Mercury toxicity and treatment: a review of the literature

Development of a novel sensory material for rapid detection of mercury ions in various water sources: Solution and solid-state analysis

A xanthene propane nitrile-based sensor material was successfully prepared, and an attempt towards the preparation of polymer bead form was made for the sensitive or selective detection of mercury ions (Hg2+) in water. The sensor material in solution as well as in polymeric form showed amazing selectivity over other added metal ions with a naked eye color change, UV visible spectral and fluorescence spectral change, and a rapid and excellent color change from colorless to purple. The 1H NMR study exposed the probable binding site of the probe with the added mercury ion. In this study, the imine nitrogen and the C = O interact with the mercury ion, resulting in the ring opening of lactam with a vivid color change. The EDTA test was done to verify the reversible behavior of the probe and confirmed its reversibility by UV-visible and fluorescence spectral studies. The polymer bead made using this probe can be used as a tool for monitoring mercury ions in real time in different sources of water samples. The sensor molecule itself senses the mercury ion in its solid state by simple grinding and changes its color from pale yellow to deep purple. The sensor color change response is very rapid towards mercury detection, which is confirmed by the prepared test strip.

Development of a new series of thioacetal based fluorescence chemosensors for highly sensitive determination of Hg2+ in environmental samples and cell imaging

Mercury ion is one of the most harmful metal ions with significant hazards to the environment and human health. Thus, the development of innovative, sensitive, and selective sensors to help address the detrimental impacts of heavy metal contamination is necessary. In this work, we present three new chemosensors based on the deprotection reaction of the thioacetal group for distinguishing Hg2+ in environmental samples. These chemosensors show good photophysical properties with high quantum yield in aqueous medium. These prepared chemosensors were employed as fluorometric sensors for the determination of Hg2+ through the quenching of fluorescence emission due to the Hg2+-induced hydrolysis of the thioacetal to the aldehyde group. In the presence of Hg2+, chemosensors showed an emissive color transformation from blue fluorescence to non-fluorescence under UV light, which was readily seen by the visual eye. These chemosensors also exhibited highly distinctive selectivity toward Hg2+ over other interfering metal ions, with detection limits of 1.1 ppb, 13.4 ppb, and 12.7 ppb. Moreover, the practical applicability of chemosensor was successfully demonstrated in real water samples and herb extract samples.

Quantifying heavy metal and radionuclide contamination in fish and water proximal to a uranium tailings facility: A Linshui River basin investigation, China

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study is to evaluate the concentrations of heavy metals and radionuclides in water and fish samples collected from six designated sampling stations along the Linshui River, in close proximity to a Uranium Tailing Pond situated in China. Additionally, it seeks to estimate the bioaccumulation of heavy metals and conduct risk assessments, both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic, for consumers.

METHODS

Water and fish samples (yellowhead catfish and common carp) were systematically collected from six stations along the river from January to June 2023, adhering to ethical standards and standard protocols for assessing water quality. Samples underwent chemical preparation and analysis for heavy metals using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, and for radionuclides using gamma spectrometry, with all methods validated for accuracy.

RESULTS

The water samples showed metal and radionuclide concentrations within acceptable limits, except for higher levels of U and Th compared to background values. Heavy metal concentrations were higher in common carp compared to yellowhead catfish, with both species exhibiting a similar trend. While non-carcinogenic health risk, as indicated by target hazard quotients, was low for consumers, the health risk data emphasized the carcinogenic threats posed by U238 and Th234.

CONCLUSIONS

The study highlights the importance of implementing comprehensive river restoration measures. Additionally, the bioconcentration factor values indicate minimal accumulation of heavy metals in the muscle tissue of fish.

Porphyrin-Grafted Poly(ethylene terephthalate) as a Reusable and Highly Selective Colorimetric Probe for Mercuric Ion Contaminants in Aqueous Samples

Heavy metals are the most hazardous water pollutants, with severe health and environmental consequences. Among these, mercuric (Hg2+) ions are known to cause detrimental health issues in both humans and aquatic life. Due to this, several analytical techniques have been devised to detect and quantify the amount of this ion. However, most of these require advanced instrumentation, prolonged analysis time, and sample preparation. In this study, a low-cost and highly reusable colorimetric probe was developed by grafting porphyrin to poly(ethylene terephthalate) sheets using an oxazoline polymer as covalent adhesive. Upon exposure to trace amounts of Hg2+ in solution, the fabricated material visually transitioned from faint brownish pink to green by the complexation mechanism. Additionally, the transparency of this probe allowed the quantitative spectrophotometric determination of the Hg2+ concentration in aqueous samples. It was also shown that the material is highly stable, which can be reused for more than 50 times without significant decline in its performance, hence, making it suitable for the onsite monitoring of mercuric ion contamination in different bodies of water.

Quercetin Alleviates Kidney Damage Caused by Mercury Chloride：The protective effects of quercetin on autophagy and inflammation were studied based on TRIM32/TLR4/LC3 pathway

OBJECTIVE

Mercury is one of the heavy metal pollutants causing serious harm to human health. Quercetin was observed to repair kidney damage through the TLR4/TRIM32 pathway, and the detoxification effect of quercetin on heavy metal poisoning was observed.

METHODS

For the study, the researchers divided 40 male mice from the KM strain into five groups: control, HgCl2, QU30, HgCl2+QU15, and HgCl2+QU30. The biological effects of those mice in each group were detected by the biochemical experiment, histopathology experiment and protein expression experiment respectively.

RESULTS

HgCl2 had effects in increasing the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (P<0.05). HgCl2 induced inflammation by increasing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR-4) (P< 0.05). The expression of creatinine (CRE) and urea nitrogen (BUN) showed that HgCl2 promoted kidney injury. HgCl2 altered renal tissue integrity and TRIM32 expression which resulted in the increased autophagy associated protein levels of LC3. In contrast, quercetin reduced oxidative stress, autophagy, inflammation and histopathological changes (P< 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Quercetin has the renal protection effects of anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation and anti-autophagy.

Current status of advancement in remediation technologies for the toxic metal mercury in the environment: A critical review

Currently, pollution due to heavy metals, in particular dissolved mercury, is a major concern for society and the environment. This work aims to evaluate the current scenario regarding the removal/elimination of mercury. Mercury removal through adsorption is mainly done through artificial resins and metallic-organic frameworks. In the case of the zinc organic framework, it was able to adsorb Hg2+, reaching an adsorption capacity of 802 mg g-1. As for the Hg(0) the coconut husk was found to have the lowest equilibrium time, 30 min, and the highest adsorption capacity of 956.2 mg g-1. Experimental reports and molecular simulation indicate that the adsorption of mercury and other chemical forms occurs due to electrostatic interactions, ion exchange, precipitation, complexation, chelation, and covalent bonds, according to the material nature. The reported thermodynamic results show that, in most cases, the mercury adsorption has an endothermic nature with enthalpy levels below 40 kJ mol-1. Thermal and chemical regeneration methods lead to a similar number of 5 cycles for different materials. The presence of other ions, in particular cadmium, lead, and copper, generates an antagonistic effect for mercury adsorption. Regarding the other current technologies, it was found that mercury removal is feasible through precipitation, phytoremediation, and marine microalgae; all these methods require constant chemicals or a slow rate of removal according to the conditions. Advanced oxidative processes have noteworthy removal of Hg(0); however, Fenton processes lead to mineralization, which leads to Fe2+ and Fe3+ in solution; sonochemical processes are impossible to scale up at the current technology level; and electrochemical processes consume more energy and require constant changes of the anode and cathode. Overall, it is possible to conclude that the adsorption process remains a more friendly, economical, and greener process in comparison with other processes.

