S, Paradis C, Courtois A, Pujo JM, Elenga N, Résière D, Caré W, de Haro L, Gallart JC, Torrents R, Schmitt C, Chevalier J, Labadie M, Kallel H. French Scorpionism (Mainland and Oversea Territories): Narrative Review of Scorpion Species, Scorpion Venom, and Envenoming Management. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14100719. [PMID: 36287987 PMCID: PMC9611377 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixty-seven scorpion species have been described in France and its territories, where they have been found to be heterogeneously distributed. Indeed, only one species can be found on Réunion Island, while 38 species exist in French Guiana. The number of stings is also heterogenous, with up to 90 stings per 100,000 inhabitants occurring annually. Scorpion species can frequently be determined through simple visual factors, including species of medical importance (i.e., Buthus, Centruroides and Tityus). Scorpion venom is composed of local enzymes and peptides with a cysteine-stabilized α/β motif (NaTxs, Ktxs, Calcines), which allow for venom diffusion and the prey's incapacitation, respectively. Harmful scorpion species are limited to Centruroides pococki in the French West Indies, which can induce severe envenoming, and the Tityus obscurus and Tityus silvestris in French Guiana, which can cause fatalities in children and can induce severe envenoming, respectively. Envenomation by one of these scorpions requires hospital monitoring as long as systemic symptoms persist. Typical management includes the use of a lidocaine patch, pain killers, and local antiseptic. In the case of heart failure, the use of dobutamine can improve survival, and pregnant women must consult an obstetrician because of the elevated risk of preterm birth or stillbirth. France does not have scorpion antivenom, as scorpion stings are generally not fatal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules-Antoine Vaucel
- Bordeaux Poison Control Centre, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire Bordeaux Pellegrin, 33000 Bordeaux, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-05-5679-8776
| | - Sébastien Larréché
- Medical Biology Department, Hôpital d’Instruction Des Armées Bégin, 94160 Saint-Mandé, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR-S 1144, Université de Paris, 75000 Paris, France
| | - Camille Paradis
- Bordeaux Poison Control Centre, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire Bordeaux Pellegrin, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Arnaud Courtois
- Bordeaux Poison Control Centre, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire Bordeaux Pellegrin, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Marc Pujo
- Emergency Department, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, France
| | - Narcisse Elenga
- Pediatric Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, France
| | - Dabor Résière
- Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire Martinique, 97200 Fort de France, France
| | - Weniko Caré
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR-S 1144, Université de Paris, 75000 Paris, France
- Paris Poison Control Center, Fédération de Toxicologie (FeTox), Hôpital Fernand Widal, AP-HP, 75000 Paris, France
- Internal Medicine Department, Hôpital d’Instruction des Armées Bégin, 94160 Val-de-Marne, France
| | - Luc de Haro
- Marseille Poison Control Centre, Assistance Public des Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13000 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Gallart
- Toulouse Poison Control Centre, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Toulouse, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Torrents
- Marseille Poison Control Centre, Assistance Public des Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13000 Marseille, France
| | - Corinne Schmitt
- Marseille Poison Control Centre, Assistance Public des Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13000 Marseille, France
| | | | - Magali Labadie
- Bordeaux Poison Control Centre, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire Bordeaux Pellegrin, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Hatem Kallel
- Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, France
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Salabi F, Jafari H. Differential venom gland gene expression analysis of juvenile and adult scorpions Androctonus crassicauda. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:636. [PMID: 36076177 PMCID: PMC9454214 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08866-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Androctonus crassicauda, belonging to the genus Androctonus of the family Buthidae, is the most venomous scorpion in Middle East countries. However, the venom gland transcriptome profile of A. crassicauda scorpion has not yet been studied. In this study, we elucidated and compared the venom gland gene expression profiles of adult and juvenile male scorpion A. crassicauda using high-throughput transcriptome sequencing. This is the first report of transcriptional analysis of the venom glands of scorpions in different growth stages, with insights into the identification of the key genes during venom gland development. Results A total of 209,951 mRNA transcripts were identified from total RNA-seq data, of which 963 transcripts were differentially expressed (DE) in adult and juvenile scorpions (p < 0.01). Overall, we identified 558 up-regulated and 405 down-regulated transcripts in the adult compared to the juvenile scorpions, of which 397 and 269 unique unigenes were annotated, respectively. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that the metabolic, thermogenesis, cytoskeleton, estrogen signaling, GnRH signaling, growth hormone signaling, and melanogenesis pathways were affected by two different growth conditions and the results suggested that the DE genes related to those pathways are important genes associated with scorpion venom gland development, in which they may be important in future studies, including Chs, Elovl, MYH, RDX, ACTN, VCL, PIP5K, PP1C, FGFR, GNAS, EGFR, CREB, CoA, PLCB, CALM, CACNA, PKA and CAMK genes. Conclusions These findings broadened our knowledge of the differences between adult and juvenile scorpion venom and opened new perspectives on the application of comparative transcriptome analysis to identify the special key genes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08866-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Salabi
