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Sahoo P, Pathak NK, Scott Bohle D, Dodd EL, Tripathy U. Hematin anhydride (β-hematin): An analogue to malaria pigment hemozoin possesses nonlinearity. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 310:123902. [PMID: 38281463 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.123902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Hematin anhydride (β-hematin), the synthetic analogue of the malaria pigment, "hemozoin", is a heme dimer produced by reciprocal covalent bonds among carboxylic acid groups on the protoporphyrin-IX ring and the iron atom present in the two adjacent heme molecules. Hemozoin is a disposal product formed from the digestion of hemoglobin present in the red blood cells infected with hematophagous malaria parasites. Besides, as the parasites invade red blood cells, hemozoin crystals are eventually released into the bloodstream, where they accumulate over time in tissues. Severe malaria infection leads to significant dysfunction in vital organs such as the liver, spleen, and brain in part due to the autoimmune response to the excessive accumulation of hemozoin in these tissues. Also, the amount of these crystals in the vasculature correlates with disease progression. Thus, hemozoin is a unique indicator of infection used as a malaria biomarker and hence, used as a target for the development of antimalarial drugs. Hence, exploring various properties of hemozoin is extremely useful in the direction of diagnosis and cure. The present study focuses on finding one of the unknown properties of β-hematin in physiological conditions by using the Z-scan technique, which is simple, sensitive, and economical. It is observed that hemozoin possesses one of the unique material properties, i.e., nonlinearity with a detection limit of ∼ 15 µM. The self-defocusing action causes β-hematin to exhibit negative refractive nonlinearity. The observed data is analyzed with a thermal lensing model. We strongly believe that our simple and reliable approach to probing the nonlinearity of β-hematin will provide fresh opportunities for malaria diagnostics & cure in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshi Sahoo
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar Pathak
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - D Scott Bohle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0B8, Quebec, Canada
| | - Erin L Dodd
- Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, 2101, rue Jeanne-Mance Montréal, H2X 2J6 Québec, Canada
| | - Umakanta Tripathy
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India.
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Amo L, Kole HK, Scott B, Qi CF, Krymskaya L, Wang H, Miller LH, Janse CJ, Bolland S. Plasmodium curtails autoimmune nephritis via lasting bone marrow alterations, independent of hemozoin accumulation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1192819. [PMID: 37539049 PMCID: PMC10394379 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1192819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The host response against infection with Plasmodium commonly raises self-reactivity as a side effect, and antibody deposition in kidney has been cited as a possible cause of kidney injury during severe malaria. In contrast, animal models show that infection with the parasite confers long-term protection from lethal lupus nephritis initiated by autoantibody deposition in kidney. We have limited knowledge of the factors that make parasite infection more likely to induce kidney damage in humans, or the mechanisms underlying protection from autoimmune nephritis in animal models. Our experiments with the autoimmune-prone FcγR2B[KO] mice have shown that a prior infection with P. yoelii 17XNL protects from end-stage nephritis for a year, even when overall autoreactivity and systemic inflammation are maintained at high levels. In this report we evaluate post-infection alterations, such as hemozoin accumulation and compensatory changes in immune cells, and their potential role in the kidney-specific protective effect by Plasmodium. We ruled out the role of pigment accumulation with the use of a hemozoin-restricted P. berghei ANKA parasite, which induced a self-resolved infection that protected from autoimmune nephritis with the same mechanism as parasitic infections that accumulated normal levels of hemozoin. In contrast, adoptive transfer experiments revealed that bone marrow cells were altered by the infection and could transmit the kidney protective effect to a new host. While changes in the frequency of bone marrow cell populations after infection were variable and unique to a particular parasite strain, we detected a sustained bias in cytokine/chemokine expression that suggested lower fibrotic potential and higher Th1 bias likely affecting multiple cell populations. Sustained changes in bone marrow cell activation profile could have repercussions in immune responses long after the infection was cleared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Amo
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Hemanta K. Kole
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Bethany Scott
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Chen-Feng Qi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Ludmila Krymskaya
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Louis H. Miller
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Chris J. Janse
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Silvia Bolland
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
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Tan AF, Thota P, Sakam SSB, Lew YL, Rajahram GS, William T, Barber BE, Kho S, Anstey NM, Bell D, Grigg MJ. Evaluation of a point-of-care haemozoin assay (Gazelle device) for rapid detection of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4760. [PMID: 36959462 PMCID: PMC10036474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31839-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi is the major cause of zoonotic malaria in Southeast Asia. Rapid and accurate diagnosis enables effective clinical management. A novel malaria diagnostic tool, Gazelle (Hemex Health, USA) detects haemozoin, a by-product of haem metabolism found in all Plasmodium infections. A pilot phase refined the Gazelle haemozoin identification algorithm, with the algorithm then tested against reference PCR in a larger cohort of patients with P. knowlesi mono-infections and febrile malaria-negative controls. Limit-of-detection analysis was conducted on a subset of P. knowlesi samples serially diluted with non-infected whole blood. The pilot phase of 40 P. knowlesi samples demonstrated 92.5% test sensitivity. P. knowlesi-infected patients (n = 203) and febrile controls (n = 44) were subsequently enrolled. Sensitivity and specificity of the Gazelle against reference PCR were 94.6% (95% CI 90.5-97.3%) and 100% (95% CI 92.0-100%) respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were 100% and 98.8%, respectively. In those tested before antimalarial treatment (n = 143), test sensitivity was 96.5% (95% CI 92.0-98.9%). Sensitivity for samples with ≤ 200 parasites/µL (n = 26) was 84.6% (95% CI 65.1-95.6%), with the lowest parasitaemia detected at 18/µL. Limit-of-detection (n = 20) was 33 parasites/µL (95% CI 16-65%). The Gazelle device has the potential for rapid, sensitive detection of P. knowlesi infections in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica F Tan
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, NT, 0810, Australia.