Gallium-based liquid metals as smart responsive materials: Morphological forms and stimuli characterization

Gallium-based liquid metals (GaLMs) have garnered monumental attention from the scientific community due to their diverse actuation characteristics. These metals possess remarkable characteristics, including high surface tension, excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, phase transformation behaviour, minimal viscosity and vapour pressure, lack of toxicity, and biocompatibility. In addition, GaLMs have melting points that are either lower or near room temperature, making them incredibly beneficial when compared to solid metals since they can be easily deformed. Thus, there has been significant progress in developing multifunctional devices using GaLMs, including bio-devices, flexible and self-healing circuits, and actuators. Despite numerous reports on these liquid metals (LMs), there is an urgent need for consolidated and coherent literature regarding their actuation principles linked to the targeted application. This will ensure that the reader gets the flavour of physics behind the actuation mechanism and how it can be utilized in diverse fields. Moreover, the actuation mechanism has been scattered in the literature, and thus, the primary motive of this review is to provide a one-stop solution for the actuation mechanism and the associated dynamics while directing the readers to specialized literature. Thus, addressing this issue, we thoroughly examine and present a detailed account of the actuation mechanisms of GaLMs while highlighting the science behind them. We also discuss the various morphologies of GaLMs and their crucial physical characteristics which decide their targeted application. Furthermore, we also delve into commonly held beliefs about GaLMs in the literature, such as their toxicity and antibacterial properties, to offer readers a more accurate understanding. Finally, we have explored several key unanswered aspects of the LM that should be explored in future research. The core strength of this review lies in its simplistic approach in offering a starting point for researchers venturing this innovative field, while we make use of existing literature to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Heavy metal and trace element alterations in patients during a migraine attack

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study was to determine the heavy metal and trace element (HMTE) profile in patients with migraine (PwM) and to compare it to that of healthy individuals without migraine.

BACKGROUND

Migraine is a universal disease that affects more than 10% of the world's population; however, its pathophysiology is still obscure.

METHODS

A total of 100 participants were included in this prospective matched case-control study (50 PwM during acute attack and 50 age- and sex-matched healthy controls). The study was conducted in the university hospital in Yozgat, Turkey, where the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry system was used to measure the HMTE profile. The calibration curve was created with 11 points for heavy metals (arsenic [As], cadmium [Cd], cobalt [Co], lead [Pb], mercury [Hg], nickel [Ni], and tin [Sn]) and trace elements (antimony [Sb], chromium [Cr], copper [Cu], iron [Fe], magnesium [Mg], manganese [Mn], molybdenum [Mo], and zinc [Zn]).

RESULTS

The median age was 27 (23-37) years, and the female/male ratio was 37/13 for both groups. The PwM group had significantly higher As, Co, Pb, and Ni levels among the heavy metals (p = 0.033, 0.017, 0.022, and 0.021, respectively). Also, PwM had significantly lower Cr, Mg, and Zn levels among the trace elements (p = 0.007, 0.024, and < 0.001, respectively). The only trace element that was elevated in the PwM group was Mn (p = 0.001). The PwM and control groups did not differ in terms of Cd, Sn, Sb, Cu, Fe, and Mo (p = 0.165, 0.997, 0.195, 0.408, 0.440, and 0.252, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Some HMTE parameters are altered in PwM, which may provide additional insight into understanding migraine etiology.

Intestinal microbiota protects against methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity

Methylmercury (MeHg) remains a global public health issue because of its frequent presence in human food sources obtained from the water. The excretion of MeHg in humans occurs slowly with a biological half-time of 32-47 days. Short-term MeHg exposure may cause long-lasting neurotoxicity. The excretion through feces is a major route in the demethylation of MeHg. Accumulating evidence suggests that the intestinal microbiota plays an important role in the demethylation of MeHg, thereby protecting the host from neurotoxic effects. Here, we discuss recent developments on the role of intestinal microbiota in MeHg metabolism, based on in vitro cell culture experiments, experimental animal studies and human investigations. Demethylation by intestinal bacteria is the rate-limiting step in MeHg metabolism and elimination. The identity of bacteria strains responsible for this biotransformation is currently unknown; however, the non-homogenous distribution of intestinal microbiota may lead to different demethylation rates in the intestinal tract. The maintenance of intestinal barrier function by intestinal microbiota may afford protection against MeHg-induced neurotoxicity, which warrant future investigations. We also discuss studies investigating the effects of MeHg exposure on the population structural stability of intestinal microbiota in several host species. Although this is an emerging area in metal toxicity, current research suggests that a change in certain phyla in the intestinal microbiota may indicate MeHg overexposure.

Mercury speciation in pilot whale from Faroe Islands, 1977-2015

Mercury (Hg) is a naturally occurring heavy metal, but human activities and natural processes have led to increased pollution with Hg in the environment. Organic mercury, such as methyl mercury (MeHg), is considered more toxic than most inorganic mercury compounds. MeHg is rapidly taken up by aquatic organisms and bioaccumulates through the aquatic food web. The bioaccumulation causes high levels of MeHg in apex predators, such as pilot whales. Pilot whale meat is a traditional food source on the Faroe Islands; thus the consumption of pilot whale meat can lead to high Hg exposures in humans. The majority of the total Hg in pilot whale and fish is generally assumed to be MeHg. However, the relative amount of MeHg to total Hg can be highly variable. For risk assessment, it is relevant to know both the MeHg and the total Hg content. This study summarizes the knowledge of muscle MeHg concentrations relative to total Hg concentrations in pilot whales in the Faroe Islands. The pilot whale tissue was sampled during 1977-78, 1986-87, 2009- 2010, and 2015. The 2015 samples included two pairs of fetuses/mothers. The results showed that the 1977-78 pilot whale muscle samples had lower relative concentrations of MeHg to total Hg compared to samples from the subsequent years. This discrepancy between early and later years could not solely be explained by increased demethylation related to concentration differences. Instead, the difference is more likely explained by variations in relative amounts of MeHg in prey of the pilot whales. In the fetuses the total Hg concentration was 20% of the Hg concentration in the mother. The relative MeHg concentrations in the fetuses were also lower (∼20% - 30%) than in the mother. However, the MeHg to total Hg fraction in the fetus was similar or higher than in the mother.

Food contamination and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review

Cardiovascular disease is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among non-communicable diseases worldwide. Evidence shows that a healthy dietary pattern positively influences many risk factors of cardiometabolic health, stroke, and heart disease, supported by the effectiveness of healthy diet and lifestyles for the prevention of CVD. High quality and safety of foods are prerequisites to ensuring food security and beneficial effects. Contaminants can be present in foods mainly because of contamination from environmental sources (water, air, or soil pollution), or artificially introduced by the human. Moreover, the cross-contamination or formation during food processing, food packaging, presence or contamination by natural toxins, or use of unapproved food additives and adulterants. Numerous studies reported the association between food contaminants and cardiovascular risk by demonstrating that (1) the cross-contamination or artificial sweeteners, additives, and adulterants in food processing can be the cause of the risk for major adverse cardiovascular events and (2) environmental factors, such as heavy metals and chemical products can be also significant contributors to food contamination with a negative impact on cardiovascular systems. Furthermore, oxidative stress can be a common mechanism that mediates food contamination-associated CVDs as substantiated by studies showing impaired oxidative stress biomarkers after exposure to food contaminants.This narrative review summarizes the data suggesting how food contaminants may elicit artery injury and proposing oxidative stress as a mediator of cardiovascular damage.

Exposure to Mercury in the Air and Its Effect on Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD): A Systematic Review

Background

We aimed to verify the exposure to mercury in the air and its effect on cardiovascular disorders.

Methods

The review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and national databases (such as SID) from 1995-2022.

Results

Mercury exposure can cause many disorders in humans, including neurodevelopmental disorders in fetuses and children, adverse cardiovascular outcomes, hypertension, and diabetes. Mercury is a human neurotoxin, and in recent years its potentially harmful effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) have raised concerns, mainly due to mercury's role in reducing oxidative stress.

Conclusion

Possible mechanisms of mercury toxicity in CVD include mercury-selenium interaction, increased lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress. In this article, we review studies that have investigated the relationship between mercury and CVD.

What does scientometry tell us about mercury toxicology and its biological impairments?