- Department of Venomous Animals and Anti-Venom Production, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Hedieh Jafari
- Department of Venomous Animals and Anti-Venom Production, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Ahvaz, Iran
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Moussaoui H, Ladjel-Mendil A, Laraba-Djebari F. Neuromodulation of neurological disorders in a demyelination model: effect of a potassium channel inhibitor from Androctonus scorpion venom. TOXIN REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.2022698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadjila Moussaoui
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, USTHB, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Amina Ladjel-Mendil
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, USTHB, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fatima Laraba-Djebari
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, USTHB, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Algiers, Algeria
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Santhosh KN, Pavana D, Shruthi BR, Thippeswamy NB. Protein profile of scorpion venom from Hottentotta rugiscutis and its immunogenic potential in inducing long term memory response. Toxicon 2022; 205:71-78. [PMID: 34826434 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.11.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The scorpions of the Buthidae family exhibit diverse toxins with proven pharmacological activities and yet underexplored. The Hottentotta rugiscutis is a commonly found south-Indian buthid scorpion, whose venom proteomic profile is unknown. In this study, the venom was biochemically and immunologically characterized by SDS-PAGE, MALDI-TOF MS, Western blot and ELISA. The regional and seasonal variation in the venom composition from the same species was also assessed at the molecular mass level. The venom was further studied in albino mice to understand its impact on various blood parameters. The venom has varied MW proteins from 6 to 275 kDa, four of them were found to be major immunodominant proteins. The mass spectra have revealed that some proteins are predominantly present in the venom of 3-4.5 kDa or 6.5-8.0 kDa, which could be the K+ or Na+ channel blockers respectively whose ratio varied by season. The obtained venom-mass spectra could also be used as H. rugiscutis specific finger-print in identifying the region-specific species. The venom was found to elicit a stress-induced innate immune response in mice, giving rise to a strong Th2 mediated humoral immune response. Overall, this study has provided a glimpse of the venom composition and its immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kambaiah Nagaraj Santhosh
- Department of Postgraduate Studies and Research in Microbiology, Jnana Sahyadri Campus, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India.
| | - Dattatreya Pavana
- Department of Postgraduate Studies and Research in Microbiology, Jnana Sahyadri Campus, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India.
| | - Balakrishna Rao Shruthi
- Department of Postgraduate Studies and Research in Microbiology, Jnana Sahyadri Campus, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India.
| | - Nayaka Boramuthi Thippeswamy
- Department of Postgraduate Studies and Research in Microbiology, Jnana Sahyadri Campus, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India.
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Maatoug S, Cheikh A, Khamessi O, Tabka H, Landoulsi Z, Guigonis JM, Diochot S, Bendahhou S, Benkhalifa R. Cross Pharmacological, Biochemical and Computational Studies of a Human Kv3.1b Inhibitor from Androctonus australis Venom. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212290. [PMID: 34830172 PMCID: PMC8618407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The voltage-gated K+ channels Kv3.1 display fast activation and deactivation kinetics and are known to have a crucial contribution to the fast-spiking phenotype of certain neurons. AahG50, as a natural product extracted from Androctonus australis hector venom, inhibits selectively Kv3.1 channels. In the present study, we focused on the biochemical and pharmacological characterization of the component in AahG50 scorpion venom that potently and selectively blocks the Kv3.1 channels. We used a combined optimization through advanced biochemical purification and patch-clamp screening steps to characterize the peptide in AahG50 active on Kv3.1 channels. We described the inhibitory effect of a toxin on Kv3.1 unitary current in black lipid bilayers. In silico, docking experiments are used to study the molecular details of the binding. We identified the first scorpion venom peptide inhibiting Kv3.1 current at 170 nM. This toxin is the alpha-KTx 15.1, which occludes the Kv3.1 channel pore by means of the lysine 27 lateral chain. This study highlights, for the first time, the modulation of the Kv3.1 by alpha-KTx 15.1, which could be an interesting starting compound for developing therapeutic biomolecules against Kv3.1-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Maatoug
- Laboratoire Biomolécules, Venins et Applications Théranostiques (LR20IPT01), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur BP74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (A.C.); (H.T.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (R.B.); Tel.: +216-98-81-27-32 (R.B.)