- Infectious Diseases Society Kota Kinabalu Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | | | - Sitti Saimah Binti Sakam
- Infectious Diseases Society Kota Kinabalu Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Yao Long Lew
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, NT, 0810, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Society Kota Kinabalu Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Giri S Rajahram
- Infectious Diseases Society Kota Kinabalu Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Hospital Queen Elizabeth II, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Clinical Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Timothy William
- Infectious Diseases Society Kota Kinabalu Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Clinical Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Bridget E Barber
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, NT, 0810, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Steven Kho
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, NT, 0810, Australia
| | - Nicholas M Anstey
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, NT, 0810, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Society Kota Kinabalu Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | | | - Matthew J Grigg
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, NT, 0810, Australia.
- Infectious Diseases Society Kota Kinabalu Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
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Plasmodium berghei Purified Hemozoin Associated with DNA Strongly Inhibits P. berghei Liver-Stage Development in BALB/c Mice after Intravenous Inoculation. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0030422. [PMID: 36622216 PMCID: PMC9872621 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00304-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the acidic lysosome-like digestive vacuole, Plasmodium parasites crystallize heme from hemoglobin into hemozoin, or malaria pigment. Upon release of progeny merozoites, the residual hemozoin is phagocytized by macrophages principally in the liver and spleen where the heme crystals can persist for months to years, as heme oxygenase does not readily degrade the crystal. Previous studies demonstrated hemozoin modulation of monocytes and macrophages. Hemozoin modulates immune function activity of monocytes/macrophages. Here, we used purified/washed hemozoin (W-Hz) isolated from murine Plasmodium berghei infections and intravenously (i.v.) injected it back into naive mice. We characterized the modulating effect of W-Hz on liver-stage replication. Purified washed hemozoin decreases P. berghei liver levels both at 1 week and 1 month after i.v. injection in a dose and time dependent fashion. The injected hemozoin fully protected in nine out of 10 mice given a 50 sporozoite inoculum, and in 10 out of 10 mice against 2,000 sporozoites when they were infected an hour or a day after hemozoin inoculation. DNase treatment at the hemozoin reversed the observed liver load reduction. The liver load reduction was similar in mature B- and T-cell-deficient RAG-1 knockout (KO) mice suggesting an innate immune protection mechanism. This work indicates a role for residual hemozoin in down modulation of Plasmodium liver stages.
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Bayat F, Motevalli Haghi A, Nateghpour M, Rahimi-Esboei B, Rahimi Foroushani A, Amani A, Farivar L, Sayyad Talaee Z, Faryabi A. Cytotoxicity and Anti- Plasmodium berghei Activity of Emodin Loaded Nanoemulsion. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2022; 17:339-348. [PMID: 36466013 PMCID: PMC9682369 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v17i3.10624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria parasites cause a tremendous burden of disease in both the tropics and subtropics areas. Growing of drugs resistance in parasites is one of the most threats to malaria control. The aim of study was to investigate the anti-malarial activity of nano-emodin isolated from Rhamnus cathartica on Plasmodium berghei in mice to evaluate parasites inhibition rate using in-vivo test. METHODS The study was conducted in the School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, during 2020. Nano-emodin particles were prepared from Rhamnus cathartica, and confirmed by Zeta Potential Analyzer, DLS and electron microscopy techniques. Mice were infected with P. berghei and treated by emodin nano-particles. Parasitemia was evaluated in each group in comparison with control group. Toxicity test was done using twice the highest concentration of emodin extract on a separate group of mice and ED50 was calculated. RESULTS Emodin extract was significantly effective in all concentrations on D4 (P<0.05). The most effective on parasitemia was observed in 400 mg/kg of Liquid Nano-emodin and solid (non-Nano) emodin. ED50 for emodin extract was determined 220 mg/kg. Toxicity test showed no toxic effect on the subjects. CONCLUSION The emodin extract is safe, lack of side effects. So, it can be used for more and longer period of time and in higher doses. Emodin extract, either in form of liquid and nanoparticle or in a solid form, has the same therapeutic effect on P. berghei in infected Balb/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bayat
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Motevalli Haghi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Nateghpour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Rahimi-Esboei
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Abbas Rahimi Foroushani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Amani
- Department of Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Leila Farivar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Sayyad Talaee
