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Faysal M, Dehbia Z, Zehravi M, Sweilam SH, Haque MA, Kumar KP, Chakole RD, Shelke SP, Sirikonda S, Nafady MH, Khan SL, Nainu F, Ahmad I, Emran TB. Flavonoids as Potential Therapeutics Against Neurodegenerative Disorders: Unlocking the Prospects. Neurochem Res 2024:10.1007/s11064-024-04177-x. [PMID: 38822985 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration, the decline of nerve cells in the brain, is a common feature of neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). Oxidative stress, a key factor in NDDs such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease can lead to neuronal cell death, mitochondria impairment, excitotoxicity, and Ca2+ stress. Environmental factors compromising stress response lead to cell damage, necessitating novel therapeutics for preventing or treating brain disorders in older individuals and an aging population. Synthetic medications offer symptomatic benefits but can have adverse effects. This research explores the potential of flavonoids derived from plants in treating NDDs. Flavonoids compounds, have been studied for their potential to enter the brain and treat NDDs. These compounds have diverse biological effects and are currently being explored for their potential in the treatment of central nervous system disorders. Flavonoids have various beneficial effects, including antiviral, anti-allergic, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant properties. Their potential to alleviate symptoms of NDDs is significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Faysal
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Zerrouki Dehbia
- Laboratory of Agro - Biotechnology and Nutrition in Semi-Arid Zones, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Ibn Khaldoun, Tiaret, Algeria
| | - Mehrukh Zehravi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Dentistry & Pharmacy, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah, 51418, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sherouk Hussein Sweilam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo-Suez Road, Badr City, 11829, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M Akiful Haque
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Anurag University, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad, 500088, India
| | - Kusuma Praveen Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), Govt. of N.C.T. of Delhi, Pushpvihar, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Rita D Chakole
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College of Pharmacy, Karad, 415124, Maharashtra, India
| | - Satish P Shelke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Buldana, 443001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Swapna Sirikonda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Anurag University, Ghatkesar, 500088, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mohamed H Nafady
- Faculty of Applied Health Science Technology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, 12568, Egypt
| | - Sharuk L Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, N.B.S. Institute of Pharmacy, Ausa, 413520, Maharashtra, India
| | - Firzan Nainu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh.
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4381, Bangladesh.
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Jäntti H, Jonk S, Gómez Budia M, Ohtonen S, Fagerlund I, Fazaludeen MF, Aakko-Saksa P, Pebay A, Lehtonen Š, Koistinaho J, Kanninen KM, Jalava PI, Malm T, Korhonen P. Particulate matter from car exhaust alters function of human iPSC-derived microglia. Part Fibre Toxicol 2024; 21:6. [PMID: 38360668 PMCID: PMC10870637 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-024-00564-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution is recognized as an emerging environmental risk factor for neurological diseases. Large-scale epidemiological studies associate traffic-related particulate matter (PM) with impaired cognitive functions and increased incidence of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Inhaled components of PM may directly invade the brain via the olfactory route, or act through peripheral system responses resulting in inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain. Microglia are the immune cells of the brain implicated in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. However, it remains unknown how PM affects live human microglia. RESULTS Here we show that two different PMs derived from exhausts of cars running on EN590 diesel or compressed natural gas (CNG) alter the function of human microglia-like cells in vitro. We exposed human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia-like cells (iMGLs) to traffic related PMs and explored their functional responses. Lower concentrations of PMs ranging between 10 and 100 µg ml-1 increased microglial survival whereas higher concentrations became toxic over time. Both tested pollutants impaired microglial phagocytosis and increased secretion of a few proinflammatory cytokines with distinct patterns, compared to lipopolysaccharide induced responses. iMGLs showed pollutant dependent responses to production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with CNG inducing and EN590 reducing ROS production. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that traffic-related air pollutants alter the function of human microglia and warrant further studies to determine whether these changes contribute to adverse effects in the brain and on cognition over time. This study demonstrates human iPSC-microglia as a valuable tool to study functional microglial responses to environmental agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna Jäntti
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steffi Jonk
- Division of Eye and Vision, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mireia Gómez Budia
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sohvi Ohtonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ilkka Fagerlund
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | - Alice Pebay
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Šárka Lehtonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Paula Korhonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Bilister Egilmez C, Azak Pazarlar B, Erdogan MA, Erbas O. Neuroprotective effect of dexpanthenol on rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease model in rats. Neurosci Lett 2024; 818:137575. [PMID: 38040406 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common and progressive neurodegenerative disease. This experimental study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of dexpanthenol on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory processes in a rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease model in rats. Twenty-one male rats were randomly divided into 2 groups. The rotenone group (n = 14) was administered rotenone by intrastriatal injection, and the vehicle group (n = 7) was administered DMSO with the same application route. All animals underwent rotational movement testing with apomorphine injection 10 days later. Those with Parkinson's disease model were randomly divided into 2 groups. While 1 ml/kg of saline was applied to the saline group (n = 7), 500 mg/kg was administered to the dexpanthenol group intraperitoneally for 28 days. After 28 days, all rats were euthanized and brain tissue was removed. While striatal areas were evaluated immunohistochemically, brain MDA, TNF-α, and HVA levels were measured to evaluate their anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. In the dexpanthenol group, the total count (p < 0.001) and intensity (p < 0.001) of dopaminergic neurons in the striatal areas increased compared to the saline group. It was revealed that MDA (nmol/g) (p < 0.001) and TNF-α (pg/g) (p < 0.001) levels decreased in the dexpanthenol group, while HVA (ng/mg) levels increased (p < 0.01). This study suggests that dexpanthenol may have a neuroprotective effect by reducing neuronal loss, oxidative damage, and neuroinflammation in the striatum in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Bilister Egilmez
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Burcu Azak Pazarlar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mumin Alper Erdogan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Oytun Erbas
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Mohammed OA, Elballal MS, El-Husseiny AA, Khidr EG, El Tabaa MM, Elazazy O, Abd-Elmawla MA, Elesawy AE, Ibrahim HM, Abulsoud AI, El-Dakroury WA, Abdel Mageed SS, Elrebehy MA, Nomier Y, Abdel-Reheim MA, El-Husseiny HM, Mahmoud AMA, Saber S, Doghish AS. Unraveling the role of miRNAs in the diagnosis, progression, and therapeutic intervention of Parkinson's disease. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 253:155023. [PMID: 38081104 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.155023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurological disorder characterized by the impairment of the motor system, resulting in symptoms such as resting tremor, cogwheel rigidity, bradykinesia, difficulty with gait, and postural instability. The occurrence of striatal dopamine insufficiency can be attributed to a notable decline in dopaminergic neurons inside the substantia nigra pars compacta. Additionally, the development of Lewy bodies serves as a pathological hallmark of PD. While current therapy approaches for PD aim to preserve dopaminergic neurons or replenish dopamine levels in the brain, it is important to acknowledge that achieving complete remission of the condition remains elusive. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miR) are a class of small, non-coding ribonucleic acids involved in regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. The miRNAs play a crucial part in the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of several neurodegenerative illnesses, including PD. The aim of this review is to explore the role of miRNAs in regulating genes associated with the onset and progression of PD, investigate the potential of miRNAs as a diagnostic tool, assess the effectiveness of targeting specific miRNAs as an alternative therapeutic strategy to impede disease advancement, and discuss the utilization of newly developed nanoparticles for delivering miRNAs as neurodegenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama A Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S Elballal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A El-Husseiny
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11231 Cairo, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, 11829 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Emad Gamil Khidr
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11231 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Manar Mohammed El Tabaa
- Pharmacology & Environmental Toxicology, Environmental Studies & Research Institute (ESRI), University of Sadat City, Sadat City, 32897 Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Ola Elazazy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Mai A Abd-Elmawla
- Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Elesawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Henwa M Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I Abulsoud
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11231 Cairo, Egypt; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt.
| | - Walaa A El-Dakroury
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Sherif S Abdel Mageed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Elrebehy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Yousra Nomier
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
| | - Mustafa Ahmed Abdel-Reheim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62521, Egypt.
| | - Hussein M El-Husseiny
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai Cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Elqaliobiya 13736, Egypt
| | - Abdulla M A Mahmoud
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Sameh Saber
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 11152, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11231 Cairo, Egypt.