| | - Amani Cheikh
- Laboratoire Biomolécules, Venins et Applications Théranostiques (LR20IPT01), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur BP74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (A.C.); (H.T.); (Z.L.)
| | - Oussema Khamessi
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules Thérapeutiques, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur BP74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia;
| | - Hager Tabka
- Laboratoire Biomolécules, Venins et Applications Théranostiques (LR20IPT01), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur BP74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (A.C.); (H.T.); (Z.L.)
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Bizerte 7021, Tunisia
| | - Zied Landoulsi
- Laboratoire Biomolécules, Venins et Applications Théranostiques (LR20IPT01), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur BP74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (A.C.); (H.T.); (Z.L.)
| | - Jean-Marie Guigonis
- Laboratory Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology (TIRO), Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut des Sciences du Vivant Fréderic Joliot, Commissariat à l′Energie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Université Côte d’Azur, F-06107 Nice, France;
| | - Sylvie Diochot
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Côte d’Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France;
| | - Saïd Bendahhou
- UMR7370 CNRS, LP2M, Université Côte d’Azur, Labex ICST, Nice, France;
| | - Rym Benkhalifa
- Laboratoire Biomolécules, Venins et Applications Théranostiques (LR20IPT01), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur BP74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (A.C.); (H.T.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (R.B.); Tel.: +216-98-81-27-32 (R.B.)
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Megaly AMA, Yoshimoto Y, Tsunoda Y, Miyashita M, Abdel-Wahab M, Nakagawa Y, Miyagawa H. Characterization of 2 linear peptides without disulfide bridges from the venom of the spider Lycosa poonaensis (Lycosidae). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1348-1356. [PMID: 33729438 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Spider venom is a complex mixture of bioactive components, in which peptides play an important role by showing neurotoxicity or cytotoxicity. Disulfide-rich peptides are major components in the venom, but linear peptides without disulfide bridges are also present and often show antimicrobial activity. In this study, we analyzed the venom of the spider Lycosa poonaensis (Lycosidae) to find novel antimicrobial peptides using mass spectrometry. The result revealed that 120 out of 401 detected components were nondisulfide-bridged peptides. From them, the sequence of 2 peptides (lyp2370 and lyp1987) were determined by MS/MS analysis. The biological activity test revealed that lyp2370 has only weak antibacterial activity. On the other hand, lyp1987, which is identical to M-lycotoxin-Ls3b from the Lycosa singoriensi venom, showed significant antibacterial activity. The weak activity of lyp2370 was found to be due to the presence of a Glu residue on the hydrophilic face of its amphipathic α-helical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhussin M A Megaly
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Yusuke Yoshimoto
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yugo Tsunoda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Miyashita
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiaki Nakagawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisashi Miyagawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Zheng Q, Na R, Yang L, Yu H, Zhao X, Huang X. The binding process of BmKTX and BmKTX-D33H toward to Kv1.3 channel: a molecular dynamics simulation study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:2788-2797. [PMID: 32329410 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1760135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The potassium channel Kv1.3 is an important pharmacological target and the Kaliotoxin-type toxins (α-KTX-3 family) are its specific blockers. Here, we study the binding process of two kinds of Kaliotoxin-type toxins:BmKTX and its mutant (BmKTX-D33H) toward to Kv1.3 channel using MD simulation and umbrella sampling simulation, respectively. The calculated binding free energies are -27 kcal/mol and -34 kcal/mol for BmKTX and BmKTX-D33H, respectively, which are consistent with experimental results. The further analysis indicate that the characteristic of electrostatic potential of the α-KTX-3 have important effect on their binding modes with