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aref Faryabi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Dalapati T, Moore JM. Hemozoin: a Complex Molecule with Complex Activities. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 8:87-102. [PMID: 35096512 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-021-00166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Malaria is a disease caused by parasites that reside in host red blood cells and use hemoglobin as a nutrient source. Heme released by hemoglobin catabolism is modified by the parasite to produce hemozoin (HZ), which has toxic effects on the host. Experimentation aiming to elucidate how HZ contributes to malaria pathogenesis has utilized different preparations of this molecule, complicating interpretation and comparison of findings. We examine natural synthesis and isolation of HZ and highlight studies that have used multiple preparations, including synthetic forms, in a comparative fashion. Recent Findings Recent work utilizing sophisticated imaging and detection techniques reveals important molecular characteristics of HZ synthesis and biochemistry. Other recent studies further refine understanding of contributions of HZ to malaria pathogenesis yet highlight the continuing need to characterize HZ preparations and contextualize experimental conditions in the in vivo infection milieu. Summary This review highlights the necessity of collectively determining what is physiologically relevant HZ. Characterization of isolated natural HZ and use of multiple preparations in each study are recommended with application of in vivo studies whenever possible. Adoption of such practices is expected to improve reproducibility of results and elucidate the myriad of ways that HZ participates in malaria pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Dalapati
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Julie M Moore
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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7
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Heme oxygenase-1, carbon monoxide, and malaria – The interplay of chemistry and biology. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Mooney JP, DonVito SM, Jahateh M, Bittaye H, Keith M, Galloway LJ, Ndow M, Cunnington AJ, D'Alessandro U, Bottomley C, Riley EM. 'Bouncing Back' From Subclinical Malaria: Inflammation and Erythrocytosis After Resolution of P. falciparum Infection in Gambian Children. Front Immunol 2022; 13:780525. [PMID: 35154104 PMCID: PMC8831762 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.780525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent malaria is associated with an increased risk of systemic bacterial infection. The aetiology of this association is unclear but malaria-related haemolysis may be one contributory factor. To characterise the physiological consequences of persistent and recently resolved malaria infections and associated haemolysis, 1650 healthy Gambian children aged 8-15 years were screened for P. falciparum infection (by 18sRNA PCR) and/or anaemia (by haematocrit) at the end of the annual malaria transmission season (t1). P. falciparum-infected children and children with moderate or severe anaemia (haemoglobin concentration < 11g/dl) were age matched to healthy, uninfected, non-anaemic controls and screened again 2 months later (t2). Persistently infected children (PCR positive at t1 and t2) had stable parasite burdens and did not differ significantly haematologically or in terms of proinflammatory markers from healthy, uninfected children. However, among persistently infected children, IL-10 concentrations were positively correlated with parasite density suggesting a tolerogenic response to persistent infection. By contrast, children who naturally resolved their infections (positive at t1 and negative at t2) exhibited mild erythrocytosis and concentrations of pro-inflammatory markers were raised compared to other groups of children. These findings shed light on a 'resetting' and potential overshoot of the homeostatic haematological response following resolution of malaria infection. Interestingly, the majority of parameters tested were highly heterogeneous in uninfected children, suggesting that some may be harbouring cryptic malaria or other infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Mooney
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia M DonVito
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Maimuna Jahateh
- Medical Research Council Unit in The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia
| | - Haddy Bittaye
- Medical Research Council Unit in The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia
| | - Marianne Keith
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren J Galloway
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mortala Ndow
- Medical Research Council Unit in The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia
| | - Aubrey J Cunnington
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Umberto D'Alessandro
- Medical Research Council Unit in The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia
| | - Christian Bottomley
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor M Riley
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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9
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Magneto-optical diagnosis of symptomatic malaria in Papua New Guinea. Nat Commun 2021; 12:969. [PMID: 33579923 PMCID: PMC7881035 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21110-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved methods for malaria diagnosis are urgently needed. Here, we evaluate a novel method named rotating-crystal magneto-optical detection (RMOD) in 956 suspected malaria patients in Papua New Guinea. RMOD tests can be conducted within minutes and at low cost. We systematically evaluate the capability of RMOD to detect infections by directly comparing it with expert light microscopy, rapid diagnostic tests and polymerase chain reaction on capillary blood samples. We show that compared to light microscopy, RMOD exhibits 82% sensitivity and 84% specificity to detect any malaria infection and 87% sensitivity and 88% specificity to detect Plasmodium vivax. This indicates that RMOD could be useful in P. vivax dominated elimination settings. Parasite density correlates well with the quantitative magneto-optical signal. Importantly, residual hemozoin present in malaria-negative patients is also detectable by RMOD, indicating its ability to detect previous infections. This could be exploited to reveal transmission hotspots in low-transmission settings. Here Arndt et al. establish rotating-crystal magneto-optical detection (RMOD) as a near-point-of-care diagnostic tool for malaria detection and report a sensitivity and specificity of 82% and 84%, respectively, as validated by analyzing a clinical population in a high transmission setting in Papua New Guinea.