Mercury is a toxic pollutant that poses risks to both human and environmental health, making it a pressing public health concern. This study aimed to summarize the knowledge on mercury toxicology and the biological impairments caused by exposure to mercury in experimental studies and/or diagnosis in humans. The research was conducted on the main collection of Web of Science, employing as a methodological tool a bibliometric analysis. The selected articles were analyzed, and extracted data such as publication year, journal, author, title, number of citations, corresponding author's country, keywords, and the knowledge mapping was performed about the type of study, chemical form of mercury, exposure period, origin of exposure, tissue/fluid of exposure measurement, mercury concentration, evaluation period (age), mercury effect, model experiments, dose, exposure pathway, and time of exposure. The selected articles were published between 1965 and 2021, with Clarkson TW being the most cited author who has also published the most articles. A total of 38% of the publications were from the USA. These studies assessed the prenatal and postnatal effects of mercury, emphasizing the impact of methylmercury on neurodevelopment, including motor and cognitive evaluations, the association between mercury and autism, and an evaluation of its protective effects against mercury toxicity. In observational studies, the blood, umbilical cord, and hair were the most frequently used for measuring mercury levels. Our data analysis reveals that mercury neurotoxicology has been extensively explored, but the association among the outcomes evaluated in experimental studies has yet to be strengthened. Providing metric evidence on what is unexplored allows for new studies that may help governmental and non-governmental organizations develop guidelines and policies.

Dental Metal Matrix Composites: The Effects of the Addition of Titanium Nanoparticle Particles on Dental Amalgam

Dental amalgams have been used by dentists for the restoration of posterior human teeth. However, there have been concerns about the release of mercury from amalgams into the oral cavity. The objective of the present research is to study the effect of titanium (Ti) nanoparticles on the microstructural mechanism of the release of mercury vapor in two commonly used brands of dental amalgam (the Dispersalloy: 11.8% Cu; the Sybralloy: 33% Cu). Ti powder was added to both the Dispersalloy and the Sybralloy in increments of 10 mg up to 80 mg. The addition of Ti powder to both brands of dental amalgam has been found to result in a considerable decrease in Hg vapor release. The decrease in the Hg vapor release due to Ti addition has been explained by the formation of strong Hg-Ti covalent bonds, which reduce the availability of Hg atoms for evaporation. The Ti atoms in excess of the solubility limit of Ti in Hg reside in the grain boundaries, which also reduces the evaporation of Hg from the amalgam. The binding of Hg with Ti via a strong covalent bond also results in a significant improvement in mechanical properties such as Vickers hardness.

Ameliorative impacts of sinapic acid against mercuric chloride-induced renal toxicity: role of antioxidants and inflammatory cytokines

Because of their beneficial properties, natural products, especially medicinal plants, are becoming increasingly popular worldwide and play a significant role in research. This study was aimed to evaluate the nephroprotective effect of sinapic acid against mercuric chloride-induced renal toxicity in mice. The mice were allocated to four groups named a normal group (G1), model group (G2; received HgCl2, 1 mg/kg bw), treatments groups (G3 and G4: received 50 and 100 mg/kg bw of sinapic acid together with HgCl2). Mice received HgCl2 remarkably showed alteration in all examined biochemical biomarkers (urea, creatinine, and bilirubin), and induced alteration in blood cell picture and anemia. HgCl2 intoxication decreased both systemic and renal antioxidant activity and induced over all oxidative stress as indicated by alteration in inflammation and oxidative stress associated markers. HgCl2 affected renal histology with leukocytic and inflammatory cell infiltration, fibrosis and tubular necrosis. Administration of sinapic acid (50 and 100 mg/kg bw) markedly restored the HgCl2-induced oxidative stress (serum and renal: MDA, GSH, CAT, SOD, and T-AOC), proinflammatory cytokines (serum and renal: TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and PGE2) and restored the changes on biochemical markers, and hematological parameters (hemoglobin, erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes). Taken together, the results of the present study disclose that sinapic acid has the potential to attenuate HgCl2-induced renal toxicity and may be an ideal choice against mercury poisoning.

4-[(E)-2-(1-Pyrenyl)Vinyl]Pyridine Complexes: How to Modulate the Toxicity of Heavy Metal Ions to Target Microbial Infections

Pyrene derivatives are regularly proposed for use in biochemistry as dyes due to their photochemical characteristics. Their antibacterial properties are, however, much less well understood. New complexes based on 4-[(E)-2-(1-pyrenyl)vinyl]pyridine (PyPe) have been synthesized with metal ions that are known to possess antimicrobial properties, such as zinc(II), cadmium(II), and mercury(II). The metal ion salts, free ligand, combinations thereof, and the coordination compounds themselves were tested for their antibacterial properties through microdilution assays. We found that the ligand is able to modulate the antibacterial properties of transition metal ions, depending on the complex stability, the distance between the ligand and the metal ions, and the metal ions themselves. The coordination by the ligand weakened the antibacterial properties of heavy metal ions (Cd(II), Hg(II), Bi(III)), allowing the bacteria to survive higher concentrations thereof. Mixing the ligand and the metal ion salts without forming the complex beforehand enhanced the antibacterial properties of the cations. Being non-cytotoxic itself, the ligand therefore balances the biological consequences of heavy metal ions between toxicity and therapeutic weapons, depending on its use as a coordinating ligand or simple adjuvant.

Mercury distribution and contamination in the soils of the Mitrovica region, Republic of Kosovo

The study was carried out to define the distribution of mercury in surface soils in the Mitrovica region, Republic of Kosovo and to assess the level and extent of contamination. A total of 156 soil samples were collected from a depth of 5 cm at each grid point of 1.4 × 1.4 km in an area of 301.5 km2. The mercury content was found to be between 0.02 mg/kg and 11.16 mg/kg. The average Hg content (0.49 mg/kg) exceeded the mean content in European (0.037 mg/kg) and world (0.06 mg/kg) soils by 13.2 and 8.2 times, respectively. From the calculated enrichment factors (EF) and the geo-accumulation index (I-geo), as well as from the distribution map of Hg content, it is evident that the soils of the study area are highly contaminated with mercury, with extremely high enrichment of Hg in the soils of Zone I, which was classified as the most contaminated zone with Hg and other potentially toxic elements in the study area as well as in the towns of Zveçan and Mitrovica. The higher Hg content is of anthropogenic origin, mainly due to lead and zinc mining and metallurgical activities in the study area. The mercury levels were also found to exceed the New Dutch List target value (0.3 mg/kg) in 90 km2 of the study area.

Occurrence, dietary influence and risks of selected trace metals in different coastal predatory species

The global issue of ongoing trace metal emissions and legacy accumulation from diverse sources is posing threats to coastal wildlife. This study characterized the distribution of five metals in relation to dietary ecology (carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes: δ15N and δ13C) in representative predatory species (starfish, fish, and seabird) collected from the coast of Qingdao, northeastern China. Zinc (Zn) was the most abundant metal across species, followed by copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), total and methylated mercury (THg and MeHg). Among the studied species, black-tailed gulls (Larus crassirostris) occupied the highest trophic position, followed by three predatory fish species, whereas the northern Pacific seastar (Asterias amurensis) had the lowest trophic position. The starfish exhibited high capacity to accumulate Cd, Cr and Cu. Conversely, black-tailed gulls exhibited high levels of Zn, while Hg was highest in predatory fishes. Across species, Cr, MeHg, THg and MeHg:THg showed significant positive correlations with δ13C, suggesting the influence of inshore food sources on their accumulation. Both MeHg and THg were significantly and positively correlated with δ15N, with MeHg demonstrating a greater slope, indicating their potential trophic magnification. We assessed health risks from the studied metals using established toxicity reference thresholds. Elevated risks of Hg were identified in three predatory fish species, while other metals and species remain within safe limits. These findings emphasize the significance of foraging patterns in influencing trace metal accumulation in coastal predators and highlight the importance of further monitoring.

An exploratory study on the association of multiple metals in serum with preeclampsia

Background

Individual metal levels are potential risk factors for the development of preeclampsia (PE). However, understanding of relationship between multiple metals and PE remains elusive.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to explore whether eight metals [zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg)] in serum had a certain relationship with PE.

Methods

A study was conducted in Dongguan, China. The concentrations of metals in maternal serum were assessed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Data on various factors were collected through a face-to-face interview and hospital electronic medical records. The unconditional logistic regression model, principal component analysis (PCA) and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) were applied in our study.

Results

The logistic regression model revealed that the elevated levels of Cu, Pb, and Hg were associated with an increased risk of PE. According to PCA, principal component 1 (PC1) was predominated by Hg, Pb, Mn, Ni, Cu, and As, and PC1 was associated with an increased risk of PE, while PC2 was predominated by Cd and Zn. The results of BKMR indicated a significant positive cumulative effect of serum metals on PE risk, with Ni and Cu exhibiting a significant positive effect. Moreover, BKMR results also revealed the nonlinear effects of Ni and Cd.