Kv1.3 channel; the residue 33 in BmKTX or BmKTX-D33H plays a key role in determine their binding orientations toward to Kv1.3 channel; when residue 33 (or 34) has negative electrostatic potential, the anti-parallel β-sheet domain of α-KTX-3 toxin peptide will keep away from the filter region of Kv1.3 channel, as BmKTX; when residue 33(or 34) has positive electrostatic potential, the anti-parallel β-sheet domain of α-KTX-3 toxin peptide will interact with the filter region of Kv1.3 channel, as BmKTX-D33H. Above all, electrostatic potential differences on toxin surfaces and correlations motions within the toxins will determine the toxin-potassium channel interaction model. In addition, the hydrogen bond interaction is the pivotal factor for the Kv1.3-Kaliotoxin association. Understanding the binding mechanism of toxin-potassium channel will facilitate the rational development of new toxin analogue.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiancheng Zheng
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Risong Na
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, P.R China
| | - Lianjuan Yang
- Department of Mycology, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Yu
- College of Science, Beihua Univesrity, Jilin, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuri Huang
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Housley DM, Pinyon JL, von Jonquieres G, Perera CJ, Smout M, Liddell MJ, Jennings EA, Wilson D, Housley GD. Australian Scorpion Hormurus waigiensis Venom Fractions Show Broad Bioactivity Through Modulation of Bio-Impedance and Cytosolic Calcium. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E617. [PMID: 32316246 PMCID: PMC7226344 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpion venoms are a rich source of bioactive molecules, but characterisation of toxin peptides affecting cytosolic Ca2+, central to cell signalling and cell death, is limited. We undertook a functional screening of the venom of the Australian scorpion Hormurus waigiensis to determine the breadth of Ca2+ mobilisation. A human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cell line stably expressing the genetically encoded Ca2+ reporter GCaMP5G and the rabbit type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) was developed as a biosensor. Size-exclusion Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography separated the venom into 53 fractions, constituting 12 chromatographic peaks. Liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy identified 182 distinct molecules with 3 to 63 components per peak. The molecular weights varied from 258 Da-13.6 kDa, with 53% under 1 kDa. The majority of the venom chromatographic peaks (tested as six venom pools) were found to reversibly modulate cell monolayer bioimpedance, detected using the xCELLigence platform (ACEA Biosciences). Confocal Ca2+ imaging showed 9/14 peak samples, with molecules spanning the molecular size range, increased cytosolic Ca2+ mobilization. H. waigiensis venom Ca2+ activity was correlated with changes in bio-impedance, reflecting multi-modal toxin actions on cell physiology across the venom proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Housley
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (D.M.H.); (J.L.P.); (G.v.J.); (C.J.P.)
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Sunshine Coast, QLD 4575, Australia
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, Cairns Campus, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia;
| | - Jeremy L. Pinyon
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (D.M.H.); (J.L.P.); (G.v.J.); (C.J.P.)
| | - Georg von Jonquieres
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (D.M.H.); (J.L.P.); (G.v.J.); (C.J.P.)
| | - Chamini J. Perera
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (D.M.H.); (J.L.P.); (G.v.J.); (C.J.P.)
| | - Michael Smout
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia; (M.S.); (D.W.)
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Michael J. Liddell
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science & Engineering, Cairns Campus, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia;
| | - Ernest A. Jennings
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, Cairns Campus, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia;
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia; (M.S.); (D.W.)
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - David Wilson
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia; (M.S.); (D.W.)
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Gary D. Housley
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (D.M.H.); (J.L.P.); (G.v.J.); (C.J.P.)