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5
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Akhoond-Ali Z, Rahimi A, Ghorbani A, Forouzanfar F, Hosseinian S, Ghazavi H, Vafaee F. Silibinin effects on cognitive disorders: Hope or treatment? AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2023; 13:597-614. [PMID: 38106632 PMCID: PMC10719727 DOI: 10.22038/ajp.2023.21959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective Almost all diseases of the nervous system are related to neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, neuronal death, glia activation, and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cognitive disorders are one of the common complications of nervous system diseases. The role of some plant compounds in reducing or preventing cognitive disorders has been determined. Silibinin is a plant bioflavonoid and exhibits various effects on cognitive functions. This article discusses the different mechanisms of the effect of silibinin on cognitive disorders in experimental studies. Materials and Methods Databases, including ISI, , Google Scholar, Scopus, Medline and PubMed, were investigated from 2000 to 2021, using related keywords to find required articles. Results Silibinin can improve cognitive disorders by different pathways such as reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, activation of reactive oxygen species- Brain-derived neurotrophic factor- Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (ROS-BDNF-TrkB) pathway in the hippocampus, an increase of dendritic spines in the brain, inhibition of hyperphosphorylation of tau protein and increasing the expression of insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1R), inhibiting inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in the hippocampus and amygdala, and decrease of Homovanillic acid/Dopamine (HVA/DA) ratio and 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid + Homovanillic acid/Dopamine (DOPAC+ HVA/DA) ratio in the prefrontal cortex and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid/5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HIAA/5-HT) ratio in the hippocampus. Conclusion These results suggest that silibinin can be considered a therapeutic agent for the symptom reduction of cognitive disorders, and it acts by affecting various mechanisms such as inflammation, programmed cell death, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Akhoond-Ali
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Rahimi
- Material Science and Metallurgy Engineering, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Atiyeh Ghorbani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Forouzanfar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sara Hosseinian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Ghazavi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Vafaee
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Shivling Mali A, Honc O, Hejnova L, Novotny J. Opioids Alleviate Oxidative Stress via the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway in LPS-Stimulated Microglia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11089. [PMID: 37446267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioids are known to have antioxidant effects and to modulate microglial function under certain conditions. It has been previously shown that opioid ligands can effectively inhibit the release of proinflammatory cytokines when stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and convert microglia to an anti-inflammatory polarization state. Here, we used C8-B4 cells, the mouse microglial cell line activated by LPS as a model to investigate the anti-inflammatory/antioxidant potential of selected opioid receptor agonists (DAMGO, DADLE, and U-50488). We found that all of these ligands could exert cytoprotective effects through the mechanism affecting LPS-induced ROS production, NADPH synthesis, and glucose uptake. Interestingly, opioids elevated the level of reduced glutathione, increased ATP content, and enhanced mitochondrial respiration in microglial cells exposed to LPS. These beneficial effects were associated with the upregulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. The present results indicate that activation of opioid signaling supports the preservation of mitochondrial function with concomitant elimination of ROS in microglia and suggest that an Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway-dependent mechanism is involved in the antioxidant efficacy of opioids. Opioid receptor agonists may therefore be considered as agents to suppress oxidative stress and inflammatory responses of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Shivling Mali
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Honc
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Hejnova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Novotny
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
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Zong Q, Pan Y, Liu Y, Wu Z, Huang Z, Zhang Y, Ma K. pNaktide mitigates inflammation-induced neuronal damage and behavioral deficits through the oxidative stress pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109727. [PMID: 36689848 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is closely related to the etiology and progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. pNaktide, an Src inhibitor, exerts antioxidant effects by mimicking Na/K-ATPase. It has been verified that its anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation ability could be embodied in obesity, steatohepatitis, uremic cardiomyopathy, aging, and prostate cancer. This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of pNaktide in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced behavioral damage, neuroinflammation, and neuronal damage. We found that pNaktide improved anxiety, memory, and motor deficits. pNaktide inhibited MAPK and NF-κB pathways induced by TLR4 activation, inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome complex, and reduced the expression of inflammatory factors, complement factors, and chemokines. pNaktide inhibited the activation of Nrf2 and HO-1 antioxidant stress pathways by LPS and reduced the level of oxidative stress. Inhibition of autophagy and enhancement of apoptosis induced by LPS were also alleviated by pNaktide, which restored LPS-induced injury to newborn neurons in the hippocampus region. In summary, pNaktide attenuates neuroinflammation, reduces the level of oxidative stress, has neuroprotective effects, and may be used for the treatment of neuroinflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglan Zong
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Yue Pan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Yongfang Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Zhengcun Wu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Zhangqiong Huang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China.
| | - Kaili Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China.
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Aminochrome Induces Neuroinflammation and Dopaminergic Neuronal Loss: A New Preclinical Model to Find Anti-inflammatory and Neuroprotective Drugs for Parkinson's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:265-281. [PMID: 34988761 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies have suggested aminochrome as an endogenous neurotoxin responsible for the dopaminergic neuron degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, neuroinflammation, an important alteration in PD pathogenesis, has been strictly induced in vitro by aminochrome. The aim of this study was to characterize the neuroinflammation induced in vivo by aminochrome. Wistar rats (male, 250-270 g) received a unilateral single dose by stereotaxic injection of saline into three sites in the striatum in the negative control group, or 32 nmol 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in the positive control, or 6 nmol aminochrome. After 14 days, histological and molecular analyses were performed. We observed by immunofluorescence that aminochrome, as well as 6-OHDA, induced an increase in the number of Iba-1+ cells and in the number of activated (Iba-1+/ CD68+) microglia. An increase in the number of S100b+ cells and in the GFAP expression were also evidenced in the striatum and the SNpc of animals from aminochrome and positive control group. Dopaminergic neuronal loss was marked by reduction of TH+ cells and confirmed with reduction in the number of Nissl-stained neurons in the SNpc of rats from aminochrome and positive control groups. In addition, we observed by qPCR that aminocrhome induced an increase in the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, NLRP3, CCL5 and CCR2 mRNA in the SNpc. This work provides the first evidence of microgliosis, astrogliosis and neuroinflammation induced by aminochrome in an in vivo model. Since aminochrome is an endogenous molecule derived from dopamine oxidation present in the targeted neurons in PD, these results reinforce the potential of aminochrome as a useful preclinical model to find anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective drugs for PD. Aminochrome induced dopaminergic neuronal loss, microglial activation, astroglial activation and neuroinflammation marked by an increase in NLRP3, IL1β, TNF-α, CCL2, CCL5 and CCR2.
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Kim KW, Lee YS, Yoon D, Kim GS, Lee DY. The ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa grown in Korea exhibits anti-neuroinflammatory effects by activating of nuclear transcription factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:343. [PMID: 36585647 PMCID: PMC9804997 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03825-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curcuma longa has been used as spices, food preservative, coloring material, and traditional medicine. This plant also has long been used for a variety of diseases including dyslipidemia, stomach disorders, arthritis, and hepatic diseases. The aim of the present investigation was to examine the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of the 50% ethanolic extract of C. longa in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 microglial cells. METHODS Griess reaction was employed to measure the production of nitric oxide (NO), and the levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were determined by using profit ELISA kits. Western blotting was used to determine the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). RESULTS Pre-treatment with CLE inhibited the overproduction and overexpression of pro-inflammatory mediators including NO, PGE2, iNOS, COX-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in LPS-induced BV2 cells. In addition, CLE suppressed the activation of the NF-κB and three MAPK signaling pathways. Treatment with CLE induced HO-1 protein expression by activating Nrf2 pathway, and inhibiting the HO-1 expression reversed the anti-inflammatory effect of CLE. CONCLUSION CLE showed anti-neuroinflammatory effects against LPS-induced microglial cells activation through the inhibition of production and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators by negative regulation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. These anti-neuroinflammatory effects of CLE were mediated by HO-1/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Taken together, the present study suggests a potent effect of CLE to prevent neuroinflammatory diseases. It is necessary to perform additional efficacy evaluation through in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan-Woo Kim
- grid.420186.90000 0004 0636 2782Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Sciences, Rural Development Administration, 27709 Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seob Lee
- grid.420186.90000 0004 0636 2782Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Sciences, Rural Development Administration, 27709 Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahye Yoon
- grid.420186.90000 0004 0636 2782Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Sciences, Rural Development Administration, 27709 Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Soog Kim
- grid.420186.90000 0004 0636 2782Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Sciences, Rural Development Administration, 27709 Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Lee
- grid.420186.90000 0004 0636 2782Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Sciences, Rural Development Administration, 27709 Eumseong, Republic of Korea
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Opioid receptor activation suppresses the neuroinflammatory response by promoting microglial M2 polarization. Mol Cell Neurosci 2022; 121:103744. [PMID: 35660086 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of microglia is considered the most important component of neuroinflammation. Microglia can adopt a pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype. Opioid receptors (ORs) have been shown to control neurotransmission of various peptidergic neurons, but their potential role in regulating microglial function is largely unknown. Here, we aimed to investigate the effect of the OR agonists DAMGO, DADLE and U-50488 on the polarization of C8-B4 microglial cells. We observed that opioids suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-triggered M1 polarization and promoted M2 polarization. This was reflected in lower phagocytic activity, lower production of NO, lower expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-86 and IL-12 beta p40 together with higher migration rate, and increased expression of IL-4, IL-10, arginase 1 and CD 206 in microglia, compared to cells affected by LPS. We demonstrated that the effect of opioids on microglial polarization is mediated by the TREM2/NF-κB signaling pathway. These results provide new insights into the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of opioids and highlight their potential in combating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Park JE, Leem YH, Park JS, Kim DY, Kang JL, Kim HS. Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Mechanisms of GTS-21, an α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonist, in Neuroinflammation and Parkinson's Disease Mouse Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084420. [PMID: 35457238 PMCID: PMC9026703 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is crucial in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, controlling neuroinflammation has been proposed as an important therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative disease. In the present study, we examined the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of GTS-21, a selective α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) agonist, in neuroinflammation and Parkinson's disease (PD) mouse models. GTS-21 inhibited the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and proinflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells and primary microglia. Further research revealed that GTS-21 has anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and upregulating AMPK, Nrf2, CREB, and PPARγ signals. The effects of GTS-21 on these pro-/anti-inflammatory signaling molecules were reversed by treatment with an α7 nAChR antagonist, suggesting that the anti-inflammatory effects of GTS-21 are mediated through α7 nAChR activation. The anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties of GTS-21 were then confirmed in LPS-induced systemic inflammation and MPTP-induced PD model mice. In LPS-injected mouse brains, GTS-21 reduced microglial activation and production of proinflammatory markers. Furthermore, in the brains of MPTP-injected mice, GTS-21 restored locomotor activity and dopaminergic neuronal cell death while inhibiting microglial activation and pro-inflammatory gene expression. These findings suggest that GTS-21 has therapeutic potential in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases such as PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Inflammation-Cancer Microenvironment Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (J.-E.P.); (Y.-H.L.); (J.-S.P.); (D.-Y.K.)
| | - Yea-Hyun Leem
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Inflammation-Cancer Microenvironment Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (J.-E.P.); (Y.-H.L.); (J.-S.P.); (D.-Y.K.)