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Ghosh D, Stumhofer JS. The spleen: "epicenter" in malaria infection and immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:753-769. [PMID: 33464668 PMCID: PMC8518401 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ri1020-713r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen is a complex secondary lymphoid organ that plays a crucial role in controlling blood‐stage infection with Plasmodium parasites. It is tasked with sensing and removing parasitized RBCs, erythropoiesis, the activation and differentiation of adaptive immune cells, and the development of protective immunity, all in the face of an intense inflammatory environment. This paper describes how these processes are regulated following infection and recognizes the gaps in our current knowledge, highlighting recent insights from human infections and mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debopam Ghosh
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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11
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Pham TT, Lamb TJ, Deroost K, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. Hemozoin in Malarial Complications: More Questions Than Answers. Trends Parasitol 2020; 37:226-239. [PMID: 33223096 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites contain various virulence factors that modulate the host immune response. Malarial pigment, or hemozoin (Hz), is an undegradable crystalline product of the hemoglobin degradation pathway in the parasite and possesses immunomodulatory properties. An association has been found between Hz accumulation and severe malaria, suggesting that the effects of Hz on the host immune response may contribute to the development of malarial complications. Although the immunomodulatory roles of Hz have been widely investigated, many conflicting data exist, likely due to the variability between experimental set-ups and technical limitations of Hz generation and isolation methods. Here, we critically assess the potential immunomodulatory effects of Hz, its role in malarial complications, and its potential effects after parasite clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao-Thy Pham
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tracey J Lamb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Katrien Deroost
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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12
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Imai T, Suzue K, Ngo-Thanh H, Shimokawa C, Hisaeda H. Potential and Limitations of Cross-Protective Vaccine against Malaria by Blood-Stage Naturally Attenuated Parasite. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030375. [PMID: 32664476 PMCID: PMC7564742 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human malaria vaccine trials have revealed vaccine efficacy but improvement is still needed. In this study, we aimed to re-evaluate vaccination with blood-stage naturally attenuated parasites, as a whole-organism vaccine model against cross-strain and cross-species malaria, to establish a better vaccination strategy. C57BL/6 mice controlled blood-stage Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL (PyNL) within 1 month of infection, while mice with a variety of immunodeficiencies demonstrated different susceptibilities to PyNL, including succumbing to hyperparasitemia. However, after recovery, survivors had complete protection against a challenge with the lethal strain PyL. Unlike cross-strain protection, PyNL-recovered mice failed to induce sterile immunity against Plasmodium berghei ANKA, although prolonged survival was observed in some vaccinated mice. Splenomegaly is a typical characteristic of malaria; the splenic structure became reorganized to prioritize extra-medullary hematopoiesis and to eliminate parasites. We also found that the peritoneal lymph node was enlarged, containing activated/memory phenotype cells that did not confer protection against PyL challenge. Hemozoins remained in the spleen several months after PyNL infection. Generation of an attenuated human blood-stage parasite expressing proteins from multiple species of malaria would greatly improve anti-malaria vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Imai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan; (K.S.); (H.N.-T.)
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-27-220-8023
| | - Kazutomo Suzue
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan; (K.S.); (H.N.-T.)
| | - Ha Ngo-Thanh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan; (K.S.); (H.N.-T.)
| | - Chikako Shimokawa
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-0052, Japan; (C.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Hajime Hisaeda
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-0052, Japan; (C.S.); (H.H.)
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Harding CL, Villarino NF, Valente E, Schwarzer E, Schmidt NW. Plasmodium Impairs Antibacterial Innate Immunity to Systemic Infections in Part Through Hemozoin-Bound Bioactive Molecules. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:328. [PMID: 32714882 PMCID: PMC7344233 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
One complication of malaria is increased susceptibility to invasive bacterial infections. Plasmodium infections impair host immunity to non-Typhoid Salmonella (NTS) through heme-oxygenase I (HO-I)-induced release of immature granulocytes and myeloid cell-derived IL-10. Yet, it is not known if these mechanisms are specific to NTS. We show here, that Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL (Py) infected mice had impaired clearance of systemic Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) during both acute parasitemia and up to 2 months after clearance of Py infected red blood cells that was independent of HO-I and IL-10. Py-infected mice were also susceptible to Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) bacteremia, a common malaria-bacteria co-infection, with higher blood and spleen bacterial burdens and decreased survival compared to naïve mice. Mechanistically, impaired immunity to Sp was independent of HO-I, but was dependent on Py-induced IL-10. Splenic phagocytes from Py infected mice exhibit an impaired ability to restrict growth of intracellular Lm, and neutrophils from Py-infected mice produce less reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to Lm or Sp. Analysis also identified a defect in a serum component in Py-infected mice that contributes to reduced production of ROS in response to Sp. Finally, treating naïve mice with Plasmodium-derived hemozoin containing naturally bound bioactive molecules, excluding DNA, impaired clearance of Lm. Collectively, we have demonstrated that Plasmodium infection impairs host immunity to diverse bacteria, including S. pneumoniae, through multiple effects on innate immunity, and that a parasite-specific factor (Hz+bound bioactive molecules) directly contributes to Plasmodium-induced suppression of antibacterial innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Harding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Nicolas F Villarino