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Tamadon H, Ghasemi Z, Ghasemi F, Hosseinmardi N, Vatanpour H, Janahmadi M. Characterization of Functional Effects of Two New Active Fractions Isolated From Scorpion Venom on Neuronal Ca 2+ Spikes: A Possible Action on Ca 2+-Dependent Dependent K + Channels. Basic Clin Neurosci 2019. [PMID: 31031893 PMCID: PMC6484188 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.9.10.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is a long time that natural toxin research is conducted to unlock the medical potential of toxins. Although venoms-toxins cause pathophysiological conditions, they may be effective to treat several diseases. Since toxins including scorpion toxins target voltage-gated ion channels, they may have profound effects on excitable cells. Therefore, elucidating the cellular and electrophysiological impacts of toxins, particularly scorpion toxins would be helpful in future drug development opportunities. METHODS Intracellular recording was made from F1 cells of Helix aspersa in the presence of calcium Ringer solution in which Na+ and K+ channels were blocked. Then, the modulation of channel function in the presence of extracellular application of F4 and F6 toxins and kaliotoxin (KTX; 50 nM and 1 μM) was examined by assessing the electrophysiological characteristics of calcium spikes. RESULTS The two active toxin fractions, similar to KTX, a known Ca2+-activated K+ channel blocker, reduced the amplitude of AHP, enhanced the firing frequency of calcium spikes and broadened the duration of Ca2+ spikes. Therefore, it might be inferred that these two new fractions induce neuronal hyperexcitability possibly, in part, by blocking calcium-activated potassium channel current. However, this supposition requires further investigation using voltage clamping technique. CONCLUSION These toxin fractions may act as blocker of calcium-activated potassium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Tamadon
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Research Center,
School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat
Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Research Center,
School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Hosseinmardi
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Research Center,
School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Vatanpour
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of
Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyar Janahmadi
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Research Center,
School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding Author: Mahyar
Janahmadi, PhD.Address: Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Research
Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Tel: +98 (21) 22439971
E-mail:;
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Ward MJ, Ellsworth SA, Nystrom GS. A global accounting of medically significant scorpions: Epidemiology, major toxins, and comparative resources in harmless counterparts. Toxicon 2018; 151:137-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Saidani C, Béchohra L, Laraba-Djebari F, Hammoudi-Triki D. Kidney inflammation and tissue injury induced by scorpion venom: comparison with a nephrotoxic model. TOXIN REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2018.1446028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chanez Saidani
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Louisa Béchohra
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fatima Laraba-Djebari
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Djelila Hammoudi-Triki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
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Emerich BL, De Lima ME, Martin-Eauclaire MF, Bougis PE. Comparative analyses and implications for antivenom serotherapy of four Moroccan scorpion Buthus occitanus venoms: Subspecies tunetanus, paris, malhommei, and mardochei. Toxicon 2017; 149:26-36. [PMID: 28712915 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Temporary passive immunity such as serotherapy against venoms requires the full knowledge of all venom's components. Here, four venoms from Moroccan common yellow scorpions belonging to Buthus occitanus, subspecies tunetanus, paris, malhommei, and mardochei, all collected in four different restricted areas, were analysed in deep. They were fractionated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and their molecular masse profile determined by off-line MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Characterisation of their main components was achieved by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using specific antisera against the major lethal scorpion toxins identified so far, i.e. voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav) modulators α- and β-toxins, as well as diverse potassium channel pore blocker toxins. For fractions with identical RP-HPLC retention times, we observe that their relative quantities show large differences. Moreover, identical masses present simultaneously in the four venoms are infrequent. ELISAs show that the majority of the RP-HPLC compounds cross-react with the antiserum against the "α-like" toxin Bot I, which has been previously identified in the Algerian Buthus occitanus tunetanus venom. Moreover, minor fractions were recognised by the antiserum against the highly lethal "classical" α-toxin of reference AaH II from the Androctonus australis venom. As such, our results bring new sights for further improving scorpion venom serotherapy in Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Luiza Emerich
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M UMR7286, 13344, Marseille, France; Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Dept de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo-Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Elena De Lima
- Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Dept de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo-Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Pierre E Bougis
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M UMR7286, 13344, Marseille, France.