| | - Jin-Sun Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Inflammation-Cancer Microenvironment Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (J.-E.P.); (Y.-H.L.); (J.-S.P.); (D.-Y.K.)
| | - Do-Yeon Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Inflammation-Cancer Microenvironment Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (J.-E.P.); (Y.-H.L.); (J.-S.P.); (D.-Y.K.)
| | - Jihee Lee Kang
- Department of Physiology, Inflammation-Cancer Microenvironment Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea;
| | - Hee-Sun Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Inflammation-Cancer Microenvironment Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (J.-E.P.); (Y.-H.L.); (J.-S.P.); (D.-Y.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-6986-6270
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Fikry H, Saleh LA, Abdel Gawad S. Neuroprotective effects of curcumin on the cerebellum in a rotenone‐induced Parkinson’s Disease Model. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:732-748. [PMID: 35068069 PMCID: PMC8981438 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Fikry
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt
| | - Lobna A. Saleh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt
| | - Sara Abdel Gawad
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt
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Rai SN, Tiwari N, Singh P, Mishra D, Singh AK, Hooshmandi E, Vamanu E, Singh MP. Therapeutic Potential of Vital Transcription Factors in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease With Particular Emphasis on Transcription Factor EB Mediated Autophagy. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:777347. [PMID: 34970114 PMCID: PMC8712758 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.777347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important cellular self-digestion and recycling pathway that helps in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation at various steps of the autophagic and endolysosomal pathway has been reported in several neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington disease (HD) and is cited as a critically important feature for central nervous system (CNS) proteostasis. Recently, another molecular target, namely transcription factor EB (TFEB) has been explored globally to treat neurodegenerative disorders. This TFEB, is a key regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis pathway. Multiple research studies suggested therapeutic potential by targeting TFEB to treat human diseases involving autophagy-lysosomal dysfunction, especially neurodegenerative disorders. A common observation involving all neurodegenerative disorders is their poor efficacy in clearing and recycle toxic aggregated proteins and damaged cellular organelles due to impairment in the autophagy pathway. This dysfunction in autophagy characterized by the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates leads to a progressive loss in structural integrity/functionality of neurons and may even result in neuronal death. In recent years TFEB, a key regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis, has received considerable attention. It has emerged as a potential therapeutic target in numerous neurodegenerative disorders like AD and PD. In various neurobiology studies involving animal models, TFEB has been found to ameliorate neurotoxicity and rescue neurodegeneration. Since TFEB is a master transcriptional regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis pathway and plays a crucial role in defining autophagy activation. Studies have been done to understand the mechanisms for TFEB dysfunction, which may yield insights into how TFEB might be targeted and used for the therapeutic strategy to develop a treatment process with extensive application to neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we explore the role of different transcription factor-based targeted therapy by some natural compounds for AD and PD with special emphasis on TFEB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neeraj Tiwari
- Faculty of Biosciences, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, India
| | - Payal Singh
- Department of Zoology, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Divya Mishra
- Centre of Bioinformatics, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Anurag Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Etrat Hooshmandi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Emanuel Vamanu
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mohan P Singh
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
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Shin TH, Manavalan B, Lee DY, Basith S, Seo C, Paik MJ, Kim SW, Seo H, Lee JY, Kim JY, Kim AY, Chung JM, Baik EJ, Kang SH, Choi DK, Kang Y, Maral Mouradian M, Lee G. Silica-coated magnetic-nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity is reduced in microglia by glutathione and citrate identified using integrated omics. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:42. [PMID: 34819099 PMCID: PMC8614058 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00433-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanoparticles have been utilized in brain research and therapeutics, including imaging, diagnosis, and drug delivery, owing to their versatile properties compared to bulk materials. However, exposure to nanoparticles leads to their accumulation in the brain, but drug development to counteract this nanotoxicity remains challenging. To date, concerns have risen about the potential toxicity to the brain associated with nanoparticles exposure via penetration of the brain blood barrier to address this issue. METHODS Here the effect of silica-coated-magnetic nanoparticles containing the rhodamine B isothiocyanate dye [MNPs@SiO2(RITC)] were assessed on microglia through toxicological investigation, including biological analysis and integration of transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-induced biological changes, such as morphology, generation of reactive oxygen species, intracellular accumulation of MNPs@SiO2(RITC) using transmission electron microscopy, and glucose uptake efficiency, were analyzed in BV2 murine microglial cells. Each omics data was collected via RNA-sequencing-based transcriptome analysis, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based proteome analysis, and gas chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis. The three omics datasets were integrated and generated as a single network using a machine learning algorithm. Nineteen compounds were screened and predicted their effects on nanotoxicity within the triple-omics network. RESULTS Intracellular reactive oxygen species production, an inflammatory response, and morphological activation of cells were greater, but glucose uptake was lower in MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated BV2 microglia and primary rat microglia in a dose-dependent manner. Expression of 121 genes (from 41,214 identified genes), and levels of 45 proteins (from 5918 identified proteins) and 17 metabolites (from 47 identified metabolites) related to the above phenomena changed in MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated microglia. A combination of glutathione and citrate attenuated nanotoxicity induced by MNPs@SiO2(RITC) and ten other nanoparticles in vitro and in the murine brain, protecting mostly the hippocampus and thalamus. CONCLUSIONS Combination of glutathione and citrate can be one of the candidates for nanotoxicity alleviating drug against MNPs@SiO2(RITC) induced detrimental effect, including elevation of intracellular reactive oxygen species level, activation of microglia, and reduction in glucose uptake efficiency. In addition, our findings indicate that an integrated triple omics approach provides useful and sensitive toxicological assessment for nanoparticles and screening of drug for nanotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hwan Shin
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World cup-ro, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Balachandran Manavalan
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World cup-ro, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Da Yeon Lee
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World cup-ro, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Shaherin Basith
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World cup-ro, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon, 57922 Republic of Korea
| | - Man Jeong Paik
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon, 57922 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Haewoon Seo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Lee
- Research Center of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162 Yeongudanji-ro, Cheongju, 28119 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Research Center of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162 Yeongudanji-ro, Cheongju, 28119 Republic of Korea
| | - A Young Kim
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World cup-ro, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Min Chung
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World cup-ro, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Baik
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World cup-ro, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ho Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104 Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwondaero, Chungju, 27478 Republic of Korea
| | - Yup Kang
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World cup-ro, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - M. Maral Mouradian
- RWJMS Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, and Department of Neurology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Gwang Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16499 Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16499 Republic of Korea
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Neurons and Glia Interplay in α-Synucleinopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094994. [PMID: 34066733 PMCID: PMC8125822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of the neuronal presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein within proteinaceous inclusions represents the key histophathological hallmark of a spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders, referred to by the umbrella term a-synucleinopathies. Even though alpha-synuclein is expressed predominantly in neurons, pathological aggregates of the protein are also found in the glial cells of the brain. In Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, alpha-synuclein accumulates mainly in neurons forming the Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, whereas in multiple system atrophy, the protein aggregates mostly in the glial cytoplasmic inclusions within oligodendrocytes. In addition, astrogliosis and microgliosis are found in the synucleinopathy brains, whereas both astrocytes and microglia internalize alpha-synuclein and contribute to the spread of pathology. The mechanisms underlying the pathological accumulation of alpha-synuclein in glial cells that under physiological conditions express low to non-detectable levels of the protein are an area of intense research. Undoubtedly, the presence of aggregated alpha-synuclein can disrupt glial function in general and can contribute to neurodegeneration through numerous pathways. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of alpha-synuclein in both neurons and glia, highlighting the contribution of the neuron-glia connectome in the disease initiation and progression, which may represent potential therapeutic target for a-synucleinopathies.
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Reduced Retinal Degeneration in an Oxidative Stress Organ Culture Model through an iNOS-Inhibitor. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10050383. [PMID: 33925248 PMCID: PMC8145164 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary There is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic approaches for diseases of the retina, like glaucoma. In their pathogenesis, oxidative stress and the corresponding defense reactions play an important role. In porcine retinal organ cultures, hydrogen peroxide can be used to simulate oxidative stress. In the present study, we investigated whether the treatment with an inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor protects retinal cells from oxidative stress. Therefore, porcine retinal explants were damaged with hydrogen peroxide and treated with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Analyzes of the retina at four and eight days showed that a inhibitor was able to prevent degeneration in porcine retinas, since retinal ganglion cells were protected to some extent. Moreover, in the later course, there was also protection of other retinal cells (bipolar cells). Hence, this inhibitor seems to be a promising treatment option for retinal diseases. Abstract In retinal organ cultures, H2O2 can be used to simulate oxidative stress, which plays a role in the development of several retinal diseases including glaucoma. We investigated whether processes underlying oxidative stress can be prevented in retinal organ cultures by an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-inhibitor. To this end, porcine retinal explants were cultivated for four and eight days. Oxidative stress was induced via 300 µM H2O2 on day one for three hours. Treatment with the iNOS-inhibitor 1400 W was applied simultaneously, remaining for 72 h. Retinal ganglion cells (RGC), bipolar and amacrine cells, apoptosis, autophagy, and hypoxia were evaluated immunohistologically and by RT-qPCR. Additionally, RGC morphology was analyzed via transmission electron microscopy. H2O2-induced RGCs loss after four days was prevented by the iNOS-inhibitor. Additionally, electron microscopy revealed a preservation from oxidative stress in iNOS-inhibitor treated retinas at four and eight days. A late rescue of bipolar cells was seen in iNOS-inhibitor treated retinas after eight days. Hypoxic stress and apoptosis almost reached the control situation after iNOS-inhibitor treatment, especially after four days. In sum, the iNOS-inhibitor was able to prevent strong H2O-induced degeneration in porcine retinas. Hence, this inhibitor seems to be a promising treatment option for retinal diseases.