Conclusion

The investigation suggests a potential positive cumulative impact of serum metals on the occurrence of PE, with a particular emphasis on Cu as a potential risk factor for the onset and exacerbation of PE. These findings offer valuable insights for guiding future studies on this concern.

The hidden threat: Environmental toxins and their effects on gut microbiota

The human gut microbiota (GM), which consists of a complex and diverse ecosystem of bacteria, plays a vital role in overall wellness. However, the delicate balance of this intricate system is being compromised by the widespread presence of environmental toxins. The intricate connection between contaminants in the environment and human well-being has garnered significant attention in recent times. Although many environmental pollutants and their toxicity have been identified and studied in laboratory settings and animal models, there is insufficient data concerning their relevance to human physiology. Consequently, research on the toxicity of environmental toxins in GM has gained prominence in recent years. Various factors, such as air pollution, chemicals, heavy metals, and pesticides, have a detrimental impact on the composition and functioning of the GM. This comprehensive review aims to comprehend the toxic effects of numerous environmental pollutants, including antibiotics, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, heavy metals, and pesticides, on GM by examining recent research findings. The current analysis concludes that different types of environmental toxins can lead to GM dysbiosis and have various potential adverse effects on the well-being of animals. We investigate the alterations to the GM composition induced by contaminants and their impact on overall well-being, providing a fresh perspective on research related to pollutant exposure.

Analysis and Risk Assessment of Essential and Toxic Elements in Algerian Canned Tuna Fish

In Algeria, the data and research on the essential and toxic chemical elements in food are limited and insufficient; therefore, the present study focused on evaluating the essential and toxic elements content in different 11 brands with two types (tomato and oil) of canned tuna fish, consumed in Algeria in 2022, by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), while mercury (Hg) levels were determined by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry, as well as estimate the probabilistic risk assessment. The elements in canned tuna fish commercialized for human consumption in Algeria were determined by ICP-OES methods, The results showed that the heavy metal concentration in the samples under study ranged from 49.11 to 289.80 mg.kg-1 (Ca), 0.0045 to 0.2598 mg.kg-1 (Cd), 0.128 to 1.21 mg.kg-1 (Cr), 8.55 to 35.94 mg.kg-1 (Fe), 121.27 to 379.17 mg.kg-1 (Mg), 0.0767 to 1.2928 mg.kg-1 (Mn), 2.10 to 3.95 mg.kg-1 (Mo), and 2.86 to 35.90 mg.kg-1 (Zn), whereas Cu, Pb, Cu, Ni, and As were under limit of detection (LOD), while the toxic elements of mercury (Hg) levels were determined by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry which showed a content ranged from 0.0186 to 0.0996 mg.kg-1. The levels of mineral elements concentration were close to the minimum recommended by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Obtained data for this investigation can be suitable for Algerian food purposes.

Hydration numbers of biologically relevant divalent metal cations from ab initio molecular dynamics and continuum solvation methods

Hydration and, in particular, the coordination number of a metal ion is of paramount importance as it defines many of its (bio)physicochemical properties. It is not only essential for understanding its behavior in aqueous solutions but also determines the metal ion reference state and its binding energy to (bio)molecules. In this paper, for divalent metal cations Ca2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Hg2+, Mg2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+, we compare two approaches for predicting hydration numbers: (1) a mixed explicit/continuum DFT-D3//COSMO-RS solvation model and (2) density functional theory based ab initio molecular dynamics. The former approach is employed to calculate the Gibbs free energy change for the sequential hydration reactions, starting from [M(H2O)2]2+ aqua complexes to [M(H2O)9]2+, allowing explicit water molecules to bind in the first or second coordination sphere and determining the most stable [M(H2O)n]2+ structure. In the latter approach, the hydration number is obtained by integrating the ion-water radial distribution function. With a couple of exceptions, the metal ion hydration numbers predicted by the two approaches are in mutual agreement, as well as in agreement with the experimental data.

Hazardous or Advantageous: Uncovering the Roles of Heavy Metals and Humic Substances in Shilajit (Phyto-mineral) with Emphasis on Heavy Metals Toxicity and Their Detoxification Mechanisms

Shilajit is a phyto-mineral diffusion and semi-solid matter used as traditional medicine with extraordinary health benefits. This study provides a comprehensive data on Shilajit with emphasis on heavy metal profile, associated toxicities, and metal detoxification mechanisms by humic substances present in Shilajit. Data was searched across papers and traditional books using Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, SciELO, Web of Science, and Scopus as key scientific databases. Findings showed that Shilajit is distributed in almost 20 regions of the world with uses against 20 health problems as traditional medicine. With various humic substances, almost 11 biological activities were reported in Shilajit. This phyto-mineral diffusion possesses around 65 heavy metals including the toxic heavy metals like Cu, Al, Pb, As, Cd, and Hg. However, humic substances in Shilajit actively detoxify around 12 heavy metals. The recommended levels of heavy metals by WHO and FDA in herbal drugs is 0.20 and 0.30 ppm for Cd, 1 ppm for Hg, 10.00 ppm for As and Pb, 20 ppm for Cu, and 50 ppm for Zn. The levels of reported metals in Shilajit were found to be lower than the permissible limits set by WHO and FDA, except in few studies where exceeded levels were reported. Shilajit consumption without knowing permissible levels of metals is not safe and could pose serious health problems. Although the humic substances and few metals in Shilajit are beneficial in terms of chelating toxic heavy metals, the data on metal detoxification still needs to be clarified.

Mercury exposure in riverine populations of Terra do Meio Extractive Reserves in the Xingu basin, Amazon, Brazil

Amazon is a hotspot for mercury (Hg) contamination and Terra do Meio region, despite its protected status for sustainable use, has never been monitored for this element. Looking to address this gap, this study aimed to quantify capillary Hg concentration in riverine populations of Terra do Meio (Xingu Basin, Central Amazon, Brazil) and associated factors with high Hg levels (90 percentile). Hair samples from 182 individuals from Iriri, Riozinho do Anfrísio and Xingu Extractive Reserves (RESEX), aged between 18 and 70 years old, were collected to measure total mercury levels (HgT), and socioeconomic, demographic, and clinical-epidemiological data were annotated. Overall, high levels of Hg were observed (mean 4.985 µg/g, median 3.531 µg/g) with significant differences between localities. Among the factors related to high capillary Hg levels, male gender, smoking habit, work in agriculture, livestock or extractivism, and residence in Iriri and Riozinho do Anfrísio RESEX were highlighted. A high prevalence of symptoms related to Hg intoxication, including anxiety, memory deficit, and lower limb problems, was observed. Overall, the results reveal that communities in these RESEXs are exposed to Hg and appear to be suffering from chronic health effects. Considering the increased anthropogenic alterations observed recently in the Amazon region and the subsequent amplified environmental bioavailability of Hg, further studies and mitigating actions are critical. This includes better surveillance of illegal anthropic activities and provision of ongoing education on this matter and incentives for dietary adaptations.

Biomimetic mercury immobilization by selenium functionalized polyphenylene sulfide fabric

Highly efficient decontamination of elemental mercury (Hg0) remains an enormous challenge for public health and ecosystem protection. The artificial conversion of Hg0 into mercury chalcogenides could achieve Hg0 detoxification and close the global mercury cycle. Herein, taking inspiration from the bio-detoxification of mercury, in which selenium preferentially converts mercury from sulfoproteins to HgSe, we propose a biomimetic approach to enhance the conversion of Hg0 into mercury chalcogenides. In this proof-of-concept design, we use sulfur-rich polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) as the Hg0 transporter. The relatively stable, sulfur-linked aromatic rings result in weak adsorption of Hg0 on the PPS rather than the formation of metastable HgS. The weakly adsorbed mercury subsequently migrates to the adjacent selenium sites for permanent immobilization. The sulfur-selenium pair affords an unprecedented Hg0 adsorption capacity and uptake rate of 1621.9 mg g-1 and 1005.6 μg g-1 min-1, respectively, which are the highest recorded values among various benchmark materials. This work presents an intriguing concept for preparing Hg0 adsorbents and could pave the way for the biomimetic remediation of diverse pollutants.