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Issaad N, Ait-Lounis A, Laraba-Djebari F. Cytotoxicity and actin cytoskeleton damage induced in human alveolar epithelial cells by Androctonus australis hector venom. TOXIN REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1320806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Issaad
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Aouatef Ait-Lounis
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fatima Laraba-Djebari
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
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14
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Saidani C, Hammoudi-Triki D, Laraba-Djebari F, Taub M. In vitro studies with renal proximal tubule cells show direct cytotoxicity of Androctonus australis hector scorpion venom triggered by oxidative stress, caspase activation and apoptosis. Toxicon 2016; 120:29-37. [PMID: 27470530 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Scorpion envenomation injures a number of organs, including the kidney. Mechanisms proposed to explain the renal tubule injury include direct effects of venom on tubule epithelial cells, as well as indirect effects of the autonomic nervous system, and inflammation. Here, we report direct effects of Androctonus australis hector (Aah) scorpion venom on the viability of Renal Proximal Tubule (RPT) cells in vitro, unlike distal tubule and collecting duct cells. Extensive NucGreen nuclear staining was observed in immortalized rabbit RPT cells following treatment with Aah venom, consistent with cytotoxicity. The involvement of oxidative stress is supported by the observations that 1) anti-oxidants mitigated the Aah venom-induced decrease in the number of viable RPT cells, and 2) Aah venom-treated RPT cells were intensively stained with the CellROX(®) Deep Red reagent, an indicator of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Relevance to normal RPT cells is supported by the red fluorescence observed in Aah venom treated primary rabbit RPT cell cultures following their incubation with the Flica reagent (indicative of caspase activation and apoptosis), and the green fluorescence of Sytox Green (indicative of dead cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanez Saidani
- Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Hourari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, BP32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Djelila Hammoudi-Triki
- Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Hourari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, BP32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fatima Laraba-Djebari
- Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Hourari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, BP32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Mary Taub
- Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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15
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Nikouee A, Khabiri M, Cwiklik L. Scorpion toxins prefer salt solutions. J Mol Model 2015; 21:287. [PMID: 26475740 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2822-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is a wide variety of ion channel types with various types of blockers, making research in this field very complicated. To reduce this complexity, it is essential to study ion channels and their blockers independently. Scorpion toxins, a major class of blockers, are charged short peptides with high affinities for potassium channels. Their high selectivity and inhibitory properties make them an important pharmacological tool for treating autoimmune or nervous system disorders. Scorpion toxins typically have highly charged surfaces and-like other proteins-an intrinsic ability to bind ions (Friedman J Phys Chem B 115(29):9213-9223, 1996; Baldwin Biophys J 71(4):2056-2063, 1996; Vrbka et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(42):15440-15444, 2006a; Vrbka et al. J Phys Chem B 110(13):7036-43, 2006b). Thus, their effects on potassium channels are usually investigated in various ionic solutions. In this work, computer simulations of protein structures were performed to analyze the structural properties of the key residues (i.e., those that are presumably involved in contact with the surfaces of the ion channels) of 12 scorpion toxins. The presence of the two most physiologically abundant cations, Na(+) and K(+), was considered. The results indicated that the ion-binding properties of the toxin residues vary. Overall, all of the investigated toxins had more stable structures in ionic solutions than in water. We found that both the number and length of elements in the secondary structure varied depending on the ionic solution used (i.e., in the presence of NaCl or KCl). This study revealed that the ionic solution should be chosen carefully before performing experiments on these toxins. Similarly, the influence of these ions should be taken into consideration in the design of toxin-based pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Nikouee
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Morteza Khabiri
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Lukasz Cwiklik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Dolejskova 3, 18223, Prague 8, Czech Republic
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16
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Schmitz K, Barthelmes J, Stolz L, Beyer S, Diehl O, Tegeder I. "Disease modifying nutricals" for multiple sclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 148:85-113. [PMID: 25435020 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The association between vitamin D and multiple sclerosis has (re)-opened new interest in nutrition and natural compounds in the prevention and treatment of this neuroinflammatory disease. The dietary amount and type of fat, probiotics and biologicals, salmon proteoglycans, phytoestrogens and protease inhibitor of soy, sodium chloride and trace elements, and fat soluble vitamins including D, A and E were all considered as disease-modifying nutraceuticals. Studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice suggest that poly-unsaturated fatty acids and their 'inflammation-resolving' metabolites and the gut microflora may reduce auto-aggressive immune cells and reduce progression or risk of relapse, and infection with whipworm eggs may positively change the gut-brain communication. Encouraged by the recent interest in multiple sclerosis-nutrition nature's pharmacy has been searched for novel compounds with anti-inflammatory, immune-modifying and antioxidative properties, the most interesting being the scorpion toxins that inhibit specific potassium channels of T cells and antioxidative compounds including the green tea flavonoid epigallocatechin-3-gallate, curcumin and the mustard oil glycoside from e.g. broccoli and sulforaphane. They mostly also inhibit pro-inflammatory signaling through NF-κB or toll-like receptors and stabilize the blood brain barrier. Disease modifying functions may also complement analgesic and anti-spastic effects of cannabis, its constituents, and of 'endocannabinoid enhancing' drugs or nutricals like inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase. Nutricals will not solve multiple sclerosis therapeutic challenges but possibly support pharmacological interventions or unearth novel structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schmitz
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julia Barthelmes
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Leonie Stolz
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Susanne Beyer
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Olaf Diehl
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany.