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Role of microgliosis, oxidative stress and associated neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease: The therapeutic role of Nrf2 activators. Neurochem Int 2021; 145:105014. [PMID: 33689805 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microglial cells are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. They are essential for normal functioning, maintenance of tissue integrity, clearance of dying neurons, elimination of pathogens, development and maintenance of homeostasis of the CNS. Many studies have consistently reported that oxidative stress and associated neuroinflammation mediated by microglial cells have a degenerating effect on dopaminergic neurons. In Parkinson's disease, the microglial cells by a process called microgliosis undergo rapid proliferation, accumulate at the site of tissue injury and undergo phenotypic and functional changes that result in the release of massive amounts of free radicals causing inflammation and neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Following the discovery of the irrefutable role oxidative stress and associated neuroinflammation, several proven antioxidants were tested for possible protective and therapeutic potential in Parkinson's disease but the results so far have not been encouraging and equivocal. Consequently, it is rational to look for endogenous targets that enhance the oxidative defense mechanism against free radicals and protect dopaminergic neurons from neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. One such target is a nuclear factor-erythroid -2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Nrf2 is a redox-sensitive transcription factor located in the cytoplasm of the cells that helps cells adapt to oxidative stress and inflammation by upregulating the expression of almost 200 cytoprotective genes. Fractalkine exists in a transmembrane form and a soluble form and is a cytokine that links microglial cells and Nrf2. The fractalkine receptors, expressed exclusively by microglial cells, on activation by fractalkine protects dopaminergic neurons from degeneration caused by free radicals and pro-inflammatory mediators through increased expression of Nrf2 dependent genes. The current anti Parkinsonism drugs do not cure the disease and also cause several debilitating motor and non-motor adverse drug effects. So it becomes imperative to explore novel targets and discover novel therapeutic agents to treat Parkinson's disease in a better way and improve the quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease.
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Autophagy and Redox Homeostasis in Parkinson's: A Crucial Balancing Act. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8865611. [PMID: 33224433 PMCID: PMC7671810 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8865611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are generated primarily from endogenous biochemical reactions in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and peroxisomes. Typically, ROS/RNS correlate with oxidative damage and cell death; however, free radicals are also crucial for normal cellular functions, including supporting neuronal homeostasis. ROS/RNS levels influence and are influenced by antioxidant systems, including the catabolic autophagy pathways. Autophagy is an intracellular lysosomal degradation process by which invasive, damaged, or redundant cytoplasmic components, including microorganisms and defunct organelles, are removed to maintain cellular homeostasis. This process is particularly important in neurons that are required to cope with prolonged and sustained operational stress. Consequently, autophagy is a primary line of protection against neurodegenerative diseases. Parkinson's is caused by the loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons (mDANs), resulting in progressive disruption of the nigrostriatal pathway, leading to motor, behavioural, and cognitive impairments. Mitochondrial dysfunction, with associated increases in oxidative stress, and declining proteostasis control, are key contributors during mDAN demise in Parkinson's. In this review, we analyse the crosstalk between autophagy and redoxtasis, including the molecular mechanisms involved and the detrimental effect of an imbalance in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's.
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Lecours C, St-Pierre MK, Picard K, Bordeleau M, Bourque M, Awogbindin IO, Benadjal A, Ibanez FG, Gagnon D, Cantin L, Parent M, Di Paolo T, Tremblay ME. Levodopa partially rescues microglial numerical, morphological, and phagolysosomal alterations in a monkey model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 90:81-96. [PMID: 32755645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative motor disorder. The mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of Levodopa (L-Dopa)-induced dyskinesia (LID) during PD treatment remain elusive. Emerging evidence implicates functional modification of microglia in the development of LID. Thus, understanding the link between microglia and the development of LID may provide the knowledge required to preserve or promote beneficial microglial functions, even during a prolonged L-Dopa treatment. To provide novel insights into microglial functional alterations in PD pathophysiology, we characterized their density, morphology, ultrastructure, and degradation activity in the sensorimotor functional territory of the putamen, using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) cynomolgus monkeys. A subset of MPTP monkeys was treated orally with L-Dopa and developed LID similar to PD patients. Using a combination of light, confocal and transmission electron microscopy, our quantitative analyses revealed alterations of microglial density, morphology and phagolysosomal activity following MPTP intoxication that were partially normalized with L-Dopa treatment. In particular, microglial density, cell body and arborization areas were increased in the MPTP monkeys, whereas L-Dopa-treated MPTP animals presented a microglial phenotype similar to the control animals. At the ultrastructural level, microglia did not differ between groups in their markers of cellular stress or aging. Nevertheless, microglia from the MPTP monkeys displayed reduced numbers of endosomes, compared with control animals, that remained lower after L-Dopa treatment. Microglia from MPTP monkeys treated with L-Dopa also had increased numbers of primary lysosomes compared with non-treated MPTP animals, while secondary and tertiary lysosomes remained unchanged. Moreover, a decrease microglial immunoreactivity for CD68, considered a marker of phagocytosis and lysosomal activity, was measured in the MPTP monkeys treated with L-Dopa, compared with non-treated MPTP animals. Taken together, these findings revealed significant changes in microglia during PD pathophysiology that were partially rescued by L-Dopa treatment. Albeit, this L-Dopa treatment conferred phagolysosomal insufficiency on microglia in the dyskinetic Parkinsonian monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Lecours
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Katherine Picard
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Maude Bordeleau
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Integrated Program of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Melanie Bourque
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Ifeoluwa Oluleke Awogbindin
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Neuroimmunology Group, Molecular Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Amin Benadjal
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Biologie Intégrative et Physiologie, Sorbonne Université, Paris VI, France
| | | | - Dave Gagnon
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Leo Cantin
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Parent
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Therese Di Paolo
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
| | - Marie-Eve Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Aryal S, Skinner T, Bridges B, Weber JT. The Pathology of Parkinson's Disease and Potential Benefit of Dietary Polyphenols. Molecules 2020; 25:E4382. [PMID: 32987656 PMCID: PMC7582699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons, leading to bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor at rest, and postural instability, as well as non-motor symptoms such as olfactory impairment, pain, autonomic dysfunction, impaired sleep, fatigue, and behavioral changes. The pathogenesis of PD is believed to involve oxidative stress, disruption to mitochondria, alterations to the protein α-synuclein, and neuroinflammatory processes. There is currently no cure for the disease. Polyphenols are secondary metabolites of plants, which have shown benefit in several experimental models of PD. Intake of polyphenols through diet is also associated with lower PD risk in humans. In this review, we provide an overview of the pathology of PD and the data supporting the potential neuroprotective capacity of increased polyphenols in the diet. Evidence suggests that the intake of dietary polyphenols may inhibit neurodegeneration and the progression of PD. Polyphenols appear to have a positive effect on the gut microbiome, which may decrease inflammation that contributes to the disease. Therefore, a diet rich in polyphenols may decrease the symptoms and increase quality of life in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John T. Weber
- School of Pharmacy, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada; (S.A.); (T.S.); (B.B.)
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Ikram M, Park TJ, Ali T, Kim MO. Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects of Caffeine against Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease: Insight into the Role of Nrf-2 and A2AR Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090902. [PMID: 32971922 PMCID: PMC7554764 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the results of studies conducted on the role of caffeine in the management of different neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). To highlight the potential role of caffeine in managing different neurodegenerative diseases, we identified studies by searching PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar by scrutinizing the lists of pertinent publications. According to the collected overall findings, caffeine may reduce the elevated oxidative stress; inhibit the activation of adenosine A2A, thereby regulating the accumulation of Aβ; reduce the hyperphosphorylation of tau; and reduce the accumulation of misfolded proteins, such as α-synuclein, in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The studies have suggested that caffeine has promising protective effects against different neurodegenerative diseases and that these effects may be used to tackle the neurological diseases and/or their consequences. Here, we review the ongoing research on the role of caffeine in the management of different neurodegenerative disorders, focusing on AD and PD. The current findings suggest that caffeine produces potent antioxidant, inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects against different models of neurodegenerative disease, including AD, PD, and other neurodegenerative disorders. Caffeine has shown strong antagonistic effects against the adenosine A2A receptor, which is a microglial receptor, and strong agonistic effects against nuclear-related factor-2 (Nrf-2), thereby regulating the cellular homeostasis at the brain by reducing oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, regulating the accumulation of α-synuclein in PD and tau hyperphosphorylation, amyloidogenesis, and synaptic deficits in AD, which are the cardinal features of these neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ikram
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.I.); (T.A.)
| | - Tae Ju Park
- Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow 0747 657 5394, UK;
| | - Tahir Ali
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.I.); (T.A.)