Elucidating the link between thyroid cancer and mercury exposure: a review and meta-analysis

Mercury (Hg) is a widely distributed and bioavailable metal of public health concern, with many known human toxicities, but data regarding mercury's influence on thyroid cancer (TC) is scarce. Mercury is known to impact several molecular pathways implicated in carcinogenesis, and its proclivity for bioaccumulation in the thyroid suggests a potential modulatory effect. We conducted a literature/systematic review of studies between 1995-2022 intending to define better and establish relationships between these two entities, congregate the evidence for mercury's potential role in thyroid carcinogenesis, and identify populations of interest for further study. Insufficient evidence precludes definitive conclusions on dietary mercury as a TC risk factor; however, several common mechanisms affected by mercury are crucial for TC development, including biochemical, endocrine, and reactive oxygen species effects. Quantitative analysis revealed associations between TC risk and mercury exposure. In three mercury studies, average urine levels were higher in TC patients, with a mean difference of 1.86 µg/g creatinine (95% CI = 0.32-3.41). In two studies investigating exposure to elevated mercury levels, the exposed group exhibited a higher risk of developing TC, with a relative risk of 1.90 (95% CI = 1.76-2.06). In three thyroid tissue studies, mercury levels (ppm) were higher in TC patients, averaging 0.14 (0.06-0.22) in cancerous cases (N = 178) and 0.08 (0.04-0.11) in normal thyroids (N = 257). Our findings suggest an association between mercury exposure and TC risk, implying a possible predisposing factor. Further research is necessary to reveal the clinical relevance of dietary and environmental mercury exposures in TC pathogenesis.

Ecological restoration reduces mercury in corn kernel and the distinction of mercury in corn plants in rural China - A case in Wuchuan mercury mining area

Corn is a crucial crop in China and is widely cultivated in the mercury (Hg) mining region of Guizhou. This study analyzed the Hg content in soil and corn plant samples from the Wuchuan Hg mining area (WCMA) and the surrounding non-Hg mining regions (SNMR). The findings suggest that ongoing ecological rehabilitation and environmental conservation measures in the WCMA have significantly decreased the Hg content in corn kernels. The Hg concentration in different parts of the corn plant varied, being higher in the roots, tassels, and leaves and lower in kernels and stalks. Hg stored in corn plant growing in the WCMA primarily originates from the soil (55.4%), while in the SNMR, it mainly comes from the atmosphere (74.9%). Despite counted only about 7% of the total plant mass, corn roots play a crucial role in soil Hg pollution remediation when corn is used for remediation. Household corn residues burning release about 58.5% and 66.9% of the stored Hg in corn plants growing in the WCMA and the SNMR, respectively, into the atmosphere. Our findings indicate that corn cultivation acts as a reservoir for both soil and atmospheric Hg in the SNMR, while in the WCMA, it serves as a source of atmospheric Hg.

Human Health Risk Assessment from Mercury-Contaminated Soil and Water in Abu Hamad Mining Market, Sudan

Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) poses a significant global threat due to mercury emissions and resulting health hazards. This study focuses on assessing these risks in the Abu Hamad ASGM community in Sudan. Utilizing the Mercury Analyzer 3000 (NIC), analyses of twelve soil samples (including one tailings sample) and seven water samples revealed the highest concentrations near amalgam burning locations: 34.8 mg/kg in soil (S06) and 3.26 µg/L in water (W03). Concentrations decrease with distance, with soil near burning exceeding tailings (S05 = 19.0 mg/kg). Hazard quotients indicate mercury vapor inhalation as the primary exposure route from soil, with the Hazard Index reaching 5.34 for adults and 33.4 for children close to amalgam burning sites. Water samples generally pose little risk except for W03, where children face potential danger via ingestion (HI = 1.74). These findings emphasize the urgent need for adopting retorts and eco-friendly practices to reduce mercury emissions and protect ASGM communities.

The non-selective Antarctic filter feeder Salpa thompsoni as a bioindicator of mercury origin

Hg is considered as the most toxic metal in the environment. Sources of Hg in the environment include burning fossil fuels, burning waste, and forest fires. The long residence time of the gaseous form in the atmosphere allows mercury to be transported over long distances. The pelagic tunicate Salpa thompsoni is an important component of the Antarctic environment. Over the past few decades an expansion of this species to the higher latitudes has been noted, mainly due to the ongoing climate change. The study material consisted of samples of S. thompsoni individuals, collected in the waters surrounding Elephant Island (Western Antarctic). Total mercury and five of its fractions were determined. Whole organisms were analyzed as well as internal organs: stomachs, muscle strips, and tunics. Obtained results showed that the highest concentrations of mercury in salps were observed in stomachs. With the Hg fraction results, it can be concluded that the main route of exposure of S. thompsoni to Hg is presumably absorption from the food-filtered organic and non-organic particles. Moreover, the process of transformation of simple soluble forms into organic forms of Hg in stomachs and intestines and its distribution to other tissues was observed.

Natural Background and the Anthropogenic Enrichment of Mercury in the Southern Florida Environment: A Review with a Discussion on Public Health

Mercury (Hg) is a toxic metal that is easily released into the atmosphere as a gas or a particulate. Since Hg has serious health impacts based on human exposure, it is a major concern where it accumulates. Southern Florida is a region of high Hg deposition in the United States. It has entered the southern Florida environment for over 56 MY. For the past 3000 to 8000 years, Hg has accumulated in the Everglades peatlands, where approximately 42.3 metric tons of Hg was deposited. The pre-industrial source of mercury that was deposited into the Everglades was from the atmosphere, consisting of combined Saharan dust and marine evasion. Drainage and the development of the Everglades for agriculture, and other mixed land uses have caused a 65.7% reduction in the quantity of peat, therefore releasing approximately 28 metric tons of Hg into the southern Florida environment over a period of approximately 133 years. Both natural and man-made fires have facilitated the Hg release. The current range in mercury release into the southern Florida environment lies between 994.9 and 1249 kg/yr. The largest source of Hg currently entering the Florida environment is from combined atmospheric sources, including Saharan dust, aerosols, sea spray, and ocean flux/evasion at 257.1-514.2 kg/yr. The remobilization of Hg from the Everglades peatlands and fires is approximately 215 kg/yr. Other large contributors include waste to energy incinerators (204.1 kg/yr), medical waste and crematory incinerators (159.7+ kg/yr), and cement plant stack discharge (150.6 kg/yr). Minor emissions include fuel emissions from motorized vehicles, gas emissions from landfills, asphalt plants, and possible others. No data are available on controlled fires in the Everglades in sugar farming, which is lumped with the overall peatland loss of Hg to the environment. Hg has impacted wildlife in southern Florida with recorded excess concentrations in fish, birds, and apex predators. This bioaccumulation of Hg in animals led to the adoption of regulations (total maximum loads) to reduce the impacts on wildlife and warnings were given to consumers to avoid the consumption of fish that are considered to be contaminated. The deposition of atmospheric Hg in southern Florida has not been studied sufficiently to ascertain where it has had the greatest impacts. Hg has been found to accumulate on willow tree leaves in a natural environment in one recent study. No significant studies of the potential impacts on human health have been conducted in southern Florida, which should be started based on the high rates of Hg fallout in rainfall and known recycling for organic sediments containing high concentrations of Hg.

Exploring the potential reuse of phosphogypsum: A waste or a resource?

Phosphogypsum (PG), the main industrial by-product of phosphate fertilizer industry, primarily consists of calcium sulfate dihydrate. However, it contains various impurities with variable quantities depending on the origin of the phosphate rock. These impurities can restrict the reuse of phosphogypsum as a secondary primary resource. Consequently, large quantities of produced PG are stored in surface stockpiles that occupy extensive land areas and may pose a significant risk of ecological contamination to the surroundings. Researchers have shown growing interest in addressing the worldwide accumulation of this waste material. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the environmental impact of phosphogypsum, it is crucial to explore its properties (e.g., chemistry, mineralogy, radioactivity), and how it interacts with the surrounding environment, enabling well-informed decisions decision regarding its management and its valorization. In this review, we will i) explore the chemical, radiological and mineralogical characteristics of PG; ii) discuss the environmental concerns related to land discharge and sea disposal; and iii) examine the latest advancements in various valorization techniques developed including agriculture, REE extraction, environmental application, chemical and thermal transformation, and also construction sector. Outlining their limitations and challenges restrict in the global variability of phosphogypsum (PG), technical and economic limitations, and the potential for secondary pollution in select valorization approaches. This requires a thorough assessment and comparison with conventional disposal alternatives.