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17
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Goyffon M, Tournier JN. Scorpions: a presentation. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2137-48. [PMID: 25133517 PMCID: PMC4113747 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6072137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Scorpions, at least the species of the family Buthidæ whose venoms are better known, appear as animals that have evolved very little over time. The composition of their venoms is relatively simple as most toxins have a common structural motif that is found in other venoms from primitive species. Moreover, all the scorpion venom toxins principally act on membrane ionic channels of excitable cells. The results of recent works lead to the conclusion that in scorpions there is a close relationship between venomous function and innate immune function both remarkably efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Goyffon
- Department RDDM, National Museum of Natural History, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
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18
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Luna-Ramírez K, Bartok A, Restano-Cassulini R, Quintero-Hernández V, Coronas FIV, Christensen J, Wright CE, Panyi G, Possani LD. Structure, Molecular Modeling, and Function of the Novel Potassium Channel Blocker Urotoxin Isolated from the Venom of the Australian Scorpion Urodacus yaschenkoi. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 86:28-41. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.090183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Martin-Eauclaire MF, Bosmans F, Céard B, Diochot S, Bougis PE. A first exploration of the venom of the Buthus occitanus scorpion found in southern France. Toxicon 2014; 79:55-63. [PMID: 24418174 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Even though Buthus occitanus scorpions are found throughout the Mediterranean region, a lack of distinctive characteristics has hampered their classification into different subspecies. Yet, stings from this particular scorpion family are reported each year to result in pain followed by various toxic symptoms. In order to determine the toxicity origin of the rare French B. occitanus Amoreux scorpion, we collected several specimens and studied their venom composition using a nano ultra high performance liquid chromatography and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (nano UHPLC/MALDI-TOF-MS) automated workflow combined with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) approach. Moreover, we compared this dataset to that obtained from highly lethal Androctonus australis and Androctonus mauretanicus scorpions collected in North Africa. As a result, we found that the B. occitanus Amoreux venom is toxic to mice, an observation that is most likely caused by venom components that inhibit voltage-gated sodium channel inactivation. Moreover, we identified similarities in venom composition between B. occitanus scorpions living in the South of France and other Buthidae collected in Morocco and Algeria. As such, the results of this study should be taken into consideration when treating stings from the B. occitanus species living in the South of France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-France Martin-Eauclaire
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M UMR7286, Faculté de Médecine, Campus Nord, CS80011, Bd Pierre Dramard, F-13344 Marseille Cedex 15, 13015 Marseille, France
| | - Frank Bosmans
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University-School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University-School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Brigitte Céard
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M UMR7286, Faculté de Médecine, Campus Nord, CS80011, Bd Pierre Dramard, F-13344 Marseille Cedex 15, 13015 Marseille, France
| | - Sylvie Diochot
- CNRS, IPMC UMR 6097, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Pierre E Bougis
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M UMR7286, Faculté de Médecine, Campus Nord, CS80011, Bd Pierre Dramard, F-13344 Marseille Cedex 15, 13015 Marseille, France.