| | - Myeong Ok Kim
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.I.); (T.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1345; Fax: +82-55-772-2656
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Bayo-Olugbami A, Nafiu AB, Amin A, Ogundele OM, Lee CC, Owoyele BV. Vitamin D attenuated 6-OHDA-induced behavioural deficits, dopamine dysmetabolism, oxidative stress, and neuro-inflammation in mice. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 25:823-834. [PMID: 32912107 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1815331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: L-DOPA, the predominant therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with motor deficits after prolonged use. The nigrostriatal tract, a primary target of neurodegeneration in PD, contains abundant Vitamin-D receptors, suggesting a potential role for VD in the disease. Therefore, we tested the impact of Vitamin D3 (VD3) in a mouse model of PD.Methods: PD was induced in adult male C57BL6 mice by a single intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. Two weeks post lesion, these mice received injections of a vehicle, VD3, L-DOPA, or a combination of VD3/L-DOPA and compared with sham controls. Treatment lasted three weeks, during which motor-cognitive neurobehaviour was assessed. Five weeks post lesion, brains were collected and striatal levels of the following proteins assessed: tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine decarboxylase (DDC), monoamine oxidase (MAO-B), Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), dopamine transporter (DAT), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), microglia marker (CD11b), inflammation (IL-1β), apoptotic signaling (BAX) and oxidative stress (p47phox).Results: Treatment with VD3 attenuated behavioural deficits induced by 6-OHDA, protein associated with dopamine metabolism and biomarkers of oxidative stress. VD3 significantly increased contralateral wall touches, exploratory motor and cognitive activities. VD3 significantly enhanced the expression of TH, DAT, BDNF, while significantly reducing expression of MAO-B, CD11b, IL-I β and p47phox.Conclusion: VD3 reversed some of the 6-OHDA induced changes in proteins involved in modulating the dopamine system, behavioural deficits and oxidative stress biomarkers. The data suggests that VD3 might be beneficial in reducing L-DOPA dosage, thereby reducing problems associated with dosage and prolonged use of L-DOPA in PD management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abdulbasit Amin
- Neuroscience & Inflammation unit, Department of Physiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Olalekan Michael Ogundele
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Charles C Lee
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Bamidele Victor Owoyele
- Neuroscience & Inflammation unit, Department of Physiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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An J, Chen B, Kang X, Zhang R, Guo Y, Zhao J, Yang H. Neuroprotective effects of natural compounds on LPS-induced inflammatory responses in microglia. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:2353-2378. [PMID: 32655777 PMCID: PMC7344058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the main mechanisms involved in the progression of neurodegeneration. The activation of microglia is the main feature of neuroinflammation, promoting the release of neurotoxic molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokines and resulting in the progressive neuronal cell death. Thus, suppression of the over-activation of microglia using novel pharmacological agents is an attractive issue to alleviate the neuroinflammatory processes associated with neurodegeneration. In recent years, medicinal plants-derived natural compounds have received extensive attention as useful sources of new neuroprotective agents for treating neurological disorders. In this review, we summarized the detailed research progress on the natural compounds derived from medicinal plants with potential anti-inflammatory effects and their molecular mechanisms on modulating the LPS-induced inflammatory responses in microglia. The natural compounds that efficacious in inhibiting the microglia activation include flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, terpenoids, quinones, alkaloids, lignans, coumarins, chalcone, stilbene and others (biphenyl, phenylpropanoid, oxy carotenoid). They can reduce the expression of neurotoxic mediators (NO, PGE2, iNOS, COX-2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β), down-regulate inflammatory markers and prevent neural damage. They exert anti-neuroinflammatory effects by modulating relevant signaling pathways (NF-κB, MAPKs, Nrf2/HO-1, PI3K/Akt, JAK/STAT) as demonstrated by experimental data. The present work reviews the role of microglia activation in neuroinflammation, highlighting the potential anti-inflammatory effects of natural compounds as a promising approach to develop innovative neuroprotective strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing An
- Translational Medicine Centre, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Translational Medicine Centre, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Kang
- Sports Medicine Centre, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Translational Medicine Centre, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunshan Guo
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Translational Medicine Centre, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Translational Medicine Centre, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710054, Shaanxi, China
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Saddala MS, Lennikov A, Mukwaya A, Yang Y, Hill MA, Lagali N, Huang H. Discovery of novel L-type voltage-gated calcium channel blockers and application for the prevention of inflammation and angiogenesis. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:132. [PMID: 32334630 PMCID: PMC7183139 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01801-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ways in which microglia activate and promote neovascularization (NV) are not fully understood. Recent in vivo evidence supports the theory that calcium is required for the transition of microglia from a surveillance state to an active one. The objectives of this study were to discover novel L-type voltage-gated channel (L-VGCC) blockers and investigate their application for the prevention of inflammation and angiogenesis. METHODS Pharmacophore-based computational modeling methods were used to screen for novel calcium channel blockers (CCBs) from the ZINC compound library. The effects of CCBs on calcium blockade, microglial pro-inflammatory activation, and cell toxicity were validated in BV-2 microglial cell and freshly isolated smooth muscle cell (SMC) cultures. Laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (NV) and the suture-induced inflammatory corneal NV models of angiogenesis were used for in vivo validation of the novel CCBs. CX3CR1gfp/+ mice were used to examine the infiltration of GFP-labeled microglial cells. RESULTS We identified three compounds from the ZINC database (Zinc20267861, Zinc18204217, and Zinc33254827) as new blockers of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (L-VGCC) using a structure-based pharmacophore approach. The effects of the three CCBs on Ca2+ influx into cells were verified in BV-2 microglial cells using Fura-2 fluorescent dye and in freshly isolated SMCs using the voltage-patch clamp. All three CCBs reduced microglial cell migration, activation stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and reduced the expression of the inflammatory markers NF-κB (phospho-IκBα) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) as well as reactive oxygen species. Of the three compounds, we further examined the in vivo activity of Zinc20267861. Topical treatment with Zinc20267861 in a rat model of suture-induced inflammatory cornea neovascularization demonstrated efficacy of the compound in reducing monocyte infiltration and overall corneal NV response. Subconjunctival administration of the compound in the choroidal NV mouse model effectively prevented CNV and microglial infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the novel CCBs identified here are effective anti-inflammatory agents that can be further evaluated for treating NV disorders and can be potentially applied in the treatment of ocular inflammatory and pathological angiogenetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Sudhana Saddala
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, 1 Hospital Drive, MA102C, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Anton Lennikov
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, 1 Hospital Drive, MA102C, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Anthony Mukwaya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Yan Yang
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Michael A Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Neil Lagali
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hu Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, 1 Hospital Drive, MA102C, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
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Cao D, Li XH, Luo XG, Yu HM, Wan LS, Wei L, Ren Y. Phorbol myristate acetate induces cellular senescence in rat microglia in vitro. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:415-426. [PMID: 32626908 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to establish a cellular model to test the hypothesis that oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) is triggered by aging-related activation of microglia. Primary microglia were incubated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), and β-galactosidase (β-Gal) staining was applied to subsequent assessment of cellular senescence. Moreover, flow cytometry was employed for examinations of cell cycle arrest and senescence-associated proteins, p53 and p21 were measured by western blotting. Furthermore, examination of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were carried out with microglia supernatants undergoing age-related degenerative diseases in the nervous system, using ELISA. PC12 cells were co-cultured with microglia activated by aging-related alteration(s) to evaluate whether apoptosis was increased in PC12 cells. Cellular senescence-associated β-Gal staining showed that microglial β-Gal expression gradually increased with prolonged PMA stimulation. Microglia in the group receiving 72 h of PMA stimulation displayed the highest percentage of cells arrested in G0/G1, the highest amount of senescence-associated expression of p53 and p21, and the most prominent secretion of TNF-α and IL-1β. In comparison with controls, an increase of apoptotic PC12 cells was detected, which were co-cultured with aging microglia. Taken together, microglia tend to undergo senescence after PMA treatment, suggesting that microglial senescence is associated with inactivation of certain oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cao
- Department of Geriatrics, The Fourth People's Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, Liaoning 110031, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Hong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Guang Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Mei Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Li-Shu Wan
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Dandong, Dandong, Liaoning 118000, P.R. China
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Geriatrics, The Fourth People's Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, Liaoning 110031, P.R. China
| | - Yan Ren