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Elena Valente
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Nathan W Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Dobbs KR, Crabtree JN, Dent AE. Innate immunity to malaria-The role of monocytes. Immunol Rev 2020; 293:8-24. [PMID: 31840836 PMCID: PMC6986449 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes are innate immune cells essential for host protection against malaria. Upon activation, monocytes function to help reduce parasite burden through phagocytosis, cytokine production, and antigen presentation. However, monocytes have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of severe disease through production of damaging inflammatory cytokines, resulting in systemic inflammation and vascular dysfunction. Understanding the molecular pathways influencing the balance between protection and pathology is critical. In this review, we discuss recent data regarding the role of monocytes in human malaria, including studies of innate sensing of the parasite, immunometabolism, and innate immune training. Knowledge gained from these studies may guide rational development of novel antimalarial therapies and inform vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Dobbs
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Juliet N. Crabtree
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Arlene E. Dent
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
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15
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Highly Sensitive and Rapid Characterization of the Development of Synchronized Blood Stage Malaria Parasites Via Magneto-Optical Hemozoin Quantification. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100579. [PMID: 31591333 PMCID: PMC6843464 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rotating-crystal magneto-optical diagnostic (RMOD) technique was developed as a sensitive and rapid platform for malaria diagnosis. Herein, we report a detailed in vivo assessment of the synchronized Plasmodium vinckei lentum strain blood-stage infections by the RMOD method and comparing the results to the unsynchronized Plasmodium yoelii 17X-NL (non-lethal) infections. Furthermore, we assess the hemozoin production and clearance dynamics in chloroquine-treated compared to untreated self-resolving infections by RMOD. The findings of the study suggest that the RMOD signal is directly proportional to the hemozoin content and closely follows the actual parasitemia level. The lack of long-term accumulation of hemozoin in peripheral blood implies a dynamic equilibrium between the hemozoin production rate of the parasites and the immune system’s clearing mechanism. Using parasites with synchronous blood stage cycle, which resemble human malaria parasite infections with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, we are demonstrating that the RMOD detects both hemozoin production and clearance rates with high sensitivity and temporal resolution. Thus, RMOD technique offers a quantitative tool to follow the maturation of the malaria parasites even on sub-cycle timescales.
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16
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Ventura PDS, Carvalho CPF, Barros NMT, Martins-Silva L, Dantas EO, Martinez C, Melo PMS, Pesquero JB, Carmona AK, Nagaoka MR, Gazarini ML. Malaria infection promotes a selective expression of kinin receptors in murine liver. Malar J 2019; 18:213. [PMID: 31234939 PMCID: PMC6591901 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2846-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria represents a worldwide medical emergency affecting mainly poor areas. Plasmodium parasites during blood stages can release kinins to the extracellular space after internalization of host kininogen inside erythrocytes and these released peptides could represent an important mechanism in liver pathophysiology by activation of calcium signaling pathway in endothelial cells of vertebrate host. Receptors (B1 and B2) activated by kinins peptides are important elements for the control of haemodynamics in liver and its physiology. The aim of this study was to identify changes in the liver host responses (i.e. kinin receptors expression and localization) and the effect of ACE inhibition during malaria infection using a murine model. METHODS Balb/C mice infected by Plasmodium chabaudi were treated with captopril, an angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used alone or in association with the anti-malarial chloroquine in order to study the effect of ACE inhibition on mice survival and the activation of liver responses involving B1R and B2R signaling pathways. The kinin receptors (B1R and B2R) expression and localization was analysed in liver by western blotting and immunolocalization in different conditions. RESULTS It was verified that captopril treatment caused host death during the peak of malaria infection (parasitaemia about 45%). B1R expression was stimulated in endothelial cells of sinusoids and other blood vessels of mice liver infected by P. chabaudi. At the same time, it was also demonstrated that B1R knockout mice infected presented a significant reduction of survival. However, the infection did not alter the B2R levels and localization in liver blood vessels. CONCLUSIONS Thus, it was observed through in vivo studies that the vasodilation induced by plasma ACE inhibition increases mice mortality during P. chabaudi infection. Besides, it was also seen that the anti-malarial chloroquine causes changes in B1R expression in liver, even after days of parasite clearance. The differential expression of B1R and B2R in liver during malaria infection may have an important role in the disease pathophysiology and represents an issue for clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla D S Ventura
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Lab 329, 3ºandar, Vila Mathias, Santos, 11015020, Brazil
| | - Carolina P F Carvalho
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Lab 329, 3ºandar, Vila Mathias, Santos, 11015020, Brazil
| | - Nilana M T Barros
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | | | - Edilson O Dantas
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Martinez
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Lab 329, 3ºandar, Vila Mathias, Santos, 11015020, Brazil
| | - Pollyana M S Melo
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João B Pesquero
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana K Carmona
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia R Nagaoka
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Lab 329, 3ºandar, Vila Mathias, Santos, 11015020, Brazil
| | - Marcos L Gazarini
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Lab 329, 3ºandar, Vila Mathias, Santos, 11015020, Brazil.