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20
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Characterization of the first K+ channel blockers from the venom of the Moroccan scorpion Buthus occitanus Paris. Toxicon 2013; 75:168-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Maffie JK, Dvoretskova E, Bougis PE, Martin-Eauclaire MF, Rudy B. Dipeptidyl-peptidase-like-proteins confer high sensitivity to the scorpion toxin AmmTX3 to Kv4-mediated A-type K+ channels. J Physiol 2013; 591:2419-27. [PMID: 23440961 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.248831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
K+ channels containing Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 pore-forming subunits mediate most of the subthreshold-operating somatodendritic A-type K+ current in CNS neurons. These channels are believed to be important in regulating the frequency of repetitive firing, the backpropagation of action potential into dendrites, and dendritic integration and plasticity. Moreover, they have been implicated in several diseases from pain to epilepsy and autism spectrum disorders. The lack of toxins that specifically and efficiently block these channels has hampered studies aimed at confirming their functional role and their involvement in disease. AmmTX3 and other related members of the α-KTX15 family of scorpion toxins have been shown to block the A-type K+ current in cultured neurons, but their specificity has been questioned because the toxins do not efficiently block the currents mediated by Kv4.2 or Kv4.3 subunits expressed in heterologous cells. Here we show that the high-affinity blockade of Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 channels by AmmTX3 depends on the presence of the auxiliary subunits DPP6 and DPP10. These proteins are thought to be components of the Kv4 channel complex in neurons and to be important for channel expression in dendrites. These studies validate the use of AmmTX3 as a blocker of the Kv4-mediated A-type K+ current in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon K Maffie
- Smilow Neuroscience Program, NYU School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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22
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Ladjel-Mendil A, Martin-Eauclaire MF, Laraba-Djebari F. Neuropathophysiological effect and immuno-inflammatory response induced by kaliotoxin of androctonus scorpion venom. Neuroimmunomodulation 2013; 20:99-106. [PMID: 23295619 DOI: 10.1159/000345706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Kaliotoxin (KTX) is a neurotoxin purified from Androctonus scorpion venom. Purification and pharmacological and immunological characterization of this neurotoxin has been extensively studied, but its biological effects have not. The ability of KTX to induce neuropathophysiological and immuno-inflammatory effects was investigated. METHODS NMRI mice were injected with a sublethal dose of KTX (20 ng/20 g of body weight) or saline solution via the intra-cerebro-ventricular route. Tissue damage and immunological biomarkers such as eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and nitric oxide (NO) were analyzed in serum, brain, lung, and heart tissue. Protein levels, LDH, and CPK activities were also determined in serum 24 h after injection. RESULTS In this study, KTX injection induced severe alterations in the cerebral cortex, myocardium, and pulmonary parenchyma. Tissue damage was correlated with seric increase in creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities. KTX also induced an immuno-inflammatory response distinguished by cell infiltration characterized by a significant increase in EPO and MPO activities in the brain, heart, and lungs. This infiltration was also associated with an increase in albumin, α-, β-, and γ-globulin fractions, and NO release. CONCLUSION KTX binding to its targets in CNS (Kv1.1 and Kv1.3 channels) may induce severe modifications in the structure and function of various organs associated with the activation of immuno-inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Ladjel-Mendil
- USTHB, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
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23
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Diego-García E, Peigneur S, Debaveye S, Gheldof E, Tytgat J, Caliskan F. Novel potassium channel blocker venom peptides from Mesobuthus gibbosus (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Toxicon 2012; 61:72-82. [PMID: 23142506 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we report for the first time, the molecular, biochemical and electrophysiological characterization of the components present in the soluble venom from Mesobuthus gibbosus (Brullé, 1832). According to the epidemiological and clinical situation of scorpion envenomation cases M. gibbosus scorpion is one of the most important health-threatening species of Turkey. Despite the medical importance reported for M. gibbosus, there is no additional information on toxin peptides and venom components to clarify the toxic effect of the M. gibbosus sting. Biochemical characterization of the venom was performed using different protocols and techniques following a bioassay-guided strategy (HPLC, mass spectrometry and Edman degradation sequencing). Venom fractions were tested in electrophysiological assays on a panel of six K(+) channels (K(v)1.1-1.6) by using the two-electrode voltage clamp technique. Three new α-KTx peptides were found and called MegKTx1, MegKTx2 and MegKTx3 (M. gibbosus, K(+) channel toxin number 1-3). A cDNA library from the telson was constructed and specific screening of transcripts was performed. Biochemical and molecular characterization of MegKTx peptides and transcripts shows a relation with toxins of three different α-KTx subfamilies (α-KTx3.x, α-KTx9.x and α-KTx16.x).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Diego-García
- Laboratory of Toxicology, University of Leuven (KULeuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N 2, PO Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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