Should ebselen be considered for the treatment of mercury intoxication? A minireview

Mercury is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant and can be found in inorganic (Hg0, Hg+ and Hg2+) and organic forms (chiefly CH3Hg+ or MeHg+). The main route of human, mammals and bird exposure occurs via predatory fish ingestion. Occupational exposure to Hg0 (and Hg2+) can also occur; furthermore, in gold mining areas the exposure to inorganic Hg can also be high. The toxicity of electrophilic forms of Hg (E+Hg) is mediated by disruption of thiol (-SH)- or selenol (-SeH)-containing proteins. The therapeutic approaches to treat methylmercury (MeHg+), Hg0 and Hg2+ are limited. Here we discuss the potential use of ebselen as a potential therapeutic agent to lower the body burden of Hg in man. Ebselen is a safe drug for humans and has been tested in clinical trials (for instance, brain ischemia, noise-induce hearing loss, diabetes complications, bipolar disorders) at doses varying from 400 to 3600 mg per day. Two clinical trials with ebselen in moderate and severe COVID are also approved. Ebselen can be metabolized to an intermediate with -SeH (selenol) functional group, which has a greater affinity to electrophilic Hg (E+Hg) forms than the available thiol-containing therapeutic agents. Accordingly, as observed in vitro and rodent models in vivo, Ebselen exhibited protective effects against MeHg+, indicating its potential as a therapeutic agent to treat MeHg+ overexposure. The combined use of ebselen with thiol-containing molecules (e.g. N-acetylcysteine and enaramide)) is also commented, because they can have synergistic protective effects against MeHg+.

Environmental fate of aquatic pollutants and their mitigation by phycoremediation for the clean and sustainable environment: A review

Emerging pollutants such as natural and manufactured chemicals, insecticides, pesticides, surfactants, and other biological agents such as personal care products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and many industrial discharges hamper the aquatic environment. Nanomaterials and microplastics, among the categories of pollutants, can directly interfere with the marine ecosystem and translate into deleterious effects for humans and animals. They are either uncontrolled or poorly governed. Due to their known or suspected effects on human and environmental health, some chemicals are currently causing concern. The aquatic ecology is at risk from these toxins, which have spread worldwide. This review assesses the prevalence of emerging and hazardous pollutants that have effects on aquatic ecosystems and contaminated water bodies and their toxicity to non-target organisms. Microalgae are found to be a suitable source to remediate the above-mentioned risks. Microalgae based mitigation techniques are currently emerging approaches for all such contaminants, including the other categories that are discussed above. These studies describe the mechanism of phycoremediation, provide outrage factors that may significantly affect the efficiency of contaminants removal, and discuss the future directions and challenges of microalgal mediated remediations.

Mercury and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Exploring the Link through Comprehensive Review and Meta-Analysis

Mercury (Hg) is a non-essential trace metal with unique neurochemical properties and harmful effects on the central nervous system. In this study, we present a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of peer-reviewed research encompassing five crucial clinical matrices: hair, whole blood, plasma, red blood cells (RBCs), and urine. We assess the disparities in Hg levels between gender- and age-matched neurotypical children (controls) and children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (cases). After applying rigorous selection criteria, we incorporated a total of 60 case-control studies into our meta-analysis. These studies comprised 25 investigations of Hg levels in hair (controls/cases: 1134/1361), 15 in whole blood (controls/cases: 1019/1345), 6 in plasma (controls/cases: 224/263), 5 in RBCs (controls/cases: 215/293), and 9 in urine (controls/cases: 399/623). This meta-analysis did not include the data of ASD children who received chelation therapy. Our meta-analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in Hg levels in hair and urine between ASD cases and controls. In whole blood, plasma, and RBCs, Hg levels were significantly higher in ASD cases compared to their neurotypical counterparts. This indicates that ASD children could exhibit reduced detoxification capacity for Hg and impaired mechanisms for Hg excretion from their bodies. This underscores the detrimental role of Hg in ASD and underscores the critical importance of monitoring Hg levels in ASD children, particularly in early childhood. These findings emphasize the pressing need for global initiatives aimed at minimizing Hg exposure, thus highlighting the critical intersection of human-environment interaction and neurodevelopment health.

Genome-Wide Association Study of Blood Mercury in European Pregnant Women and Children

Mercury has high industrial utility and is present in many products, and environmental contamination and occupational exposure are widespread. There are numerous biological systems involved in the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of Hg, and it is possible that some systems may be impacted by genetic variation. If so, genotype may affect tissue concentrations of Hg and subsequent toxic effects. Genome-wide association testing was performed on blood Hg samples from pregnant women of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (n = 2893) and children of the Human Early Life Exposome (n = 1042). Directly-genotyped single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were imputed to the Haplotype Reference Consortium r1.1 panel of whole genotypes and modelled againstlog-transformed Hg. Heritability was estimated using linkage disequilibrium score regression. The heritability of Hg was estimated as 24.0% (95% CI: 16.9% to 46.4%) in pregnant women, but could not be determined in children. There were 16 SNPs associated with Hg in pregnant women above a suggestive p-value threshold (p < 1 × 10-5), and 21 for children. However, no SNP passed this threshold in both studies, and none were genome-wide significant (p < 5 × 10-8). SNP-Hg associations were highly discordant between women and children, and this may reflect differences in metabolism, a gene-age interaction, or dose-response effects. Several suggestive variants had plausible links to Hg metabolism, such as rs146099921 in metal transporter SLC39A14, and two variants (rs28618224, rs7154700) in potassium voltage-gated channel genes. The findings would benefit from external validation, as suggestive results may contain both true associations and false positives.

A summary of calixarene-based fluorescent sensors developed during the past five years

Calixarenes are "chalice like" phenol-based macrocycles that are one of the most fascinating studied scaffolds in supramolecular chemistry. Their preorganized nonpolar cavities and ion binding sites, and their well-defined conformations all lay important foundations for forming host-guest complexes. Conjugation of calixarene scaffolds with various fluorophores at either upper or lower rims has led to the development of smart fluorescent probes for inorganic molecules or ions, aliphatic or aromatic compounds, biomolecules, temperature and hypoxia, even multi-component traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Moreover, significant advancements have been made for biological applications. This review critically summarizes the recent advances made in these areas.

A Reaction-Based ESIPT Fluorescent Probe for the Detection of Hg2+ with Large Stokes Shift

A novel reaction-based fluorescent probe 1 for Hg2+ was designed and synthesized. 1 was almost nonfluoresent due to inhibition of the ESIPT process between hydroxy group and imid carbonyl oxygen by diphenylphosphinothioate group. After reacting with Hg2+, the fluorescence intensity of 1 exhibited significant enhancement owing to recovery of the ESIPT process via Hg2+-promoted desulfurization-hydrolysis of the diphenylphosphinothioate moiety and cleavage of the P-O bond. 1 not only showed rapid response, high sensitivity, excellent selectivity for Hg2+ over other metal ions, but also could detect Hg2+ with large Stokes shift (165 nm), which was attributed to the ESIPT process. Moreover, the reaction mechanism was fully validated by absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra, fluorescence color as well as ESI-MS analysis. 1 is the reaction-based ESIPT fluorescent probe for the detection of Hg2+ with large Stokes shift, rapid response, high sensitivity and selectivity.