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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Mueller-Buehl AM, Doepper H, Grauthoff S, Kiebler T, Peters L, Hurst J, Kuehn S, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Dick HB, Joachim SC, Schnichels S. Oxidative stress-induced retinal damage is prevented by mild hypothermia in an ex vivo model of cultivated porcine retinas. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 48:666-681. [PMID: 32077190 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) can be used in vitro to simulate oxidative stress. In retinal organ cultures, H2 O2 induces strong neurodegeneration of the retina. It is known that oxidative stress plays a role in the development of several retinal diseases including glaucoma and ischemia. Thus, we investigated whether processes underlying oxidative stress can be prevented by hypothermia using an ex vivo organ culture model of porcine retinas. METHODS Porcine retinal explants were cultivated for 5 and 8 days. Oxidative stress was induced via 300 μM H2 O2 on day 1 for 3 hours. Hypothermia treatment at 30°C was applied simultaneously with H2 O2 , for 3 hours. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), apoptosis, bipolar and cholinergic amacrine cells, microglia and macroglia were evaluated immunohistologically. Apoptosis rate was additionally analysed via western blot. RESULTS Reduced apoptosis rates through hypothermia led to a preservation of RGCs (P < .001). Amacrine cells were rescued after hypothermia treatment (P = .17), whereas bipolar cells were only protected partly. Additionally, at 8 days, microglial response due to oxidative stress was completely counteracted via hypothermia (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS H2 O2 induced strong degenerative processes in porcine retinas. The role of oxidative stress in the progression of retinal diseases makes this ex vivo organ culture model suitable to investigate new therapeutic approaches. In the present study, the damaging effect of H2 O2 to several retinal cell types was counteracted or strongly alleviated through hypothermia treatment. Especially RGCs, which are affected in glaucoma disease, were protected due to a reduced apoptosis rate through hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Mueller-Buehl
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hannah Doepper
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sven Grauthoff
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tobias Kiebler
- Centre for Ophthalmology Tübingen, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Laura Peters
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - José Hurst
- Centre for Ophthalmology Tübingen, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Kuehn
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Karl U Bartz-Schmidt
- Centre for Ophthalmology Tübingen, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - H Burkard Dick
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sven Schnichels
- Centre for Ophthalmology Tübingen, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Chronic Exposure to Fluoride Affects GSH Level and NOX4 Expression in Rat Model of This Element of Neurotoxicity. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030422. [PMID: 32182821 PMCID: PMC7175316 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of neural cells to harmful and toxic factors promotes oxidative stress, resulting in disorders of metabolism, cell differentiation, and maturation. The study examined the brains of rats pre- and postnatally exposed to sodium fluoride (NaF 50 mg/L) and activity of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), concentration of glutathione (GSH), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the cerebellum, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum were measured. Additionally, NOX4 expression was determined by qRT-PCR. Rats exposed to fluorides (F-) showed an increase in NOX4 activity in the cerebellum and hippocampus, a decrease in its activity in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, and upregulation of NOX4 expression in hippocampus and its downregulation in other brain structures. Analysis also showed significant changes in the activity of all antioxidant enzymes and a decrease in TAC in brain structures. NOX4 induction and decreased antioxidant activity in central nervous system (CNS) cells may be central mechanisms of fluoride neurotoxicity. NOX4 contributes to blood-brain barrier damage, microglial activation, and neuronal loss, leading to impairment of brain function. Fluoride-induced oxidative stress involves increased reactive oxygen speciaes (ROS) production, which in turn increases the expression of genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Nozaki K, Ito H, Ohgidani M, Yamawaki Y, Sahin EH, Kitajima T, Katsumata S, Yamawaki S, Kato TA, Aizawa H. Antidepressant effect of the translocator protein antagonist ONO-2952 on mouse behaviors under chronic social defeat stress. Neuropharmacology 2020; 162:107835. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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1-O-alkyl glycerophosphate-induced CD36 expression drives oxidative stress in microglial cells. Cell Signal 2020; 65:109459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Waegaert R, Dirrig-Grosch S, Parisot F, Keime C, Henriques A, Loeffler JP, René F. Longitudinal transcriptomic analysis of altered pathways in a CHMP2B intron5-based model of ALS-FTD. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 136:104710. [PMID: 31837425 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia are two neurodegenerative diseases with currently no cure. These two diseases share a clinical continuum with overlapping genetic causes. Mutations in the CHMP2B gene are found in patients with ALS, FTD and ALS-FTD. To highlight deregulated mechanisms occurring in ALS-FTD linked to the CHMP2B gene, we performed a whole transcriptomic study on lumbar spinal cord from CHMP2Bintron5 mice, a model that develops progressive motor alterations associated with dementia symptoms reminiscent of both ALS and FTD. To gain insight into the transcriptomic changes taking place during disease progression this study was performed at three stages: asymptomatic, symptomatic and end stage. We showed that before appearance of motor symptoms, the major disrupted mechanisms were linked with the immune system/inflammatory response and lipid metabolism. These processes were progressively replaced by alterations of neuronal electric activity as motor symptoms appeared, alterations that could lead to motor neuron dysfunction. To investigate overlapping alterations in gene expression between two ALS-causing genes, we then compared the transcriptome of symptomatic CHMP2Bintron5 mice with the one of symptomatic SOD1G86R mice and found the same families deregulated providing further insights into common underlying dysfunction of biological pathways, disrupted or disturbed in ALS. Altogether, this study provides a database to explore potential new candidate genes involved in the CHMP2Bintron5-based pathogenesis of ALS, and provides molecular clues to further understand the functional consequences that diseased neurons expressing CHMP2B mutant may have on their neighbor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Waegaert
- INSERM U1118 Mécanismes centraux et périphériques de la neurodégénérescence, Université de Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvie Dirrig-Grosch
- INSERM U1118 Mécanismes centraux et périphériques de la neurodégénérescence, Université de Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, Strasbourg, France
| | - Florian Parisot
- INSERM U1118 Mécanismes centraux et périphériques de la neurodégénérescence, Université de Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, Strasbourg, France
| | - Céline Keime
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U1258, CNRS, UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Alexandre Henriques
- INSERM U1118 Mécanismes centraux et périphériques de la neurodégénérescence, Université de Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Loeffler
- INSERM U1118 Mécanismes centraux et périphériques de la neurodégénérescence, Université de Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédérique René
- INSERM U1118 Mécanismes centraux et périphériques de la neurodégénérescence, Université de Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, Strasbourg, France.
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Bullich C, Keshavarzian A, Garssen J, Kraneveld A, Perez-Pardo P. Gut Vibes in Parkinson's Disease: The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2019; 6:639-651. [PMID: 31745471 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The complexity of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) is attributable to multifactorial changes occurring at a molecular level, influenced by genetics and environmental interactions. However, what causes the main hallmarks of PD is not well understood. Recent data increasingly suggest that imbalances in the gut microbiome composition might trigger and/or exacerbate the progression of PD. Objective The present review aims to (1) report emerging literature showing changes in microbiota composition of PD patients compared to healthy individuals and (2) discuss how these changes may initiate and/or perpetuate PD pathology. Methods We analyzed 13 studies published from 2015 and included in this review. Altered microbial taxa were compiled in a detailed table summarizing bacterial changes in fecal/mucosal samples. The methodology was systematically reviewed across the articles and was also included in a table to facilitate comparisons between studies. Results Multiple studies found a reduction in short-chain fatty-acid-producing bacteria that can rescue neuronal damage through epigenetic mechanisms. Overall, the studies showed that changes in the gut microbiota composition might influence colonic inflammation, gut permeability, and α-synuclein aggregation, contributing to the neurogenerative process. Conclusion Further studies with larger cohorts and high-resolution sequencing methods are required to better define gut microbiota changes in PD. Furthermore, additional longitudinal studies are required to determine the causal link between these changes and PD pathogenesis as well as to study the potential of the intestinal microbiota as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bullich
- Division of Pharmacology Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy-Immunology Rush University Medical Center Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands.,Nutricia Reasearch Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Aletta Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands.,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Paula Perez-Pardo
- Division of Pharmacology Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
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Photobiomodulation Mitigates Cerebrovascular Leakage Induced by the Parkinsonian Neurotoxin MPTP. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100564. [PMID: 31590236 PMCID: PMC6843129 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is commonly used to model Parkinson’s disease (PD) as it specifically damages the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. Recent studies in mice have, however, provided evidence that MPTP also compromises the integrity of the brain’s vasculature. Photobiomodulation (PBM), the irradiation of tissue with low-intensity red light, mitigates MPTP-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain, but whether PBM also mitigates MPTP-induced damage to the cerebrovasculature has not been investigated. This study aimed to characterize the time course of cerebrovascular disruption following MPTP exposure and to determine whether PBM can mitigate this disruption. Young adult male C57BL/6 mice were injected with 80 mg/kg MPTP or isotonic saline and perfused with fluorescein isothiocyanate FITC-labelled albumin at various time points post-injection. By 7 days post-injection, there was substantial and significant leakage of FITC-labelled albumin into both the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc; p < 0.0001) and the caudate-putamen complex (CPu; p ≤ 0.0003); this leakage partly subsided by 14 days post-injection. Mice that were injected with MPTP and treated with daily transcranial PBM (670 nm, 50 mW/cm2, 3 min/day), commencing 24 h after MPTP injection, showed significantly less leakage of FITC-labelled albumin in both the SNc (p < 0.0001) and CPu (p = 0.0003) than sham-treated MPTP mice, with levels of leakage that were not significantly different from saline-injected controls. In summary, this study confirms that MPTP damages the brain’s vasculature, delineates the time course of leakage induced by MPTP out to 14 days post-injection, and provides the first direct evidence that PBM can mitigate this leakage. These findings provide new understanding of the use of the MPTP mouse model as an experimental tool and highlight the potential of PBM as a therapeutic tool for reducing vascular dysfunction in neurological conditions.