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Cariaco Y, Lima WR, Sousa R, Nascimento LAC, Briceño MP, Fotoran WL, Wunderlich G, Dos Santos JL, Silva NM. Ethanolic extract of the fungus Trichoderma stromaticum decreases inflammation and ameliorates experimental cerebral malaria in C57BL/6 mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1547. [PMID: 29367729 PMCID: PMC5784021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19840-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased resistance to the first-line treatment against P. falciparum malaria, artemisinin-based combination therapies, has been reported. Here, we tested the effect of crude ethanolic extract of the fungus Trichoderma stromaticum (Ext-Ts) on the growth of P. falciparum NF54 in infected human red blood cells (ihRBCs) and its anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory properties in a mouse model of experimental cerebral malaria. For this purpose, ihRBCs were treated with Ext-Ts and analysed for parasitaemia; C57BL/6 mice were infected with P. berghei ANKA (PbA), treated daily with Ext-Ts, and clinical, biochemical, histological and immunological features of the disease were monitored. It was observed that Ext-Ts presented a dose-dependent ability to control P. falciparum in ihRBCs. In addition, it was demonstrated that Ext-Ts treatment of PbA-infected mice was able to increase survival, prevent neurological signs and decrease parasitaemia at the beginning of infection. These effects were associated with systemically decreased levels of lipids and IFN-γ, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and CCR5 cerebral expression, preserving blood brain barrier integrity and attenuating the inflammatory lesions in the brain, liver and lungs. These results suggest that Ext-Ts could be a source of immunomodulatory and antimalarial compounds that could improve the treatment of cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusmaris Cariaco
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wânia Rezende Lima
- Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Rondonópolis, 78735-901, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Romulo Sousa
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Layane Alencar Costa Nascimento
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marisol Pallete Briceño
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Gerhard Wunderlich
- Department of Parasitology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | | | - Neide Maria Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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18
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Cunha JA, Carvalho LJM, Bianco-Junior C, Andrade MCR, Pratt-Riccio LR, Riccio EKP, Pelajo-Machado M, da Silva IJ, Druilhe P, Daniel-Ribeiro CT. Increased Plasmodium falciparum Parasitemia in Non-splenectomized Saimiri sciureus Monkeys Treated with Clodronate Liposomes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:408. [PMID: 28983468 PMCID: PMC5613086 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A major constraint in the study of Plasmodium falciparum malaria, including vaccine development, lies on the parasite's strict human host specificity and therefore the shortage of animal experimental models able to harbor human plasmodia. The best experimental models are neo-tropical primates of the genus Saimiri and Aotus, but they require splenectomy to reduce innate defenses for achieving high and consistent parasitemias, an important limitation. Clodronate-liposomes (CL) have been successfully used to deplete monocytes/macrophages in several experimental models. We investigated whether a reduction in the numbers of phagocytic cells by CL would improve the development of P. falciparum parasitemia in non-splenectomized Saimiri sciureus monkeys. Depletion of S. sciureus splenocytes after in vitro incubation with CL was quantified using anti-CD14 antibodies and flow cytometry. Non-infected and P. falciparum-infected S. sciureus were injected intravenously twice a week with either CL at either 0.5 or 1 mL (5 mg/mL) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Animals were monitored during infection and treated with mefloquine. After treatment and euthanasia, spleen and liver were collected for histological analysis. In vitro CL depleted S. sciureus splenic monocyte/macrophage population in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In vivo, half of P. falciparum-infected S. sciureus treated with CL 0.5 mL, and two-thirds of those treated with CL 1 mL developed high parasitemias requiring mefloquine treatment, whereas all control animals were able to self-control parasitemia without the need for antimalarial treatment. CL-treated infected S. sciureus showed a marked decrease in the degree of splenomegaly despite higher parasitemias, compared to PBS-treated animals. Histological evidence of partial monocyte/macrophage depletion, decreased hemozoin phagocytosis and decreased iron recycling was observed in both the spleen and liver of CL-treated infected S. sciureus. CL is capable of promoting higher parasitemia in P. falciparum-infected S. sciureus, associated with evidence of partial macrophage depletion in the spleen and liver. Macrophage depletion by CL is therefore a practical and viable alternative to surgical splenectomy in this experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaiara A Cunha
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo J M Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cesare Bianco-Junior
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcia C R Andrade
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, FiocruzRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lilian R Pratt-Riccio
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Evelyn K P Riccio
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Igor J da Silva
- Laboratório de Patologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FiocruzRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pierre Druilhe
- Vac4All Initiative, Pepinière Paris Biotech SantéParis, France
| | - Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ohta E, Nagayama Y, Koyama N, Kakiuchi D, Hosokawa S. Malaria in cynomolgus monkeys used in toxicity studies in Japan. J Toxicol Pathol 2016; 29:31-8. [PMID: 26989299 PMCID: PMC4766527 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2015-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium spp. protozoa cause malaria and are known to infect humans and a variety of animal species including macaque monkeys. Here we report both our experience with malaria recrudescence in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in a toxicity study and the results of a survey on Plasmodium infection in cynomolgus monkeys imported to Japan for laboratory use. A cynomolgus monkey from the toxicity study presented with severe anemia and Plasmodium protozoa in erythrocytes on a thin blood smear and was subsequently diagnosed with symptomatic malaria. In this animal, congestion and accumulation of hemozoin (malaria pigment) in macrophages were noted in the enlarged and darkly discolored spleen. As a follow-up for the experience, spleen sections from 800 cynomolgus monkeys in toxicity studies conducted between 2003 and 2013 were retrospectively examined for hemozoin deposition as a marker of Plasmodium infection. The origin of the animals included Cambodia, China, Indonesia, and Vietnam. Hemozoin deposition was confirmed in 44% of all examined monkeys. Monkeys from Indonesia showed the highest incidence of hemozoin deposition (approx. 80%). A high prevalence of Plasmodium infection in laboratory monkeys was also confirmed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by using Plasmodium genus-specific primers. Although Japan is not a country with endemic malaria, it is important to be aware of the prevalence and potential impact of background infection with Plasmodium spp. and recrudescence of symptomatic malaria in imported laboratory monkeys on pharmaceutical toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Ohta
- Tsukuba Drug Safety, Global Drug Safety, Biopharmaceutical Assessments Core Function Unit, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Yuko Nagayama
- Tsukuba Drug Safety, Global Drug Safety, Biopharmaceutical Assessments Core Function Unit, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Naoki Koyama
- Tsukuba Drug Safety, Global Drug Safety, Biopharmaceutical Assessments Core Function Unit, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Dai Kakiuchi
- Tsukuba Drug Safety, Global Drug Safety, Biopharmaceutical Assessments Core Function Unit, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Satoru Hosokawa
- Tsukuba Drug Safety, Global Drug Safety, Biopharmaceutical Assessments Core Function Unit, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
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20
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Blank J, Eggers L, Behrends J, Jacobs T, Schneider BE. One Episode of Self-Resolving Plasmodium yoelii Infection Transiently Exacerbates Chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:152. [PMID: 26913029 PMCID: PMC4753732 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria and tuberculosis (Tb) are two of the main causes of death from infectious diseases globally. The pathogenic agents, Plasmodium parasites and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are co-endemic in many regions in the world, however, compared to other co-infections like HIV/Tb or helminth/Tb, malaria/Tb has been given less attention both in clinical and immunological studies. Due to the lack of sufficient human data, the impact of malaria on Tb and vice versa is difficult to estimate but co-infections are likely to occur very frequently. Due to its immunomodulatory properties malaria might be an underestimated risk factor for latent or active Tb patients particularly in high-endemic malaria settings were people experience reinfections very frequently. In the present study, we used the non-lethal strain of Plasmodium yoelii to investigate, how one episode of self-resolving malaria impact on a chronic M. tuberculosis infection. P. yoelii co-infection resulted in exacerbation of Tb disease as demonstrated by increased pathology and cellular infiltration of the lungs which coincided with elevated levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. T cell responses were not impaired in co-infected mice but enhanced and likely contributed to increased cytokine production. We found a slight but statistically significant increase in M. tuberculosis burden in co-infected animals and increased lung CFU was positively correlated with elevated levels of TNFα but not IL-10. Infection with P. yoelii induced the recruitment of a CD11c+ population into lungs and spleens of M. tuberculosis infected mice. CD11c+ cells isolated from P. yoelii infected spleens promoted survival and growth of M. tuberculosis in vitro. 170 days after P. yoelii infection changes in immunopathology and cellular immune responses were no longer apparent while M. tuberculosis numbers were still slightly higher in lungs, but not in spleens of co-infected mice. In conclusion, one episode of P. yoelii co-infection transiently exacerbated disease severity but had no long-term consequences on disease progression and survival of M. tuberculosis infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannike Blank
- Division of Coinfection, Priority Research Area Infections, Research Center Borstel Borstel, Germany
| | - Lars Eggers
- Division of Coinfection, Priority Research Area Infections, Research Center Borstel Borstel, Germany
| | - Jochen Behrends
- Fluorescence Cytometry Core Facility, Research Center Borstel Borstel, Germany
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bianca E Schneider
- Division of Coinfection, Priority Research Area Infections, Research Center Borstel Borstel, Germany
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21
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Deroost K, Lays N, Pham TT, Baci D, Van den Eynde K, Komuta M, Prato M, Roskams T, Schwarzer E, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. Hemozoin induces hepatic inflammation in mice and is differentially associated with liver pathology depending on the Plasmodium strain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113519. [PMID: 25419977 PMCID: PMC4242621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a global disease that clinically affects more than two hundred million people annually. Despite the availability of effective antimalarials, mortality rates associated with severe complications are high. Hepatopathy is frequently observed in patients with severe malarial disease and its pathogenesis is poorly understood. Previously, we observed high amounts of hemozoin or malaria pigment in livers from infected mice. In this study, we investigated whether hemozoin is associated with liver injury in different mouse malaria models. C57BL/6J mice infected with the rodent parasites Plasmodium berghei ANKA, P. berghei NK65 or P. chabaudi AS had elevated serum liver enzymes without severe histological changes in the liver, in line with the observations in most patients. Furthermore, liver enzymes were significantly higher in serum of P. chabaudi AS-infected mice compared to mice infected with the P. berghei parasite strains and a strong positive correlation was found between hepatic hemozoin levels, hepatocyte damage and inflammation in the liver with P. chabaudi AS. The observed liver injury was only marginally influenced by the genetic background of the host, since similar serum liver enzyme levels were measured in infected C57BL/6J and BALB/c mice. Intravenous injection of P. falciparum-derived hemozoin in malaria-free C57BL/6J mice induced inflammatory gene transcription in the liver, suggesting that hemozoin may be involved in the pathogenesis of malaria hepatopathy by inducing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Deroost