Mercury chloride activates the IFNγ-IRF1 signaling in myeloid progenitors and promotes monopoiesis in mice

Inorganic mercury (Hg2+) is a highly toxic heavy metal in the environment. To date, the impacts of Hg2+ on the development of monocytes, or monopoiesis, have not been fully addressed. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of Hg2+ on monopoiesis. In this study, we treated B10.S mice and DBA/2 mice with 10 μM or 50 μM HgCl2 via drinking water for 4 wk, and we then evaluated the development of monocytes. Treatment with 50 μM HgCl2, but not 10 μM HgCl2, increased the number of monocytes in the blood, spleen and bone marrow (BM) of B10.S mice. Accordingly, treatment with 50 μM HgCl2, but not 10 μM HgCl2, increased the number of common myeloid progenitors (CMP) and granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GMP) in the BM. Functional analyses indicated that treatment with 50 μM HgCl2 promoted the differentiation of CMP and GMP to monocytes in the BM of B10.S mice. Mechanistically, treatment with 50 μM HgCl2 induced the production of IFNγ, which activated the Jak1/3-STAT1/3-IRF1 signaling in CMP and GMP and enhanced their differentiation potential for monocytes in the BM, thus likely leading to increased number of mature monocytes in B10.S mice. Moreover, the increased monopoiesis by Hg2+ was associated with the increased inflammatory status in B10.S mice. In contrast, treatment with 50 μM HgCl2 did not impact the monopoiesis in DBA/2 mice. Our study reveals the impact of Hg on the development of monocytes.

Exploring the origins and cleanup of mercury contamination: a comprehensive review

Mercury is a global pollutant that poses significant risks to human health and the environment. Natural sources of mercury include volcanic eruptions, while anthropogenic sources include industrial processes, artisanal and small-scale gold mining, and fossil fuel combustion. Contamination can arise through various pathways, such as atmospheric deposition, water and soil contamination, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification in food chains. Various remediation strategies, including phytoremediation, bioremediation, chemical oxidation/reduction, and adsorption, have been developed to address mercury pollution, including physical, chemical, and biological approaches. The effectiveness of remediation techniques depends on the nature and extent of contamination and site-specific conditions. This review discusses the challenges associated with mercury pollution and remediation, including the need for effective monitoring and management strategies. Overall, this review offers a comprehensive understanding of mercury contamination and the range of remediation techniques available to mitigate its adverse impacts.

A review of the impairments, preserved visual functions, and neuropathology in 21 patients with visual form agnosia - A unique defect with line drawings

We present a comprehensive review of the rare syndrome visual form agnosia (VFA). We begin by documenting its history, including the origins of the term, and the first case study labelled as VFA. The defining characteristics of the syndrome, as others have previously defined it, are then described. The impairments, preserved aspects of visual perception, and areas of brain damage in 21 patients who meet these defining characteristics are described in detail, including which tests were used to verify the presence or absence of key symptoms. From this, we note important similarities along with notable areas of divergence between patients. Damage to the occipital lobe (20/21), an inability to recognise line drawings (19/21), preserved colour vision (14/21), and visual field defects (16/21) were areas of consistency across most cases. We found it useful to distinguish between shape and form as distinct constructs when examining perceptual abilities in VFA patients. Our observations suggest that these patients often exhibit difficulties in processing simplified versions of form. Deficits in processing orientation and size were uncommon. Motion perception and visual imagery were not widely tested for despite being typically cited as defining features of the syndrome - although in the sample described, motion perception was never found to be a deficit. Moreover, problems with vision (e.g., poor visual acuity and the presence of hemianopias/scotomas in the visual fields) are more common than we would have thought and may also contribute to perceptual impairments in patients with VFA. We conclude that VFA is a perceptual disorder where the visual system has a reduced ability to synthesise lines together for the purposes of making sense of what images represent holistically.

The effectiveness of an intervention to reduce exposure to trace metals during or prior to pregnancy: A prospective study in urban and rural locations

Background

Prenatal exposure to trace metals can have adverse effects on health and increase the risk of developing certain diseases. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of giving women advice to reduce their exposure to trace metals during pregnancy or prior to conception. The study also examined differences in exposure between rural and urban environments in southern France.

Methods

In this prospective study, pregnant women or those intending to conceive were recruited from two medical centers for gynecology/obstetrics (rural location: Saint-Rémy-de-Provence; urban location: Marseille). Hair samples were collected and analyzed to determine the levels of exposure to trace metals. Participants with 'risky' levels were given corresponding advice sheets on how to reduce their exposure or, for certain metals, they were encouraged to find out about potential sources of exposure. A second hair sample was collected and analyzed 3 months later.

Results

It was found that 109 women had 'risky' levels of exposure to trace metals, out of a total of 184 women (59.2 %). Cerium was the most frequently identified metal (N = 26), followed by nickel (N = 23), and titanium (N = 19). There were more women at the urban center with 'risky' levels (56/86; 65.1 %) than at the rural center (53/98; 54.1 %), but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.13). Advice sheets were given to 64 of the 109 participants with 'risky' levels (58.7 %), but only 21 returned for the second hair analysis. Of these, 14 were found to have reduced their exposure, which corresponds to just 12.8 % (14/109) of the participants with 'risky' levels.

Conclusions

These results indicate that it would be helpful to develop new interventions to reduce trace metal exposure during or prior to pregnancy.

Estimation of selected elemental impurities by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) in commercial and fresh fruit juices

The main objective of the study is the estimation of elemental impurities in selected packaged commercial fruit juices and fresh fruit juices available in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Estimation of seventeen samples (9 commercial fruit juices and 8 fresh fruit juices) was carried out for elemental impurities which include lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, methyl mercury, nickel, chromium, tin, copper, and zinc. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) with microwave-assisted sample digestion was used to determine the element content of samples. The ICP-MS method was confirmed for accuracy by performing validation with validation parameters such as linearity, precision, and accuracy. The method's trueness was confirmed with single-element standards. The results were compared with Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) standards. Arsenic, mercury, methyl mercury, tin, and copper were within permissible limits in all samples of fruit juices. The concentration of lead was found to exceed limits in 5 samples of commercial fruit juices which were 0.07, 0.13, 0.18, 0.21, and 0.38 mg/kg, respectively. The concentration of nickel was found to be above permissible limits in 5 samples (1.26, 1.72, 1.95, 3.24, and 4.07 mg/kg) of commercial fruit juices and 6 samples of fresh fruit juices (0.19. 0.21, 0.21, 0.42, 0.66, and 2.42 mg/kg). The concentration of chromium was found to be above permissible limits in 5 samples (3.13, 3.51, 4.29, 5.91, and 6.02 mg/kg) of commercial fruit juices and 6 samples of fresh fruit juices (0.80. 0.88, 0.98, 0.99, 1.16, and 8.95 mg/kg). Health risk assessment was performed for elemental impurities. Target hazard quotient and health risk index for elemental impurities were found to be less than 1 which is considered safe for consumers. Hazard index for elemental impurities was found to be more than 1 in two samples which can cause serious non-carcinogenic risk to consumers. Target carcinogenic risk was found within acceptable levels for all elemental impurities in all samples of fruit juices. Essential elements like copper and zinc are required by the human body for various body functions but heavy metals like lead, arsenic, and cadmium are highly toxic to human beings due to their adverse effects and it needs to be controlled. Lead poses a significant health risk to human health. It is essential to further monitor the levels of elemental impurities on a regular basis in commercial and fresh fruit juices.

Multicomponent Reaction Based Tolyl-substituted and Pyrene-Pyridine Conjugated Isomeric Ratiometric Fluorescent Probes: A Comparative Investigation of Photophysical and Hg(II)-Sensing Behaviors

Herein, the synthesis of pyrene conjugated 2,6-di-ortho-tolylpyridine and 2,6-di-para-tolylpyridine structural isomers were achieved efficiently through multicomponent Chichibabin pyridine synthesis reaction. The DFT, TD-DFT and experimental investigations were carried out to investigate the photophysical behaviors of the synthesized novel pyrene-pyridine based isomeric probes. Our studies revealed that, due to the continuous conjugation of the pyrene, pyridine and tolyl moieties, the dihedral angles of the trisubstituents on the central pyridine moiety significantly influences the photophysical properties of the synthesized novel pyrene based fluorescent probes. Further, we have comparatively investigated the sensing behaviors of the synthesized tolyl-substituted isomeric ratiometric fluorescent probes with metal ions, our studies reveals that both the ortho and para tolyl ratiometric fluorescent probes have distinct photoemissive properties in selectively sensing of Hg2+ ions. Our studies indicates that, the para-tolyl substituted isomer displays more red-shift in wavelength of emission band compared to its ortho isomer analogue during ratiometric fluorescent specific detection of Hg2+ ions.