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Rai SN, Zahra W, Singh SS, Birla H, Keswani C, Dilnashin H, Rathore AS, Singh R, Singh RK, Singh SP. Anti-inflammatory Activity of Ursolic Acid in MPTP-Induced Parkinsonian Mouse Model. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:452-462. [PMID: 31016688 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) and hence may represent a target for treatment. The drugs used currently for PD only provide symptomatic relief and have adverse effects in addition to their inability in preventing degeneration of neurons. Flavonoids show potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities which is very valuable for the health of human beings. Thus, in the present study, we have tried to explore the anti-inflammatory activity of orally given ursolic acid (UA) (25 mg/kg bwt), a pentacyclic triterpenoid in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-intoxicated mouse model. Significant severe oxidative stress and biochemical alterations have been seen in Parkinsonian mice after MPTP intoxication. Whereas, UA administration has significantly rescued the harmful consequence of MPTP intoxication. Ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) were seen to be altered in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of MPTP-intoxicated mice through immunohistochemical studies. The changes in the expression level of these parameters primarily suggest increased inflammatory responses in MPTP-intoxicated mice as compared with the control. However, UA have significantly reduced these inflammatory parameters (Iba1 and TNF-α) along with transcription factor NF-κB, which regulates these inflammatory parameters and thus have inhibited MPTP-induced neuroinflammation. The immunoreactivity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was considerably increased by UA treatment in the SNpc of Parkinsonian mice. The neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration along with impairments in biochemical and behavioral parameters were found to be reversed on treatment with UA. Thus, UA has shown potent anti-inflammatory activity by preventing the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons from MPTP-induced Parkinsonian mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachchida Nand Rai
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Walia Zahra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Saumitra Sen Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Hareram Birla
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Chetan Keswani
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Hagera Dilnashin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Aaina Singh Rathore
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Rajan Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Pareek V, Nath B, Roy PK. Role of Neuroimaging Modality in the Assessment of Oxidative Stress in Brain: A Comprehensive Review. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2019; 18:372-381. [DOI: 10.2174/1871527318666190507102340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background & Objective:Oxidative stress (OS) is the secondary source of an injury in consequence to the earlier caused primary injury; it is the condition of an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants within the physiological system. OS causes alterations in proteins and DNA structure, leading to inflammation, apoptotic cell death, and tissue damage. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Glioma-induced neurodegeneration and the normal aging-related neuro-degeneration are primarily associated with the increased OS. The present review article is committed to delivering a comprehensive overview of the current neuroimaging modalities which estimates an indirect correlate of OS in the brain. OS-induced changes in white matter tracts and the gray matter volumes are reviewed assessing the role of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) respectively. Further, the role of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to assess the OS-induced alterations of chemical moieties, and thus the resultant structural implications in the neurological disorders are also briefly as well as precisely reviewed.Conclusions:In the present review article we present an overview of the role of neuroimaging modalities in the diagnosis, and longitudinal assessment during treatment of the OS induced changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Pareek
- National Neuroimaging Facility, Computational Neuroscience & Neuroimaging Department, National Brain Research Center, Manesar, Haryana, 122052, India
| | - Banshi Nath
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Quebec QC, Canada
| | - Prasun K. Roy
- Computational Neuroscience & Neuro-Imaging Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 122005, India
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Li B, Xu P, Wu S, Jiang Z, Huang Z, Li Q, Chen D. Diosgenin Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Parkinson's Disease by Inhibiting the TLR/NF-κB Pathway. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:943-955. [PMID: 29966203 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Diosgenin is a natural steroid saponin which was shown to play a beneficial role in Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE This study sought to investigate the potential effect of diosgenin on a rat model of PD. METHODS Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to intra-striatal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and treated with diosgenin. Stepping, Whisker, and Cylinder tests were carried out to determine the motor function, and the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase was detected by immunohistochemistry. The levels of multiple proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress related factors and proteins involved in Toll-like receptor (TLR)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway were measured. The synergistic effect of environment enrichment on diosgenin was also investigated. RESULTS Intra-striatal injection of LPS caused motor deficits in rats, induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress response, and activated the TLR/NF-κB pathway both in vivo and in vitro. Diosgenin could attenuate the LPS-induced alterations. Enriched environment enhanced the effect of diosgenin to ameliorate the LPS-induced motor deficits in rats and decreased the protein levels of TLR2, TLR4, and nuclear NF-κB in diosgenin treated PD rats. CONCLUSION Diosgenin had a beneficial effect in LPS-induced rat PD models, by suppressing the TLR/NF-κB signaling pathway. Environmental enrichment could play a synergistic effect with diosgenin, by enhancing the inhibitory effect of diosgenin on the TLR/ NF-κB signaling pathway.
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The protective effects of β-caryophyllene on LPS-induced primary microglia M1/M2 imbalance: A mechanistic evaluation. Life Sci 2019; 219:40-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Andrade S, Ramalho MJ, Pereira MDC, Loureiro JA. Resveratrol Brain Delivery for Neurological Disorders Prevention and Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1261. [PMID: 30524273 PMCID: PMC6262174 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RES) is a natural polyphenolic non-flavonoid compound present in grapes, mulberries, peanuts, rhubarb and in several other plants. Numerous health effects have been related with its intake, such as anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and brain protective effects. The neuroprotective effects of RES in neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases, are related to the protection of neurons against oxidative damage and toxicity, and to the prevention of apoptotic neuronal death. In brain cancer, RES induces cell apoptotic death and inhibits angiogenesis and tumor invasion. Despite its great potential as therapeutic agent for the treatment of several diseases, RES exhibits some limitations. It has poor water solubility and it is chemically instable, being degraded by isomerization once exposed to high temperatures, pH changes, UV light, or certain types of enzymes. Thus, RES has low bioavailability, limiting its biological and pharmacological benefits. To overcome these limitations, RES can be delivered by nanocarriers. This field of nanomedicine studies how the drug administration, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics are affected by the use of nanosized materials. The role of nanotechnology, in the prevention and treatment of neurological diseases, arises from the necessity to mask the physicochemical properties of therapeutic drugs to prolong the half-life and to be able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This can be achieved by encapsulating the drug in a nanoparticle (NP), which can be made of different kinds of materials. An increasing trend to encapsulate and direct RES to the brain has been observed. RES has been encapsulated in many different types of nanosystems, as liposomes, lipid and polymeric NPs. Furthermore, some of these nanocarriers have been modified with targeting molecules able to recognize the brain areas. Then, this article aims to overview the RES benefits and limitations in the treatment of neurological diseases, as the different nanotechnology strategies to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joana A. Loureiro
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Inhibition of Microglia-Derived Oxidative Stress by Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Protects Dopamine Neurons In Vivo from MPP⁺ Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113543. [PMID: 30423807 PMCID: PMC6274815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated that capsaicin (CAP), an agonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1), inhibits microglia activation and microglia-derived oxidative stress in the substantia nigra (SN) of MPP⁺-lesioned rat. However, the detailed mechanisms how microglia-derived oxidative stress is regulated by CAP remain to be determined. Here we report that ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) endogenously produced by CAP-activated astrocytes through TRPV1, but not microglia, inhibits microglial activation and microglia-derived oxidative stress, as assessed by OX-6 and OX-42 immunostaining and hydroethidine staining, respectively, resulting in neuroprotection. The significant increase in levels of CNTF receptor alpha (CNTFRα) expression was evident on microglia in the MPP⁺-lesioned rat SN and the observed beneficial effects of CNTF was abolished by treatment with CNTF receptor neutralizing antibody. It is therefore likely that CNTF can exert its effect via CNTFRα on microglia, which rescues dopamine neurons in the SN of MPP⁺-lesioned rats and ameliorates amphetamine-induced rotations. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed also a significantly increased expression of CNTFRα on microglia in the SN from human Parkinson's disease patients compared with age-matched controls, indicating that these findings may have relevance to the disease. These data suggest that CNTF originated from TRPV1 activated astrocytes may be beneficial to treat neurodegenerative disease associated with neuro-inflammation such as Parkinson's disease.
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Chronic Exposure to Sodium Fluoride Triggers Oxidative Biochemistry Misbalance in Mice: Effects on Peripheral Blood Circulation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:8379123. [PMID: 30224946 PMCID: PMC6129794 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8379123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The excessive fluoride (F) exposure is associated with damage to cellular processes of different tissue types, due to changes in enzymatic metabolism and breakdown of redox balance. However, few studies evaluate doses of F compatible with human consumption. Thus, this study evaluated the effects of chronic exposure to sodium fluoride (NaF) on peripheral blood of mice from the evaluation of biochemical parameters. The animals were divided into three groups (n = 10) and received three concentrations of NaF in the drinking water for 60 days: 0 mg/L F, 10 mg/L F, and 50 mg/L F. The blood was then collected for trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), concentrations of nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH). The results showed that doses of 10 mg/L F and 50 mg/L F were able to increase TBARS concentration and decrease NO levels and CAT activity in the blood, but there was no statistical difference for SOD levels. The 50 mg/L F group showed an increase in TEAC levels and a decrease in the GSH content when compared to the control group. In this way, oxidative changes in blood from chronic exposure to F, especially at the highest dose, indicate that F may be a toxic agent and, therefore, the long-term exposure to excessive doses should be avoided.