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natacha Lays
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thao-Thy Pham
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Denisa Baci
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Biology, Tor Vergata Rome University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mina Komuta
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mauro Prato
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Tania Roskams
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evelin Schwarzer
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Genetics, Biology, and Biochemistry, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E. Van den Steen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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RAMADHANI DWI, NURHAYATI SITI, RAHARDJO TUR. Haemozoin Detection in Mouse Liver Histology Using Simple Polarized Light Microscope. HAYATI JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.4308/hjb.21.1.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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23
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Coronado LM, Nadovich CT, Spadafora C. Malarial hemozoin: from target to tool. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2032-41. [PMID: 24556123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is an extremely devastating disease that continues to affect millions of people each year. A distinctive attribute of malaria infected red blood cells is the presence of malarial pigment or the so-called hemozoin. Hemozoin is a biocrystal synthesized by Plasmodium and other blood-feeding parasites to avoid the toxicity of free heme derived from the digestion of hemoglobin during invasion of the erythrocytes. SCOPE OF REVIEW Hemozoin is involved in several aspects of the pathology of the disease as well as in important processes such as the immunogenicity elicited. It is known that the once best antimalarial drug, chloroquine, exerted its effect through interference with the process of hemozoin formation. In the present review we explore what is known about hemozoin, from hemoglobin digestion, to its final structural analysis, to its physicochemical properties, its role in the disease and notions of the possible mechanisms that could kill the parasite by disrupting the synthesis or integrity of this remarkable crystal. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The importance and peculiarities of this biocrystal have given researchers a cause to consider it as a target for new antimalarials and to use it through unconventional approaches for diagnostics and therapeutics against the disease. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Hemozoin plays an essential role in the biology of malarial disease. Innovative ideas could use all the existing data on the unique chemical and biophysical properties of this macromolecule to come up with new ways of combating malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena M Coronado
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Ciudad del Saber, Panama; Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur 522 510, A.P., India
| | | | - Carmenza Spadafora
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Ciudad del Saber, Panama.
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Shapiro HM, Apte SH, Chojnowski GM, Hänscheid T, Rebelo M, Grimberg BT. Cytometry in malaria--a practical replacement for microscopy? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; Chapter 11:11.20.1-11.20.23. [PMID: 23835802 DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy1120s65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Malaria, caused by protozoan Plasmodium parasites, kills ~800,000 people each year. Exact figures are uncertain because presumptive diagnoses are often made without identifying parasites in patients' blood either by microscopy, using Giemsa's century-old stain, or by simpler tests that are ultimately dependent on microscopy for quality control. Microscopy itself relies on trained observers' ability to detect subtle morphological features of parasitized red blood cells, only a few of which may be present on a slide. Quantitative and objective flow cytometric measurements of cellular constituents such as DNA, RNA, and the malaria pigment hemozoin are now useful in research in malaria biology and pharmacology, and can provide more reliable identification of parasite species and developmental stages and better detection of low-density parasitemia than could microscopy. The same measurements can now be implemented in much smaller, simpler, cheaper imaging cytometers, potentially providing a more accurate and precise diagnostic modality.
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Aguilar R, Moraleda C, Achtman AH, Mayor A, Quintó L, Cisteró P, Nhabomba A, Macete E, Schofield L, Alonso PL, Menéndez C. Severity of anaemia is associated with bone marrow haemozoin in children exposed to Plasmodium falciparum. Br J Haematol 2014; 164:877-87. [PMID: 24386973 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There are no large-scale ex vivo studies addressing the contribution of Plasmodium falciparum in the bone marrow to anaemia. The presence of malaria parasites and haemozoin were studied in bone marrows from 290 anaemic children attending a rural hospital in Mozambique. Peripheral blood infections were determined by microscopy and polymerase chain reactions. Bone marrow parasitaemia, haemozoin and dyserythropoiesis were microscopically assessed. Forty-two percent (123/290) of children had parasites in the bone marrow and 49% (111/226) had haemozoin, overlapping with parasitaemia in 83% (92/111) of cases. Sexual and mature asexual parasites were highly prevalent (62% gametocytes, 71% trophozoites, 23% schizonts) suggesting their sequestration in this tissue. Sixteen percent (19/120) of children without peripheral infection had haemozoin in the bone marrow. Haemozoin in the bone marrow was independently associated with decreased Hb concentration (P = 0·005) and was more common in dyserythropoietic bone marrows (P = 0·010). The results of this ex vivo study suggest that haemozoin in the bone marrow has a role in the pathogenesis of malarial-anaemia through ineffective erythropoiesis. This finding may have clinical implications for the development of drugs targeted to prevent and treat malarial-anaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Aguilar
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic - University of Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Manhiça Health Research Centre (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
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