Trace Elements Levels in Major Depressive Disorder-Evaluation of Potential Threats and Possible Therapeutic Approaches

The multifactorial etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) includes biological, environmental, genetic, and psychological aspects. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in metallomic studies in psychiatry, aiming to evaluate the role of chosen trace elements in the MDD etiology as well as the progression of symptoms. This narrative review aims to summarize the available literature on the relationship between the concentration of chosen elements in the serum of patients with MDD and the onset and progression of this psychiatric condition. The authors reviewed PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases searching for elements that had been investigated so far and further evaluated them in this paper. Ultimately, 15 elements were evaluated, namely, zinc, magnesium, selenium, iron, copper, aluminium, cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, calcium, manganese, chromium, nickel, and phosphorus. The association between metallomic studies and psychiatry has been developing dynamically recently. According to the results of current research, metallomics might act as a potential screening tool for patients with MDD while at the same time providing an assessment of the severity of symptoms. Either deficiencies or excessive amounts of chosen elements might be associated with the progression of depressive symptoms or even the onset of the disease among people predisposed to MDD.

Temporary Thyroid Dysfunction and Catecholamine Excess Due to Mercury Poisoning in 6 Cases

OBJECTIVE

Mercury poisoning is a condition with multiple-organ dysfunction that has effects on the central nervous system, gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular system, skin, lungs, and kidneys. It can be fatal or may result in sequelae such as neurological disturbances, if treated late or left untreated. The endocrinological effects of mercury exposure are not well-known. We aimed to evaluate patients with mercury poisoning.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 6 cases of mercury poisoning from 3 families were included in the study. Clinical, laboratory, and follow-up data were recorded.

RESULTS

Thyroid dysfunction was presented as high thyroid hormones and normal thyrotropin level (unsuppressed) in 5 cases (83.3%). On the other hand, pheochromocytoma-like syndrome was detected in 5 cases (83.3%) with hypertension. The 4 cases were the first to use methimazole for mercury poisoning due to tachycardia and hypertension despite antihypertensive treatment due to catecholamine excess and thyroid dysfunction. Hyponatremia was detected in 3 cases (50%).

CONCLUSION

Mercury poisoning is difficult to diagnose because it is rare and presents with nonspecific physical and laboratory findings. Early diagnosis and providing appropriate treatment are essential in order to prevent sequelae. Mercury poisoning should be considered in patients with unexplained hypertension and tachycardia suggesting the involvement of thyroid hormones and catecholamines.

A 'turn-off' fluorescence sensor for selective Hg(II) based on phenothiazine derivative

Given how crucial it is to preserve a human-safe and sustainable environment, the rapid discovery of possibly lethal heavy metals such as Hg(II) has drawn much attention in recent years. A novel sensor, known as (E)-2-((10-octyl-10H-phenothiazin-3-yl)methylene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (PTZHC), was synthesized as a fluorescence 'on-off' sensor for Hg2+ ions. Coordination alters organic molecule electron densities, quenching the fluorescence intensity. PTZHC was described completely with the help of FTIR and 1 H-NMR spectrum studies. The Hg2+ ion was successfully detected using the PTZHC sensor even when there were other metal ions present. The limit of the detection was estimated to be 2.5 × 10-8  M and the Job's plot examination implied that PTZHC was bound to Hg2+ with a simple 1:1 stoichiometry in s CH3 CN/H2 O (9:1, v/v) suspension. To further cast light on the bridged effect on geometric and optoelectronic characteristics, time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level and DFT were both examined.

Unraveling the Role of Metals and Organic Acids in Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Chain

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has a significant impact on human, animal, and environmental health, being spread in diverse settings. Antibiotic misuse and overuse in the food chain are widely recognized as primary drivers of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. However, other antimicrobials, such as metals and organic acids, commonly present in agri-food environments (e.g., in feed, biocides, or as long-term pollutants), may also contribute to this global public health problem, although this remains a debatable topic owing to limited data. This review aims to provide insights into the current role of metals (i.e., copper, arsenic, and mercury) and organic acids in the emergence and spread of AMR in the food chain. Based on a thorough literature review, this study adopts a unique integrative approach, analyzing in detail the known antimicrobial mechanisms of metals and organic acids, as well as the molecular adaptive tolerance strategies developed by diverse bacteria to overcome their action. Additionally, the interplay between the tolerance to metals or organic acids and AMR is explored, with particular focus on co-selection events. Through a comprehensive analysis, this review highlights potential silent drivers of AMR within the food chain and the need for further research at molecular and epidemiological levels across different food contexts worldwide.

Risk Assessment of Mercury-Contaminated Fish Consumption in the Brazilian Amazon: An Ecological Study

Mercury is one of the most dangerous contaminants on the planet. In recent years, evidence of mercury contamination in the Amazon has significantly increased, notably due to gold-mining activities. Although mercury contamination in fish has consistently been documented, little is known about the risk associated with fish consumption by populations in urban areas of the Amazon. We sampled 1010 fish sold in public markets in six state capitals and 11 additional cities. Mercury levels were determined for each specimen, and the evaluation of the health risks associated with consuming mercury-contaminated fish was conducted according to the methodology proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Our study reveals that more than one-fifth (21.3%) of the fish sold in urban centers had mercury levels above the safe limits (≥0.5 µg/g) established by the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). The prevalence of Hg contamination ≥0.5 µg/g was approximately 14 times higher in carnivorous than in noncarnivorous fish. The analysis of the risk attributable to fish consumption reveals that daily mercury intake exceeded the reference dose recommended by the U.S. EPA in all population groups analyzed, reaching up to 7 and 31 times in women of childbearing age and children from 2 to 4 years old, respectively. However, these risks are diverse depending on the type of fish consumed and must be considered to formulate appropriate nutritional guidelines for safe fish consumption by the local community.

Heavy Metals in Foods and Beverages: Global Situation, Health Risks and Reduction Methods

Heavy metals are chemical elements with a toxic effect on the human body. The expansion of industries has led to significant increasing levels of these constituents in the environment. Intensive agriculture can also lead to an increased concentration of heavy metals as a result of using different fertilizers and pesticides. Heavy metal accumulation in soil and plants represents a serious issue because of the potential risks to consumers. There are several methods available for the removal of these toxic components from different substrates (chemical precipitation, electrodialysis, coagulation and flocculation, photocatalytic removal, and adsorption-based processes), but most procedures are expensive and difficult to perform. Thus, more research is needed on the development of low-cost methods in foods. This work represents a review on the heavy metal presence in different food substrates (such as fruits and vegetables, milk and dairy products, meat and meat derivatives, oils, and alcoholic beverages) and provides an overview of the current situation worldwide, taking into account the fact that risks for human health are induced by the intensification of industry and the high degree of pollution. Considering that the toxicological quality of food affects its acceptability, this work provides valuable data regarding the actual situation on the proposed topic.

Variation in habitat use and its consequences for mercury exposure in two Eastern Ontario bat species, Myotis lucifugus and Eptesicus fuscus

The St. Lawrence River in Eastern Ontario, Canada, has been a designated an area of concern due to past industrial contamination of sediment in some areas and transport of mercury from tributaries. Previous research using bats as sentinel species identified elevated concentrations of total mercury (THg) in fur of local bats and species-specific variation between little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) and big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus). Here, we investigated the mercury exposure pathways for these two species by testing the hypothesis that diet variation, particularly the reliance on aquatic over terrestrial insects, is a determinant of local bat mercury concentrations. We analyzed THg concentration and stable isotope ratios of δ15N and δ13C in fur of little and big brown bats, and in aquatic and terrestrial insects. Big brown bats, especially males, accumulated significantly higher THg concentrations in their fur compared to little brown bats. However, this difference was not related to diet because big brown bats consumed terrestrial insects, which were lower in mercury than aquatic insects, the primary prey for little brown bats. We also evaluated whether fur THg concentrations translate into molecular changes in tissues linked to (methyl)mercury toxicity by quantifying tissue changes in global DNA methylation and mitochondrial DNA abundance. No significant changes in DNA molecular markers were observed in relation to fur THg concentration, suggesting mercury exposure to local bats did not impact molecular level changes at the DNA level. Higher mercury in bats was not associated with local aquatic contamination or genotoxicity in this study area.