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Nagarajan VB, Marathe PA. Effect of montelukast in experimental model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett 2018; 682:100-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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De Miranda BR, Rocha EM, Bai Q, El Ayadi A, Hinkle D, Burton EA, Timothy Greenamyre J. Astrocyte-specific DJ-1 overexpression protects against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 115:101-114. [PMID: 29649621 PMCID: PMC5943150 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DJ-1 is a redox-sensitive protein with several putative functions important in mitochondrial physiology, protein transcription, proteasome regulation, and chaperone activity. High levels of DJ-1 immunoreactivity are reported in astrocytes surrounding pathology associated with idiopathic Parkinson's disease, possibly reflecting the glial response to oxidative damage. Previous studies showed that astrocytic over-expression of DJ-1 in vitro prevented oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in primary neurons. Based on these observations, we developed a pseudotyped lentiviral gene transfer vector with specific tropism for CNS astrocytes in vivo to overexpress human DJ-1 protein in astroglial cells. Following vector delivery to the substantia nigra and striatum of adult Lewis rats, the DJ-1 transgene was expressed robustly and specifically within astrocytes. There was no observable transgene expression in neurons or other glial cell types. Three weeks after vector infusion, animals were exposed to rotenone to induce Parkinson's disease-like pathology, including loss of dopaminergic neurons, accumulation of endogenous α-synuclein, and neuroinflammation. Animals over-expressing hDJ-1 in astrocytes were protected from rotenone-induced neurodegeneration, and displayed a marked reduction in neuronal oxidative stress and microglial activation. In addition, α-synuclein accumulation and phosphorylation were decreased within substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in DJ-1-transduced animals, and expression of LAMP-2A, a marker of chaperone mediated autophagy, was increased. Together, these data indicate that astrocyte-specific overexpression of hDJ-1 protects neighboring neurons against multiple pathologic features of Parkinson's disease and provides the first direct evidence in vivo of a cell non-autonomous neuroprotective function of astroglial DJ-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana R De Miranda
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Emily M Rocha
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Qing Bai
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Amina El Ayadi
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - David Hinkle
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Edward A Burton
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - J Timothy Greenamyre
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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Kempuraj D, Thangavel R, Selvakumar GP, Ahmed ME, Zaheer S, Raikwar SP, Zahoor H, Saeed D, Dubova I, Giler G, Herr S, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Mast Cell Proteases Activate Astrocytes and Glia-Neurons and Release Interleukin-33 by Activating p38 and ERK1/2 MAPKs and NF-κB. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1681-1693. [PMID: 29916143 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory mediators released from activated microglia, astrocytes, neurons, and mast cells mediate neuroinflammation. Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by inflammation-dependent dopaminergic neurodegeneration in substantia nigra. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), a metabolite of parkinsonian neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), induces inflammatory mediators' release from brain cells and mast cells. Brain cells' interaction with mast cells is implicated in neuroinflammation. However, the exact mechanisms involved are not yet clearly understood. Mouse fetal brain-derived cultured primary astrocytes and glia-neurons were incubated with mouse mast cell protease-6 (MMCP-6) and MMCP-7, and mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) were incubated with MPP+ and brain protein glia maturation factor (GMF). Interleukin-33 (IL-33) released from these cells was quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Both MMCP-6 and MMCP-7 induced IL-33 release from astrocytes and glia-neurons. MPP+ and GMF were used as a positive control-induced IL-33 and reactive oxygen species expression in mast cells. Mast cell proteases and MPP+ activate p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in astrocytes, glia-neurons, or mast cells. Addition of BMMCs from wt mice and transduction with adeno-GMF show higher chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) release. MPP+ activated glial cells and reduced microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) expression indicating neurodegeneration. IL-33 expression increased in the midbrain and striatum of PD brains as compared with age- and sex-matched control subjects. Glial cells and neurons interact with mast cells and accelerate neuroinflammation and these interactions can be explored as a new therapeutic target to treat PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Gvindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Haris Zahoor
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Daniyal Saeed
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Gema Giler
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shelby Herr
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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Tong H, Zhang X, Meng X, Lu L, Mai D, Qu S. Simvastatin Inhibits Activation of NADPH Oxidase/p38 MAPK Pathway and Enhances Expression of Antioxidant Protein in Parkinson Disease Models. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:165. [PMID: 29872377 PMCID: PMC5972184 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). Simvastatin has been suggested to protect against oxidative stress in several diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms by which simvastatin protects against neuropathology and oxidative damage in PD are poorly elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of simvastatin owing to its anti-oxidative properties in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-treated SH-SY5Y cells and mice. The results of 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescence and CCK-8 assay demonstrated that simvastatin reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and reversed apoptosis in 6-OHDA-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that 6-OHDA-induced activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway was inhibited and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) nuclear transcription decreased in SH-SY5Y cells after simvastatin treatment. Enhanced expression levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM) were observed after simvastatin treatment in 6-OHDA-treated SH-SY5Y cells. In vivo studies revealed that administration of simvastatin by gavage decreased limb-use asymmetry and apomorphine-induced rotations in 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. Simvastatin increased dopaminergic neurons and reduced protein tyrosine nitration and gliosis in the midbrain of PD mice. An inhibitory effect on activation of the NADPH oxidase/p38 MAPK was observed, and increased antioxidant protein expression in the midbrain were seen in the simvastatin plus 6-OHDA group compared with the 6-OHDA-lesioned group. Taken together, these results demonstrate that simvastatin might inhibit the activation of NADPH oxidase/p38 MAPK pathway, enhance antioxidant protein expression and protect against oxidative stress, thereby providing a novel antioxidant mechanism that has therapeutic validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichun Tong
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Xiuping Zhang
- Teaching Center of Experimental Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingjun Meng
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Lingli Lu
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Dongmei Mai
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Shaogang Qu
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
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de Araújo FM, Ferreira RS, Souza CS, Dos Santos CC, Rodrigues TLRS, E Silva JHC, Gasparotto J, Gelain DP, El-Bachá RS, D Costa MDF, Fonseca JCM, Segura-Aguilar J, Costa SL, Silva VDA. Aminochrome decreases NGF, GDNF and induces neuroinflammation in organotypic midbrain slice cultures. Neurotoxicology 2018; 66:98-106. [PMID: 29588162 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence shows that aminochrome induces glial activation related to neuroinflammation. This dopamine derived molecule induces formation and stabilization of alpha-synuclein oligomers, mitochondria dysfunction, oxidative stress, dysfunction of proteasomal and lysosomal systems, endoplasmic reticulum stress and disruption of the microtubule network, but until now there has been no evidence of effects on production of cytokines and neurotrophic factors, that are mechanisms involved in neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease (PD). This study examines the potential role of aminochrome on the regulation of NGF, GDNF, TNF-α and IL-1β production and microglial activation in organotypic midbrain slice cultures from P8 - P9 Wistar rats. We demonstrated aminochrome (25 μM, for 24 h) induced reduction of GFAP expression, reduction of NGF and GDNF mRNA levels, morphological changes in Iba1+ cells, and increase of both TNF-α, IL-1β mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, aminochrome (25 μM, for 48 h) induced morphological changes in the edge of slices and reduction of TH expression. These results demonstrate neuroinflammation, as well as negative regulation of neurotrophic factors (GDNF and NGF), may be involved in aminochrome-induced neurodegeneration, and they contribute to a better understanding of PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fillipe M de Araújo
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Rafael S Ferreira
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Cleide S Souza
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Cleonice Creusa Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Tácio L R S Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Juliana Helena C E Silva
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Juciano Gasparotto
- Centro de estudos em Estresse oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquimica, PPG Bioquimica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pens Gelain
- Centro de estudos em Estresse oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquimica, PPG Bioquimica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ramon S El-Bachá
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima D Costa
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - José Claudio M Fonseca
- Centro de estudos em Estresse oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquimica, PPG Bioquimica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Silvia L Costa
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Victor Diogenes A Silva
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Guo JD, Zhao X, Li Y, Li GR, Liu XL. Damage to dopaminergic neurons by oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease (Review). Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:1817-1825. [PMID: 29393357 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is increasingly recognized as a central event contributing to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is implicated as a causative factor in PD, the cellular and molecular mechanisms linking oxidative stress with dopaminergic neuron death are complex and not well characterized. The primary insults cause the greatest production of ROS, which contributes to oxidative damage by attacking all macromolecules, including lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, leading to defects in their physiological function. Consequently, the defects in these macromolecules result in mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation, which subsequently enhance the production of ROS and ultimately neuronal damage. The interaction between these various mechanisms forms a positive feedback loop that drives the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in PD, and oxidative stress‑mediated neuron damage appears to serve a central role in the neurodegenerative process. Thus, understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which oxidative stress contributes to the loss of dopaminergic neurons may provide a promising therapeutic approach in PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Dong Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132011, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Paediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Ren Li
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Liang Liu
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Myatt L, Thornburg KL. Effects of Prenatal Nutrition and the Role of the Placenta in Health and Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1735:19-46. [PMID: 29380305 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7614-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies identified the linkage between exposures to stresses, including the type and plane of nutrition in utero with development of disease in later life. Given the critical roles of the placenta in mediating transport of nutrients between the mother and fetus and regulation of maternal metabolism, recent attention has focused on the role of the placenta in mediating the effect of altered nutritional exposures on the development of disease in later life. In this chapter we describe the mechanisms of nutrient transport in the placenta, the influence of placental metabolism on this, and how placental energetics influence placental function in response to a variety of stressors. Further the recent "recognition" that the placenta itself has a sex which affects its function may begin to help elucidate the mechanisms underlying the well-known dimorphism in development of disease in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Myatt
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,Bob and Charlee Moore Institute for Nutrition & Wellness, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Kent L Thornburg
- Bob and Charlee Moore Institute for Nutrition & Wellness, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Dominiak A, Wilkaniec A, Jęśko H, Czapski GA, Lenkiewicz AM, Kurek E, Wroczyński P, Adamczyk A. Selol, an organic selenium donor, prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction in the rat brain. Neurochem Int 2017; 108:66-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Zielonka J, Sikora A, Hardy M, Ouari O, Vasquez-Vivar J, Cheng G, Lopez M, Kalyanaraman B. Mitochondria-Targeted Triphenylphosphonium-Based Compounds: Syntheses, Mechanisms of Action, and Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications. Chem Rev 2017; 117:10043-10120. [PMID: 28654243 PMCID: PMC5611849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 915] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are recognized as one of the most important targets for new drug design in cancer, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases. Currently, the most effective way to deliver drugs specifically to mitochondria is by covalent linking a lipophilic cation such as an alkyltriphenylphosphonium moiety to a pharmacophore of interest. Other delocalized lipophilic cations, such as rhodamine, natural and synthetic mitochondria-targeting peptides, and nanoparticle vehicles, have also been used for mitochondrial delivery of small molecules. Depending on the approach used, and the cell and mitochondrial membrane potentials, more than 1000-fold higher mitochondrial concentration can be achieved. Mitochondrial targeting has been developed to study mitochondrial physiology and dysfunction and the interaction between mitochondria and other subcellular organelles and for treatment of a variety of diseases such as neurodegeneration and cancer. In this Review, we discuss efforts to target small-molecule compounds to mitochondria for probing mitochondria function, as diagnostic tools and potential therapeutics. We describe the physicochemical basis for mitochondrial accumulation of lipophilic cations, synthetic chemistry strategies to target compounds to mitochondria, mitochondrial probes, and sensors, and examples of mitochondrial targeting of bioactive compounds. Finally, we review published attempts to apply mitochondria-targeted agents for the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
- Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Adam Sikora
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
| | - Micael Hardy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Jeannette Vasquez-Vivar
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
- Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
- Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Marcos Lopez
- Translational Biomedical Research Group, Biotechnology Laboratories, Cardiovascular Foundation of Colombia, Carrera 5a No. 6-33, Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia, 681003
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Calle 4B No. 36-00, Cali, Colombia, 760032
| | - Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
- Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
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Santos CC, Araújo FM, Ferreira RS, Silva VB, Silva JH, Grangeiro MS, Soares ÉN, Pereira ÉPL, Souza CS, Costa SL, Segura-Aguilar J, Silva VDA. Aminochrome induces microglia and astrocyte activation. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 42:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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50
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Involvement of the kynurenine pathway in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 155:76-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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